Slike su stare 18,500 g., nalaze se u Grotte Cosquer, (Marseille).

Ulaz je 37 m ispod razine mora

Opabinia Ctenophore

Hallucigenia

Earth Life Timetable

This geological and biological time scale is based on fossil finds in the different rock stratas. The first 5/6th of earth time are devoid of fossils and based only on rock dating.

This time is also called Pre-Cambrian or Cryptozoic (hidden life) eon but nowadays (also used here) split into 2 separate time divisions, the Archean and Proterozoic eons.

The Phanerozoic (obvious life) eon is divided in 3 eras, which furthermore are divided in periods and epochs. Further smaller units, called systems, series and stages are used but

are not considered here.

EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH TIME Holocene

Humans start to dominate the world. Sea levels rise after end of ice age

drowning large areas of land.

10.000 yrs ago till present

Quaternary

Humans appear Pleistocene

First primitive humans appear. 1/4th of land covered by ice.

1.7 million - 10. 000 years

Pliocene

Human-like apes make appearance. Climates cools as Ice Age nears.

Galapagos islands rise from the sea. Panama land bridge emerges 3 million connecting South with North America.

5 - 1.7 million

Miocene

Camel, cat, horse, raccoon, weasel and rhinoceros dominate.

23 - 5 million

Oligocene

True Primates make first appearance. Horses and tapir on American soil.

35 - 23 million

Eocene

Mammals adapt to marine life. Formation of Andes end.

57 - 35 million

CENOZOIC

Modern world with animals,

plants and geographical features as we know it today,

came into being. Tertiary

Mammals become

the dominant larger animals replacing the

reptiles.

Paleocene

Marsupials, carnivores, ungulates. Modern continents start to form.

65 - 57 million

Cretaceous

65 million years ago, mass extinction of dinosaurs. Flowering plants and modern trees appear.

Formation of the Andes begin.

145 - 65 million years

P H A N E R O Z O I C

MESOZOIC

Age of Reptiles Jurassic

Birds make appearance, reptiles dominate sea and land.

Cycads, conifers, ginkgoes and seed ferns.

210 - 145 million years

K-T boundary

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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Glomar Challenger 1968-1983

1818O – T - relationshipO – T - relationship

18O from surface snow samples (red dots) and measured 2m-air temperature (solid line) 1981-2000

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

T2m

(°C)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-50

-40

-30

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-10

0

18

(‰)O

-50

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0

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.1

The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central

Greenland

Dansgaard-Oechser events

Heinrich events

Milutin Milanković (Paja Gregorić, 1930)

Relative sea level rise for Fennoscandia in the 20th century derived from 70 very long-term tide-gauge records. The contours, measured in millimeters per year, roughly match the position and mass of the ice sheet that covered the region during the last glacial maximum.