SLOVAKIA
The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/99/EC
TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS
including information on foodborne outbreaks andantimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents
IN 2005
INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Country: Slovakia
Reporting Year: 2005
Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring:
Laboratoryname
Description Contribution
State Veterinaryand FoodAdministration ofthe SlovakRepublic
SVFA manage, direct and controlthe exercise of state administrationby the regional and districtveterinary and food administraions,Control Institute of veterinary drugs,state veterinary laboratories
reporting authority
State Veterinaryand FoodInstitutes
carry out laboratory analyses,laboratory diagnostics and testing ofofficial samples taken at veterinarychecks and controls of foodstuffs,feedindstuffs and animal health andprovide the services of laboratorydiagnostics and testing
State VeterinaryInstitute
carry out laboratory analyses,laboratory diagnostics and testing ofofficial samples teaken at veterinarychecks and controls specialized inthe laboratory diagnostics of animalhealth
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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PREFACE
This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of CouncilDirective 2003/99/EC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA).
The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inSlovakia during the year 2005. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agentsin humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the reportincludes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as wellas information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data onsusceptible animal populations in the country is also given.
The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the wholeEuropean Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the nationalepidemiological situation.
The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategiesapplied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laiddown by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches areapplied.
The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A nationalevaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources ofzoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs andanimals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated.
The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report onzoonoses that is published each year by EFSA.
-1 Directive 2003/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring ofzoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/424/EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/117/EEC, OJ L325, 17.11.2003, p. 31
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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LIST OF CONTENTS
1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 32.1. SALMONELLOSIS 42.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 42.1.2. Salmonella in foodstuffs 52.1.3. Salmonella in animals 102.1.4. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 252.1.5. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 272.1.6. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 34
2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 702.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 702.2.2. Campylobacter, thermophilic in foodstuffs 712.2.3. Campylobacter, thermophilic in animals 742.2.4. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, thermophilic isolates 74
2.3. LISTERIOSIS 802.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 802.3.2. Listeria in foodstuffs 812.3.3. Listeria in animals 84
2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 852.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 852.4.2. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 862.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 88
2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 892.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 892.5.2. Mycobacterium in animals 90
2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 952.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 952.6.2. Brucella in foodstuffs 952.6.3. Brucella in animals 95
2.7. YERSINIOSIS 1022.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1022.7.2. Yersinia in foodstuffs 1022.7.3. Yersinia in animals 102
2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 1032.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1032.8.2. Trichinella in animals 105
2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 1072.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1072.9.2. Echinococcus in animals 109
2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 1102.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1102.10.2. Toxoplasma in animals 111
2.11. RABIES 1122.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 112
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2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 1143. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE
119
3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NON-PATHOGENIC 1203.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1203.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, non-pathogenic isolates 120
4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 128
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1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS
The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size andnature of the animal population in the country.
A. Information on susceptible animal population
Sources of information:
Central Evidence of Animals, statistics, District Veterinary and Food Administrations in theSlovak Republic
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Table Susceptible animal populations
* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Livestock
numbers(liveanimals)
Number ofslaughteredanimals
Number ofherds orflocks
Number ofholdings
Year* Year* Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows and heifers 61519
meat production animals 32577calves (under 1 year) 1222in total 537208 94096 22027
Ducks parent breeding flocks 3000
meat production flocks 7000breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 3000in total 10000
Gallus gallus (fowl) breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 1300000
parent breeding flocks, unspecified -in total
920000
parent breeding flocks for eggproduction line
200000
parent breeding flocks for meatproduction line
720000
breeding flocks for egg production line- in total
250000
breeding flocks for meat productionline - in total
1050000
laying hens 3100000broilers 22300000
in total 27817000 61595774 20
Geese meat production flocks 7000
in total 7000
Goats in total 4380 23 727
Pigs in total 927294 1108422 6848
Sheep animals under 1 year (lambs) 91091
in total 330287 7133 4808
Solipeds, domestic horses - in total 5
Turkeys parent breeding flocks 50000
breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 50000meat production flocks 130000in total 180000 20663 17
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2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS
Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectlybetween animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonoticagents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to causezoonoses.
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2.1. SALMONELLOSIS
2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Up to the year 1989 the serovar Salmonellla typhimurium had prevalence, after 1989 in theanimal health the increasing trend has Salmonella enteritidis and this trend is maintained tillnow.Out of the total number of examinated samples of animals the salmonelosis agent was isolatedas follows 2000 2,8 %2001 2,4%2002 0,9%2003 0,8% samples.The highest detection in most animals has Salmonella enteritidis, except for pigs, in whichdominates species-specific serovar Salmonella choleraesuis.Out the number of the positive samples of the finding of Salmonella enteritidis and salmonellatyphimurium was as following: S.enteritidis S. typhimurium2000 71,7% 3,3%2001 70,7% 2,1%2002 66,0% 2,4%2003 62,0% 0,8% In the poultry not only the highest number of positive samples but also the greatest number ofserovars is recorded.Number of isolated serovars 2000 2001 2002 2003 Fowl 9 7 7 4Turkey 11 11 7 3Ducks 3 - 1 -Geese 2 - 2 1
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2.1.2. Salmonella in foodstuffs
A. Salmonella spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Vetrinary and FoodAdministration of the Slovak republic. Samles were taken by competent authority(District Veterinary and Food Administrations by vetrinary inspectors) according plantaking samples work out by District Veterinary and Food Administration.
Frequency of the sampling
according to work out a plan taking of samples
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Bacteriological method: STN ISO 6579
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Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
S. M
on
tevi
deo
S. I
nfa
nti
s
Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)
- - -
fresh - SVFI single 25g 201 14 12 1 1
meat products - - -raw but intended to beeaten cooked
- SVFI single 25g 256 4 4
cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 229 0
Meat from turkey - - -minced meat - - -
intended to be eatencooked
- SVFI single 25g 29 0
meat products - - -raw but intended to beeaten cooked
- SVFI single 25g 29 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Table Salmonella spp. in milk and dairy products
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
Milk, cows' - - -
raw - SVFI single 187 0
pasteurised milk - SVFI single 467 0
Milk, goats' - - -
raw - SVFI single 7 0
Milk, sheep's - - -
raw - SVFI single 826 0
Cheeses made fromsheep's milk
- SVFI single 596 0
Dairy products (excludingcheeses)
- SVFI single 5055 2 2
ice-cream - SVFI single 126 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
Meat from pig - - -
fresh - SVFI single 25g 247 0
meat products - - -raw but intended to beeaten cooked
- SVFI single 25g 199 1 1
cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 2058 1 1
Meat from bovine animals - - -
fresh - SVFI single 25g 121 0
minced meat - - -intended to be eatencooked
- SVFI single 25g 7 0
meat products - - -raw but intended to beeaten cooked
- SVFI single 25g 7 0
cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 46 0
Meat from other animalspecies or not specified
- - -
fresh - SVFI single 25g 131 1 1
minced meat - SVFI single 25g 30 0
meat products - SVFI single 25g 3872 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Table Salmonella spp. in other food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
S. A
go
na
S. B
arei
lly
Eggs - - -table eggs - - -
- at packing centre - SVFI single 470 5 5
- at retail - SVFI single 51 0
Egg products - SVFI single 934 5 2 3
Fishery products - SVFI single 355 0
Fruits and vegetables - - -
products - SVFI single 182 0
Fish - - -
unspecified - SVFI single 218 0
Other processed foodproducts and prepareddishes
- SVFI single 847 0
noodles - SVFI single 538 0
Bakery products - SVFI single 1361 0
pastry - SVFI single 178 0
Confectionery products andpastes
- SVFI single 62 0
Fats and oils (excludingbutter)
- SVFI single 50 0
Beverages, non-alcoholic - SVFI single 130 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
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2.1.3. Salmonella in animals
A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for egg production andflocks of laying hens
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes bywhich the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens at the time ontheir arrival at the holding;Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying inyoung hens;Production period: every two weeks during the laying period, every eight weeksthe official sampling.In the Slovac Republic there are not existing the elite and grandparent flocks.
Laying hens flocks
One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes bywhich the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens;Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying inyoung hens;Production period: every two weeks during the laying period;Before slaughter at farm: two weeks before slaughter;At slaughter: monitoring is not performed;Eggs at packing centre:(flock based approach): monitoring is not performed.
Frequency of the sampling
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickenswere sent to the holding and dead chickens
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, eachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
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Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubationcapacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium takenfrom 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from eachbreeding/reproductive flock; b)samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, orchickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2)in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less thanthousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples,each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points inhouse, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock.
Type of specimen taken
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickenswere sent to the holding and dead chickens
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, eachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubationcapacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium takenfrom 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from eachbreeding/reproductive flock; b) samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, orchickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2)in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less thanthousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples,each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points inhouse, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock.
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickenswere sent to the holding and dead chickens
Laying hens: Rearing period
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, eachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock
Laying hens: Production period
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Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, eachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock
Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement sampleseachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Laying hens: Rearing period
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Laying hens: Production period
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Vaccination policy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccinesregistered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments inNitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic.
Laying hens flocks
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In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccinesregistered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments inNitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic.
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
- The control programs:Pursuant to the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 297/2003 Coll.,each poultry holding shall be registered based on the allocation of official number and itis over the control of the competent DVFA. A part of supervision executed by thecompetent veterinary administration authority is the control over the observation of theNational Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks.- Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases:A.Poultry breeding/reproductive flocks and hatcheries The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;c)all birds in house shall be killed in compliance with the requirements of the peculiarrule, the official veterinarian of slaughterhouse is supplied by information on decision ofkilling in compliance with requirements of the peculiar rule or the birds shall be killedand safely disposed of in a way that maximum decrease the risk of salmonella spreading. 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.
Notification system in place
A.The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food
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Administration).B.If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. C.All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent tothe competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.
B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for meat productionand broiler flocks
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
In the breeding flocks of meat lines, the same monitoring system is applied as inthe poultry laying flocks.
C. Salmonella spp. in turkey - breeding flocks and meat production flocks
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys andwaterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.
Meat production flocks
In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys andwaterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.
Vaccination policy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
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In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.
Meat production flocks
In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then themeasures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competentauthority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering inslaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed ofon the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approvedfor egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of thepeculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, thecomplete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal ofexcrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinaryadministration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of thepoint Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis orSalmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should besafely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule.
Notification system in place
- The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.
D. Salmonella spp. in geese - breeding flocks and meat production flocks
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Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks
In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys andwaterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.
Vaccination policy
Breeding flocks
In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.
Meat production flocks
In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Breeding flocks
The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.
Meat Production flocks
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The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.
Notification system in place
- The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.
E. Salmonella spp. in ducks - breeding flocks and meat production flocks
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks
In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 17
waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.
Vaccination policy
Breeding flocks
In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1) If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then themeasures listed below shall be implemented: a) no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competentauthority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering inslaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c);b) non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed ofon the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approvedfor egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of thepeculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, thecomplete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal ofexcrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinaryadministration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of thepoint Monitoring 2.A.1.3) If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis orSalmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should besafely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule.
Notification system in place
The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries arenotified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary andFood Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 18
F. Salmonella spp. in pigs
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding herds
In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case ofsuspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for theholding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirmsor excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strainto the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent forthe investigation.
Multiplying herds
In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case ofsuspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for theholding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirmsor excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strainto the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent forthe investigation.
Fattening herds
In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case ofsuspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for theholding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirmsor excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strainto the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent forthe investigation.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Breeding herds
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Multiplying herds
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Fattening herds at farm
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 19
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Fattening herds at slaughterhouse (herd based approach)
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579
Notification system in place
All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and FoodAdministration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR.
G. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of thedisease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the sampleson his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infectionand is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy:The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for theinvestigation.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Animals at farm
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Animals at slaughter (herd based approach)
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Notification system in place
All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and FoodAdministration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 20
Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
S. S
ain
tpau
l
S. A
nat
um
S. B
ovi
smo
rbif
ican
s
Gallus gallus (fowl) - - -
parent breeding flocks,unspecified
- NRL Flock 1235 32 20 2 7 2 1
Footnote
NRL - National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, State Veterinary and Food Institute Bratislava
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 21
Tab
le S
alm
on
ella
in o
ther
po
ult
ry
--
Source of information
Sampling unit
Units tested
Total units positive for Salmonella
S. Enteritidis
S. Typhimurium
Salmonella spp., unspecified
S. Infantis
S. Montevideo
S. Mbandaka
S. Indiana
S. enterica subsp. enterica
S. Anatum
S. Havana
S. Bareilly
S. Kentucky
S. Hadar
S. Saintpaul
S. Albany
Gal
lus
gal
lus
(fo
wl)
--
-
layi
ng h
ens
-NR
LF
lock
309
4137
21
1
broi
lers
-
unsp
ecifi
ed
-NR
LF
lock
3270
147
104
264
11
11
72
unsp
ecifi
ed
-NR
LF
lock
827
3935
22
Du
cks
-NR
LF
lock
378
31
4
Gee
se
-NR
LF
lock
102
2
Tu
rkey
s -N
RL
Flo
ck12
94
21
1
Foo
tnot
e
NR
L -
Nat
iona
l Ref
eren
ce L
abor
ator
y fo
r Sa
lmon
ella
, Sta
te V
eter
inar
y an
d Fo
od I
nstit
ute
Bra
tisla
va
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 22
Table Salmonella in other birds
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
S. e
nte
rica
su
bsp
. en
teri
ca
Pigeons - NRL animal 66 5 5 1
Quails - NRL animal 1 0
Pheasants - NRL animal 26 1 1
Partridges - NRL animal 9 0
Ostriches - NRL animal 30 0
Footnote
NRL - National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, State Veterinary and Food Institute Bratislava
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 23
Tab
le S
alm
on
ella
in o
ther
an
imal
s
--
Source of information
Sampling unit
Units tested
Total units positive for Salmonella
S. Enteritidis
S. Typhimurium
Salmonella spp., unspecified
S. Choleraesuis
S. Dublin
S. enterica subsp. arizonae
S. enterica subsp. enterica
S. Infantis
S. Ndjamena
Cat
tle
(bo
vin
e an
imal
s)
-NR
Lan
imal
988
2610
132
1
Sh
eep
-N
RL
anim
al23
01
1
Pig
s -
unsp
ecifi
ed
-NR
Lan
imal
1793
393
628
11
So
liped
s, d
om
esti
c -N
RL
anim
al79
22
Do
gs
and
cat
s -N
RL
anim
al40
84
31
Zo
o a
nim
als,
all
-NR
Lan
imal
993
21
Bir
ds
---
wild
-N
RL
anim
al17
83
11
1
Fis
h
-NR
Lan
imal
145
0
Foo
tnot
e
NR
L -
Nat
iona
l Ref
eren
ce L
abor
ator
y fo
r Sa
lmon
ella
, Sta
te V
eter
inar
y an
d Fo
od I
nstit
ute
Bra
tisla
va
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 24
2.1.4. Salmonella in feedingstuffsT
able
Sal
mo
nel
la in
fee
d m
ater
ial o
f an
imal
ori
gin
--
Source of information
Sampling unit
Sample weight
Units tested
Total units positive for Salmonella
S. Enteritidis
S. Typhimurium
Salmonella spp., unspecified
S. Infantis
S. Orion
S. Agona
S. Schwarzengrund
S. Kentucky
Fee
d m
ater
ial o
f la
nd
anim
al o
rig
in
---
dairy
pro
duct
s -S
VF
Isi
ngle
25g
300
poul
try
offa
l mea
l -S
VF
Isi
ngle
25g
211
1
Fee
d m
ater
ial o
f m
arin
ean
imal
ori
gin
--
-
fish
mea
l -S
VF
Isi
ngle
25g
280
All
feed
ing
stu
ffs
(1)
-SV
FI
sing
le25
-500
g22
3432
31
123
21
22
(1)
: In
som
e sa
mpl
es h
as b
een
foun
d m
ore
than
one
ser
otyp
e of
Sal
mon
ella
in o
ne p
ositi
ve s
ampl
e.
Foo
tnot
e
SVFI
- S
tate
Vet
erin
ary
and
Food
Ins
titut
es
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 25
Tab
le S
alm
on
ella
in o
ther
fee
d m
atte
r
--
Source of information
Sampling unit
Sample weight
Units tested
Total units positive for Salmonella
S. Typhimurium
S. Enteritidis
Salmonella spp., unspecified
S. Agona
S. Ohio
S. group C1
S. Tennessee
S. Duisburg
S. Pomona
S. Worthington
Fee
d m
ater
ial o
f ce
real
gra
in o
rig
in
---
barle
y de
rived
-S
VF
Isi
ngle
25g
240
whe
at d
eriv
ed
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g55
11
mai
ze
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g9
11
deriv
ed
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g2
0
othe
r ce
real
gra
in d
eriv
ed
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g1
11
Fee
d m
ater
ial o
f o
il se
ed o
rfr
uit
ori
gin
--
-
soya
(be
an)
deriv
ed
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g44
11
sunf
low
er s
eed
deriv
ed
-SV
FI
sing
le25
g5
0
All
feed
ing
stu
ffs
(1)
-SV
FI
sing
le20
0-50
017
776
11
21
11
1
(1)
: In
som
e sa
mpl
es h
as b
een
foun
d m
ore
than
one
ser
otyp
e of
Sal
mon
ella
in o
ne p
ositi
ve s
ampl
e.
Foo
tnot
e
SVFI
- S
tate
Vet
erin
ary
and
Food
Ins
titut
e
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 26
Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r S
alm
on
ella
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
S. E
nte
riti
dis
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
S. K
entu
cky
S. g
rou
p C
1
S. K
iam
bu
Compound feedingstuffsfor cattle
- - -
final product - SVFI single 25g 32 0
Compound feedingstuffsfor pigs
- - -
final product - SVFI single 25g 34 0
Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry (non specified)
- - -
final product - SVFI single 25g 15 0
Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry - laying hens
- - -
final product - SVFI single 25g 3 0
Compund feedingstuffs forpoultry - broilers
- - -
final product - SVFI single 25g 11 0
All feedingstuffs (1) - SVFI single 25-500g 1414 3 1 3 1 1 1
(1) : In some samples has been found more than one serotype of Salmonella in one positive sample.
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 27
2.1.5. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 28
Tab
le S
alm
on
ella
ser
ova
rs in
an
imal
s
Ser
ova
rs
Cattle (bovine animals)
Pigs
Gallus gallus (fowl)
Other poultry
Other animals
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N
=
2639
3223
719
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
sero
typ
edN
=
34
513
4
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
S. A
lban
y
2
S. A
natu
m
2
1
S. B
arei
lly
1
S. B
ovis
mor
bific
ans
1
S. C
hole
raes
uis
28
S. D
ublin
2
S. E
nter
itidi
s
103
2017
85
S. H
adar
4
S. H
avan
a
1
S. I
ndia
na
5
S. I
nfan
tis
1
62
S. K
entu
cky
7
S. M
band
aka
1
S. M
onte
vide
o
1
S. N
djam
ena
1
S. S
aint
paul
71
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 29
S. T
yphi
mur
ium
136
228
10
S. e
nter
ica
subs
p. a
rizon
ae
1
S. e
nter
ica
subs
p. e
nter
ica
1
11
1
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
la is
ola
tes
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itori
ng, C
: C
linic
al
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 30
Tab
le S
alm
on
ella
ser
ova
rs in
fo
od
Ser
ova
rs
Meat from bovine animals
Meat from pig
Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)
Other poultry
Other products of animal origin
Eggs
Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) - meat products
Egg products
Meat from pig - meat products
Meat from other animal species or not specified
Dairy products (excluding cheeses)
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N
=
144
52
12
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
sero
typ
edN
=
144
52
12
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
S. B
arei
lly
3
S. E
nter
itidi
s
125
22
12
S. I
nfan
tis
1
S. M
onte
vide
o
14
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
la is
ola
tes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 31
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itori
ng, C
: C
linic
al
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 32
Tab
le S
. En
teri
tid
is p
hag
etyp
es in
an
imal
s
Ph
aget
ype
Cattle (bovine animals)
Pigs
Gallus gallus (fowl)
Other poultry
Other animals
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N=
6
211
11
13
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
ph
aget
yped
N=
6
211
11
13
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
PT
1
2
41
PT
4
3
126
1
PT
8
39
1
PT
13a
41
PT
23
4
PT
7
1
15
5
PT
U
22
4
PT
13
7
1
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
la is
ola
tes
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itori
ng, C
: C
linic
al
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 33
Tab
le S
. En
teri
tid
is p
hag
etyp
es in
fo
od
Ph
aget
ype
Meat from bovine animals
Meat from pig
Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)
Other poultry
Other products of animal origin
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N=
2
9
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
ph
aget
yped
N=
2
9
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
PT
1
1
PT
4
1
PT
8
1
4
PT
U
1
2
PT
13
1
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
la is
ola
tes
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itori
ng, C
: C
linic
al
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 34
2.1.6. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates
The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in thechapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype andphagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections inhumans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animalsmay indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of humaninfections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections,conclusions have to be drawn with caution.
A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detectedonly in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and bymaking provision for the season and possible treatment.
Methods used for collecting data
The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
The detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towardsthe competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by makingprovision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance tobroad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicatormicroorganisms Escherichia coli.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. From other serovars,polyresistant and multiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg wereisolated.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 35
B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detectedonly in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and bymaking provision for the season and possible treatment.
Methods used for collecting data
The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
The detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towardsthe competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by makingprovision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance tobroad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicatormicroorganisms Escherichia coli.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. In turkeys, the problems areSalmonella Saintpaul, increase of polyresistant and multiresistant isolated strains (antimicrobialpattern SSuT or ASSuT + Trimetoprim + Cephalotine). From other serovars, polyresistant andmultiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated.
C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detectedonly in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and bymaking provision for the season and possible treatment.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 36
Methods used for collecting data
The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
The detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towardsthe competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by makingprovision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance tobroad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicatormicroorganisms Escherichia coli.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. In turkeys, the problems areSalmonella Saintpaul, increase of polyresistant and multiresistant isolated strains (antimicrobialpattern SSuT or ASSuT + Trimetoprim + Cephalotine). From other serovars, polyresistant andmultiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated.
D. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from cattle
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLSAntimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testing
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 37
because of possible treatment).
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals. The only multiresistant strain was Salmonella Virchow(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid + Trimetoprim), isolated from frozen turkeymeat (ready-to-cook), imported from abroad.
E. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from pigs
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLSAntimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testingbecause of possible treatment).
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals.
F. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from poultry
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 38
Antimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.
Notification system in place
The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testingbecause of possible treatment).
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals. The only multiresistant strain was Salmonella Virchow(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid + Trimetoprim), isolated from frozen turkeymeat (ready-to-cook), imported from abroad.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 39
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. C
ho
lera
esu
is in
Pig
s -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
-q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Cho
lera
esui
s-
Pig
s -
at fa
rm -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
9
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
9
51
31
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 9
11
44
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
93
32
1
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 9
44
21
11
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
92
31
11
1
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 40
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. C
ho
lera
esu
is in
Pig
s -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
-q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Cho
lera
esui
s-
Pig
s -
at fa
rm -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
9
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
94
50,
2532
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
9
27
0,25
32
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
9
90,
1216
Cef
otax
im
99
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
9
90,
2532
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
98
10,
064
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
97
27
0,25
32
Gen
tam
icin
9
63
0,25
32
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
94
50,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
91
53
0,5
64
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
91
44
10,
564
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
96
30,
564
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 41
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Choleraesuis - qualitative data
n = Number of resistant isolates
S. Choleraesuis Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
0 9 0 0 0 0
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 9 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 9 0
Florfenicol 9 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 9 0
Cefotaxim 9 0
Ceftazidim 9 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 9 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 9 1
Oxolinic acid 9 1
Trimethoprim 9 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 9 4
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 9 7
Gentamicin 9 0
Kanamycin 9 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 9 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 9 0
Fully sensitive 9 2
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
9 3
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
9 3
Resistant to 3antimicrobials
9 1
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 42
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in C
attl
e (b
ovi
ne
anim
als)
- a
t fa
rm -
an
imal
sam
ple
- C
linic
alin
vest
igat
ion
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dilu
tio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-C
attle
(bo
vine
ani
mal
s) -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
ampl
e -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
nsIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
5
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
53
21
128
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
5
41
0,5
64
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cef
otax
im
55
0,12
16
Cef
tazi
dim
5
32
0,12
16
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
55
0,06
8
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
55
0,25
32
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Gen
tam
icin
5
32
0,25
32
Tob
ram
ycin
5
23
0,25
32
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
55
0,5
64
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
55
164
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
55
0,25
32
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
55
112
8
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 43
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in G
allu
s g
allu
s (f
ow
l) -
at
farm
- M
on
ito
rin
g -
qu
anti
tati
ved
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-G
allu
s ga
llus
(fow
l) -
at fa
rm -
Mon
itorin
gIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
98
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
98
1028
3916
5
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
98
1 2
724
2024
95
6
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 98
22
1027
4113
41
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 98
11
210
1110
1613
109
95
11
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
9818
2120
228
45
Kan
amyc
in
9812
1820
1511
129
1
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 44
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in G
allu
s g
allu
s (f
ow
l) -
at
farm
- M
on
ito
rin
g -
qu
anti
tati
ved
ata
[Dilu
tio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-G
allu
s ga
llus
(fow
l) -
at fa
rm -
Mon
itorin
gIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
98
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
986
8210
112
8
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
98
5345
0,5
64
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cef
otax
im
9898
0,5
64
Cef
tazi
dim
98
7424
164
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
9896
20,
068
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
9897
10.
2532
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Gen
tam
icin
98
587
60,
2532
Tob
ram
ycin
98
234
620,
2532
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
981
7522
10,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
9856
411
164
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
982
924
11
0,25
32
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
9898
112
8
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 45
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in C
attl
e (b
ovi
ne
anim
als)
- a
t fa
rm -
an
imal
sam
ple
- C
linic
alin
vest
igat
ion
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-C
attle
(bo
vine
ani
mal
s) -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
ampl
e -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
nsIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
5
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
5
12
11
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
5
12
11
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 5
21
2
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 5
11
11
1
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
51
12
11
Kan
amyc
in
52
12
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 46
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals
n = Number of resistant isolates
S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
5 0 98 1 1 2
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Florfenicol 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Cefotaxim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Ceftazidim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 5 0 98 2 1 0 1 0 2 0
Oxolinic acid 5 0 98 2 1 0 1 0 2 0
Trimethoprim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 4 0 98 1 1 0 1 0 2 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 5 1 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Gentamicin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Kanamycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Tobramycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 5 0 98 1 1 0 1 0 2 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Fully sensitive 5 4 98 94 1 1 1 1 2 2
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
5 1 98 4 1 0 1 0 2 0
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other poultry: geese (1)Other animals: sheeps (1), falcons (1).
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 47
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in A
ll fo
od
stu
ffs
- in
to
tal -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a[D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-A
ll fo
odst
uffs
- in
tota
l - M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
21
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
2120
11
128
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
21
318
0,5
64
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cef
otax
im
2121
0,12
16
Cef
tazi
dim
21
165
0,12
16
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
2121
0,06
8
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
2121
0,25
32
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Gen
tam
icin
21
119
10,
2532
Tob
ram
ycin
21
615
0,25
32
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
2115
60,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
2115
61
64
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
2118
30,
2532
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
2121
112
8
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 48
Spec
ific
atio
n of
pro
duct
s: m
eat f
rom
pou
ltry
Gal
lus
gallu
s (9
), m
eat f
rom
pig
s (2
), c
hick
en e
ggs
- sh
ells
(3)
, liq
uid
eggs
- r
aw m
ater
ial (
2), h
ard
chee
se m
ade
from
pas
teur
ized
cow
s m
ilk (
1), c
hick
en o
ffal
s (2
), m
eat f
eedi
ngst
uff
for
dogs
(1)
, cer
eals
aft
er f
lood
(1)
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 49
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in A
ll fo
od
stu
ffs
- in
to
tal -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a[D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-A
ll fo
odst
uffs
- in
tota
l - M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
21
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
21
22
69
2
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
21
39
53
1
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 21
210
81
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 21
12
42
33
12
3
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
214
47
33
Kan
amyc
in
216
42
32
31
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.Sp
ecif
icat
ion
of p
rodu
cts:
mea
t fro
m p
oultr
y G
allu
s ga
llus
(9),
mea
t fro
m p
igs
(2),
chi
cken
egg
s -
shel
ls (
3), l
iqui
d eg
gs -
raw
mat
eria
l (2)
, har
d ch
eese
mad
efr
om p
aste
uriz
ed c
ows
milk
(1)
, chi
cken
off
als
(2),
mea
t fee
ding
stuf
f fo
r do
gs (
1), c
erea
ls a
fter
flo
od (
1)
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 50
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
(fo
wl)
- a
t fa
rm -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Gal
lus
gallu
s (f
owl)
- at
farm
- M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
2
11
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
2
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
21
1
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
22
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
21
1
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 51
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
(fo
wl)
- a
t fa
rm -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Gal
lus
gallu
s (f
owl)
- at
farm
- M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
21
164
0,25
32
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
20,
2532
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
2
20,
1216
Cef
otax
im
22
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
2
20,
2532
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
22
0,06
4
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
21
11
0,25
32
Gen
tam
icin
2
20,
2532
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
21
10,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
22
0,5
64
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
22
0,5
64
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
21
10,
564
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 52
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Tu
rkey
s -
at f
arm
- M
on
ito
rin
g -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Tur
keys
- a
t far
m -
Mon
itorin
gIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
7
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
7
22
21
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 7
11
33
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
71
11
13
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 7
55
11
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
71
42
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 53
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Tu
rkey
s -
at f
arm
- M
on
ito
rin
g -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dilu
tio
nm
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Tur
keys
- a
t far
m -
Mon
itorin
gIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
7
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
75
25
0,25
32
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
7
70,
2532
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
7
70,
1216
Cef
otax
im
77
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
7
70,
2532
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
76
10,
064
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
75
21
31
0,25
32
Gen
tam
icin
7
70,
2532
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
76
10,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
77
0,5
64
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
71
33
10,
564
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
71
23
10,
564
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 54
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data
n = Number of resistant isolates
S. Saintpaul Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
0 0 2 7 0 0
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 2 1 7 5
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0 7 0
Florfenicol 2 0 7 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 2 0 7 0
Cefotaxim 2 0 7 0
Ceftazidim 2 0 7 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0 7 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0 7 1
Oxolinic acid 2 0 7 1
Trimethoprim 2 0 7 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 2 7 5
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 1 7 5
Gentamicin 2 0 7 0
Kanamycin 2 0 7 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0 7 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 2 0 7 0
Fully sensitive 2 0 7 1
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
2 1 7 1
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
2 0 7 0
Resistant to 3antimicrobials
2 1 7 5
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 55
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
(fo
wl)
- a
t fa
rm -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Gal
lus
gallu
s (f
owl)
- at
farm
- M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
10
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
105
55
0,25
32
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
10
54
15
0,25
32
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
10
16
21
10,
1216
Cef
otax
im
1010
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
10
82
0,25
32
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
106
40,
064
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
105
32
14
0,25
32
Gen
tam
icin
10
82
0,25
32
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
109
19
0,5
64
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
101
12
61
0,5
64
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
105
32
14
0,5
64
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
105
50,
564
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 56
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Pig
s -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
-q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Pig
s -
at fa
rm -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
4
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
44
40,
2532
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
4
44
0,25
32
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
4
40,
1216
Cef
otax
im
44
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
4
40,
2532
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
44
0,06
4
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
44
22
0,25
32
Gen
tam
icin
4
40,
2532
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
44
40,
564
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
41
12
10,
564
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
44
13
0,5
64
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
43
10,
564
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 57
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals
n = Number of resistant isolates
S. Typhimurium Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
9 4 10 0 0 6
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
Florfenicol 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0
Cefotaxim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
Ceftazidim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
Oxolinic acid 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
Trimethoprim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
Gentamicin 9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0
Kanamycin 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 9 8 4 4 10 9 6 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 9 0 4 1 10 1 6 0
Fully sensitive 9 1 4 0 10 1 6 6
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
9 1 4 0 10 3 6 0
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
Resistant to 3antimicrobials
9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0
Resistant to 4antimicrobials
9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0
Resistant to >4antimicrobials
9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
Number of multiresistant S. Typhimurium DT104with penta resistance(1) 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0
(1) : These strains were with penta resistance and with resistance to florfenicol and quinolones too. Phagetyping was not performed.
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other animals: pigeons (2), chukars (1), swans (1), parrots (1), dogs (1)
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 58
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
(fo
wl)
- a
t fa
rm -
Mo
nit
ori
ng
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Gal
lus
gallu
s (f
owl)
- at
farm
- M
onito
ring
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
10
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
10
51
22
11
11
1
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 10
55
13
1
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
102
21
22
1
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 10
55
11
11
1
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
101
34
11
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 59
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Cat
tle
(bo
vin
e an
imal
s) -
at
farm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Cat
tle (
bovi
ne a
nim
als)
- a
t far
m -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
9
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
9
11
32
11
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 9
77
2
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
92
32
11
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 9
77
2
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
93
51
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 60
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Cat
tle
(bo
vin
e an
imal
s) -
at
farm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iluti
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Cat
tle (
bovi
ne a
nim
als)
- a
t far
m -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
9
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
<=0.03
0.06
0.12
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
>2048
lowest
highest
Tet
racy
clin
es
97
27
0,25
32
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
9
72
70,
2532
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cep
halo
thin
9
72
0,12
16
Cef
otax
im
99
0,25
32
Cef
tazi
dim
9
90,
2532
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
92
70,
064
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
97
24
30,
2532
Gen
tam
icin
9
27
0,25
32
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
98
18
0,5
64
Am
pici
llin/
Sul
bact
um
91
11
60,
564
Qu
ino
lon
esO
xolin
ic a
cid
97
21
60,
564
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
su
lfo
nam
ides
Trim
etho
prim
+ S
ulfo
nam
ide
92
61
0,5
64
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
iffu
sion
met
hod.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 61
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Pig
s -
at f
arm
- a
nim
al s
amp
le -
Clin
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns
-q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Pig
s -
at fa
rm -
ani
mal
sam
ple
- C
linic
al in
vest
igat
ions
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
4
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
4
41
11
1
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 4
44
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
42
11
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 4
44
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Kan
amyc
in
41
11
1
Foo
tnot
e
Res
ults
of
susc
eptib
ility
test
ing
to f
urth
er a
ntim
icro
bial
s ar
e gi
ven
in p
aral
ell t
able
- D
ilutio
n m
etho
d.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 62
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in animals
n = Number of resistant isolates
Salmonella spp. Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
17 15 126 9 7 10
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 17 7 15 4 126 6 9 5 7 4 10 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0
Florfenicol 17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 17 1 15 0 126 1 9 0 7 0 10 0
Cefotaxim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
Ceftazidim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 17 7 15 5 126 7 9 1 7 0 10 0
Oxolinic acid 17 7 15 5 126 7 9 1 7 0 10 0
Trimethoprim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 17 7 15 9 126 8 9 5 7 1 10 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 17 8 15 11 126 5 9 0 7 2 10 0
Gentamicin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
Kanamycin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
Tobramycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 17 8 15 4 126 10 9 0 7 0 10 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 17 0 15 1 126 1 9 0 7 0 10 0
Fully sensitive 17 8 15 3 126 111 9 3 7 3 10 10
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
17 2 15 4 126 8 9 1 7 1 10 0
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
17 0 15 4 126 0 9 1 7 3 10 0
Resistant to 3antimicrobials
17 0 15 0 126 2 9 4 7 0 10 0
Resistant to 4antimicrobials
17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0
Resistant to >4antimicrobials
17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other poultry: ducks(6), geese (1)Other animals: sheeps (1), falcons (1), pigeons (2), chukars (1), swans (1), parrots (1), dogs (1), rabbits(1),chameleon(1).
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 63
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. in food
n = Number of resistant isolates
Salmonella spp. Meat from
broilers(Gallusgallus)
Meat fromotherpoultryspecies
Meat frompig
Meat frombovineanimals
Eggproducts
Otherproducts ofanimalorigin
Other foodofnon-animalorigin
Isolates out of amonitoring programme
yes yes yes yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
11 0 4 1 8 19 8
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Florfenicol 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Cefotaxim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Ceftazidim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Oxolinic acid 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Trimethoprim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 1 8 0
Gentamicin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Kanamycin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Tobramycin 9 0 2 0 5 0 4 0 1 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Fully sensitive 11 10 4 3 1 1 8 8 19 18 8 8
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 1 8 0
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Resistant to 3antimicrobials
11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Resistant to 4antimicrobials
11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type. Specification of products: meat from poultry Gallus gallus - Enteritidis(9); meat from pigs - Enteritidis(2),Brandenburg (1), Typhimurium(1); meat from bovine - Derby(1); chicken eggs (shells) - Enteritidis(3), liquid eggs(raw material) - Enteritidis(2), pasteurized liquid eggs - Bareilly(1), dried egg products - Bareilly(2); otherproducts of animal origin: hard cheese made from pasteurized cows milk - Enteritidis(1), dried cows milk -
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 64
Havana(1), dried whey - Tennessee(1), chicken offals - Enteritidis(2), Infantis(1), meat feedingstuff for dogs -Enteritidis(1), Duisburg(1), Mbandaka(1), meat and bone or plumage meal - Infantis(2), Isangi(1), Kentucky(1),Koumra(1), Ohio(1) Orion(1), Schwarzengrund(1), Senftenberg(1), fish by-product - Augustenborg(1); otherproducts of non-animal origin: egg noodles - Bareilly(1), cayenne pepper -Saintpaul(1), maize bran - Agona(1),Pomona(1), Worthington(1), cereals - Agona(1), cereals after flood - Enteritidis(1), compound feedingstuffs -Kentucky(1).
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 65
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Other serotypes - qualitative data
n = Number of resistant isolates
Other serotypes Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other
animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme
no no yes yes no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
3 2 16 1 6 2
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 4 2 0
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Florfenicol 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
CephalosporinsCephalothin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Cefotaxim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Ceftazidim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Oxolinic acid 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Trimethoprim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 3 0 2 1 16 0 1 0 6 1 2 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 2 2 0
Gentamicin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Kanamycin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
PenicillinsAmpicillin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Ampicillin/Sulbactum 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0
Fully sensitive 3 3 2 1 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 2
Resistant to 1antimicrobial
3 0 2 1 16 0 1 0 6 1 2 0
Resistant to 2antimicrobials
3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 3 2 0
Footnote
Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Cattle - Dublin(2), Infantis(1); Pigs - Infantis(1), Enterica I(6,7,c,-)(1); Poultry - Albany(1), Anatum(1),Bareilly(1), Bovimorbificans(1), Havana(1), Enterica I(4,-,-)(1), Infantis(5), Kentucky(3), Mbandaka(1),Montevideo(1); Turkeys - Anatum(1); Other poultry: Ducks - Anatum(1), Hadar(2), Indiana(3); Other animals:Rabbits - Dublin(1); Chameleon - Montevideo(1)
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 66
Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Animals
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- Trios
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 128
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,25 64
Florfenicol NCCLS/CLSI 30 20 19,17 16Cephalosporins
Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 16
Cefotaxim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16,32 64 0,12 32
Ceftazidim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 32Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin NCCLS/CLSI 1 2 4 0,06 8Quinolones
Nalidixic acid NCCLS/CLSI 30 19 18,14 13
Oxolinic acid NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 0,25 64
Trimethoprim NCCLS/CLSI 6 16 0,25 32 5 16 15,11 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide NCCLS/CLSI 300 17 16,13 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 0,25 32 10 15 14,12 11
Gentamicin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32
Kanamycin NCCLS/CLSI 30 18 17,14 13
Tobramycin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32Macrolides
Erythromycin Penicillins
Ampicillin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Ampicillin/Sulbactum NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfonamide
NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128
Footnote
Ampicillin/Sulfbactum(2:1) - concentration of ampicillin is listed above.Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide(1:19) - concentration of sulfonamide (KO-trimoxazol) is listed above.Extented range tested concentrations listed above are due to using two different MIC sets. Accurate ranges aregiven in individual serotypes tables.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 67
Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Food
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- Trios
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 128
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,25 64
Florfenicol NCCLS/CLSI 30 20 19,17 16Cephalosporins
Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI I8 16 32 0,12 16
Cefotaxim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16,32 64 0,12 32
Ceftazidim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 32Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin NCCLS/CLSI 1 2 4 0,06 8Quinolones
Nalidixic acid NCCLS/CLSI 30 19 18,14 13
Oxolinic acid NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 0,25 64
Trimethoprim NCCLS/CLSI 6 16 0,25 32 5 16 15,11 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide NCCLS/CLSI 300 17 16,13 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 0,25 32 10 15 14,12 11
Gentamicin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32
Kanamycin NCCLS/CLSI 30 18 17,14 13
Tobramycin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32Macrolides
Erythromycin Penicillins
Ampicillin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Ampicillin/Sulbactum NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfonamide
NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128
Footnote
Ampicillin/Sulfbactum(2:1) - concentration of ampicillin is listed above.Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide(1:19) - concentration of sulfonamide (KO-trimoxazol) is listed above.Extented range tested concentrations listed above are due to using two different MIC sets. Accurate ranges aregiven in individual serotypes tables.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 68
Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Feedingstuff
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- Trios
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 128
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,25 64
Florfenicol NCCLS/CLSI 30 20 19,17 16Cephalosporins
Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 16
Cefotaxim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16,32 64 0,12 32
Ceftazidim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 32Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin NCCLS/CLSI 1 2 4 0,06 8Quinolones
Nalidixic acid NCCLS/CLSI 30 19 18,14 13
Oxolinic acid NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 0,25 64
Trimethoprim NCCLS/CLSI 6 16 0,25 32 5 16 15,11 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide NCCLS/CLSI 300 17 16,13 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 0,25 32 10 15 14,12 11
Gentamicin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32
Kanamycin NCCLS/CLSI 30 18 17,14 13
Tobramycin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32Macrolides
Erythromycin Penicillins
Ampicillin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Ampicillin/Sulbactum NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64
Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfonamide
NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128
Footnote
Ampicillin/Sulfbactum(2:1) - concentration of ampicillin is listed above.Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide(1:19) - concentration of sulfonamide (KO-trimoxazol) is listed above.Extented range tested concentrations listed above are due to using two different MIC sets. Accurate ranges aregiven in individual serotypes tables.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 69
2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
2.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Thermophilic Campylobacter General evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The monitoring system for Thermophilic Campylobacter in the Slovak republic has not beenadopted.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 70
2.2.2. Campylobacter, thermophilic in foodstuffs
A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Broiler meat and products thereof
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
only as a targeted control, just occasionally
Additional information
Methods of sampling - according the valid STNDiagnostic/analytical methods used STN ISO 10 272
B. Campylobacter spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary andFood Administration.
Frequency of the sampling
according to word out a plan taking of samples
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 71
Table Campylobacter in poultry meat
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r th
erm
op
hili
c C
amp
ylo
bac
ter
spp
.
C. c
oli
C. l
ari
C. j
eju
ni
C. u
psa
lien
sis
ther
mo
ph
ilic
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)
-
fresh - SVFI single 10g 5 0
meat products - SVFI single 10g 50 0
Meat from other animalspecies or not specified
- - -
meat products - SVFI single 10g 2 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 72
Table Campylobacter in other food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r th
erm
op
hili
c C
amp
ylo
bac
ter
spp
.
C. j
eju
ni
C. c
oli
C. u
psa
lien
sis
C. l
ari
ther
mo
ph
ilic
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
Milk, cows' - - -
raw - SVFI single 10ml 102 0
Cheeses, made from mixedmilk from cows, sheepand/or goats
- SVFI single 10g 21 0
Dairy products (excludingcheeses)
- SVFI single 10g 7 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 73
2.2.3. Campylobacter, thermophilic in animals
Table Campylobacter in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r C
amp
ylo
bac
ter,
th
erm
op
hili
c
C. j
eju
ni
C. c
oli
C. l
ari
C. u
psa
lien
sis
ther
mo
ph
ilic
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
C. h
yoin
test
inal
is
Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 524 1 1
Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 20 1 1
Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 53 16 15 1
Gallus gallus (fowl) - SVFI,SVI animal 58 3 3
Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 52 3 3
Cats - SVFI,SVI animal 4 0
Other animals - SVFI,SVI animal 3 0
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 74
2.2.4. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, thermophilic isolates
A. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in cattle
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
B. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in pigs
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
C. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in poultry
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
D. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuffderived from cattle
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
E. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuffderived from pigs
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
F. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuff
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 75
derived from poultry
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 76
Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inAnimals
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Campylobacter,thermophilic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 77
Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inFood
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Campylobacter,thermophilic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 78
Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inFeedingstuff
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Campylobacter,thermophilic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 79
2.3. LISTERIOSIS
2.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Listeriosis general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The monitoring system for Listeria spp. in the Slovak Republic has not been adopted. Theinvestigations in animals were performed on the basis of targeted investigations in differentialdiagnostics and under suspicion of infection, documented by clinical signs. All samples offoodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary and Food Administration ofthe Slovak Republic.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 80
2.3.2. Listeria in foodstuffs
A. Listeria spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary andFood Administration.
Frequency of the sampling
At the production plant
Once a week
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
At the production plant
according to the valid STN
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At the production plant
Other: STN EN ISO 11290
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 81
Table Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Def
init
ion
use
d
Un
its
test
ed
=<10
0 cf
u/g
>100
cfu
/g
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r L
.mo
no
cyto
gen
es
Lis
teri
a m
on
ocy
tog
enes
pre
sen
ce in
x g
Milk, cows' -
raw - SVFI single 25g 126 25 25
pasteurised milk - SVFI single 25g 819 0 0
Milk, sheep's - -
-
raw milk for manufacture - -
-
intended for manufactureof raw or low heat-treatedproducts
- SVFI single 25g 1 0 0
Milk, goats' - -
-
raw - SVFI single 25g 4 0 0
Cheeses made from cows'milk
- SVFI single 25g 1897 14 14
soft and semi-soft - -
-
made from pasteurizedmilk
- SVFI single 25g 188 0 0
Cheeses made fromsheep's milk
- -
-
unspecified - -
-
made from pasteurizedmilk
- SVFI single 25g 713 0 0
Dairy products (excludingcheeses)
- -
-
butter - SVFI single 25g 214 0 0
Cheeses, made from mixedmilk from cows, sheepand/or goats
- SVFI single 25g 481 0 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 82
Table Listeria monocytogenes in other foods
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Def
init
ion
use
d
Un
its
test
ed
=<10
0 cf
u/g
>100
cfu
/g
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r L
.mo
no
cyto
gen
es
Lis
teri
a m
on
ocy
tog
enes
pre
sen
ce in
x g
Meat from pig - -
-
meat products - SVFI single 25g 662 4 4
Meat from bovine animals - -
-
meat products - SVFI single 25g 271 0 0
Fish - -
-
smoked - SVFI single 25g 7 0 0
Meat from poultry,unspecified
- -
-
meat products - SVFI single 25g 55 2 2
Fishery products,unspecified
- SVFI single 25g 116 2 2
Meat from other animalspecies or not specified
- -
-
meat products - SVFI single 25g 411 0 0
Other processed foodproducts and prepareddishes
- SVFI single 25g 304 7 7
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 83
2.3.3. Listeria in animals
Table Listeria spp. in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r L
iste
ria
L. m
on
ocy
tog
enes
Lis
teri
a sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 179 0
Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 144 14 14
Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 4 1 1
Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 109 0
Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 19 0
Zoo animals, all - SVFI,SVI animal 49 0
Solipeds, domestic - - -
horses - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Hares - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Mice - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Other animals - SVFI,SVI animal 28 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstituteSVI - State Veterinary Institute
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 84
2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS
2.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The monitoring system for Verotoxigenic E.coli in the Slovak republic has not been adopted.The investigations were performed on the basis of targeted investigations in differentialdiagnostics and under suspicoin of infection, documented by clinical signs.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 85
2.4.2. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs
A. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary andFood Administration.
Frequency of the sampling
Almost in all imported samples and samples taken from market.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
according the valid STN
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
STN EN ISO 16654
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 86
Table VT E.coli in food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r E
sch
eric
hia
co
li, p
ath
og
enic
E. c
oli
spp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
Ver
oto
xig
enic
E. c
oli
(VT
EC
) -
VT
EC
O15
7
Ver
oto
xig
enic
E. c
oli
(VT
EC
) -
VT
EC
O15
7:H
7
Meat from pig -
meat products - SVFI single 25g 99 0
Meat from bovine animals -
meat products - SVFI single 25g 31 0
Milk, cows' - - -
raw - SVFI single 25ml 39 0
Meat from poultry,unspecified
- - -
meat products - SVFI single 25g 9 0
Milk from other animalspecies or unspecified
- - -
pasteurised - SVFI single 25ml 3 0
Dairy products (excludingcheeses)
- SVFI single 25g 47 0
Cheeses, made fromunspecified milk or otheranimal milk
- SVFI single 25g 88 2 2
Other products of animalorigin
- SVFI single 25g 78 0
Meat from other animalspecies or not specified
- - -
meat products - SVFI single 25g 75 0
Cheeses made fromsheep's milk
- SVFI single 25g 19 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 87
2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals
Table VT E.coli in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r E
sch
eric
hia
co
li, p
ath
og
enic
E. c
oli
spp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
Ver
oto
xig
enic
E. c
oli
(VT
EC
) -
VT
EC
O15
7
Ver
oto
xig
enic
E. c
oli
(VT
EC
) -
VT
EC
O15
7:H
7
Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 59 0
calves (under 1 year) - SVFI,SVI animal 38 0
dairy cows - SVFI,SVI animal 12 0
Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 2 0
Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Poultry, unspecified - SVFI,SVI animal 52 0
Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 22 0
Cats - SVFI,SVI animal 6 0
Other animals - SVFI,SVI animal 20 0
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstitutesSVI - State Veterinary Institute
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 88
2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES
2.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Tuberculosis General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
In Europe the bovine tuberculosis belongs still to the seriousdisease in humans and animals.Because this disease is "obligatory notifiable", it is possible to become acquainted yearly fromOIE statistics with the incidence in bovine animals. The disease situation in TBC occurrence, inpursuance of the definition of the International Animal Health Code OIE is a territory of thecountry free of bovine tuberculosis in cattle till the prevalence of infected herds does not exceed0,2% of totally bred herds. This condition fulfilled also Slovakia as to 4.3.2005 (CommissionDecision No. 2005/179/EC).In Slovakia bovine tuberculosis was controlled within the national eradication programme in thesecond half of the last century. In the years 1990-1999 the decrease of bovine tuberculosisincidence in cattle was recorded in Slovakia. With the decreasing incidence of bovinetuberculosis in cattle also decrease of bovine tuberculosis in other animals was recorded inSlovakia.The last occurrence of M.bovis in bovine animals in Slovakia, owner of agricultural cooperativeTupá, District Levice, year 1992.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
bovine animals, pigs - no isolation of the complex M. tuberculosis
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
yearly elaborated "surveillance of bovine and avian TBC in the SR for the respective year",together with human service, epidemiological analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TBCoccurrence in humans.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 89
2.5.2. Mycobacterium in animals
A. Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Animals
Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year
The entire country free
Slovakia is officially free of tuberculosis - Commission Decision 2005/179/EC
Free regions
all regions
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
maximum 1x/in 2 years performed tuberculination of bovine animals with simle skin testwith bovine tuberculine in all animals over 2 yeras of age. Positive reagents in simple testare examined by comparative test earliest in 6-8 weeks, repeatedly positively reactedanimals for bovine tuberculine are slaughtered and their lymphnodes are additionallyexamined laboratorily in the respective NRL for bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosischanges identified in routine veterinary-hygnienic examination of slaughtered bovineanimals are also laboratory examined.
Frequency of the sampling
in case of positive intravital tests - reagents for tuberculin, TBC changes at slaugterhouses
Type of specimen taken
Other: lymph nodes according to district competence,in valuable animals - lung lavage
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
3- packing, label, application form (accompanying report), cool 2-8 Cº, or freezing,taking into so called sample, transport to NRL
Case definition
detailed description
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
pathological-anatomical examination (judgement of changes), histological, directmicroscopy (bacterioscopy) - staining by method Z-N, cultivation on selective growthcultures - liquid and solid, identification of isolates - biochemically, by biological trial,DNA-DNA by hybridization (probes), methods of spoligotyping.Examinations are covered by state (Veterinary prevention and protection).
Vaccination policy
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 90
vaccination is not performed
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
isolation of reagents, announcement of outbreak
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
. control programmes, procedures on the spot : intravital diagnostics, isolation
. current actions for the purpose of zoonosis control: surveillance
. proposals towards Community ...:
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
A)Single intradermal tuberculin test by mammalian tuberculin :Examine -once per year 33% of holdings in the district - all animals over 24 months of age-once per year all animals over 24 months of age from all small holdings ( farms ofphysical persons, who farm bovine animals for their own charge and do not introducetheir products into the market ) -once per year bulls in insemination centre and bulls used for natural breeding,Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.-young bulls before the basic selection,-in holdings with evidence of a significant changes indicating tuberculosis within postmortem inspection ( suspicion of the tuberculosis ) is the officially tuberculosis-free herdstatus suspended and tuberculination of all animals over six weeks of age is performed (immediately in the case if minimum 42 days elapsed after the last tuberculination )B)Intradermal comparative test by mammalian tuberculin and avian tuberculin used forintradermal comparative test:a)in the holdings with presence of positive reactors to mammalian tuberculin in the singleintradermal tuberculin test1.Follow up the procedure of Annex 2, Part I., 3 A, b) of the Ordinance of thegovernment 280/2003 Coll.-suspend the officially tuberculosis-free herd status-slaughter the positive reactor-carry out all prescribed examinations of the positive reagent-the status of the herd shall remain suspended until such time as all laboratoryexaminations have been completed - if the presence of tuberculosis is not confirmed bylaboratory examinations, the suspension of the officially tuberculosis-free status may belifted following an intradermal comparative test of all animals over six weeks of age withnegative results at least 42 days after the removal of the reactor animalOr2.if there is a suspicion of false positive test reaction or interference test reaction-suspend the officially tuberculosis-free herd status-isolate the positive reactor-the officially tuberculosis-free status may be lifted following an intradermal comparativetest of all animals over six weeks of age with negative results performed at least 42 days
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 91
after single intradermal test performanceb) in the holdings with inconclusive reactors to single intradermal tuberculin test withmammalian tuberculin ( also when last single intradermal tuberculin test was performedprevious year and reasonable suspicion of false positive reaction or interference reactionis in place as result e.g. presence of different mycobacteriae, evidence m.avium subsp.M.paratuberculosis, etc.)1.Follow up the procedure of Annex 2, Part I., 3 A, c) of the Ordinance of the government280/2003 Coll. - further test to clarify the status of inconclusive reactors the intradermalcomparative test have to be used.Intradermal comparative test inconclusive reactors are subjected to repetitive test after atleast 42 days. If the animals after repeated intradermal comparative test are not negative,shall be deemed to be positive reactors -these animals are removed from the herd andafter their slaughter, laboratory and epizootical examination is performed.If tuberculosis is not confirmed, all animals over six weeks of age are subjected toanother intradermal comparative test which is performed after at least 42 days from theremoval of the positive reactor .If the tuberculosis is confirmed, the officially tuberculosis-free status is to be withdrawnand the procedure of the Governmental ordinance 280/2003 Coll. on animal healthproblems affecting intra-Community trade in bovine animals and swine should befollowed.c) In the holdings with positive M.bovis or M.avium microbiological result and in thecase of staff tuberculosis affection
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
slaughtering, additional laboratory examination, notification to NRL - SVFA BA - EU
Notification system in place
district veterinarian or inspector, DVFA, RVFA, SVFAResults of examinations: from NRL to DVFA, to SVFA.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 92
Table Tuberculosis in other animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r M
yco
bac
teri
um
M. b
ovi
s
M. t
ub
ercu
losi
s
Myc
ob
acte
riu
m s
pp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
M. a
viu
m c
om
ple
x
Pigs (1) - SVFI animal 57 12 12
Zoo animals, all - SVFI animal 3 0
Other animals (2) - SVFI animal 8 1 1
Cattle (bovine animals) (3) - SVFI animal 17 4 4
(1) : Mycobacterium avium complex,Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium(2) : Mycobacterium avium complex,Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium(3) : Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 93
Tab
le B
ovi
ne
tub
ercu
losi
s in
co
un
trie
s an
d r
egio
ns
that
do
no
t re
ceiv
e C
om
mu
nit
y co
-fin
anci
ng
fo
r er
adic
atio
np
rog
ram
me
Reg
ion
T
ota
l nu
mb
er o
fex
isti
ng
bo
vin
e O
ffic
ially
fre
eh
erd
s In
fect
ed h
erd
s R
ou
tin
e tu
ber
culin
test
ing
N
um
ber
of
tub
ercu
lin t
ests
carr
ied
ou
t b
efo
reth
e in
tro
du
ctio
n
Nu
mb
er o
f an
imal
sw
ith
su
spic
iou
sle
sio
ns
of
tub
ercu
losi
s
Nu
mb
er o
f an
imal
sd
etec
ted
po
siti
vein
bac
teri
olo
gic
alex
amin
atio
n
Her
ds
An
imal
s N
um
ber
of
her
ds
%
Nu
mb
ero
f h
erd
s %
In
terv
alb
etw
een
rou
tin
etu
ber
culin
test
s
Nu
mb
ero
fan
imal
ste
sted
into
th
e h
erd
s(A
nn
ex A
(I)(
2)(c
)th
ird
ind
ent
(1)
of
Dir
ecti
ve64
/432
/EE
C)
exam
ined
an
dsu
bm
itte
d t
oh
isto
pat
ho
log
ical
and
bac
teri
olo
gic
alex
amin
atio
ns
SLO
VE
NS
KA
RE
PU
BLI
KA
1198
3 52
9062
11
983
100
0 0
1518
97
0 0
0
Tot
al11
983
5290
62
1198
3 10
0 0
0 0
1518
97
0 0
0
Foo
tnot
e
inte
rval
bet
wee
n ro
utin
e tu
berc
ulin
e -
test
s ev
ery
tree
yea
rs c
once
rnin
g 24
mon
th-o
ld a
nim
als
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 94
2.6. BRUCELLOSIS
2.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation
2.6.2. Brucella in foodstuffs
2.6.3. Brucella in animals
A. Brucella abortus in Bovine Animals
Status as officially free of bovine brucellosis during the reporting year
The entire country free
Slovakia is officially free of brucellosis (B.melitensis) - Commission decision2005/179/ES
Free regions
all regions
Additional information
Requirements for declaration of a bovine herd as officially brucellosis-free, requirementsfor retention of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forsuspension of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forwithdrawal of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements fordeclaration a bovine herd as brucellosis-free, requirements for retention of thebrucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements for suspension of the brucelosis-freestatus of a bovine herd, requirements for withdrawal of the brucellosis-free status of abovine herd are the part of the Annex 2 of the Ordinance of the Government of theSlovak Republic No. 280/2003 Coll. of 9 July 2003 on health problems affecting the tradewith bovine animals and porcine animals. By this Ordinance of the Government theCouncil Directive 64/432/EEC was transposed in the full extend into the legal system ofthe Slovak Republic (text of this Ordinance of the Government is presented in Annex 1).
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Examination, standards for identification of the agent are presented in the Annex 4 to theabove-mentioned Ordinance of the Government - it is the full transposition of the AnnexC of the Council Directive 64/432/EEC.Examine blood samples- once per year 33% of holdings in the district - all animals over 24 months of age- once per year all bovine animals over 24 months of age from all small holdings (farmsof physical persons, who farm bovine animals for their own charge and do not introducetheir products into the market ) - once per year bulls in insemination centre and bulls used for natural breeding and
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 95
befeore basic selection of young breeding bulls,Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.
Frequency of the sampling
Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.
Type of specimen taken
Blood
Case definition
abort case
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
According to Council Directive 64/432/EEC and OIE diagnostics techniques:Serological tests:Serum agglutination testComplement fixation testRose bengal testELISABacteriological tests:Cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria genus Brucella Identification of bacteria (biotype):Biochemical testsAgglutination in monospecific antiseraPhage typing
Vaccination policy
In SR the vaccination at liquidation of brucellosis has been never used and only the radical orelimination method of eradication of a herd has been used.
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
In the Slovak Republic there is obligatory to notify abort cases at which the suspicion frombeing happened due to the brucellosis occurrence exists, and such cases are examined by thecompetent veterinary administration authority.Each bovine animal suspicious of brucellosis infection shall be notified to the competentveterinary administration authority and is subject to the official epizootological examination forbrucellosis consisting of minimum 2 serological blood tests, including complement fixation test(CFT) and microbiological examination of appropriate samples.During the time of suspicion which lasts until the negative results of tests mentioned in theprevious paragraph are obtained, in case of the herd of the origin or transit or the suspectedanimal and herds epizoologically connected with it, the status of officially recognized asbrucellosis-free will be suspended.Bovine animals moved into the herd must originate from herds officially recognized asbrucellosis-free status, and in case of bovine animals older than 12 months, it must have the titerof antibodies less than 30 IU agglutination for ml in given serum-aglutination test performed in
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 96
compliance with Annex 4 of the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No.280/2003 Coll. on health problems affecting the trade with bovine animals and porcine animals,or they reacted negatively on each other test approved in accordance with EU reqirementsduring 30 days before the date of intorduction into the herd.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
Requirements for declaration of a bovine herd as officially brucellosis-free, requirementsfor retention of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forsuspension of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forwithdrawal of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements fordeclaration a bovine herd as brucellosis-free, requirements for retention of thebrucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements for suspension of the brucelosis-freestatus of a bovine herd, requirements for withdrawal of the brucellosis-free status of abovine herd are the part of the Annex 2 of the Ordinance of the Government of theSlovak Republic No. 280/2003 Coll. of 9 July 2003 on health problems affecting the tradewith bovine animals and porcine animals. By this Ordinance of the Government theCouncil Directive 64/432/EEC was transposed in the full extend into the legal system ofthe Slovak Republic (text of this Ordinance of the Government is presented in Annex 1).
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Examination of blood samples serologically- in herds officially brucellosis-free - once a year all animals older than 24 months(together with EBL)- once a year - breeding bulls at insemination stations, in a natural breeding and beforethe basic selection of breeding bullocks Examinations shall be performed within 12 months from the last examination.
Notification system in place
In the Slovak Republic there is obligatory to notify abort cases at which the suspicion frombeing happened due to the brucellosis occurrence exists, and such cases are examined by thecompetent veterinary administration authority.Each bovine animal suspicious of brucellosis infection shall be notified to the competentveterinary administration authority and is subject to the official epizootological examination forbrucellosis consisting of minimum 2 serological blood tests, including complement fixation test(CFT) and microbiological examination of appropriate samples.During the time of suspicion which lasts until the negative results of tests mentioned in theprevious paragraph are obtained, in case of the herd of the origin or transit or the suspectedanimal and herds epizoologically connected with it, the status of officially recognized asbrucellosis-free will be suspended.Bovine animals moved into the herd must originate from herds officially recognized asbrucellosis-free status, and in case of bovine animals older than 12 months, it must have the titerof antibodies less than 30 IU agglutination for ml in given serum-aglutination test performed incompliance with Annex 4 of the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No.280/2003 Coll. on health problems affecting the trade with bovine animals and porcine animals,
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 97
or they reacted negatively on each other test approved in accordance with EU reqirementsduring 30 days before the date of intorduction into the herd.
B. Brucella melitensis in Sheep
Monitoring system
Type of specimen taken
Blood
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
According to Council Directive 64/432/EEC and OIE diagnostics techniques:Serological tests:Serum agglutination testComplement fixation testRose bengal testELISABacteriological tests:Cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria genus Brucella Identification of bacteria (biotype):Biochemical testsAgglutination in monospecific antiseraPhage typing
C. Brucella melitensis in Goat
Monitoring system
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
According to Council Directive 64/432/EEC and OIE diagnostics techniques:Serological tests:Serum agglutination testComplement fixation testRose bengal testELISABacteriological tests:Cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria genus Brucella Identification of bacteria (biotype):Biochemical testsAgglutination in monospecific antiseraPhage typing
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Table Brucellosis in other animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r B
ruce
lla
B. m
elit
ensi
s
B. a
bo
rtu
s
B. s
uis
Bru
cella
sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
Pigs - SVI sample 12387 0
Goats - SVI sample 358 0
Sheep - SVI sample 20288 0
Solipeds, domestic - - -
horses - SVI sample 280 0
Footnote
SVI - State Veterinary Institute
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 99
Tab
le B
ovi
ne
bru
cello
sis
in c
ou
ntr
ies
and
reg
ion
s th
at d
o n
ot
rece
ive
Co
mm
un
ity
co-f
inan
cin
g f
or
erad
icat
ion
pro
gra
mm
e
Reg
ion
T
ota
ln
um
ber
of
Off
icia
llyfr
ee h
erd
s In
fect
edh
erd
s S
urv
eilla
nce
In
vest
igat
ion
s o
f su
spec
t ca
ses
exis
tin
gb
ovi
ne
Ser
olo
gic
al t
ests
E
xam
inat
ion
of
bu
lk m
ilk s
amp
les
Info
rmat
ion
ab
ou
tab
ort
ion
s E
pid
emio
log
ical
inve
stig
atio
n
Her
ds
An
imal
s N
um
ber
of
her
ds
%
Nu
mb
er o
fh
erd
s %
N
um
ber
of
bo
vin
e N
um
ber
of
anim
als
Nu
mb
er o
fin
fect
ed
Nu
mb
er o
fb
ovi
ne
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s N
um
ber
of
infe
cted
N
um
ber
of
no
tifi
ed
Nu
mb
er o
fis
ola
tio
ns
Nu
mb
er o
fab
ort
ion
s N
um
ber
of
anim
als
Nu
mb
er o
fsu
spen
ded
Nu
mb
er o
f p
osi
tive
anim
als
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s N
um
ber
of
anim
als
her
ds
test
edte
sted
her
ds
test
edh
erd
ste
sted
or
po
ols
test
edh
erd
sab
ort
ion
sw
hat
ever
cau
se
of
Bru
cella
infe
ctio
nd
ue
toB
ruce
llaab
ort
us
test
ed w
ith
sero
log
ical
blo
od
tes
ts
her
ds
Ser
olo
gic
ally
BS
T
exam
ined
mic
rob
iolo
gic
ally
po
siti
vem
icro
bio
log
ical
ly
SLO
VE
NS
KA
RE
PU
BLI
KA
1198
3 52
9062
11
983
100
0 0
8094
14
7583
0
0 0
3001
0
0 30
33
0 0
0 0
0 57
3
Tot
al11
983
5290
62
1198
3 10
0 0
0 80
94
1475
83
0 0
0 30
01
0 0
3033
0
0 0
0 0
573
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 100
Ovi
ne
or
Cap
rin
e B
ruce
llosi
s in
co
un
trie
s an
d r
egio
ns
that
do
no
t re
ceiv
e C
om
mu
nit
y co
-fin
anci
ng
fo
r er
adic
atio
np
rog
ram
me
Reg
ion
T
ota
l nu
mb
er o
fex
isti
ng
ovi
ne
/ca
pri
ne
Off
icia
lly f
ree
her
ds
Infe
cted
her
ds
Su
rvei
llan
ce
Inve
stig
atio
ns
of
susp
ect
case
s
Her
ds
An
imal
s N
um
ber
of
her
ds
%
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s %
N
um
ber
of
her
ds
test
ed
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s te
sted
N
um
ber
of
infe
cted
her
ds
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s te
sted
wit
h s
ero
log
ical
blo
od
tes
ts
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s p
osi
tive
sero
log
ical
ly
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
sex
amin
edm
icro
bio
log
ical
ly
Nu
mb
er o
fan
imal
s p
osi
tive
mic
rob
iolo
gic
ally
Nu
mb
er o
fsu
spen
ded
her
ds
SLO
VE
NS
KÁ
RE
PU
BLI
KA
3949
29
4064
39
48
99
0 0
3471
30
625
0 10
32
327
0 1
0
Tot
al39
49
2940
64
3948
99
0
0 34
71
3062
5 0
1032
32
7 0
1 0
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 101
2.7. YERSINIOSIS
2.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation
2.7.2. Yersinia in foodstuffs
2.7.3. Yersinia in animals
Table Yersinia spp. in animals
- -S
ou
rce
of
info
rmat
ion
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r Y
ersi
nia
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a
Yer
sin
ia u
nsp
ecif
ied
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a -
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a O
:9
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a -
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a O
:3
Other animals - SVFI animal 2 0
Footnote
SVFI -State Vetrinary and Food Institute
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 102
2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS
2.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Trichinellosis General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Trichinellosis has been occuring in Slovakia for many decades as a sporadic disease in humansor in a form of smaller or minor epidemics. Since 1962 in Slovakia there were totally 12epidemics of trichinellosis, whereas the biggest was in the year 1968. Occurrece of antibodies,eosinofilia and clinical signs were serologically confirmed in 336 patiens. The disease agent wastyped Trichinella britovi, whereas clinical signs were mild and it did not come to a fatal case.Further epidemics in the year 2001 was caused by Trichinella spiralis.Occurence of trichinellosis in domestic pigs is only sporadic in animal bred for the own need.Trichinellosis cirkulates in wildlife out of which wild board population in the most risky for thetranmission of the disease. Products from meat of these animals were not adequatelyheat-treated, were the most frequent source of the infection in humans. Reservoir of naturalcycle of trichinellosis is a red fox is which the prevalence of trichinellosis quickly increased. Inthe year 2000 the prevalence was 4,9% in the year 2002 already 8,1% and in the year 2004 as awhole 13,1% but in 2005 decrease on 11,7%.The risk of creation of domestic cycle of trichinellosis increase due to increasing number offoxes occurring in towns and villages. In Slovakia often brown bear is infected, whose meat isconsumed, however also other carnivore, where mainly wolf for its migration for long distancesrepresents the risk of creation of new outbreaks of trichinellosis.Out of types Trichinella spp. circulating in the nature it is mainly T.britovi and type T. spiralisoccurs only rarely. In the year 2003 on a pig farm T. pseudospiralis, was found by which pigs,cats, rats and also birds living on a farm were infected. The farm was gradually liquidated andmeasures were taken so as to prevent that trichinallae could not get into foodstuffs intended forhuman consumption.Endemic areas of trichinellosis occurance are East and Central Slovakia. In West Slovakia onlyrare occurance of a parasite in humans, wild boar population and in red fox is found so far.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
All animals whose meat is intended for human consumption, are examinated for the presence oflarvae Trichinalla spp. Pigs at slaughterhouses are examinated by digestion method incompliance with valid legislation and pigs slaughtered individually are examined bycompression method. In the year 2005 was no case of trichinella recorded.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
In finding of Trichinella spp. in meat of slaughtered animals, the animals carcasses areconfiscated and processed in processing (rendering) plant. Upon import of meat in which larvaeof trichinellae could have been present (pigs, horses, game), the import either frozen meat orcertificate on its examination for trichinellosis are required.
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 103
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Control of meat of slaughtered aniamls is provided in compliance with EU legislation (councilDirective 77/96/EEC).
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 104
2.8.2. Trichinella in animals
A. Trichinella in pigs
Monitoring system
Frequency of the sampling
General
Every slaughtered animal is sampled
Type of specimen taken
General
Diaphragm muscle
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
General
Artificial digestion method of collective samples
B. Trichinella in horses
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
sampling after the slaughtering
Frequency of the sampling
every slaughtered animal is samled
Type of specimen taken
musculus masseter
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
taking over 10g of the specimen
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 105
Table Trichinella in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal a
nim
als
po
siti
ve f
or
Tri
chin
ella
T. s
pir
alis
Tri
chin
ella
sp
p.,
un
spec
ifie
d
Pigs - PI SAS animal 1083724 0
Solipeds, domestic - PI SAS animal 5 0
Wild boars - - -
wild - PI SAS animal 13199 16
Foxes - PI SAS animal 352 41
Bears - PI SAS animal 16 1
Badgers - PI SAS animal 1 0
Polecats - PI SAS animal 1 0
Marten - PI SAS animal 4 2
Wolves - PI SAS animal 2 0
Muskrats - PI SAS animal 6 0l
Weasel - PI SAS animal 2 0
Otter - PI SAS animal 1 0
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 106
2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS
2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Echinococcus spp general evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Echinococcosis is a disease caused by tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Cysticechinococcosis is caused by tapeworm E. granulosus parazitizing in dogs and alveolarechinococcosiss is caused by E. multilocularis parazitizing in red foxes and other carnivorae.Humans became infected by oral way with eggs. Transmission is performed by contact withinfected animals that excrete eggs by faeces (dog, cat), or by contaminated food. With regard toa long incubation period it is very difficult to determine the source of infection. Larval stages oftapeworm are localized mainly in liver, less in other organs and form the cysts (E. granulosus),or infiltratively inter-grow the parenchym of the organ (E. multilocularis).Cystic echinococcosis occurs in Slovakia long-termly. In humans the occurrence, confirmed bydisplay methods and also serologically, only sporadic (yearly 1 - 10 cases). In pigs theprevalence dropped from 4 % in the year 1971 to 0,12 % in the year 2003. In the same period insheep and goats the prevalence was maintained at the level 0,5 - 1 % with considerable increasein some years, with maximum 12,0 % in the year 1995. In the year 2003 it was found in 1,69 %animals at slaughterhouses. Alveolar echinococcosis in humans was diagnosed in Slovakia only in the year 2001 and up tothe year 2003 totally 4 cases occurred in northern areas. The first cases of occurrence of E. multilocularis in foxes were found coprologically (ELISAand PCR) in the year 1999. In the next years the prevalence of tapeworm was increasing inSlovakia from 24,8 % in the year 2000 to 33,9 % in the year 2002 with the subsequent decreaseto 21,9 % in the year 2003. In the whole period the highest prevalence was in Žilina andPresov region, the lowest in Bratislava and Trnava region.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Echinococcosis (larvocysts E. granulosus) were found in cattle, sheep, goats and also in pigs. E.granulosus in cattle increased from 1 case in the year 2003 to 45 cases in the year 2004 anddecrease in 2005 to 21 cases, in sheep and goats decreased from 1951 cases in the year 2003, 26cases in the year 2004 to 16 cases in 2005. Echinococcosis slightly decreased in pigs from 1681cases in the year 2003 to 1313 cases in the year 2004 and 537 in 2005.Adult tapeworm E. multilocularis was found by autopsy in 148 red foxes out of 472 examinedones in 2004, in 2005, 108 out of 289 examinated.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
Eggs of Echinococcus are disseminated in the environment by the host of tapeworms (dogs,foxes and other carnivorae). Contaminated environment, forest fruits, vegetable andnon-compliance with the hygienic principles are the main risk factors of transmission of thiszoonosis. Monitoring of occurrence of adult tapeworms in carnivorae and larval forms inslaughter animals is important for detection of risk areas in the territory of the country. These
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 107
knowledge serve for the proposal of preventive measures for protection of human health.
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Organs of animals slaughtered at slaughterhouse are controlled for the presence of larvocystsEchinococcus. Occurrence of E. multilocularis in red foxes and other carnivore is monitoredbased on agreement with the SVFA SR.
Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken
For each zoonosis, and also for echinococcosis, it is necessary to create EU referencelaboratories and subsequently National reference laboratories and to provide their activity fromthe financial point of view.
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2.9.2. Echinococcus in animals
Table Echinococcus spp. in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r E
chin
oco
ccu
s sp
p.
E. g
ran
ulo
sus
E. m
ult
ilocu
lari
s
Ech
ino
cocc
us
spp
., u
nsp
ecif
ied
Cattle (bovine animals) - PI SAS animal 89752 21 21
Sheep - PI SAS animal 98276 16 16
Pigs - PI SAS animal 1083724 537 537
Dogs - PI SAS animal 798 0
Foxes - PI SAS animal 289 108 108
Wolves - PI SAS animal 1 0
Lynx - PI SAS animal 1 0
Badgers - PI SAS animal 1 0
Marten - PI SAS animal 3 0
Weasel - PI SAS animal 1 0
Footnote
PI SAS - Parasitological Institute of SAS
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2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS
2.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Toxoplasmosis general evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Status of epidemiological situation in the Slovak Republic is demonstrated based on statisticaldata for the last years:year number of sample number of animals %1994 1646 228 13,81995 1992 187 9,41996 1173 180 15,31997 4033 484 12,0 1998 6737 595 8,81999 3575 240 6,72000 2912 119 4,092002 493 101 20,42003 505 48 9,52004 462 75 15,8
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Toxoplasmosis of animals is according to the O.I.E. methodics actual manual of standards fordiagnostic tests and vaccines.In the Slovak Republic it does not exist any official monitoring programme for diagnostics ofthis zoonosis and it is also not subject to obligatory notification.6 state veterinary institutes examine blood sera of domestic animals, wildlife and farm animals.Complement fixation test is used and antibody levels against antigen Toxoplazma gondi arebeing found.In indicated cases, such as aborts, it is recommended to the animal owner the repeatedexamination after 21 days.In the year 2004 totally 462 samples were examined in Slovakia and as a whole there were 73positive animals. From the table it follows that the highest seropositivity is in category of goats /30, 1 % /, in principle it is in accordance with the statistical evaluation from the last years.We have found higher sensitivity of goats to infection Toxoplazma gondi compared to sheepcategory, for comparison we present the data for the period of 3 years:1996 sheep 3,5 % over infestation goats 31,8%1997 sheep 7,8% goats 18,9%1998 sheep 3,72% goats 19,7%
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2.10.2. Toxoplasma in animals
Table Toxoplasma in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r T
oxo
pla
sma
Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 7 0
Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 6 0
Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 32 10
Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0
Solipeds, domestic - SVFI,SVI animal 9 1
Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 92 41
Cats - SVFI,SVI animal 142 45
Other animals - SVFI,SVI animal 13 8
Footnote
SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstitutesSVI - State Veterinary Institute
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2.11. RABIES
2.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Rabies General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
The rabies has been well known on the territory of current Slovak Republic for many years.There are existing records originating at the end of 19th century. The first legal provisions abouttransmissible diseases are recorded in the Article 7 of the Ugrian collection of law from 1888,adopted in the ancient Austrian-Ugrian Kingdom, the part of which was also the territory of theSlovak Republic. These provisions were in force till the beginning of the 50´s.After the World War II, the National Assembly of the Czechoslovakia adopted in 1950 the ActNo. 187/1950 on improvement of the agriculture, in which the state veterinary service,responsible for all veterinary tasks, including animal health tasks and eradication programmeswas established. This act laid down the obligation of notification some diseases, includingrabies. However, based on information from the available materials, we may deduce, that theobligatory notification was already laid down in the Ugrian collection of law.The incidence of rabies was after the World War II roughly about of 20% of all tested animals.In the time period of 1953-1974 11.329 animals were tested, out of which 2.268 were rabiespositive. The fox incidence presented 70% of all positive animals, what correlated with datacollected before the first oral antirabic fox's vaccination programme.The first oral antirabic fox's vaccination programme started in 1994. This programme ran in twocampaigns, one in spring, the other one in autumn. Fix-wing airplane and by hand applicationwere used as well. For this programme the vaccine baits containing the virus strain Vnukovo32/107 and SAD Bern was used. In consequence of lack of money that programme was stoppedafter sixth campaign in 1998. The epidemiological situation of the rabies in wildlife according to established oral vaccinationprogramme was markedly on the mend in 2000 and 2001. Consequently the rise of theimmunity status of the fox population has increased the fox density. The fox population'sdensity estimated on the number of hunted animals during the programme has been increasedfrom 19.500 to 23.000 foxes in 2001 and very strong in the second half of year 2002 and thefirst half of year 2003. The number of hunted fox in 2002 was 22.251 animals, what encouragesus to estimate the number of fox population of 28 to 30 thousand of animals - 0,57 - 0,61 fox persquare kilometre (see Figure No. 2 and Annex). This stay of fox population has been related tothe comedown of the favourable progress of the rabies situation. During this fast growth of thefox population the increase of rabies positive foxes in such level at first time since beginning theprogramme has been recorded (107 positive foxes in the 1. quarter of 2003)
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Rabies is in the Slovak Republic is an endemic disease occurring in the silvatic form withdecreasing occurrence and the main host and vector species is red fox
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
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the relevance in the first case is low (carnivores - non-food animals) in the second case theanimals present the main risk to human rabies
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2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals
A. Rabies in dogs
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Samples for examination are sent as soon as possible. Before sending it is necessary tostore them at temperature up to 40 C, in order to be adequately cooled. The sample of the whole animal is sent wrapped in PVC bag put into good closed, firmpacking with sufficient amount of absorption material preventing leakage of the contents.Sample of the head with first vertebra is sent enwrapped into fabric moistened by 0,5%solution of formaline or vinegar. Such enwrapped sample is put into impermeablepacking (PVC bag) and then into a firm packing with absorption material.Sample must be identifiable also inside of the packing. Accompanying document isattached to the sample so as to prevent its contamination and at taking over the sample inapproved veterinary laboratories it could be removed without handling the sample.Diagnostics is carried out by the State Veterinary and Food Institutes. The StateVeterinary Institute Zvolen is a reference laboratory of rabies.
Type of specimen taken
Organs/ tissues: whole animal,head with first vertebra
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Samples for examination are sent as soon as possible. Before sending it is necessary tostore them at temperature up to 40 C, in order to be adequately cooled. The sample of the whole animal is sent wrapped in PVC bag put into good closed, firmpacking with sufficient amount of absorption material preventing leakage of the contents.Sample of the head with first vertebra is sent enwrapped into fabric moistened by 0,5%solution of formaline or vinegar. Such enwrapped sample is put into impermeablepacking (PVC bag) and then into a firm packing with absorption material.
Case definition
clinical signs of rabies in animal with anamnesis of contact with rabid animal or human,or unknown animal, which might be rabid, or without anamnesis and laboratoryconfirmation of rabies
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Other: ELISA,FAVN,FAT,MIT,RT-PCR,isolation of agent, biological examination onmouses
Vaccination policy
mandatory antirabic vaccination of domestic carnivores over three months of age with annualrevaccination
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Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
movement control system and system of shelters for stray animals
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
National programme of rabies eradication in the Slovak Republic/mandatory vaccinationin domestic carnivores as well as oral antirabic vaccination in wildlife red fox,identification and registration of pets, movement control, laboratory diagnosis of eachsuspected domestic animal and control of fulfillment of National programme byveterinary database.
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
mandatory notification of cases and suspicions, mandatory antirabic vaccination andmovement control and co-operation between animal heath and human health authorities
Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken
establishing Community register of pet animals for which the Pet Passport has beenissued, by which will be the competent authorities able to verify validity of Pet Passportand antirabic vaccination maybe similar to Slovak central register of pets
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
The measures are ordered by the District Veterinary and Food Administration in compliancewith the § 8, para 3, letter f) of the Act No. 488/2002 Coll. ll.The respective DVFA at suspicion of rabies occurrence in domestic animals orders to naturaland legal persons the measures for control of animal diseases and determines the date for theirfulfilment, by whicha) it orders1. catching of stray animals by professionally eligible natural or legal persons which means aperson who following passing an examination before board of examiners finished the trainingCatching of stray or lost animals at the Institute for Postgraduate Studies in Kosice and obtaineda Certificate on professional eligibility for the performance of catching of lost, abandoned andstray animals or by other person performing this activity under the supervision of professionallyeligible natural or legal person,2. disinfection of the place of killing or death of rabid animal and also thorough disinfection andincineration of all items which could have come into contact with rabid animal,3. safe disposal of dead and killed animals by rendering plant,4. isolation and monitoring of all susceptible animals which came or could have come intocontact with an animal suspicious of rabies,5. safe disposal of milk obtained from cows suspicious of rabies and prohibition of the use ofproducts of warm-blooded animals for human consumption and for feeding purposes if theseanimal came or could have come into contact with an animal suspicious of rabies,6. obligation to report each case of exposition of people and animals, behaviour changes indomestic animals, death of wildlife in an outbreak and in its nearness,b) it prohibits
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1. movement and collection of susceptible animal species,2. free movement of susceptible animals in an outbreak,The respective District Veterinary and Food Administration in case of non-confirmation ofrabies occurrence lifts the measures for disease control.The respective District Veterinary and Food Administration at confirmation of rabies occurrencein domestic animals extends the previous measures for disease control by further measures fordisease control and determines to the natural and legal persons the date for their fulfilment bywhicha) it defines an rabies outbreak,b) it orders in an outbreak1. its marking with warning tables with writing "CAUTION RABIES !" 2. killing of susceptible animals which came into contact with an animal positive to the presenceof rabies antigen,3. to perform the registration of dogs and cats and protective vaccination of dogs, cats and othercarnivore over 3 months of age which have not been vaccinated against rabies so far or since thelast antirabic vaccination the period longer than 1 year elapsed, provided that they did not comeinto contact or they did not have the possibility to come into contact with an animal positive tothe presence of rabies antigen,4. to perform protective vaccination of susceptible domestic animals; it will permit to use milkand other products obtained from them for the human consumption and feeding purposes onlyfollowing gaining the immunity (this period will be stated based on the date of vaccinemanufacturer).
Notification system in place
Based on the § 35, para 2, letter a) of the Act No. 488/2002 Coll. ll. each natural or legal personauthorized to dispose of live animals is obliged to notify without delay to the veterinaryadministration authority any suspicion of the disease and death of any animal and to allowexamination of such animal.In case of failing to report any suspicion of the disease, an animal's death or failing to allow itsexamination, is committed - a natural person an offence according to the § 43, para 1, letter e) and a penalty shall beimposed according to the § 43, para 2 up to 10 000 SKK,- a legal or natural person authorized to perform business activities an administrativeinfringement according to the § 44, letter g) of Act 488/2002 Coll.ll. and a penalty shall beimposed according to the § 45, para 1, letter d) up to 5 000 000 SKK.
Results of the investigation
Investigations of the human contacts with the positive cases_Art. 16 para (6) Act 488/2002 Coll.On veterinary care and on amendments of some acts as amended(6) Owner or keeper of animal is obliged to ensure the antirabic vaccination in susceptiblecarnivore and to ensure, without any delay, veterinary examination of animals that caused injuryto human being
Investigations of the human contacts with positive cases
Art. 16 para (6) Act 488/2002 Coll. On veterinary care and on amendments of some actsas amended
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(6) Owner or keeper of animal is obliged to ensure the antirabic vaccination in susceptiblecarnivore and to ensure, without any delay, veterinary examination of animals that causedinjury to human being
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Rabies in the Slovak Republic is an endemic disease occurring in the silvatic form withdecreasing occurrence and the main host and vector species is red fox
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
the relevance in the first case is low (carnivores - non-food animals) in the second case theanimals present the main risk to human rabies
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Table Rabies in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Sam
plin
g u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
To
tal u
nit
s p
osi
tive
fo
r L
yssa
viru
s (r
abie
s)
un
spec
ifie
d ly
ssav
iru
s
Cattle (bovine animals) - SVI,SVFI animal 7 0
Sheep - SVI,SVFI animal 8 0
Goats - SVI,SVFI animal 2 0
Pigs - SVI,SVFI animal 1 0
Dogs - SVI,SVFI animal 386 3
Cats - SVI,SVFI animal 268 1
Bats - -
-
wild - SVI,SVFI animal 2 0
Foxes - -
-
wild - SVI,SVFI animal 1767 42
Other animals - SVI,SVFI animal 149 1
Footnote
SVI - State Veterinary InstituteSVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institute
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Slovakia 2005 118
3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE
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3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NON-PATHOGENIC
3.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. E. coli general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in E.coli in the Slovak republic has notbeen adopted.
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3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, non-pathogenic isolates
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Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
E. c
oli
in A
ll an
imal
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-E
. col
i-
All
anim
als
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
me
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
560
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
es
560
442
21
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esE
nrof
loxa
cin
560
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
560
442
21
Gen
tam
icin
56
029
747
Neo
myc
in
560
403
28
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
560
560
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 122
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
E. c
oli
in P
igs
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Nu
mb
er o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (n
) an
d n
um
ber
of
iso
late
s w
ith
th
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µl/m
l) o
r zo
ne
(mm
) o
f in
hib
itio
n e
qu
al t
o
-E
. col
i-
Pig
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
mm
e
yes
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
73
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
Nn
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
es
7354
511
31
11
24
12
12
3
Cep
hal
osp
ori
ns
Cef
alex
in
7335
11
33
716
715
73
32
Cef
tiofu
r 1
24
48
147
310
73
22
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esF
lum
equi
n 71
174
21
11
11
13
11
22
46
77
35
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Neo
myc
in
7316
12
12
17
2112
311
33
13
11
Kan
amyc
in
1
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
7125
371
12
32
13
43
34
33
15
21
11
6
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Slovakia 2005 123
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in animals
n = Number of resistant isolates
E. coli Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus
(fowl) Turkeys Other animals
Isolates out of amonitoring programme Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
96 83 401 153
-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n
Tetracyclines 96 47 83 62 401 348 153 114
Cephalosporins3rd generationcephalosporins
15 15 10 10 390 390 145 145
Cefalexin 18 5 73 35 4 1
Ceftiofur 17 0 73 29 4 0
FluoroquinolonesEnrofloxacin 67 6 10 0 401 1 149 0
Flumequin 39 11 71 17 11 7 7 0
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 15 12 10 8 390 304 145 110
Gentamicin 15 8 10 4 390 226 145 77
Neomycin 36 15 83 23 390 285 148 101
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
44 12 71 25 11 2 8 2
PenicillinsAmpicillin 42 36 10 10 401 397 149 146
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Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in Animals
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Escherichiacoli,non-pathogenic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
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Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in Food
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Escherichiacoli,non-pathogenic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
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Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli inFeedingstuff
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
-Escherichiacoli,non-pathogenic
Standard forbreakpoint
Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)
disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracyclines
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19
QuinolonesNalidixic acid
AminoglycosidesGentamicin
MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17
PenicillinsAmpicillin
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4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS
Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infectionwhere the cases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which theobserved human cases exceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source issuspected, is also indicative of a foodborne outbreak.
A. Foodborne outbreaks
System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks
Food-borne outbreaks are reported by physicians on the Public Health Institutes on the regionallevel to the department of Epidemiology. Regional epidemiologist provide investigation ,organise antiepidemic measure including investigation of foods which are suspected as factor oftransmission
National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:
Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved
Number of outbreaks 50-70 per year number of cases within one outbreak : 10-200 cases
Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/foodcategory combinations
mayonaisse from raw eggs, eggs products preparing by insufficient temperature, ice-cream, agent: salmonella enteritidis.
Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks
In previous time restaurants, canteens, last 5 years households- family celebrations
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Tab
le 1
2. F
oo
db
orn
e o
utb
reak
s in
hu
man
s
Cau
sati
ve a
gen
tG
ener
alo
utb
reak
F
amily
ou
tbre
ak
To
tal N
um
ber
inp
erso
ns
So
urc
eT
ype
of
evid
ence
Lo
cati
on
of
exp
osu
reC
on
trib
uti
ng
fact
ors
ill
died
in hospital
Suspected
Confirmed
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
S
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s 34
396
70
103
334
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
34 c
ater
ing
esta
blis
hmen
ts, 3
hous
ehol
ds
com
bina
tion
ofbr
eakd
own
ofH
AC
CP
and
cont
amin
ated
raw
prod
uct
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis(
1)
699
2095
-S
alm
onel
la -
S. T
yphi
mur
ium
1
130
41
0la
bora
tory
con
firm
ed1
cate
ring
esta
blis
hmen
tco
mbi
natio
n of
brea
kdow
n of
HA
CC
P a
ndco
ntam
inat
ed r
awpr
oduc
tS
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s -
Oth
er(2
) 1
190
21
0la
bora
tory
con
firm
ed1
cate
ring
esta
blis
hmen
tco
mbi
natio
n of
brea
kdow
n of
HA
CC
P a
ndco
ntam
inat
ed r
awpr
oduc
tS
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s -
PT
13a
276
08
20
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
2 ca
terin
ges
tabl
ishm
ents
com
bina
tion
ofbr
eakd
own
ofH
AC
CP
and
cont
amin
ated
raw
prod
uct
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
- P
T 8
5
304
020
50
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
5 ca
terin
ges
tabl
ishm
ents
com
bina
tion
ofbr
eakd
own
ofH
AC
CP
and
cont
amin
ated
raw
prod
uct
(1)
: sm
all f
amily
out
brea
ks (
2-5
case
s)(2
) : S
. ent
eriti
dis
PT 1
9
Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovakia 2005 129