Slings - ipieco.iripieco.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ASME-B30.9-2014.pdf · ASME B30.9-2014...

A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

ASME B30.9-2014(Revision of ASME B30.9-2010)

Slings

Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

www.astaco.ir

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014(Revision of ASME B30.9-2010)

SlingsSafety Standard for Cableways, Cranes,Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA

www.astaco.ir

Date of Issuance: February 6, 2015

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2017. This Standard will becomeeffective 1 year after the Date of Issuance.

ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of thisStandard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages athttp://cstools.asme.org/ as they are issued. Interpretations will also be included with each edition.

Errata to codes and standards may be posted on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages toprovide corrections to incorrectly published items, or to correct typographical or grammatical errorsin codes and standards. Such errata shall be used on the date posted.

The Committee Pages can be found at http://cstools.asme.org/. There is an option available toautomatically receive an e-mail notification when errata are posted to a particular code or standard.This option can be found on the appropriate Committee Page after selecting “Errata” in the “PublicationInformation” section.

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStandards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was madeavailable for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.

ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any

items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expresslyadvised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, isentirely their own responsibility.

Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted asgovernment or industry endorsement of this code or standard.

ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,

without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990

Copyright © 2015 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

All rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.

www.astaco.ir

CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viCommittee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiB30 Standard Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xSummary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 9-0 Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, Translations, andReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Section 9-0.1 Scope of ASME B30.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 9-0.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 9-0.3 Personnel Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Section 9-0.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Section 9-0.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 9-1 Alloy Steel Chain Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Section 9-1.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 9-1.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 9-1.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 9-1.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 9-2 Wire Rope Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 9-2.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Section 9-2.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Section 9-2.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Section 9-2.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Section 9-2.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Section 9-2.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 9-3 Metal Mesh Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 9-3.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Section 9-3.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Section 9-3.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

iii

www.astaco.ir

Chapter 9-4 Synthetic Rope Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Section 9-4.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Section 9-4.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Section 9-4.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Section 9-4.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Section 9-4.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 9-4.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 9-4.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 9-4.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Section 9-4.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Section 9-4.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Section 9-4.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 9-5 Synthetic Webbing Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Section 9-5.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Section 9-5.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Section 9-5.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Section 9-5.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Chapter 9-6 Polyester Roundslings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.0 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.1 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.3 Fabrication and Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.4 Design Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.5 Rated Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.6 Proof Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Section 9-6.7 Sling Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Section 9-6.8 Effects of Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Section 9-6.9 Inspection, Removal, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Section 9-6.10 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figures9-1.0-1 Alloy Steel Chain Slings: Configurations, Components, and Hitches . . . . 69-1.5-1 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-2.0-1 Wire Rope Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129-2.0-2 Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129-2.3.2-1 Minimum Sling Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129-2.3.2-2 Minimum Braided Sling Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139-2.5-1 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139-2.9.5-1 Cable-Laid Wire Rope Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159-2.10.1-1 D/d Ratio: Wire Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169-3.0-1 Metal Mesh Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199-3.5-1 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209-3.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Metal Mesh Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219-4.0-1 Synthetic Fiber Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249-4.5-1 Hitch Types for Synthetic Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259-4.5-2 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269-4.10.1-1 D/d Ratio: Synthetic Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299-5.0-1 Synthetic Webbing Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319-5.0-2 Synthetic Webbing Sling Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

iv

www.astaco.ir

9-5.5-1 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329-6.0-1 Polyester Roundsling Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379-6.5-1 Angle of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Tables9-1.8.1-1 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Rated Load of Alloy Steel Chain . . . . 89-1.9.5-1 Minimum Allowable Thickness at Any Point on a Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99-1.10.1-1 Basket Sling Hitch Rated Capacity Affected by D/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99-2.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Wire Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169-3.2.1-1 Fabric Construction: Metal Mesh Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199-4.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Synthetic Rope Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289-5.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Synthetic Webbing Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359-6.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Polyester Roundslings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

v

www.astaco.ir

FOREWORD

This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has been developed under the procedures accredited by the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI). This Standard had its beginning in December 1916 whenan eight-page Code of Safety Standards for Cranes, prepared by the ASME Committee on theProtection of Industrial Workers, was presented to the annual meeting of the ASME.

Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920to 1925 involving the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron andSteel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of Safety, the American Engineering StandardsCommittee (AESC) [later changed to American Standards Association (ASA), then to theUSA Standards Institute (USASI), and finally to ANSI], Department of Labor — State ofNew Jersey, Department of Labor and Industry — State of Pennsylvania, and the LocomotiveCrane Manufacturers Association. On June 11, 1925, the AESC approved the ASME Safety CodeCorrelating Committee’s recommendation and authorized the project with the U.S. Departmentof the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.

In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to aSectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent outOctober 2, 1926, and the committee organized on November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing29 national organizations. Commencing June 1, 1927, and using the eight-page code publishedby ASME in 1916 as a basis, the Sectional Committee developed the “Safety Code for Cranes,Derricks, and Hoists.” The early drafts of this safety code included requirements for jacks, butdue to inputs and comments on those drafts, the Sectional Committee decided in 1938 to makethe requirements for jacks a separate code. In January 1943, ASA B30.2-1943 was publishedaddressing a multitude of equipment types and in August 1943, ASA B30.1-1943 was publishedjust addressing jacks. Both documents were reaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as safetystandards.

Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industryin safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the Bureau of Yardsand Docks (now the Naval Facilities Engineering Command) was reorganized onJanuary 31, 1962, with 39 members representing 27 national organizations. The new committeechanged the format of ASA B30.2-1943 so that the multitude of equipment types it addressedcould be published in separate volumes that could completely cover the construction, installation,inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation of each type of equipment that was included inthe scope of ASA B30.2. This format change resulted in the initial publication of B30.3, B30.5,B30.6, B30.11, and B30.16 being designated as revisions of B30.2 with the remainder of the B30volumes being published as totally new volumes. ASA changed its name to USASI in 1966 andto ANSI in 1969, which resulted in B30 volumes from 1943 to 1968 being designated as ASA B30,USAS B30, or ANSI B30, depending on their date of publication.

In 1982, the Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee, operatingunder procedures developed by ASME and accredited by ANSI. This Standard presents a coordi-nated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government and other regulatory bodies andmunicipal authorities responsible for the guarding and inspection of the equipment falling withinits scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention are given both as mandatory andadvisory provisions; compliance with both types may be required by employers of their employees.

In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administrativeor regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit the use ofother devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree ofprotection is thereby secured. To secure uniform application and interpretation of this Standard,administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordancewith the format described in Section IX of the Introduction, before rendering decisions on disputedpoints.

vi

www.astaco.ir

Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from commit-tee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing environmentaland industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.

The first edition of ASME B30.9 was issued in 1971; new editions were published in 1984, 1990,1996, 2003, 2006, and 2010. This 2014 edition contains extensive revisions including the use ofthe term load handling to recognize that the load could be moving vertically or horizontally, andremoval of the rated load tables. In addition, this edition addresses personnel competence andtranslations.

This edition of the B30.9 Volume was approved by the B30 Committee and by ASME, and wasapproved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on September 30, 2014.

vii

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30 COMMITTEESafety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,

Hooks, Jacks, and Slings(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

L. D. Means, ChairR. M. Parnell, Vice Chair

K. M. Hyam, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. E. Andrew, ThyssenKrupp Steel USA, LLCC. M. Robison, Alternate, UT Battelle / Oak Ridge National

LaboratoryG. Austin, Terex Corp.T. L. Blanton, NACB Group, Inc.R. O. Ohman, Alternate, Verde Concept, Inc.P. A. Boeckman, The Crosby Group, Inc.C. E. Lucas, Alternate, The Crosby Group, Inc.R. J. Bolen, ConsultantC. E. Cotton, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterM. E. Brunet, Manitowoc Cranes/The Manitowoc Crane GroupA. L. Calta, Alternate, Manitowoc Crane GroupB. Closson, Craft Forensic ServiceB. A. Pickett, Alternate, Forensic Engineering & Applied Science

InstituteR. M. Cutshall, Savannah River Nuclear SolutionsR. T. Bolton, Alternate, Savannah River Nuclear SolutionsJ. A. Danielson, The Boeing Co.P. W. Boyd, Alternate, The Boeing Co.L. D. Demark, Sr., Equipment Training Solutions, LLCD. F. Jordan, Alternate, BP AmericaD. Eckstine, Eckstine & AssociatesH. G. Leidich, Alternate, Leidich Consulting Services, Inc.R. J. Edwards, NBISA. J. Egging, National Oilwell VarcoR. Stanoch, Alternate, Consultant, National Oilwell VarcoE. D. Fidler, The Manitowoc Co., Inc.G. D. Miller, Alternate, Manitowoc CranesJ. A. Gilbert, Associated Wire Rope FabricatorsJ. L. Gordon, Acco Chain & Lifting ProductsN. C. Hargreaves, Consultant, Terex Hargreaves Consulting, LLCC. E. Imerman, Alternate, Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co.G. B. Hetherston, E. I. DuPontJ. B. Greenwood, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterK. M. Hyam, The American Society of Mechanical EngineersD. C. Jackson, Tulsa Winch GroupS. D. Wood, Alternate, Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co.M. M. Jaxtheimer, Navy Crane CenterS. R. Gridley, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterP. R. Juhren, Morrow Equipment Co., LLC

viii

M. J. Quinn, Alternate, Morrow Equipment Co., LLCR. M. Kohner, Landmark Engineering ServiceD. Duerr, Alternate, 2DM Associates, Inc.A. J. Lusi, Jr., Lumark Consulting LLPE. K. Marburg, Columbus McKinnon Corp.J. R. Burkey, Alternate, Columbus McKinnon Corp.L. D. Means, Means Engineering & ConsultingD. A. Henninger, Alternate, Bridon AmericanM. W. Mills, Liberty Mutual GroupD. L. Morgan, Critical Lift Consultant, LLCT. C. Mackey, Alternate, WRPS Handford, a URS Co.W. E. Osborn, Ingersoll RandS. D. Wood, Alternate, Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co.R. M. Parnell, ITI, Field Services DivisionW. C. Dickinson, Jr., Alternate, Crane Industry Services, LLCJ. T. Perkins, Engineering ConsultantJ. R. Schober, Alternate, American Bridge Co.J. E. Richardson, U.S. Department of The NavyK. Kennedy, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterD. W. Ritchie, Dave Ritchie Consultant, LLCL. K. Shapiro, Alternate, Howard I. Shapiro & AssociatesJ. W. Rowland III, ConsultantD. A. Moore, Alternate, Unified EngineeringJ. C. Ryan, Boh Bros. Construction Co.A. R. Ruud, Alternate, Atkinson ConstructionD. W. Smith, STI GroupS. K. Rammelsberg, Alternate, CB&IW. J. Smith, Jr., Nations Builder Insurance ServiceJ. Schoppert, Alternate, NBIS Claims & Risk ManagementR. S. Stemp, Lampson International, LLCE. P. Vliet, Alternate, Turner Industries GroupR. G. Strain, Advanced Crane Technologies, LLCJ. Sturm, Sturm Corp.P. D. Sweeney, General Dynamics Electric BoatB. M. Casey, Alternate, General Dynamics Electric BoatJ. D. Wiethorn, Haag Engineering Co.M. Gardiner, Alternate, Haag Engineering Co.R. C. Wild, C. J. Drilling, Inc.D. N. Wolff, National Crane/Manitowoc Crane GroupJ. A. Pilgrim, Alternate, Manitowoc Crane Group

www.astaco.ir

HONORARY MEMBERS

J. W. Downs, Jr., Downs Crane and Hoist Co.J. J. Franks, ConsultantJ. M. Klibert, Lift-All Co., Inc.R. W. Parry, ConsultantP. S. Zorich, RZP Limited

B30.9 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL

R. M. Parnell, Chair, ITI, Field Services DivisionN. E. Andrew, LTS Cranes MechanicalB. B. Bacon, Tennessee Valley AuthorityT. L. Blanton, NACB Group, Inc.R. O. Ohman, Alternate, Technical Engineer SupportP. A. Boeckman, The Crosby Group, Inc.P. Cooke, Columbus McKinnon Corp.T. Raines, Jr., Alternate, CMCOD. Decker, Becket Training and ConsultingD. Fabula, Department of the Navy, PHST CenterM. J. Gelskey, Lift-It Manufacturing Co., Inc.

B30 INTEREST REVIEW GROUP

P. W. Boyd, The Boeing Co.J. D. Cannon, U.S. Army Corps of EngineersM. J. Eggenberger, Bay Ltd.H. A. Hashem, Saudi AramcoJ. Hui, School of Civil Engineering, People’s Republic of ChinaA. Mattoli, Prowinch, LLC

B30 REGULATORY AUTHORITY COUNCIL

C. Shelhamer, Chair, New York City Department of BuildingsA. O. Omran, Alternate, NYC Department of BuildingsG. Beer, Iowa OSHAL. G. Campion, U.S. Department of Labor/OSHAW. L. Cooper, Arizona Department of Occupational Safety and

HealthW. J. Dougherty, Jr., City of PhiladelphiaC. Harris, City of Chicago — Department of BuildingsK. M. Hyam, The American Society of Mechanical EngineersJ. L. Lankford, State of Nevada/OSHA

ix

J. A. Gilbert, Associated Wire Rope FabricatorsS. R. Gridley, Navy Crane CenterP. S. Hughes, RUD ChainJ. Schroeder, Alternate, RUD ChainT. W. Klein, WireCo WorldGroupM. A. Kowalick, Liftex Corp.C. E. Lucas, The Crosby Group, Inc.L. D. Means, Means Engineering and ConsultingD. A. Moore, Unified EngineeringM. Neuzil, Six FlagsB. D. Todd, Campbell ChainR. B. Dolton, Alternate, Apex Tool Group

M. W. Osborne, E-Crane International USAG. L. Owens, ConsultantA. G. Rocha, Belgo Bekaert AramesW. Rumburg, Crane Consultants, Inc.C. C. Tsaur, Institute of Occupational Safety on Health, Taiwan

A. Lundeen, State of Washington, Department of Labor andIndustries

D. G. Merriman, New York State Department of Labor, Division ofSafety & Health/PESH

G. E. Pushies, Michigan Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration

C. R. Smith, Pennsylvania Department of State, Bureau ofProfessional and Occupational Affairs

C. N. Stribling, Jr., Kentucky Labor CabinetT. Taylor, State of Minnesota, Department of Labor and IndustryC. Tolson, State of California, OSH Standards Board

www.astaco.ir

(14)

SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS,HOOKS, JACKS, AND SLINGS

B30 STANDARD INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: SCOPE

The ASME B30 Standard contains provisions thatapply to the construction, installation, operation, inspec-tion, testing, maintenance, and use of cranes and otherlifting and material-movement related equipment. Forthe convenience of the reader, the Standard has beendivided into separate volumes. Each volume has beenwritten under the direction of the ASME B30 StandardCommittee and has successfully completed a consensusapproval process under the general auspices of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI).

As of the date of issuance of this Volume, theB30 Standard comprises the following volumes:

B30.1 Jacks, Industrial Rollers, Air Casters, andHydraulic Gantries

B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top RunningBridge, Single or Multiple Girder, TopRunning Trolley Hoist)

B30.3 Tower CranesB30.4 Portal and Pedestal CranesB30.5 Mobile and Locomotive CranesB30.6 DerricksB30.7 WinchesB30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating DerricksB30.9 SlingsB30.10 HooksB30.11 Monorails and Underhung CranesB30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From RotorcraftB30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and

Associated EquipmentB30.14 Side Boom TractorsB30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes

(withdrawn 1982 — requirements found inlatest revision of B30.5)

B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung)B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running

Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running

Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or UnderRunning Trolley Hoist)

B30.19 CablewaysB30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting DevicesB30.21 Lever HoistsB30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes

x

B30.23 Personnel Lifting SystemsB30.24 Container CranesB30.25 Scrap and Material HandlersB30.26 Rigging HardwareB30.27 Material Placement SystemsB30.28 Balance Lifting UnitsB30.29 Self-Erecting Tower CranesB30.30 Ropes1

SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS

Any exclusion of, or limitations applicable to theequipment, requirements, recommendations, or opera-tions contained in this Standard are established in theaffected volume’s scope.

SECTION III: PURPOSE

The B30 Standard is intended to(a) prevent or minimize injury to workers, and other-

wise provide for the protection of life, limb, and propertyby prescribing safety requirements

(b) provide direction to manufacturers, owners,employers, users, and others concerned with, or respon-sible for, its application

(c) guide governments and other regulatory bodiesin the development, promulgation, and enforcement ofappropriate safety directives

SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES

These volumes may be adopted in whole or in partfor governmental or regulatory use. If adopted for gov-ernmental use, the references to other national codesand standards in the specific volumes may be changedto refer to the corresponding regulations of the govern-mental authorities.

SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE

(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this Volume ofthe B30 Standard shall be 1 yr after its date of issuance.

1 This volume is currently in the development process.

www.astaco.ir

Construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte-nance, and operation of equipment manufactured andfacilities constructed after the effective date of thisVolume shall conform to the mandatory requirementsof this Volume.

(b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufacturedand facilities constructed prior to the effective date ofthis Volume of the B30 Standard shall be subject to theinspection, testing, maintenance, and operation require-ments of this Standard after the effective date.

It is not the intent of this Volume of the B30 Standardto require retrofitting of existing equipment. However,when an item is being modified, its performance require-ments shall be reviewed relative to the requirementswithin the current volume. The need to meet the currentrequirements shall be evaluated by a qualified personselected by the owner (user). Recommended changesshall be made by the owner (user) within 1 yr.

SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

Requirements of this Standard are characterized byuse of the word shall. Recommendations of this Standardare characterized by the word should.

SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS

This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well asU.S. Customary units. The values stated in U.S.Customary units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units are a direct (soft) conversion from the U.S.Customary units.

SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION

The B30 Standard Committee will consider requestsfor revision of any of the volumes within theB30 Standard. Such requests should be directed to

Secretary, B30 Standard CommitteeASME Codes and StandardsTwo Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

Requests should be in the following format:

Volume: Cite the designation and title of thevolume.

Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume.Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)

and the relevant heading(s).Request: Indicate the suggested revision.Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested

revision.

xi

Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will beforwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for consid-eration and action. Correspondence will be provided tothe requester defining the actions undertaken by theB30 Standard Committee.

SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION

The B30 Standard Committee will render an interpre-tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. Suchrequests should be directed to

Secretary, B30 Standard CommitteeASME Codes and StandardsTwo Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

Requests should be in the following format:

Volume: Cite the designation and title of thevolume.

Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume.Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)

and the relevant heading(s).Question: Phrase the question as a request for an

interpretation of a specific provision suit-able for general understanding and use,not as a request for approval of a proprie-tary design or situation. Plans or draw-ings that explain the question may besubmitted to clarify the question. How-ever, they should not contain any proprie-tary names or information.

Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will beforwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for a draftresponse, which will then be subject to approval by theB30 Standard Committee prior to its formal issuance.

Interpretations to the B30 Standard will be publishedin the subsequent edition of the respective volume, andwill be available online at http://cstools.asme.org/.

SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE

The equipment covered by the B30 Standard is subjectto hazards that cannot be abated by mechanical means,but only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and com-mon sense. It is therefore essential to have personnelinvolved in the use and operation of equipment whoare competent, careful, physically and mentally quali-fied, and trained in the proper operation of the equip-ment and the handling of loads. Serious hazards include,but are not limited to, improper or inadequate mainte-nance, overloading, dropping or slipping of the load,obstructing the free passage of the load, and using equip-ment for a purpose for which it was not intended ordesigned.

www.astaco.ir

The B30 Standard Committee fully realizes the impor-tance of proper design factors, minimum or maximumdimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire rope orchain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets, drums,and similar equipment covered by the standard, all ofwhich are closely connected with safety. Sizes, strengths,and similar criteria are dependent on many differentfactors, often varying with the installation and uses.These factors depend on

(a) the condition of the equipment or material(b) the loads

xii

(c) the acceleration or speed of the ropes, chains,sheaves, sprockets, or drums

(d) the type of attachments(e) the number, size, and arrangement of sheaves or

other parts(f) environmental conditions causing corrosion or

wear(g) many variables that must be considered in each

individual caseThe requirements and recommendations provided in

the volumes must be interpreted accordingly, and judg-ment used in determining their application.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Following approval by the ASME B30 Committee and ASME, and after public review,ASME B30.9-2014 was approved by the American National Standards Institute onSeptember 30, 2014.

ASME B30.9-2014 includes editorial changes, revisions, and corrections identified by a marginnote, (14).

Page Location Change

ix–xi Introduction Revised

1–4 Chapter 9-0 Revised in its entirety







SPECIAL NOTE:

The interpretations to ASME B30.9 are included in this edition as a separate section for the user’sconvenience.

xiii

www.astaco.ir

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

xiv

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

SLINGS

Chapter 9-0Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, Translations,

and References

SECTION 9-0.1: SCOPE OF ASME B30.9

Volume B30.9 includes provisions that apply to thefabrication, attachment, use, inspection, testing, andmaintenance of slings used for load handling purposes,used in conjunction with equipment described in othervolumes of the B30 Standard, except as restricted inASME B30.12 and ASME B30.23. Slings fabricated fromalloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, synthetic fiberrope, synthetic webbing, and polyester fiber yarns in aprotective cover(s) are addressed. All slings, includingthose fabricated from materials or constructions otherthan those detailed in this Volume, shall be used onlyin accordance with the recommendations of the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

SECTION 9-0.2: DEFINITIONS

abnormal operating conditions: environmental conditionsthat are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or forthe operation of a sling such as excessively high or lowambient temperatures, exposure to weather, corrosivefumes, dust-laden or moisture-laden atmospheres, andhazardous locations.

abrasion: the mechanical wearing of a surface resultingfrom frictional contact with other materials or objects.

angle of choke: the angle formed in a sling body as itpasses through the choking eye or fittings.

angle of loading: the acute angle between the sling legand the plane perpendicular to the direction of appliedforce, sometimes referred to as horizontal angle whenlifting (see Fig. 9-1.5-1).

basket hitch: a method of rigging a sling in which thesling is passed around the load, and both eye openingsor end fittings are attached to a hook, shackle(s), or otherload handling device.

body (sling): that part of a sling between the eyes, endfittings, or loop eyes.

braided wire rope: a rope formed by plaiting componentwire ropes.

1

braided wire rope sling: a sling made from braided rope.

bridle sling: a sling composed of multiple legs with thetop ends gathered in a fitting that attaches to a hook,shackle, or other load handling device.

cable-laid rope: a type of wire rope composed of six indi-vidual wire ropes laid as strands around a wire rope core.

cable-laid rope sling, mechanical joint: a wire rope slingmade from a cable-laid wire rope with eyes fabricatedby swaging one or more metal sleeves over each ropejunction.

choker hitch: a method of rigging a sling in which oneend of the sling is passed around the load, then throughitself, an eye opening, an end fitting, or other device,and attached to a hook, shackle, or other load handlingdevice.

component: any load-bearing element of the sling includ-ing the chain, wire rope, metal mesh, synthetic rope,synthetic webbing, roundsling core yarns, thread, andfittings, as applicable.

component strength: the published or industry acceptedminimum breaking strength or minimum breaking forceof the weakest component of the sling.

coupling linkmechanical coupling link: a nonwelded cross-pinned

link used as a connector to join a sling leg to a fitting.welded coupling link: an alloy steel welded link used

as a connector to join alloy steel chain to another compo-nent of the sling

cross rod: a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh toform the complete fabric.

D/d ratio: the ratio between the curvature taken by thesling, D, and the diameter of the wire rope, syntheticrope, or chain, d.

design factor: the ratio between the designated breakingload of the fabricated sling and the rated load of thesling.

(14)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

designed breaking load: the minimum load at which anewly fabricated and unused sling is expected to breakwhen loaded to destruction in direct tension.

endless sling (wire rope)cable-laid endless sling, mechanical joint: a wire rope sling

made endless from one continuous length of cable-laidrope with the ends joined by one or more metallicfittings.

strand-laid endless sling, mechanical joint: a wire ropesling made endless from one continuous length ofstrand-laid rope with the ends joined by one or moremetallic fittings.

eye opening: the opening in the end of a sling for theattachment of the hook, shackle, or other load handlingdevice or the load itself.

fabric (metal mesh): the flexible portion of the sling exclu-sive of end fittings consisting of a series of transversespirals and cross rods.

fabric length (metal mesh): the distance of metal meshbetween the end fittings.

fabric thickness (metal mesh): the nominal overall thicknessof the spirals.

fabrication efficiency: the strength of the fabricated sling,as a percentage of the material strength prior tofabrication.

fitting: any load-bearing hardware used to fabricate thesling such as a swage sleeve for wire rope or a couplinglink for alloy chain, or an end attachment such as a hookor master link.

flemish eye splice: a mechanical splice formed by unlayingthe wire rope body into two parts and reforming it tocreate a loop or eye. The splice is completed by pressing(swaging) a metal sleeve over the rope juncture.

grommet (wire rope)cable-laid grommet, hand-tucked: an endless wire rope

sling made from one continuous length of rope formedto make a body composed of six ropes around a ropecore. The rope ends are hand-tucked into the body, thusforming the core.

strand-laid grommet, hand-tucked: an endless wire ropesling made from one continuous length of strand formedto make a six-strand rope with a strand core. The strandends are hand-tucked into the body.

hand-tucked splice (wire rope and synthetic rope): a loop oreye formed in the end of a rope by tucking the ends ofthe strands back into the main body of the rope in aprescribed manner.

2

hitch (hitched): a method of rigging (attaching) a slingtemporarily to a load or object for the purpose of loadhandling.

load-bearing splice (web sling): that part of a sling that islapped and secured to become an integral load bearingpart of the sling.

load handling: the act of lifting or pulling a load fromone location to another by using a sling as the connectorbetween the load and the load handling equipment.

loop eye (web sling): the opening formed when a lengthof webbing is folded back upon itself and sewn to thesling body, thereby forming a bearing point.

master coupling link: an alloy steel welded coupling linkused as an intermediate connector to join alloy steelchain to a master link.

master link: a link used to gather the leg(s) of a sling.

mechanical splice (wire rope): a splice formed by swagingone or more metal sleeves over the wire rope to form aloop or eye.

ply: a layer of load-bearing webbing used in a syntheticwebbing sling.

poured socket: a fitting into which a broomed anddegreased wire rope is inserted. The wire rope is thensecured within the socket by filling the socket bowl withspecial molten metal or resin materials.

proof load: the specific tension applied to a sling or com-ponent in the performance of a proof test.

proof test: a nondestructive tension test of the sling orcomponents.

qualified person: a person who, by possession of a recog-nized degree or certificate of professional standing inan applicable field, or who, by extensive knowledge,training, and experience, has successfully demonstratedthe ability to solve or resolve problems relating to thesubject matter and work.

rated load: the maximum allowable working load estab-lished by the sling manufacturer. The terms rated capacityand working load limit are commonly used to describerated load.

reach (alloy steel chain sling): see sling length.

return loop: see turnback swaged eye.

shock load: a momentary increase in the force applied toa sling caused by the sudden movement, shifting, orarresting of a load.

short splice (synthetic rope endless sling): a splice formedby joining the two opposite rope ends by tucking thestrands into the main body of the rope in a prescribedmanner.

sling: an assembly as described in this Volume used forload handling.

sling body: see body.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

sling length: the distance between the extreme bearingpoints of the sling assembly, except that the lengthdimension for wire rope slings excludes the gatheringring or master link in the length dimension.

sling manufacturer (fabricator): a person or companyassembling or fabricating the sling(s). The sling manu-facturer and the manufacturer of the sling componentsmay or may not be the same entity.

sling servicenormal: service that involves handling of loads within

the rated load.severe: service that involves normal service coupled

with abnormal operating conditions.special: service that involves operation other than nor-

mal or severe that is identified by a qualified person.

spiral (metal mesh): a single transverse coil of wire thatis the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.

straight-line hitch: a method of rigging a sling in whichan eye opening, end fitting, or one end of the sling isattached to the load, and the other eye opening, endfitting, or end of the sling is attached to a hook, shackle,or other load handling device.

strand-laid rope: a wire rope made with strands (usuallysix to eight) formed around a fiber core, wire strandcore, or independent wire rope core (IWRC).

swaged socket: an end fitting into which a wire rope isinserted and then permanently attached by mechanicalcompression applied to the socket shank.

turnback swaged eye splice (wire rope): a mechanical splicein which the rope is looped back on itself and securedwith one or more metal sleeves. The term return loop iscommonly used to describe a turnback swaged eye.

vertical hitch: see straight-line hitch.

yarn: a generic term for a continuous strand of fibers.

SECTION 9-0.3: PERSONNEL COMPETENCE

Persons performing the functions identified in thisVolume shall meet the applicable qualifying criteriastated in this Volume and shall, through education, train-ing, experience, skill, and physical ability, as necessary,be competent and capable to perform the functions asdetermined by the employer or employer ’srepresentative.

SECTION 9-0.4: TRANSLATIONS

(a) Translation of Non-English Documentation IntoEnglish

(1) The wording of written non-English safetyinformation and manuals regarding use, inspection, and

3

maintenance shall be translated into English by profes-sional translation industry standards, which include butare not limited to the following:

(-a) translation of the complete paragraph mes-sage, instead of word by word

(-b) grammatical accuracy(-c) respectfulness of the source document con-

tent without omitting or expanding the text(-d) accurate translation of the terminology(-e) reflection of the level of sophistication of the

original document(2) The finished translation shall be verified for

compliance with paras. 9-0.4(a)(1)(-a) through (a)(1)(-e)by a qualified person having an understanding of thetechnical content of the subject matter.

(3) Pictograms used to identify controls shall bedescribed in the manuals. The pictograms should com-ply with a recognized source, if previously defined. Thetext of the description shall meet the criteria ofparas. 9-0.4(a)(1) and (a)(2).

(b) Any non-English documentation provided inaddition to English shall be translated and reviewed inaccordance with the requirements listed in para. 9-0.4(b).

SECTION 9-0.5: REFERENCES

The following is a list of publications referenced inthis Standard.

ASME B30.10-2009, HooksASME B30.12-2011, Handling Loads Suspended From

RotorcraftASME B30.20-2010, Below-the-Hook Lifting DevicesASME B30.23-2011, Personnel Lifting SystemsASME B30.26-2010, Rigging Hardware

Publisher: The American Society of MechanicalEngineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York,NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, P.O.Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900 (www.asme.org)

ASTM A391/A391M-01, Standard Specification forGrade 80 Alloy Steel Chain

ASTM A586-98, Standard Specification for Zinc-CoatedParallel and Helical Steel Wire Structural Strand andZinc-Coated Wire for Spun-in-Place Structural Strand

ASTM A906/A906M-02, Standard Specification forGrade 80 and Grade 100 Alloy Steel Chain Slings forOverhead Lifting

ASTM A952/A952M-02, Standard Specification forForged Grade 80 and Grade 100 Steel LiftingComponents and Welded Attachment Links

ASTM A973/A973M-01, Standard Specification forGrade 100 Alloy Steel Chain

ASTM A1023/A1023M-02, Standard Specification forStranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for GeneralPurposes

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O.Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959(www.astm.org)

CI 1303-96, Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Rope, 3-Strand and8-Strand Construction

CI 1304-96, Polyester (PET) Fiber Rope, 3-Strand and8-Strand Construction

CI 1305-96, Single Braided Polyester Fiber Rope,12-Strand Braid Construction

CI 1306-96, Nylon (Polyamide) Fiber Rope, Double BraidConstruction

CI 1307-96, Polyester (PET) Fiber Rope, Double BraidConstruction

CI 2110-04, Fiber Rope Inspection and RetirementCriteria

4

Publisher: The Cordage Institute (CI), 994 Old EagleSchool Road, Wayne, PA 19087 (www.ropecord.com)

Wire Rope Sling Users Manual, 3rd EditionPublisher: Wire Rope Technical Board (WRTB),

7011A Manchester Blvd., Alexandria, VA 22310(www.wireropetechnicalboard.org)

WSTDA-RS-1, Recommended Standard Specification forSynthetic Polyester Roundslings

WSTDA-TH-1, Recommended Standard Specificationfor Synthetic Thread

WSTDA-UV-Sling-2003, Summary Report UVDegradation

WSTDA-WB-1, Recommended Standard Specificationfor Synthetic Webbing for Slings

Publisher: Web Sling & Tie Down Association (WSTDA),2105 Laurel Bush Road, Bel Air, MD 21015(www.wstda.com)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-1Alloy Steel Chain Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance

SECTION 9-1.0: SCOPE

Chapter 9-1 includes provisions that apply to alloysteel chain slings (see Fig. 9-1.0-1).

SECTION 9-1.1: TRAINING

Alloy steel chain sling users shall be trained in theselection, inspection, cautions to personnel, effects ofenvironment, and rigging practices as covered by thisChapter.

SECTION 9-1.2: COMPONENTS

9-1.2.1 Alloy Chain

The alloy steel chain shall be manufactured and testedin accordance with ASTM A391/A391M for Grade 80chain and ASTM A973/A973M for Grade 100 chain.

9-1.2.2 Fittings

(a) Fittings for alloy steel chain slings shall be manu-factured and tested in accordance with ASTM A952/A952M.

(b) Makeshift fasteners, hooks, or links formed frombolts, rods, or other such fittings shall not be used.

(c) Where used, handles shall be welded to the masterlink or hook prior to heat treating according to the rec-ommendations of the sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson.

(d) When employed, hooks other than thosedescribed in ASTM A952/A952M shall meet the require-ments of ASME B30.10.

(e) When employed, rigging hardware other thanmaster links described in ASTM A952/A952M shallmeet the requirements of ASME B30.26.

9-1.2.3 Other Components

Chain or fittings other than those listed in paras.9-1.2.1 and 9-1.2.2 may be employed. When such compo-nents are employed, the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person shall provide specific data regardingdeviations from the applicable sections of this Chapter.These slings shall comply with all other requirementsof this Chapter.

5

SECTION 9-1.3: FABRICATION ANDCONFIGURATIONS

9-1.3.1 Fabrication

(a) Grade 80 and Grade 100 alloy steel chain slingsshall be fabricated in accordance with ASTM A906/A906M.

(b) Mechanical coupling links shall not be used withinthe body of an alloy chain sling to connect two piecesof chain.

9-1.3.2 Configurations

(a) Single-leg slings and double-leg, triple-leg, andquadruple-leg bridle slings used in straight-line, choker,and basket hitches are covered in this Chapter.

NOTE: A straight-line hitch is commonly referred to as a verti-cal hitch.

(b) Single- and double-basket slings used in baskethitches are covered in this Chapter.

(c) Other configurations may be used. When used, thesling manufacturer or a qualified person shall providespecific data. These slings shall comply with all otherrequirements of this Chapter.

SECTION 9-1.4: DESIGN FACTOR

The design factor for alloy steel chain slings shall bea minimum of 4.

SECTION 9-1.5: RATED LOAD

(a) The sling manufacturer shall establish the sling’srated load.

(b) At a minimum, the rated load shall be based onthe following factors:

(1) component strength(2) number of legs(3) design factor(4) type of hitch (see Fig. 9-1.0-1)(5) angle of loading (see Fig. 9-1.5-1)

(c) The rated load of a quadruple-leg or double-basketsling shall not exceed the rated load of a triple-leg sling.

SECTION 9-1.6: PROOF TEST REQUIREMENTS

9-1.6.1 General

Prior to initial use, all new and repaired chain andfittings of an alloy steel chain sling shall be proof tested

(14)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-1.0-1 Alloy Steel Chain Slings: Configurations, Components, and Hitches

Lower end components (fittings)

(a) Quadruple-Leg Bridle Sling Components (b) Single-Leg Sling Components

(d) Double-Leg Bridle Sling Hitch (e) Single-Leg Choker Hitch(c) Single-Basket Sling

and Hitch

Coupling link

Coupling link Master coupling link

Master link (upper end component/ fitting)

Length (reach)

Chain

Length (reach) � A � B

B

A

Chain

Coupling link

Coupling link

Lower end component (fitting)

Angle of choke

Upper end component (fitting)

6

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-1.5-1 Angle of Loading

either individually or as an assembly by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

9-1.6.2 Proof Load Requirements

(a) For single- or multiple-leg slings, each leg shallbe proof loaded to a minimum of 2 times the single-legstraight-line hitch rated load.

(b) The proof load for fittings attached to single legsshall be a minimum of 2 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

(c) Master links for double-leg bridle slings, single-basket slings, and master coupling links connected totwo legs shall be proof loaded to a minimum of 4 timesthe single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

(d) Master links for triple- and quadruple-leg bridleslings and double-basket bridle slings shall be proofloaded to a minimum of 6 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

SECTION 9-1.7: SLING IDENTIFICATION

9-1.7.1 Identification Requirements

Each sling shall be marked to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer, or if repaired,

the entity performing repairs(b) grade(c) nominal chain size(d) number of legs(e) rated load for at least one hitch type and the angle

upon which it is based

7

(f) length (reach)(g) individual sling identification (e.g., serial number)

9-1.7.2 Initial Sling Identification

Sling identification shall be done by the slingmanufacturer.

9-1.7.3 Maintenance of Sling Identification

Sling identification should be maintained by the userso as to be legible during the life of the sling.

9-1.7.4 Replacement of Sling Identification

Replacement of the sling identification shall be consid-ered a repair as specified in paras. 9-1.9.6(a) and (b).Additional proof testing is not required.

SECTION 9-1.8: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT

9-1.8.1 Temperature

Extreme temperatures may reduce the performanceof alloy steel chain slings. The sling manufacturer shouldbe consulted when the slings are to be used in tempera-tures of −40°F (−40°C) or below. Rated load reductionsfor Grade 80 and Grade 100 alloy chain slings used ator after exposure to temperatures of 400°F (204°C) orhigher are given in Table 9-1.8.1-1.

9-1.8.2 Chemically Active Environments

The strength of alloy steel chain slings may bedegraded by chemically active environments. Thisincludes exposure to chemicals in the form of solids,liquids, gases, vapors, or fumes. The sling manufactureror a qualified person should be consulted before slingsare used in chemically active environments.

SECTION 9-1.9: INSPECTION, REMOVAL, ANDREPAIR

9-1.9.1 General

All inspections shall be performed by a designatedperson. Any deficiency identified shall be examined anda determination made by a qualified person as towhether it constitutes a hazard.

9-1.9.2 Initial Inspection

Prior to use, each new, altered, modified, or repairedsling shall be inspected to verify compliance with theapplicable provisions of this Chapter. A written recordof the inspection referencing the individual sling identi-fication is required.

9-1.9.3 Frequent Inspection

(a) A visual inspection for damage shall be performedeach day or shift the sling is used.

(b) Slings found with conditions such as those listedin para. 9-1.9.5 shall be removed from service. Slings

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Table 9-1.8.1-1 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Rated Load of AlloySteel Chain

Grade of Chain

Grade 80 Grade 100

Permanent PermanentTemporary Reduction of Temporary Reduction of

Reduction of Rated Load Reduction of Rated LoadRated Load After Rated Load After

Temperature While at Exposure to While at Exposure to°F °C Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature

Below 400 Below 204 None None None None400 204 10% None 15% None500 260 15% None 25% 5%600 316 20% 5% 30% 15%

700 371 30% 10% 40% 20%800 427 40% 15% 50% 25%900 482 50% 20% 60% 30%

1,000 538 60% 25% 70% 35%Over 1,000 Over 538 Note (1) Note (1) Note (1) Note (1)

NOTE:(1) Remove from service.

shall not be returned to service until approved by aqualified person.

(c) Written records are not required for frequentinspections.

9-1.9.4 Periodic Inspection

(a) A complete inspection of the sling shall be per-formed. Each link and fitting shall be examined individ-ually, taking care to expose and examine all surfacesincluding the inner link surfaces. Slings found with con-ditions such as those listed in para. 9-1.9.5 shall beremoved from service. Slings shall not be returned toservice until approved by a qualified person.

(b) Periodic Inspection Frequency. Periodic inspectionintervals shall not exceed 1 yr. The frequency of periodicinspections should be based on

(1) frequency of sling use(2) severity of service conditions(3) nature of load handling activities(4) experience gained on the service life of slings

used in similar circumstances(c) Guidelines for the time intervals are

(1) normal service — yearly(2) severe service — monthly to quarterly(3) special service — as recommended by a quali-

fied person(d) A written record of the most recent periodic

inspection shall be maintained and shall include thecondition of the sling.

8

9-1.9.5 Removal Criteria

An alloy steel chain sling shall be removed from ser-vice if any of the following conditions are present:

(a) missing or illegible sling identification (seeSection 9-1.7).

(b) cracks or breaks.(c) excessive wear, nicks, or gouges. Minimum thick-

ness on chain links shall not be below the values listedin Table 9-1.9.5-1.

(d) stretched chain links or fittings.(e) bent, twisted, or deformed chain links or fittings.(f) evidence of heat damage.(g) excessive pitting or corrosion.(h) lack of ability of chain or fittings to hinge (articu-

late) freely.(i) weld splatter.(j) for hooks, removal criteria as stated in

ASME B30.10.(k) for rigging hardware, removal criteria as stated in

ASME B30.26.(l) other conditions, including visible damage, that

cause doubt as to the continued use of the sling.

9-1.9.6 Repair

(a) Slings shall be repaired only by the sling manufac-turer or a qualified person.

(b) A repaired sling shall be marked to identify therepairing entity per Section 9-1.7.

(c) Components used for sling repair shall complywith the provisions of this Chapter.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Table 9-1.9.5-1 Minimum Allowable Thicknessat Any Point on a Link

Minimum AllowableNominal Chain or Thickness at Any Point on

Coupling Link Size the Link

in. mm in. mm

7⁄32 5.5 0.189 4.809⁄32 7 0.239 6.075⁄16 8 0.273 6.933⁄8 10 0.342 8.691⁄2 13 0.443 11.26

5⁄8 16 0.546 13.873⁄4 20 0.687 17.457⁄8 22 0.750 19.051 26 0.887 22.53

11⁄4 32 1.091 27.71

(d) Repair of hooks shall be as specified inASME B30.10. Repair of below-the-hook lifting devicesshall be as specified in ASME B30.20. Repair of all othercomponents shall be as specified by the sling manufac-turer, component manufacturer, or a qualified person.

(e) Cracked, broken, stretched, bent, or twisted chainlinks shall not be repaired; they shall be replaced.

(f) Mechanical coupling links shall not be used withinthe body of an alloy chain sling to connect two piecesof chain.

(g) Modifications or alterations to a sling shall con-form to all repair provisions of this Chapter.

(h) All repairs shall comply with the proof testrequirements of Section 9-1.6.

SECTION 9-1.10: OPERATING PRACTICES

9-1.10.1 Sling Selection

(a) Slings that appear to be damaged shall not beused unless inspected and accepted as usable underSection 9-1.9.

(b) Slings having suitable characteristics for the typeof load, hitch, and environment shall be selected in accor-dance with the requirements of Sections 9-1.5 and 9-1.8.

(c) The rated load of the sling shall not be exceeded.When using a multiple-leg sling, no leg shall be loadedbeyond its single-leg rating.

(d) When the choker hitch rating is not identified onthe sling, the choker hitch rating shall be 80% of thesling’s straight-line hitch rating, unless other ratings areprovided by the sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson.

(e) Rated loads for angles of choke less than 120 degshall be determined by the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person [see Figure 9-1.0-1, illustration (e)].

(f) The rated load of a basket hitch shall be decreasedwhen D/d ratios smaller than 6 are used. See

9

Table 9-1.10.1-1 Basket Sling Hitch-RatedCapacity Affected by D/d

D/d Rated Capacity, %

Less than 2 Not recommended2 603 704 805 90

6 and above 100

Table 9-1.10.1-1, or consult the sling manufacturer or aqualified person.

(g) For multiple-leg slings used with nonsymmetricalloads, an analysis by a qualified person should be per-formed to prevent overloading of any leg.

(h) Multiple-leg slings shall be selected according tothe sling’s rated load based on the specific angles asstated on the sling’s identification. The rated load for

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

use at other angles shall be provided by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

(i) Slings shall not be used at an angle of loadingless than 30 deg except as recommended by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(j) When a sling leg is used as a basket hitch withthe lower connector (hook) attaching to the master link(upper connector), the basket hitch rating shall be lim-ited to its single-leg rating, unless the master link israted to accommodate that configuration.

(k) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey are properly seated in the hook, shackle, or loadhandling device.

9-1.10.2 Cautions to Personnel(a) All portions of the human body shall be kept from

between the sling and the load, and from between thesling and the hook, shackle, or other load handlingdevice.

(b) Personnel should not stand in line with or next tothe leg(s) of a sling that is under tension.

(c) Personnel shall not stand or pass under a sus-pended load.

(d) Personnel shall not ride the sling.

9-1.10.3 Effects of EnvironmentSlings should be stored in an area where they will not

be subjected to mechanical damage, corrosive action,moisture, extreme temperatures, or kinking (seeSection 9-1.8).

9-1.10.4 Rigging Practices(a) Slings shall be shortened or adjusted only by

methods approved by the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person.

10

(b) Slings shall not be shortened or lengthened byknotting or twisting.

(c) The sling shall be hitched in a manner to providecontrol of the load.

(d) Slings in contact with edges, corners, or protru-sions should be protected with a material of sufficientstrength, thickness, and construction to prevent damageto the sling.

(e) Shock loading should be avoided.(f) Loads should not be rested on the sling.(g) Slings should not be pulled from under a load

when the load is resting on the sling.(h) Twisting and kinking shall be avoided.(i) During load handling activities, with or without

load, personnel shall be alert for possible snagging.(j) When using multiple basket or choker hitches, the

load should be rigged to prevent the sling from slippingor sliding along the load.

(k) When lifting with a basket hitch, the legs of thesling should contain or support the load from the sides,above the center of gravity, so that the load remainsunder control.

(l) Slings should not be dragged on the floor or overan abrasive surface.

(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, never on a fitting.

(n) Slings should not be constricted, bunched, orpinched by the load, hook, or any fitting.

(o) The load applied to the hook should be centeredin the base (bowl) of the hook to prevent point loading onthe hook, unless the hook is designed for point loading.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-2Wire Rope Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance

SECTION 9-2.0: SCOPEChapter 9-2 includes provisions that apply to wire

rope slings. (See Figs. 9-2.0-1 and 9-2.0-2.)NOTE: Boom pendants are not within the scope of this Chapter.

SECTION 9-2.1: TRAININGWire rope sling users shall be trained in the selection,

inspection, cautions to personnel, effects of environ-ment, and rigging practices as covered in this Chapter.

SECTION 9-2.2: COMPONENTS9-2.2.1 Wire Rope

The wire rope shall be manufactured and tested inaccordance with ASTM A1023/A1023M andASTM A586.

(a) Only new or unused wire rope shall be used forfabricating slings covered in this Chapter.

(b) Only regular-lay wire rope shall be used for fabri-cating slings covered in this Chapter.

(c) Rotation-resistant wire rope shall not be used forfabricating slings covered in this Chapter.

9-2.2.2 Fittings(a) Fittings such as sleeves and sockets shall be used

in accordance with the component manufacturer ’srecommendations.

(b) When employed, hooks shall meet the require-ments of ASME B30.10.

(c) Welding of handles or any other accessories to endattachments, except covers to thimbles, shall be per-formed prior to the assembly of the sling.

(d) When employed, rigging hardware shall meet therequirements of ASME B30.26.

9-2.2.3 Other ComponentsWire ropes and fittings, other than those listed in

paras. 9-2.2.1 and 9-2.2.2, may be employed. When suchcomponents are employed, the sling manufacturer or aqualified person shall provide specific data regardingdeviations from the applicable section of this Chapter.These slings shall comply with all other requirementsof this Chapter.


9-2.3.1 FabricationMethods of fabrication include hand-tucked splicing,

turnback eye (return loop), or flemish eye mechanicalsplicing, and poured or swaged socketing.

11

(a) Wire rope clips shall not be used to fabricate wirerope slings except where the application of slings pre-vents the use of prefabricated slings and where the spe-cific application is designed by a qualified person.

(1) If employed, wire rope clips shall be installedand maintained in accordance with the recommenda-tions of the clip manufacturer or a qualified person, orin accordance with the provisions of ASME B30.26.

(2) Malleable cast iron clips shall not be used tofabricate slings.

(b) Knots shall not be used to fabricate slings.(c) Other fabrication methods not covered by this

Chapter shall be rated in accordance with the recom-mendation of the sling manufacturer or a qualified per-son, and shall conform to all other provisions of thisChapter.


(a) Single-leg slings and two-leg, three-leg, and four-leg bridle slings used in straight-line, choker, and baskethitches are covered by this Chapter.


(b) Slings made of rope with 6 � 19 and 6 � 36 classifi-cation and cable-laid slings shall have a minimum clearlength of rope 10 times the rope diameter betweensplices, sleeves, or end fittings (see Fig. 9-2.3.2-1), unlessapproved by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

(c) Braided slings shall have a minimum clear lengthof rope 40 times the component rope diameter betweenthe loops or end fittings (see Fig. 9-2.3.2-2), unlessapproved by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

(d) Grommets and endless slings shall have a mini-mum circumferential length of 96 times the body diame-ter of the grommet or endless sling unless approved bythe manufacturer or a qualified person.

(e) Other configurations may be used. When used, thesling manufacturer or a qualified person shall providespecific data. These slings shall comply with all otherrequirements of this Chapter.


The design factor for wire rope slings shall be a mini-mum of 5.

(14)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-2.0-1 Wire Rope Sling

Fig. 9-2.0-2 Wire Rope

Core

Oneropelay

Wire

Centerwire

Strand

Wire rope

Fig. 9-2.3.2-1 Minimum Sling Length

Clear length minimum 10 times the rope diameter

12

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-2.3.2-2 Minimum Braided Sling Length

1 braid length

Clear length minimum � 40 times component rope diameter

Braided Eye-and-Eye Wire Rope Sling

Component rope




(1) component strength(2) number of legs(3) design factor(4) type of hitch(5) angle of loading (see Fig. 9-2.5-1)(6) fabrication efficiency


9-2.6.1 General

(a) Prior to initial use, all new swaged socket, pouredsocket, or turnback swaged eye type slings, and mechan-ical joint endless wire rope slings shall be proof testedby the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

(b) Prior to initial use, all wire rope slings incorporat-ing previously used or welded fittings and all repairedslings shall be proof tested by the sling manufactureror a qualified person.

(c) All other new wire rope slings are not required tobe proof tested unless specified by the purchaser.


(a) For single- or multiple-leg slings and endlessslings, each leg shall be proof loaded to the followingload requirements based on fabrication method.

(1) Mechanical Splice Slings. The proof load shall bea minimum of 2 times and a maximum of 2.5 times thesingle-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

(2) Swaged Socket and Poured Socket Slings. Theproof load shall be a minimum of 2 times and a maxi-mum of 2.5 times the single-leg straight-line hitchrated load.

13


(3) Hand-Tucked Slings. If proof tested, the proofload shall be a minimum of 1 times and a maximum of1.25 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

(b) The proof load for components (fittings) attachedto single legs shall be the same as the requirement forsingle-leg slings in para. 9-2.6.2(a).

(c) Master links for two-leg bridle slings shall be proofloaded to a minimum of 4 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

(d) Master links for three-leg bridle slings shall beproof loaded to a minimum of 6 times the single-legstraight-line hitch rated load.

(e) Master links for four-leg bridle slings shall be proofloaded to a minimum of 8 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014




the entity performing repairs(b) rated load for at least one hitch type and the angle

upon which it is based(c) diameter or size(d) number of legs, if more than one








9-2.8.1 Temperature

(a) Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall notbe exposed to temperatures in excess of 180°F (82°C).

(b) When fiber core wire rope slings are to be usedat temperatures below −40°F (−40°C), the sling manufac-turer should be consulted.

(c) When IWRC wire rope slings are to be used attemperatures above 400°F (204°C) or below −40°F(−40°C), the sling manufacturer should be consulted.


The strength of wire rope slings may be degraded bychemically active environments. This includes exposureto chemicals in the form of solids, liquids, gases, vapors,or fumes. The sling manufacturer or a qualified personshould be consulted before slings are used in chemicallyactive environments.


9-2.9.1 General



Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repairedslings shall be inspected to verify compliance with the

14

applicable provisions of this Chapter. Written recordsare not required for initial inspections.



(b) Slings found with conditions such as those listedin para. 9-2.9.5 shall be removed from service. Slingsshall not be returned to service until approved by aqualified person.



(a) A complete inspection of the sling shall be per-formed. Inspection shall be conducted on the entirelength including splices and fittings. Slings found withconditions such as those listed in para. 9-2.9.5 shall beremoved from service. Slings shall not be returned toservice until approved by a qualified person.





fied person(d) Documentation that the most recent periodic

inspection was performed shall be maintained.(e) Inspection records of individual slings are not

required.


A wire rope sling shall be removed from service ifany of the following conditions are present:

(a) missing or illegible sling identification (seeSection 9-2.7)

(b) broken wires(1) for strand-laid and single-part slings, 10 ran-

domly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or 5broken wires in one strand in one rope lay (seeFig. 9-2.0-2)

(2) for cable-laid slings, 20 broken wires per lay(see Fig. 9-2.9.5-1)

(3) for less than eight-part braided slings, 20 brokenwires per braid length (see Fig. 9-2.3.2-2)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-2.9.5-1 Cable-Laid Wire Rope Sling

One rope lay

One rope lay

(4) for eight-part or more than eight-part braidedslings, 40 broken wires per braid length (seeFig. 9-2.3.2-2)

(c) severe localized abrasion or scraping resulting ina reduction from nominal diameter of more than 5%

(d) kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any other dam-age resulting in damage to the rope structure

(e) evidence of heat damage(f) fittings that are cracked, deformed, or worn to

the extent that the strength of the sling is substantiallyaffected

(g) severe corrosion of the rope or fittings(h) for hooks, removal criteria as stated in

ASME B30.10(i) for rigging hardware, removal criteria as stated in

ASME B30.26(j) other conditions, including visible damage, that

cause doubt as to the continued use of the sling

9-2.9.6 Repair




(d) Repair of hooks shall be as specified inASME B30.10. Repair of below-the hook lifting devicesshall be as specified in ASME B30.20. Repair of all othercomponents shall be as specified by the sling manufac-turer, component manufacturer, or a qualified person.

(e) The wire rope used in the sling shall not berepaired.

(f) Modifications or alterations to a sling shall con-form to all repair provisions of this Chapter.

(g) All repairs shall comply with the proof testrequirements of Section 9-2.6.

15






(d) When the choker hitch rating is not identified onthe sling, the choker hitch rating for single-leg and bridleslings shall be 75% of the sling’s straight-line hitch rating(70% for cable-laid slings), unless other ratings are pro-vided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.Consult the sling manufacturer or a qualified person forchoker hitch ratings for grommets and endless slings.

(e) Rated loads for angles of choke less than 120 degshall be determined by using the values inTable 9-2.10.1-1, or by consulting the sling manufactureror a qualified person.

(f) For multiple-leg slings used with nonsymmetricalloads, an analysis by a qualified person should be per-formed to prevent overloading of any leg.

(g) Multiple-leg slings shall be selected according tothe sling’s rated load based on the specific angle(s) asstated on the sling’s identification. The rated load foruse at other angles shall be provided by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

(h) When D/d ratios (see Fig. 9-2.10.1-1) smaller than15/1 for hand-tucked splice type slings and 25/1 formechanical splice and swaged or poured socket-typeslings are used in the body of the sling, the rated loadof the sling shall be decreased according to the recom-mendations of the manufacturer, a qualified person, orthe Wire Rope Sling Users Manual. For other sling types,

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Table 9-2.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Wire RopeSlings

180 deg

135 deg

120 deg

90 deg

60 deg

30 deg

Angle of Choke, deg Rated Capacity, % [Note (1)]

Over 120 10090–120 8760–89 7430–59 620–29 49

NOTE:(1) Percent of sling rated capacity in a choker hitch.

16

Fig. 9-2.10.1-1 D/d Ratio: Wire Rope Slings

d � 1

DD � 25

GENERAL NOTE: When D is 25 times the component rope diameter,d, the D/d ratio is expressed as 25/1.

consult the sling manufacturer for specific data or referto the Wire Rope Sling Users Manual.


(j) When a sling leg is used as a basket hitch withthe lower connector (hook) attaching to the master link(upper connector), the basket hitch rating shall be lim-ited to its single-leg rating, unless the master link israted to accommodate that configuration.

(k) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey are properly seated in the hook, shackle, or otherload handling device.

9-2.10.2 Cautions to Personnel

(a) All portions of the human body shall be kept frombetween the sling and load, and from between the slingand hook, shackle, or other load handling device.



(d) Personnel shall not ride the sling.(e) Do not inspect a sling by passing bare hands over

the wire rope body. Broken wires, if present, may punc-ture the hands.

9-2.10.3 Effects of Environment

(a) Slings should be stored in an area where they willnot be subjected to mechanical damage, corrosive action,moisture, extreme temperatures, or kinking (seeSection 9-2.8).

(b) Fiber core wire rope slings should not be subjectedto degreasing or a solvent because of possible damageto the core.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014



(b) Slings shall not be shortened or lengthened byknotting, twisting, or by wire rope clips.

(c) The sling shall be hitched in a manner providingcontrol of the load.

(d) Slings in contact with edges, corners, or protru-sions should be protected with a material of sufficientstrength, thickness, and construction to prevent damageto the sling.





17



(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, not on a splice or fitting.



(p) An object in the eye of a sling should not be widerthan one half the length of the eye nor less than thenominal sling diameter.

(q) When a hand-tucked sling is used, the sling, load,or load handling device shall be prevented fromrotating.

(r) Slings made with wire rope clips shall not be usedas a choker hitch.

www.astaco.ir

(14)

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-3Metal Mesh Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance


Chapter 9-3 includes provisions that apply to metalmesh slings (see Fig. 9-3.0-1).


Metal mesh sling users shall be trained in the selection,inspection, cautions to personnel, effects of environ-ment, and rigging practices as covered by this Chapter.


9-3.2.1 Metal Mesh

The metal mesh shall be carbon steel and manufac-tured in accordance with the specifications inTable 9-3.2.1-1.

9-3.2.2 Fittings

(a) Fittings shall have sufficient strength to sustain2 times the rated load of the sling without visible perma-nent deformation.

(b) All surfaces of end fittings shall be cleanly finishedand sharp edges removed.


Metal mesh and fittings other than those listed inparas. 9-3.2.1 and 9-3.2.2 may be employed. When suchmaterials are employed, the sling manufacturer or aqualified person shall provide specific data regardingdeviations from the applicable sections of this Chapter.These slings shall comply with all other requirementsof this Chapter.


9-3.3.1 Fabrication

Methods of fabrication include welding or brazing.

9-3.3.2 Coatings

Finishes and coatings shall be compatible with thesling components and not impair the performance ofthe sling.


Single-leg slings used in straight-line, choker, and bas-ket hitches are covered in this Chapter.

18



The design factor for metal mesh slings shall be aminimum of 5.




(1) component strength(2) design factor(3) type of hitch(4) angle of loading (see Fig. 9-3.5-1)


9-3.6.1 General

(a) Prior to initial use, all new and repaired metalmesh slings shall be proof tested by the sling manufac-turer or a qualified person.

(b) Coated slings should be proof tested prior tocoating.


The proof load shall be a minimum of 2 times thestraight-line hitch rated load.




the entity performing repairs(b) rated load for at least one hitch type and the angle

upon which it is based(c) individual sling identification (e.g., serial number)





www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-3.0-1 Metal Mesh Sling

Male handle

Spiral

Fabricthickness

Cross rods

Spirals weldedor brazed tocross rods

Slot depthFemale handle

Handle eye

Bearing to bearing length

Fabric length

Slingwidth

Table 9-3.2.1-1 Fabric Construction: Metal Mesh Slings

Specification Heavy Duty Medium Duty Light Duty

Nominal spiral turns per foot mesh width 35 43 59Approx. spiral wire size 10 gage 12 gage 14 gageEquivalent decimal size 0.135 in. 0.105 in. 0.080 in.Nominal cross rods per foot of fabric 21 30 38

lengthApproximate size of cross rods 8 gage 10 gage 14 gageEquivalent decimal size 0.162 in. 0.135 in. 0.080 in.Nominal fabric thickness 1⁄2 in. 3⁄8 in. 5⁄16 in.

19

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014





9-3.8.1 Temperature

(a) When slings are used at temperatures above 550°F(228°C) or below −20°F (−29°C), the sling manufacturershould be consulted.

(b) If the sling contains any coatings that change thetemperature range of the sling, the sling manufacturershall provide the revised temperature range.


The strength of metal mesh slings may be degradedby chemically active environments. This includes expo-sure to chemicals in the form of solids, liquids, gases,vapors, or fumes. The sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson should be consulted before slings are used inchemically active environments.


9-3.9.1 General


20


Prior to use, each new, altered, modified, or repairedsling shall be inspected to verify compliance with theapplicable provisions of this Chapter. A written recordof the inspection referencing the individual sling identi-fication is required.






(a) A complete inspection for damage to the slingshall be performed. Inspection shall be conducted onthe entire length including welded or brazed joints andfittings. Slings found with conditions such as those listedin para. 9-3.9.5 shall be removed from service. Slingsshall not be returned to service until approved by aqualified person.





fied person(d) A written record of the most recent periodic

inspection shall be maintained and shall include thecondition of the sling.


A metal mesh sling shall be removed from service ifany of the following conditions are present:


(b) broken weld or a broken brazed joint along thesling edge

(c) broken wire in any part of the mesh(d) reduction in wire diameter of 25% due to abrasion

or 15% due to corrosion(e) lack of flexibility due to distortion of the mesh(f) distortion of the choker fitting so the depth of the

slot is increased by more than 10%

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

(g) distortion of either end fitting so the width of theeye opening is decreased by more than 10%

(h) a 15% reduction of the original cross-sectional areaof any point around the hook opening of the end fitting

(i) visible distortion of either end fitting out of itsplane

(j) cracked end fitting(k) slings in which the spirals are locked or without

free articulation shall not be used(l) fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent,

twisted, gouged, or broken(m) other conditions, including visible damage, that

cause doubt as to the continued use of the sling

9-3.9.6 Repair




(d) Cracked, broken, bent, or damaged componentsshall not be repaired; they shall be replaced.

(e) All repairs shall comply with the proof testrequirements of Section 9-3.6.






(c) The rated load of the sling shall not be exceeded.(d) When the choker hitch rating is not identified on

the sling, the choker hitch rating shall be 100% of thesling’s straight-line hitch rating, unless other ratings areprovided by the sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson.

(e) Rated loads for angles of choke less than 120 degshall be determined by the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person (see Fig. 9-3.10.1-1).

(f) Slings shall not be used at an angle of loadingless than 30 deg except as recommended by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person (see Fig. 9-3.5-1).

(g) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey are properly seated in the hook, shackle, or otherload handling device.

(h) Metal mesh slings shall not be used as bridles onsuspended personnel platforms.

21

Fig. 9-3.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Metal Mesh Slings

Angle of choke


(a) All portions of the human body shall be kept frombetween the sling and the load, and from between thesling and the hook, shackle, or other load handlingdevice.





Slings should be stored in an area where they will notbe subjected to mechanical damage, corrosive action,moisture, extreme temperatures, or kinking (seeSection 9-3.8).

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

9-3.10.4 Rigging Practices

(a) Slings shall be shortened or adjusted only bymethods approved by the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person.

(b) The load should be evenly distributed across thewidth of the metal mesh.


(d) Slings in contact with edges, corners, or protru-sions should be protected with a material of sufficientstrength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage.


when the load is resting on the sling.(h) Twisting and kinking shall be avoided.

22

(i) During load handling activities, with or withoutload, personnel shall be alert for possible snagging.

(j) In a basket hitch, the load should be balanced toprevent slippage.



(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, not on a weld, braze, or end fitting.


(o) In a choker hitch, the load should be balanced toprevent edge overload.

(p) Slings used in pairs should be attached to aspreader beam.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-4Synthetic Rope Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance


Chapter 9-4 includes provisions that apply to syn-thetic rope slings (see Fig. 9-4.0-1).


Synthetic rope sling users shall be trained in the selec-tion, inspection, cautions to personnel, effects of envi-ronment, and rigging practices as covered by thisChapter.


9-4.2.1 Synthetic Ropes

(a) Synthetic fiber materials covered for use in syn-thetic ropes are nylon and polyester. Rope constructionscovered are three-strand laid, eight-strand plaited, singlebraided, and double braided. The rope constructionsshall be manufactured and tested in accordance withone of the following applicable Cordage Institutespecifications:

Rope Type Designation

Nylon three-strand laid CI 1303Nylon eight-strand plaited CI 1303Nylon double braid CI 1306Polyester three-strand laid CI 1304Polyester eight-strand plaited CI 1304Polyester double braid CI 1307Polyester single braid CI 1305

(b) Synthetic ropes shall be made of fibers that havebeen produced with an appropriate ultraviolet inhibitor.

9-4.2.2 Fittings

Fittings should be selected to meet the followingrequirements:

(a) Suitability of mechanical or socketed fittings shallbe verified by a qualified person.

(b) The material shall be compatible with the mechan-ical and environmental requirements imposed on thesling.

(c) Fittings shall have sufficient strength to sustaintwice the rated load of the sling without visible perma-nent deformation.

(d) All surfaces shall be cleanly finished and sharpedges removed so as not to cause damage to the rope.

(e) Thimbles shall have a minimum diameter at thebearing surface of at least two times the rope diameter.

23

(f) When employed, hooks shall meet the require-ments of ASME B30.10.

(g) When employed, rigging hardware shall meet therequirements of ASME B30.26.


Synthetic ropes and fittings other than those listed inparas. 9-4.2.1 and 9-4.2.2 may be employed. When suchcomponents are employed, the sling manufacturer or aqualified person shall provide specific data regardingdeviations from the applicable sections of this Chapter.These slings shall comply with all other requirementsof this Chapter.


9-4.3.1 Fabrication

Hand splicing is the preferred method of fabricatingslings. All splices shall be made in accordance with splic-ing instructions provided by the rope manufacturer ora qualified person. In addition, the following shall beobserved:

(a) When forming an eye in three-strand and eight-strand synthetic ropes, a hand-tucked splice with no lessthan four full tucks shall be used. When forming anendless sling, a short splice containing at least six fulltucks, three on each side of the center of the splice shallbe used.

(b) Strand end tails in all tuck splices shall not betrimmed short (cut flush with the body of the rope). Incases where the projecting tails may be objectionable,the tails shall be tapered and buried into the body ofthe rope using two additional tucks.

(c) Synthetic rope slings shall have a minimum undis-turbed length of rope of 10 times the rope diameterbetween the last tucks of tuck splices or between theends of the buried tails or strands of other types ofsplices.

(d) Knots, clips, or clamps shall not be used to fabri-cate slings.

(e) If thimbles do not have ears to prevent rotation,they should be lashed to the rope. Thimbles should beused in the sling whenever possible, and installed in amanner that will prevent the thimble from rotatinginside the eye or falling out of the eye.

(14)

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-4.0-1 Synthetic Fiber Rope Slings

Eye splice

Eye-and-Eye Endless

Two-Leg Bridle Sling

Choker (With Fittings)

Short splice (end-for-end) Angle

of choke

Fiber rope thimble (optional)

Shackle

Master link

Hook (optional)

GENERAL NOTE: Fittings designed for synthetic slings should be used.

9-4.3.2 Coatings

Finishes and coatings shall be compatible with theother components and not impair the performance ofthe sling.




(b) Synthetic rope sling leg(s) shall be either eye-and-eye or endless.


The design factor for synthetic rope slings shall be aminimum of 5.




(1) component strength(2) number of legs(3) design factor

24

(4) type of hitch (see Fig. 9-4.5-1)(5) angle of loading (see Fig. 9-4.5-2)(6) fabrication efficiency


9-4.6.1 General

(a) Prior to initial use, all synthetic fiber rope slingsincorporating previously used or welded fittings andall repaired slings shall be proof tested by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(b) All other new synthetic fiber rope slings and fit-tings are not required to be proof tested unless specifiedby the purchaser.


(a) For single- or multiple-leg slings and endlessslings, each leg shall be proof loaded to a minimum of2 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.




www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-4.5-1 Hitch Types for Synthetic Rope Slings

The symbols below represent the load or support surfaces in contact with the rope sling. Thecontact surface diameter divided by the rope diameter is the designated D/d ratio as describedin Fig. 9-4.10.1-1 and is based on the D/d ratios indicated below.

Represents a contact surface that shall have a diameter of curvatureat least double the diameter of the rope from which the sling is made.

Represents a contact surface that shall have a diameter of curvatureat least 8 times the diameter of the rope.

Represents a load in choker hitch and illustrates the rotary force on the load and/or the slippage of the rope in contact with the load. Diameter of curvature of load surface shall be at least double the diameter of the rope.

Straight-Line

Hitch

Vertical angle

Vertical angle

Vertical angle

Choker

Hitch

Basket Hitch

(Alternates have identical load ratings)

FORM OF HITCH E

ye-a

nd

-Eye

En

dle

ss

KIN

D O

F S

LIN

G

25

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014






the entity performing repairs(b) manufacturer’s code or stock number(c) rated load for at least one hitch type and the angle

upon which it is based(d) type of fiber material(e) number of legs, if more than one







26


9-4.8.1 Temperature

Polyester and nylon rope slings shall not be used incontact with objects or at temperatures above 194°F(90°C) or below −40°F (−40°C).


The strength of synthetic rope slings may be degradedby chemically active environments. This includes expo-sure to chemicals in the form of solids, liquids, gases,vapors, or fumes. The sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson should be consulted before slings are used inchemically active environments.

9-4.8.3 Sunlight and Ultraviolet Light

The strength of synthetic rope slings is degraded byexposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light. The sling manu-facturer or a qualified person should be consulted foradditional retirement or inspection requirements. Foradditional degradation information, see CI 2001-04.


9-4.9.1 General


www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014


Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repairedslings shall be inspected to verify compliance with theapplicable provisions of this Chapter. Written recordsare not required for the initial inspection.













required.


A synthetic rope sling shall be removed from serviceif any of the following conditions are present:


(b) cuts, gouges, areas of extensive fiber breakagealong the length, and abraded areas on the rope

(c) damage that is estimated to have reduced the effec-tive diameter of the rope by more than 10%

(d) uniform fiber breakage along the major part ofthe length of the rope in the sling such that the entirerope appears covered with fuzz or whiskers

(e) inside the rope, fiber breakage, fused or meltedfiber (observed by prying or twisting to open the

27

strands) involving damage estimated at 10% of the fiberin any strand or the rope as a whole

(f) discoloration, brittle fibers, and hard or stiff areasthat may indicate chemical damage, ultraviolet damage,or heat damage

(g) dirt and grit in the interior of the rope structurethat is deemed excessive

(h) foreign matter that has permeated the rope andmakes it difficult to handle and may attract and hold grit

(i) kinks or distortion in the rope structure, particu-larly if caused by forcibly pulling on loops (known ashockles)

(j) melted, hard, or charred areas that affect more than10% of the diameter of the rope or affect several adjacentstrands along the length that affect more than 10% ofstrand diameters

(k) poor condition of thimbles or other componentsmanifested by corrosion, cracks, distortion, sharp edges,or localized wear

(l) for hooks, removal criteria as stated inASME B30.10

(m) for rigging hardware, removal criteria as statedin ASME B30.26

(n) other conditions including visible damage thatcause doubt as to the continued use of the sling

9-4.9.6 Repair




(d) The ropes that make up the sling shall not berespliced or knotted to effect repairs.



(g) Repair of hooks shall be as specified inASME B30.10. Repair of below-the-hook lifting devicesshall be as specified in ASME B30.20. Repair of all otherfittings shall be as specified by the sling manufacturer,fitting manufacturer, or a qualified person.





www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014


(d) When the choker hitch rating is not identified onthe sling, the choker hitch rating shall be 75% of thesling’s straight-line hitch rating unless other ratings areprovided by the sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson.


(f) When D/d ratios (see Fig. 9-4.10.1-1) smaller than8/1 are necessary in the body of the sling, the ratedload of the sling shall be decreased. Consult the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(g) For multiple-leg slings used with nonsymmetricalloads, an analysis by a qualified person should be per-formed to prevent overloading of any leg.

(h) Multiple-leg slings shall be selected according tothe sling’s rated load based on the specific angle(s) asstated on the sling’s identification. The rated load foruse at other angles shall be provided by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.


(j) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey properly seat in the hook, shackle, or other loadhandling device.

(k) When a sling leg is used as a basket hitch withthe lower connector (hook) attaching to the master link(upper connector), the basket hitch rating shall be lim-ited to its single-leg rating, unless the master link israted to accommodate that configuration.

(l) Synthetic rope slings shall not be used to supportsuspended personnel platforms.





(d) Personnel shall not ride the sling.(e) Synthetic rope slings shall not be used as bridles

on suspended personnel platforms.


(a) Slings should be stored in an area where they willnot be subjected to mechanical, chemical, or ultravioletdamage or extreme temperatures (see Section 9-4.8).

28

Table 9-4.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: Synthetic RopeSlings

180 deg

135 deg

120 deg

90 deg

60 deg

30 deg


Over 120 10090–120 8760–89 7430–59 620–29 49


(b) Do not store nylon ropes in areas where they maybecome impregnated with rust.

(c) Slings exposed to salt water should be thoroughlyrinsed with fresh water to prevent mechanical damagefrom salt crystals when the rope dries.

(d) Slings incorporating aluminum fittings shall notbe used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquidsof alkalis or acids are present.



www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-4.10.1-1 D/d Ratio: Synthetic Rope Slings

d � 1

DD � 8

GENERAL NOTE: When D is 8 times the component rope diameterd, the D/d is expressed as 8/1.



(d) Slings in contact with edges, corners, protrusions,or abrasive surfaces shall be protected with a materialof sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to pre-vent damage.

29







(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, not on a splice or fitting.



(p) An object in the eye of a sling should not be widerthan one-third the length of the eye.

(q) When a hand-tucked sling is used, the sling, load,or load handling device shall be prevented fromrotating.

www.astaco.ir

(14)

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-5Synthetic Webbing Slings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance


Chapter 9-5 includes provisions that apply to syn-thetic webbing slings (see Figs. 9-5.0-1 and 9-5.0-2).


Synthetic webbing sling users shall be trained in theselection, inspection, cautions to personnel, effects ofthe environment, and rigging practices as covered bythis Chapter.


9-5.2.1 Webbing

The synthetic webbing shall be manufactured andtested in accordance with WSTDA-WB-1.

9-5.2.2 Thread

The thread used in the fabrication of synthetic web-bing slings shall be manufactured and tested in accor-dance with WSTDA-TH-1.

9-5.2.3 Fittings

(a) Fittings shall have sufficient strength to sustaintwo times the rated load of the sling without visiblepermanent deformation.

(b) All surfaces of fittings shall be cleanly finishedand sharp edges removed.

(c) When employed, hooks shall meet the require-ments of ASME B30.10.



Synthetic webbings, thread, or fittings other thanthose listed in paras. 9-5.2.1 through 9-5.2.3 may beemployed. When such materials are employed, the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person shall provide specificdata regarding deviations from the applicable sectionsof this Chapter. These slings shall comply with all otherrequirements of this Chapter.


9-5.3.1 Fabrication

(a) Stitching shall be the method for fabricating syn-thetic webbing slings.

30

(b) The thread shall be the same yarn type as the slingwebbing.

9-5.3.2 Coatings





(b) Other configurations may be used. When used, thesling manufacturer or a qualified person shall providespecific data. These slings shall comply with all otherrequirements of this Chapter.


The design factor for synthetic webbing slings shallbe a minimum of 5.






9-5.6.1 General

(a) Prior to initial use, all synthetic webbing slingsincorporating previously used or welded fittings andall repaired slings shall be proof tested by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(b) All other new synthetic webbing slings and fit-tings are not required to be proof tested unless specifiedby the purchaser.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-5.0-1 Synthetic Webbing Slings

Return-eye (reversed-eye) sling is formed by using multiple widths of webbing held edge-to-edge. A wear pad is attached on one or both sides of the sling body and on one or both sides of the loop eyes to form a loop eye at each end which is at a right angle to the plane of the sling body.

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type VI

Type IV

Type V

Sling made with a triangle fitting on one end and aslotted triangle choker fitting on the other end. It canbe used in a straight-line, basket, or choker hitch.

Sling made with a triangle fitting on both ends. It can be used in a straight-line or basket hitch only.

Sling made with a flat loop eye on each end with loop eye opening on same plane as sling body. This type of sling is sometimes called a flat eye-and-eye, eye-and-eye, or double-eye sling.

Sling made with both loop eyes formed as in Type III,except that the loop eyes are turned to form a loop eyethat is at a right angle to the plane of the sling body.This type of sling is commonly referred to as atwisted-eye sling.

Endless sling, sometimes referred to as a grommet. It is a continuous loop formed by joining the ends of the webbing together.

31

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-5.0-2 Synthetic Webbing Sling Nomenclature

Body

Load- bearing splice

Loop eye length

Body

Length

Length


32

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014


(a) For single- or multiple-leg slings and endlessslings, each leg shall be proof loaded to 2 times thesingle-leg straight-line hitch rated load.









upon which it is based(d) type of synthetic web material(e) number of legs, if more than one








9-5.8.1 Temperature

Polyester and nylon webbing slings shall not be usedin contact with an object or at temperatures in excessof 194°F (90°C) or below −40°F (−40°C).


The strength of synthetic webbing slings may bedegraded by chemically active environments. Thisincludes exposure to chemicals in the form of solids,liquids, gases, vapors, or fumes. The sling manufactureror qualified person should be consulted before slingsare used in chemically active environments.

33

9-5.8.3 Sunlight and Ultraviolet Light

The strength of synthetic webbing slings is degradedby exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light. The slingmanufacturer or a qualified person should be consultedfor additional retirement or inspection requirements. Foradditional degradation information, see WSTDA-UV-Sling.


9-5.9.1 General



Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repairedslings shall be inspected to verify compliance with theapplicable provisions of this Chapter. Written recordsare not required for initial inspection.












inspection was performed shall be maintained.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

(e) Inspection records of individual slings are notrequired.


A synthetic webbing sling shall be removed from ser-vice if any of the following conditions are present:


(b) acid or caustic burns(c) melting or charring of any part of the sling(d) holes, tears, cuts, or snags(e) broken or worn stitching in load-bearing splices(f) excessive abrasive wear(g) knots in any part of the sling(h) discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any part

of the sling, which may mean chemical or ultraviolet/sunlight damage

(i) fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent,twisted, gouged, or broken

(j) for hooks, removal criteria as stated inASME B30.10

(k) for rigging hardware, removal criteria as stated inASME B30.26

(l) other conditions, including visible damage, thatcause doubt as to the continued use of the sling

9-5.9.6 Repair




(d) There shall be no repairs to a load-bearing splice.(e) Webbing material meeting the removal criteria in

para. 9-5.9.5 shall not be repaired, but may be replacedonly if approved by a sling manufacturer or a qualifiedperson.

(f ) Repair of hooks shall be as specified inASME B30.10. Repair of below-the-hook lifting devicesshall be as specified in ASME B30.20. Repair of all otherfittings shall be as specified by the sling manufacturer,fitting manufacturer, or a qualified person.

(g) All repairs shall comply with the proof testrequirements of Section 9-5.6.

(h) Modifications or alterations to a sling shall con-form to all repair provisions of this Chapter.




34






(g) Multiple-leg slings shall be selected according tothe sling’s rated load based on the specific angle(s) asstated on the sling’s identification. The rated load foruse at other angles shall be provided by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

(h) Slings shall not be used at an angle of loadingless than 30 deg except as recommended by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(i) When a sling leg is used as a basket hitch withthe lower connector (hook) attaching to the master link(upper connector), the basket hitch rating shall be lim-ited to its single-leg rating, unless the master link israted to accommodate that configuration.

(j) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey properly seat in the hook, shackle, or other loadhandling device.

(k) Synthetic webbing slings shall not be used to sup-port suspended personnel platforms.








(b) When extensive exposure to sunlight or ultravioletlight is experienced by nylon or polyester webbingslings, the sling manufacturer should be consulted forrecommended inspection procedure.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

(c) Slings incorporating aluminum fittings shall notbe used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquidsof alkalis or acids are present.

9-5.10.4 Rigging Practices

(a) Slings shall be shortened or adjusted only bymethods approved by the sling manufacturer or a quali-fied person.





when the load is resting on the sling.(h) Twisting shall be avoided.(i) During load handling activities, with or without





(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, not on a load-bearing splice or fitting.



(p) An object in the eye of a sling should not be widerthan one-third the length of the eye.

35

Table 9-5.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: SyntheticWebbing Slings

180 deg

135 deg120 deg

90 deg

60 deg

30 deg


Over 120 10090–120 8760–89 7430–59 620–29 49


www.astaco.ir

(14)

ASME B30.9-2014

Chapter 9-6Polyester Roundslings: Selection, Use, and Maintenance


Chapter 9-6 includes provisions that apply to polyes-ter roundslings (see Fig. 9-6.0-1).


Polyester roundsling users shall be trained in theselection, inspection, cautions to personnel, effects ofenvironment, and rigging practices as covered by thisChapter.


9-6.2.1 Core

Core yarn(s) shall be of polyester fiber and manufac-tured and tested according to WSTDA-RS-1.

NOTE: See Section 9-6.3 concerning covers and thread.

9-6.2.2 Fittings

(a) Fittings shall have sufficient strength to sustaintwice the rated load of the sling without visible perma-nent deformation.

(b) All surfaces of fittings shall be cleanly finishedand sharp edges removed.

(c) When employed, hooks shall meet the require-ments of ASME B30.10.



Core yarns or fittings other than those listed in paras.9-6.2.1 and 9-6.2.2 may be employed. When the core andcover are of different materials, the thread should be ofthe same material as the core. When other componentsare employed, the sling manufacturer or a qualified per-son shall provide specific data regarding deviations fromthe applicable sections of this Chapter. These slings shallcomply with all other requirements of this Chapter.


9-6.3.1 Fabrication

Polyester roundslings shall be fabricated from coreyarns wound together with multiple turns and enclosedin protective cover(s). Covers shall be made from syn-thetic material.

36

9-6.3.2 Thread

The thread used to secure the cover in the fabricationof polyester roundslings shall be polyester thread manu-factured and tested in accordance with WSTDA-TH-1.

9-6.3.3 Coatings





(b) Other configurations may be used. When used, thesling manufacturer or a qualified person shall providespecific data. These slings shall comply with all otherrequirements of this Chapter.


The design factor for roundslings shall be a minimumof 5.






9-6.6.1 General

(a) Prior to initial use, all polyester roundslings incor-porating previously used or welded fittings and allrepaired slings shall be proof tested by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Fig. 9-6.0-1 Polyester Roundsling Types

Eye-and-Eye (With Cover)

Two-Leg Bridle Sling

Endless

Length

37

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014


(b) All other polyester roundslings and fittings arenot required to be proof tested unless specified by thepurchaser.


(a) For single- or multiple-leg slings and endlessslings, each leg shall be proof loaded to a minimum of2 times the single-leg straight-line hitch rated load.









upon which it is based(d) core material(e) cover material, if different from core material(f) number of legs, if more than one

38







SECTION 9-6.8: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT9-6.8.1 Temperature

Polyester roundslings shall not be used in contact withobjects or at temperatures above 194°F (90°C) or below−40°F (−40°C).


The strength of polyester roundslings may bedegraded by chemically active environments. Thisincludes exposure to chemicals in the form of solids,liquids, gases, vapors, or fumes. The sling manufactureror qualified person should be consulted before slingsare used in chemically active environments.


9-6.9.1 GeneralAll inspections shall be performed by a designated

person. Any deficiency identified shall be examined and

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

a determination made by a qualified person as towhether it constitutes a hazard.


Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repairedslings shall be inspected to verify compliance with theapplicable provisions of this Chapter. Written recordsare not required for initial inspections.






(a) A complete inspection of the sling shall be per-formed. Inspection shall be conducted on the entirelength including fittings. Slings found with conditionssuch as those listed in para. 9-6.9.5 shall be removedfrom service. Slings shall not be returned to service untilapproved by a qualified person.







required.


A polyester roundsling shall be removed from serviceif any of the following conditions are present:


(b) acid or caustic burns(c) evidence of heat damage(d) holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or snags that

expose the core yarns(e) broken or damaged core yarns(f) weld splatter that exposes core yarns

39

(g) knots in the roundsling, except for core yarnsinside the cover

(h) fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent,twisted, gouged, or broken

(i) for hooks, removal criteria as stated inASME B30.10

(j) for rigging hardware, removal criteria as stated inASME B30.26

(k) other conditions, including visible damage, thatcause doubt as to the continued use of the sling

9-6.9.6 Repair




(d) Repair of hooks shall be as specified inASME B30.10. Repair of below-the-hook lifting devicesshall be as specified in ASME B30.20. Repair of all otherfittings shall be as specified by the sling manufacturer,fitting manufacturer, or a qualified person.



(h) There shall be no repairs to core yarns.







(e) Rated loads for angles of choke less than 120 degshall be determined by using the values inTable 9-6.10.1-1 or by consulting the sling manufactureror a qualified person.


(g) Multiple-leg slings shall be selected according tothe sling’s rated load based on the specific angle(s) asstated on the sling’s identification. The rated load for

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

Table 9-6.10.1-1 Angle of Choke: PolyesterRoundslings

180 deg

135 deg120 deg

90 deg

60 deg

30 deg


Over 120 10090–120 8760–89 7430–59 620–29 49


40

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

use at other angles shall be provided by the sling manu-facturer or a qualified person.

(h) Slings shall not be used at an angle of loadingless than 30 deg except as recommended by the slingmanufacturer or a qualified person.

(i) When a sling leg is used as a basket hitch withthe lower connector (hook) attaching to the master link(upper connector), the basket hitch rating shall be lim-ited to its single-leg rating, unless the master link israted to accommodate that configuration.

(j) Fittings shall be of a shape and size to ensure thatthey are properly seated in the hook, shackle, or otherload handling device.

(k) The rated load of a polyester roundsling may needto be reduced depending on the shape and size of anattached fitting or other load handling device. Consultthe manufacturer or qualified person whenever theexpected load on the sling will exceed 80% of the sling’srated load.

(l) Polyester roundslings shall not be used to supportsuspended personnel platforms.








41

(b) Slings incorporating aluminum fittings shall notbe used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquidsof alkalis or acids are present.




(c) Slings shall be hitched in a manner providing con-trol of the load.



when the load is resting on the sling.(h) Twisting shall be avoided.(i) During load handling activities, with or without

load, personnel shall be alert for possible snagging.(j) When using multiple-basket or choker hitches, the




(m) In a choker hitch, the choke point should only beon the sling body, not on a cover splice or fitting.



www.astaco.ir


42

www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9 INTERPRETATIONS


Replies to Technical InquiriesFebruary 2011 Through November 2013

FOREWORD

This publication includes all of the written replies issued between the indicated dates by theSecretary, speaking for the ASME B30 Standards Committee, Safety Standards for Cableways,Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, to inquiries concerning interpretations oftechnical aspects of ASME B30.9, Slings.

These replies are taken verbatim from the original letters except for a few typographicalcorrections and some minor editorial corrections made for the purpose of improved clarity. Insome few instances, a review of the interpretation revealed a need for corrections of a technicalnature; in these cases, a corrected interpretation follows immediately after the original reply.

These interpretations were prepared in accordance with the accredited ASME procedures.ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of these interpretations when or if additionalinformation is available that the inquirer believes might affect the interpretation. Further, personsaggrieved by this interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee.ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietarydevice, or activity.

I-1

www.astaco.ir


Interpretation: 9-36

Subject: ASME B30.9-2006, Para. 9-1.3.1(b), Mechanical Coupling Link

Date Issued: February 1, 2011

Background: ASME B30.9-2006, para. 9-1.3.1(b) states: “Mechanical coupling links shall not beused within the body of an alloy chain sling to connect two pieces of chain.”

Question: Does this preclude the use of a mechanical coupling link to assemble an endlesssling?

Reply: Yes. Paragraph 9-1.3.1(b) states that “[m]echanical coupling links shall not be usedwithin the body of a sling . . . .” An endless sling is considered to be all body.


Subject: ASME B30.9-2006, Para. 9-6.9.4

Date Issued: June 3, 2011

Question: Are holes cut or burned into a synthetic roundsling for inspection purposes by themanufacturer exempt from the requirements of para. 9-6.9.4(d)?

Reply: Section 9-6.9 does not address holes placed in the sling as part of the design and/ormanufacturing process.


Subject: ASME B30.9-2006, Section 9-5.2, Materials and Components, and Para. 9-5.2.1, Webbing

Date Issued: October 5, 2011

Question (1): If manufactured Class 7 webbing does not have webbing manufacturer identifica-tion markers as required in Section 3.4 of WSTDA-WB-1 assigned by the WSTDA, does thewebbing conform to ASME B30.9-2006, para. 9-5.2.1?

Reply (1): No. It does not comply with WSTDA-WB-1 and therefore does not comply withpara. 9-5.2.1. However, there is an allowance for the use of other webbing that may be employedin slings as noted in para. 9-5.2.5.

Question (2): If manufactured Class 7 polyester webbing does not have a fiber-type blueidentification marker as required in Section 3.2 of WSTDA-WB-1, does the webbing conform toASME B30.9-2006, para. 9-5.2.1?

Reply (2): No. It does not conform to WSTDA-WB-1, Section 3.2, and it does not comply withpara. 9-5.2.1. However, there is an allowance for the use of other webbing that may be employedin slings as noted in para. 9-5.2.5.

I-2

www.astaco.ir



Subject: ASME B30.9-2006, Introduction, Section VI on Usage of “Shall” and “Should”

Date Issued: January 30, 2012

Question (1): Can a sling manufacturer using chain manufactured and tested in accordancewith ASTM A973/A973M for grade 100 chain rate an alloy chain sling with a higher or lowerworking load limit in a choker hitch other than the values in Table 4, knowing that para. 9-1.5.4specifically uses the words “shall conform to” in ASME B30.9-2006?

Reply (1): The sling may have a rated load in a choker hitch that is less than or equal to butno higher than the values in Table 4. The definition of rated load is “the maximum allowableworking load established by the sling manufacturer. The terms ‘rated capacity’ and ‘workingload limit’ are commonly used to describe rated load.” The title of Table 4 is “Rated Load forGrade 100 Alloy Steel Chain Sling — Choker Hitches.” Paragraph 9-1.5.4 addresses “[r]ated loadsfor slings used in a choker hitch . . . .”

Question (2): Can a sling manufacturer using wire rope manufactured and tested in accordancewith ASTM A1023-02 rate a wire rope sling with a higher or lower working load limit in a chokerhitch other than the values in Tables 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, keeping in mind that para. 9-2.5.4specifically uses the words “shall conform to” in ASME B30.9-2006?

Reply (2): The sling may have a rated load in a choker hitch that is less than or equal to butno higher than the values in the tables referenced in Question (2). The definition of rated load is“the maximum allowable working load established by the sling manufacturer. The terms ‘ratedcapacity’ and ‘working load limit’ are commonly used to describe rated load.” The title of thetables referenced in Question (2) each state “Rated Load for . . . .” Paragraph 9-2.5.4 addresses“[r]ated loads for slings used in a choker hitch . . . .”

Question (3): Can a sling manufacturer using Class 7 synthetic webbing rate a synthetic websling with a higher or lower working load limit in a choker hitch other than the values in Tables 22through 24, keeping in mind that para. 9-5.5.4 specifically uses the words “shall conform to” inASME B30.9-2006?

Reply (3): The sling may have a rated load in a choker hitch that is less than or equal to butno higher than the values in the tables referenced in Question (3). The definition of rated load is“the maximum allowable working load established by the sling manufacturer. The terms ‘ratedcapacity’ and ‘working load limit’ are commonly used to describe rated load.” The title of thetables referenced in Question (3) each state “Rated Load for . . . .” Paragraph 9-5.5.4 addresses“[r]ated loads for slings used in a choker hitch . . . .”

Question (4): Can a sling manufacturer manufacturing a polyester roundsling rate a polyesterroundsling with a higher or lower working load limit in a choker hitch other than the values inTable 25, keeping in mind that para. 9-6.5.4 specifically uses the words “shall conform to” inASME B30.9-2006?

Reply (4): The sling may have a rated load in a choker hitch that is less than or equal to butno higher than the values in Table 25 for the sizes of slings identified. The definition of rated loadis “the maximum allowable working load established by the sling manufacturer. The terms ‘ratedcapacity’ and ‘working load limit’ are commonly used to describe rated load.” The title of Table25 is “Rated load for . . . .” Paragraph 9-6.5.4 addresses “[r]ated loads for slings used in a chokerhitch . . . .”

Question (5): As per para. 9-5.2.5, if a synthetic webbing is different from those listed in paras.9-5.2.1 and 9-5.2.4, what specific data is required in order for that material to be used?

Reply (5): ASME B30.9 does not identify the specific data concerning webbing or componentsreferenced in para. 9-5.2.5.

I-3

www.astaco.ir



Subject: ASME B30.9-2010, Section 9-4.6, Proof Test Requirements

Date Issued: November 6, 2012

Background: Paragraph 9-4.6.1(b) states: “All other new synthetic fiber rope slings and fittingsare not required to be proof tested unless specified by the purchaser.” Paragraph 9-4.6.2(a) states:“For single- or multiple-leg slings and endless slings, each leg shall be proof loaded to a minimumof 2 times the single-leg vertical hitch rated load.”

Question: Does this mean that if the buyer requires the slings to be proof tested, each leg shallbe tested to a minimum of 2 times the single-leg vertical hitch rated load?

Reply: Yes.


Subject: ASME B30.9-2010, Paras. 9-2.6.1 and 9-2.6.2

Date Issued: March 15, 2013

Question (1): Are standard mechanical splice, flemish style, eye/eye type wire rope slingsrequired to be proof tested?

Reply (1): No, unless specified by the purchaser.

Question (2): Is the recommended proof load a minimum of 2 times the single-leg verticalhitch rated load (and not to exceed 2.5 times) for standard mechanical splice, flemish style, eye/eye type wire rope slings?

Reply (2): Yes.

Question (3): Should proof testing of standard mechanical splice, flemish style, eye/eye typewire rope slings be performed in a controlled environment, using a pull-test type machine witha current calibration?

Reply (3): ASME B30.9 does not specify the proof testing method.

Question (4): Can the proof testing of standard mechanical splice, flemish style, eye/eye typewire rope slings be performed as an assembly such as four slings connected to a master linkusing four shackles while lifting a load?

Reply (4): ASME B30.9 does not specify the proof testing method.

I-4

www.astaco.ir



Subject: ASME B30.9-2010, Paras. 9-1.10.1(c), 9-2.10.1(c), 9-3.10.1(c), 9-4.10.1(c), 9-5.10.1(c), and9-6.10.1(c), Operating Practices

Date Issued: November 14, 2013

Question (1): In determining the load applied to the sling for comparison to rated load, mustthe user incorporate the dynamic forces that are imparted on the sling from normal hoistingoperations?

Reply (1): ASME B30.9 does not address the forces that must be considered for comparison tothe sling’s rated load.

Question (2): Does the user look only at the static load on the sling and assume that dynamicforces imparted by hoisting operations are accounted for in the design factors of the sling andits components?

Reply (2): ASME B30.9 does not address the forces that may be accounted for in design factors.

I-5

www.astaco.ir


I-6

www.astaco.ir

ASME Services

ASME is committed to developing and delivering technical information. At ASME’s Customer Care, we make every effort to answer your questionsand expedite your orders. Our representatives are ready to assist you in the following areas:

ASME Press Member Services & Benefits Public InformationCodes & Standards Other ASME Programs Self-Study CoursesCredit Card Orders Payment Inquiries Shipping InformationIMechE Publications Professional Development Subscriptions/Journals/MagazinesMeetings & Conferences Short Courses Symposia VolumesMember Dues Status Publications Technical Papers

How can you reach us? It’s easier than ever!

There are four options for making inquiries* or placing orders. Simply mail, phone, fax, or E-mail us and a Customer Care representative willhandle your request.

Mail Call Toll Free Fax—24 hours E-Mail—24 hoursASME US & Canada: 800-THE-ASME 973-882-1717 [email protected] Law Drive, Box 2900 (800-843-2763) 973-882-5155Fairfield, New Jersey Mexico: 95-800-THE-ASME07007-2900 (95-800-843-2763)

Universal: 973-882-1167

* Customer Care staff are not permitted to answer inquiries about the technical content of this code or standard. Information as to whetheror not technical inquiries are issued to this code or standard is shown on the copyright page. All technical inquiries must be submitted inwriting to the staff secretary. Additional procedures for inquiries may be listed within.

www.astaco.ir


www.astaco.ir


www.astaco.ir

ASME B30.9-2014

J09214www.astaco.ir

Date post:	29-Aug-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	truongdang
View:	334 times
Download:	31 times

Slings - ipieco.iripieco.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ASME-B30.9-2014.pdf · ASME B30.9-2014...

Documents