Slums WATSAN Waste

CONDITION OF BASIC SERVICES-WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND WASTEMANAGEMENT IN SLUMS OF DHAKA CITY: AN ASSESSMENT

SABRINA HOQUE

TASMIAH SARKER

TARNA FERDOUS KARIM UDOY

FATEMA JAHAN KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MAY 2013

CONDITION OF BASIC SERVICES-WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND WASTEMANAGEMENT IN SLUMS OF DHAKA CITY: AN ASSESSMENT

A Thesis/Project

Submitted by

SABRINA HOQUE Student No. 09.01.03.032

TASMIAH SARKER Student No. 09.01.03.029

TARNA FERDOUS KARIM UDOY Student No. 09.01.03.018

FATEMA JAHAN KHAN Student No. 09.01.03.003

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Under the supervision of

Dr. Abdullah Al-Muyeed

Associate Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MAY 2013

CONDITION OF BASIC SERVICES-WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SLUMS OF DHAKA CITY: AN ASSESSMENT

ii

DECLARATION

It is declared that except where specified by reference to other works, the studies

personified in this thesis are the result of assessment carried out by the authors.

Neither the thesis nor any part has been submitted to or is being submitted elsewhere

for any other purposes.

Signature of the students

1.

---------------------------------------------

(Sabrina Hoque)

2.

---------------------------------------------

(Tasmiah Sarker)

3.

---------------------------------------------

(Tarana Ferdous Karim Udoy)

4.

---------------------------------------------

(Fatema Jahan Khan)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to express their wholehearted gratitude to the Almighty firstly

for each and every achievement of their life.

The authors wish to express their deepest gratefulness to their honored supervisor Dr.

Abdullah Al-Muyeed, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), Dhaka. His vital

guidance, untiring efforts and thoughtful suggestions helped the authors at all stages

of this thesis work.

The authors would like to immensely thank their parents, their underlying love,

encouragement and support throughout their life and education. Without their

blessing, achieving this goal would have been impossible.

Authors would also like to thank all of their friends for their assistance, motivation

and judgment throughout the completion of this study.

iv

ABSTRACT

A slum is an adjoining settlement which grows haphazardly in an unwholesome

condition and where the residents are characterized as having inadequate housing and

basic services. The majority of urban residents of Dhaka city living in overcrowded

slums are often characterized by poor health conditions and livelihood opportunities.

To address the problems associated with the basic services, an informative study on

the number, structure and housing condition of slum, nature of slum people, income

patterns, and water supply at community or household level, thorough behavioral

practices in sanitary and waste disposal systems in the slums is recommended. A brief

summary about the findings of an external evaluation of the effectiveness of the basic

services-water supply, sanitation practice and waste management system of 26 slums

of Dhaka city has been represented in this paper by analyzing the census and survey

report. A scoring system ranging 0-5 was also introduced for easy understanding of

the overall scenario of the studied slums where 0 stands for most vulnerable and 5

specifies the best condition. The assessed data are interpreted in different maps

showing the state of the provided services.

Among the studied slums, Abdullahpur, Arambagh, Diabari, Bhasantek, Agargaon,

Bosila, and Bashbari slums are in the most vulnerable condition as no services are

adequately provided according to the number of living people. On the other hand,

Paris Road, Baonia Badh, Muktijoddha Abason and Rasel Square slums are in better

form with a score 4. Not a single slum is scored with 5 which signify that

improvement is needed in all the slums.

The conditions of the slums are analyzed using T-test, F-test and Z-test and non linear

regression analysis. T-test between existing population with available water source,

v

sanitation facility and waste management facility shows that these facilities are

insufficient as the value of t was found to be 0.59, 0.84 and 1.37 consecutively. But

according to analysis they should be at least 2.064. Therefore, if the number of these

service facilities increases or the number of population using those facilities

decreases, the services will become satisfactory.

According to F-table F must be 3.128123 for this analysis. But calculated F was only

2.3 which mean the services are not equally provided in all the slums.

For 5% confidence level Z can’t be more than 1.96; according to this principal

provided services for dwellers of one slum were compared with other slums and

slums with z lower than 1.96 were considered similar and higher than that were

identified as different. Analysis in the paper shows that 25% of water supply scenario

of the studied slum, sanitation practice scenario of Bhoran slum and waste

management scenario of Arambagh slum has resemblance with 40% and 24% of the

studied slums respectively. So development plans to improve these slums can be used

for other similar ones too.

The study ends up with the decision that the conditions of the service facilities are not

adequate in the slums of Dhaka city and a lot of works need to be done to improve the

facilities for making the slums in shape for the dwellers habitation.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents vi

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 1

1.2 Objective of the Study 2

1.3 Scope of the Thesis 3

1.4 Organization of the Thesis 3

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND STUDIES

2.1 Urbanization 4

2.2 Urbanization Trend in Bangladesh 4

2.3 Reasons of Urbanization in Bangladesh 6

2.4 Distribution of Urban Population in Bangladesh 7

2.5 Effects of Urbanization in Bangladesh 9

2.6 Scenario of Slums in Dhaka City 10

2.6.1 Housing Condition of Slum Dwellers 12

2.6.2 Employment Status of Slum Dwellers 13

2.6.3 Unsatisfactory Working Environment 14

2.6.4 Income and Expenditure 14

2.6.5 Assets of Slum Dwellers 16

vii

2.6.6 Food Consumption Rate 16

2.6.7 Literacy Scenario 18

2.6.8 Health Condition in Slum 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Site Selection and Characteristics 21

3.2 Data Collection System 24

3.3 Obligations in Data Collection 25

3.4 Description of Studied Slums 26

3.4.1 Bhoran Slum 26

3.4.2 Abdullahpur Slum 28

3.4.3 Sluice Gate Slum 30

3.4.4 Paris Road Slum 32

3.4.5 Baonia Badh Slum 34

3.4.6 Duaripara Slum 36

3.4.7 Arambagh Slum 38

3.4.8 Shialbari Slum 40

3.4.9 Muktijoddha Abason Slum 42

3.4.10 Godara Ghat Slum 44

3.4.11 Diabari Slum 46

3.4.12 Pora Slum 48

3.4.13 Kallyanpur Slum 50

3.4.14 Bhasantek Slum 52

3.4.15 Karail Slum 54

3.4.16 Karail Bangla Wall Slum 56

3.4.17 Begunbari Slum 58

viii

3.4.18 Malibagh Slum 60

3.4.19 Karwan Bazar Slum 62

3.4.20 Agargaon Slum 64

3.4.21 Agargaon Slum 66

3.4.22 Dhaka Udyan Slum 68

3.4.23 Bashbari Slum 70

3.4.24 Bosila Slum 72

3.4.25 Kaderiabad Slum 74

3.4.26 Rasel Square Slum 76

CHAPTER 4 STUDIED CONDITION IN THE SURVEYED SLUMS

4.1 Condition of Water supply Facility 78

4.1.1 An Overview of the Problems Associated with the Water Supply Facility91

4.2 Condition of Sanitation Practice 92

4.2.1 An Overview of the Problems Regarding the Sanitation Practice 97

4.3 Condition of Waste Management System 98

4.3.1 An Overview of the Problems Coupled with Waste Management 103

4.4 Picture of Studied Slums at a Glance 104

4.4.1 Scoring for General Condition (0-5) 104

4.4.2 Scoring for Water Supply (0-5) 104

4.4.3 Scoring for Sanitation Practice (0-5) 105

4.4.4 Scoring for Waste Management System (0-5) 106

ix

CHAPTER 5 STATISTAICAL ANALYSIS

5.1 T-Test (Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients) 113

5.1.1 Comparing Population with Available Water Source 114

5.1.2 Comparing Population with Available Sanitation Facility 115

5.1.3 Comparing Population with Available Waste Management Facility 117

5.2 Z-Test (Test Significance of Difference between Two Sample Proportions) 118

5.2.1 Water Supply Scenario of Studied Slums wrt Agargaon Slum 118

5.2.2 Sanitation Practice Scenario of Studied Slums wrt Agargaon Slum 122

5.2.3 Waste Management Scenario of Studied Slums wrt Agargaon Slum 122

5.3 F-Test (One Way Analysis of Variance) 123

5.3.1 F-test to understand the Relationship among the Studied Services

Provided in the Slums 124

5.4 Multiple Non-Linear Regression Analysis 126

5.4.1 Regression Analysis by Collected Data 126

CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGICAL IDEAS IMPROVING BASIC SERVICES

6.1 Rainwater Harvesting 135

6.2 Sanitation Blocks 137

6.3 VIP Latrines 138

6.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management 139

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 General 141

7.2 Findings 141

7.3 Recommendations 144

x

REFERENCES 145

APENDIX 146

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Considered parameters of the scenario of the slums in Dhaka city 11

Figure 2.2: Slums of Dhaka metropolitan area, 2005 20

Figure3.1: Stages followed in research methodology 25

Figure 3.2: Different scenarios of Bhoran Slum 27

Figure 3.3: Different scenarios of Abdullahpur Slum 29

Figure 3.4: Different scenarios of Sluice Gate Slum 31

Figure 3.5: Different scenarios of Paris Road Slum 33

Figure 3.6: Different scenarios of Baonia Badh Slum 35

Figure 3.7: Different scenarios of Duaripara Slum 37

Figure 3.8: Different scenarios of Arambagh Slum 39

Figure 3.9: Different scenarios of Shialbari Slum 41

Figure 3.10: Different scenarios of Muktijoddha Abason Slum 43

Figure 3.11: Different scenarios of Godara Ghat Slum 45

Figure 3.12: Different scenarios of Diabari Slum 47

Figure 3.13: Different scenarios of Pora Slum 49

Figure 3.14: Different scenarios of Kallyanpur Slum 51

Figure 3.15: Different scenarios of Bhasantek Slum 53

Figure 3.16: Different scenarios of Karail Slum 55

Figure 3.17: Different scenarios of Karail Bangla Wall Slum 57

Figure 3.18: Different scenarios of Begunbari Slum 59

Figure 3.19: Different scenarios of Malibagh Slum 61

Figure 3.20: Different scenarios of Karwan Bazar Slum 63

Figure 3.21: Different scenarios of Agargaon Slum 65

Figure 3.22: Different scenarios of Agargaon Slum 67

xii

Figure 3.23: Different scenarios of Dhaka Udyan Slum 69

Figure 3.24: Different scenarios of Bashbari Slum 71

Figure 3.25: Different scenarios of Bosila Slum 73

Figure 3.26: Different scenarios of Kaderiabad Slum 75

Figure 3.27: Different scenarios of Rasel Square Slum 77

Figure 4.1: Classification of water source 79

Figure 4.2: Tube well used as main water source 87

Figure 4.3: Tubewell used for bathing and washing 87

Figure 4.4: Illegal and unhygienic pipe connection 87

Figure 4.5: Shallow wells used for household chores only 87

Figure 4.6: River used for bathing and washing 87

Figure 4.7: Water usage in unhealthy condition 87

Figure 4.8: Queue to collect water 87

Figure 4.9: Collection of water 87

Figure 4.10: Pattern of sanitation latrine 93

Figure 4.11: Commonly used pit lartine 95

Figure 4.12: Coexistence of pit latrine and tube well 95

Figure 4.13: Communal toilets 95

Figure 4.14: Hanging latrine 95

Figure 4.15: Children excretion on open space 95

Figure 4.16: Water pollution due to improper sanitation 95

Figure 4.17: Solid waste disposal site type 99

Figure 4.18: Community waste collecting van 102

Figure 4.19: Scattering of waste near dustbin 102

Figure 4.20: Open space used for damping waste 102

xiii

Figure 4.21: Collecting household wastes 102

Figure 4.22: Blockage of drain due to wastage throw 102

Figure 4.23: Scavenger at dustbin 102

Figure 4.24: Population scenario of slums of Dhaka city 109

Figure 4.25: Water supply scenario of slums of Dhaka city 110

Figure 4.26: Sanitation practice scenario of slums of Dhaka city 111

Figure 4.27: Waste management system scenario of slums of Dhaka city 112

Figure 5.1: Water source scenario with respect to Agargaon slum 121

Figure 5.2: Sanitation availability with respect to Agargaon slum 122

Figure 5.3: Waste management system with respect to Agargaon slum 122

Figure 5.4: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, SF, WM) 128

Figure 5.5: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, SF) 129

Figure 5.6: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (SF, WM) 130

Figure 5.7: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, WM) 131

Figure 5.8: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS) 132

Figure 5.9: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (SF) 133

Figure 5.10: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WM) 134

Figure 6.1: Concept of rainwater harvesting 135

Figure 6.2: Rainwater collection process 136

Figure 6.3: Design of a sanitation block 137

Figure 6.4: Working process of a VIP latrine 139

Figure 6.5: Flowchart of an integrated solid waste management 140

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Growth of national and urban population in Bangladesh 5

Table 2.2: Reasons of Migration (as % of Total households) 7

Table 2.3: Number of slum and cluster between 1997 and 2005 census 8

Table 2.4: Housing structure (Percentage of households) 15

Table 2.5: Household monthly income pattern of Dhaka (percentage of households)15

Table 3.1: List of the slums 21

Table 3.2: About Bhoran Slum 26

Table 3.3: About Abdullahpur Slum 28

Table 3.4: About Sluice Gate Slum 30

Table 3.5: About Paris Road Slum 32

Table 3.6: About Baonia Badh Slum 34

Table 3.7: About Duaripara Slum 36

Table 3.8: About Arambagh Slum 38

Table 3.9: About Shialbari Slum 40

Table 3.10: About Muktijoddha Abason Slum 42

Table 3.11: About Godara Ghat Slum 44

Table 3.12: About Diabari Slum 46

Table 3.13: About Pora Slum 48

Table 3.14: About Kallyanpur Slum 50

Table 3.15: About Bhasantek Slum 52

Table 3.16: About Karail Slum 54

Table 3.17: About Karail Bangla Wall Slum 56

Table 3.18: About Begunbari Slum 58

Table 3.19: About Malibagh Slum 60

xv

Table 3.20: About Karwan Bazar Slum 62

Table 3.21: About Agargaon Slum 64

Table 3.22: About Agargaon Slum 66

Table 3.23: About Dhaka Udyan Slum 68

Table 3.24: About Bashbari Slum 70

Table 3.25: About Bosila Slum 72

Table 3.26: About Kaderiabad Slum 74

Table 3.27: About Rasel Square Slum 76

Table 4.1: Response from questioner survey for available water sources and its use 80

Table 4.2: Water Requirement for Different Domestic Purposes in the Slum 88

Table 4.3: Available sanitation facilities in slums of Dhaka 93

Table 4.4: Availability of sanitation facilities in the slums 96

Table 4.5: Solid waste disposal practice in Slum 99

Table 4.6: Details of numbering from 0 to 5 106

Table 4.7: Summary of numbering from 0 to 5 107

Table 5.1: Values of constants and significance among variables 127

Table 6.1: Rainwater treatments according to purpose of use 136

` 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In the consequences of economic development, urbanization is rapidly growing and as

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh that is the centre of economic, political,

technological systems is becoming more and more populated day-by-day. The Centre

for Urban Studies (CUS) 2005 slum survey found that, unlike other divisional capitals

in the country, whose slum dwellers were primarily from districts adjoining them,

Dhaka attracted significant migration from nearby 28 districts out of 64 in total. As a

result Dhaka has become the most populated city in Bangladesh.

Previous studies have shown that at least 60% population in Dhaka city lives under

poverty level and 37.5% of total population (JICA2005). Therefore, poverty has

become a critical urban problem in Dhaka city leading to mushrooming of unlawful

tenant settlements defined as slums. Urban poor people choose slums to live as a

cheap and affordable accommodation system. Because of their illegal status, slum

dwellers in Dhaka do not receive government services such as water supply, drainage,

sewerage and waste collection. The environmental conditions, especially water

pollution problems in slums arising from inadequate treatment of sewage, poor

drainage and inappropriate disposal of solid waste, are often terrible and worse than in

rural areas (Islam, N. et al., 1997). Consequently, informal settlements are

characterized by poor environmental conditions that influence their residents to poor

health outcomes.

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The situation of these slums is not satisfactory to anyone. According to the previous

thesis report, most respondents (89%) did not feel that they lived in a hygienic

environment, and (93%) felt that the slum had lead to disease or ill health in their

families. The most desirable place to live was felt to be in their village of origin

(57%), while others dreamed of living in higher-class places in the city (14%), a place

more quiet (14%) or free of mosquitoes (5%). Only (6%) a few were happy in their

current location. They described their major problems as- unclean latrine facilities

(30%), harassment by slum owners and need to pay bribes (10%), lack of employment

(32%), mosquitoes (86%), extreme heat (5%), lacking roof (11%), harassment of

women (7%), lack of available fuel or gas (17%) and lack of food(3%). Barriers

preventing to move to a more desirable location were stated as a lack of funds (91%),

inability to find work (10%), lack of government assistance (14%) and large family

size (1%).

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The overall objective is to assess the condition of 26 slums of Dhaka city. The

specific objectives are-

To assess the selected slums for basic services- water supply, sanitation

practice and waste disposal system.

To compare the assessed condition with the same from literature data.

To analyze the conditions of the slums statistically using T-test, F-test, Z-

test and non-linear regression analysis.

To interpret the data and findings using GIS tool.

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE THESIS

This study is an effort to understand the condition of basic service facilities-water

supply, sanitation supply and waste management system in different slums of Dhaka

city in these days; as well as to find out the overall environmental condition of the

slums. The information found in the thesis work helps to understand the condition of

the slums of Dhaka city. The findings can also play a vital role in the design and

implementation of development program activities of the assessed basic services and

will help directly in the further studies.

1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS

The report is organized to best represent and discuss the condition of basic service

facilities-water supply, sanitation supply and waste management system in different

slums of Dhaka city in these days, chapter 1 introduces a statement of the purpose and

scope of this thesis before entering the main studies and discussion. Chapter 2 is the

literature review which represents the historical background of developing slums in

Dhaka city as well as in Bangladesh due to urbanization, the problems to the

environment associated with the overgrowing slums. Chapter 3 is all about the

methodologies of the thesis work. Chapter 4 is the chapter discussing the problems

associated with the assessed basic service facilities in the studied slums. Chapter 5

describes the statistical analysis and regression analysis to express the condition of the

slums statistically. There are some GIS works to understand the conditions and the

findings at a glance for the convenience of the reader. Chapter 6 points out some

developing measures. Chapter 7 is the last chapter dealing with the conclusion which

includes all the findings from the investigation and some recommendations. At the

end, references are provided for the present study is also included.

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CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND STUDIES

2.1 URBANIZATION

Today’s world is recognized as urbanized world with more than half of the planet’s

population living in officially defined urban areas. Urbanization is the demonstration

of augmentation of urban areas demographically and physically as a result of

migration, natural raise in population and reclassification of rapidly developing rural

areas to cities. The process of urbanization creates opportunities for prosperity of a

country as well as facilitates concentrate poverty and environmental degradation.

2.2 URBANIZATION TREND IN BANGLADESH

The urban pattern in Bangladesh is assumed as an intense character. The Asian

Development Bank has recently labeled it as Cluster-based urban development around

one or more megacity or cities, as demonstrated by Dhaka, a mega-urban

agglomeration (Choe and Roberts, 2011). According to Table 2.1, at the beginning of

the last century; in 1901, only 2.43% of the total population of the present Bangladesh

areas of British India lived in urban areas. Urbanization received motion in terms of

the growth of urban population as well as urban centers after the Indian subcontinent

became independent of the British rule on 1947. There was a rapid rise in population

during the period 1951-1961 from 1.83 million to 2.64 million due to the large scale

migration of Muslims from India. A remarkable growth took place during the period

1961-1974, the increase being as high as 137.6%.

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The rural push factors toward the urban, caused by economic break down after the

liberation war and environmental disasters contributed significantly. Rate of natural

growth of population was also quite high. In 1974, the first census carried out by

Independent Bangladesh Government revealed that the urban population in the

country had increased to 8.9% from 5.2% in 1961. This rose to 15.5% in 1981. The

most important reason for a high inter-census change 110.7% during the period 1974-

1981 was the political administrative decision in shaping the quantitative

demographic status of urbanization rather than quality of urbanization. During the

period 1981-1991, a slower growth rate 5.4% has been observed compared to the

previous time interval. The total urban population increased to 28.6 million in 2001.

Table 2.1: Growth of national and urban population in Bangladesh

Censu

s

Year

Total

National

Populatio

n

(million)

Annual

Growth

Rate of

National

Populatio

n

(%)

Total

Urban

Populatio

n

(million)

Urban

Population

as % of

Total

Population

(Level of

Urbanization

)

Decadal

Increase

of Urban

Populatio

n

(%)

Annual

(Exponenti

al

Growth

Rate of

Urban

Population

%)

1901 28.2 _ 0.70 2.43 _ _

1911 31.65 0.94 0.80 2.54 14.96 1.39

1921 33.25 0.60 0.87 2.61 8.85 0.84

1931 35.60 0.74 1.07 3.01 22.20 2.00

1941 41.99 1.70 1.54 3.66 43.20 3.59

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1951 44.17 0.50 1.83 4.34 18.38 1.58

1961 55.22 2.26 2.64 5.19 45.11 3.72

1974 76.37 2.48 6.00 8.87 137.57 6.62

1981 89.91 2.32 13.56 15.54 110.68 10.03

1991 111.45 2.17 22.45 20.15 69.75 5.43

2001 123.1 1.47 28.61 23.10 37.05 3.25

Source: Government of Bangladesh: Bangladesh Population Census. Census 1991-

BBS, 2003 1981; Report on Urban Areas, 1997 and Preliminary Report Population.

Only the total population figure is available so far for the 2011 census (the revised

count) which has been stated to be 150.4 million.

2.3 REASONS OF URBANIZATION IN BANGLADESH

A great number of poor people migrate from village to the divisional cities of the

country in expectation of better income facilities, livelihood and other purposes. In the

slum census of 1997 it was attempted for the first time to find out the key reasons of

migration which is shown in the Table 2.2. From the found result it can be seen that

among the eight reasons found for migration, 39.53% of slum households came to the

urban area for seeking job followed by unsatisfactory income. Both PUSH and PULL

factors have contributed to migration in Bangladesh, but it is widely acknowledged

that PUSH factors – especially lack of job opportunities or land erosion – have been

the main contributing factors to migration (Opel 2000; Siddiqui, Ahmed et al 2000;

Islam 2005).

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Table 2.2: Reasons of migration (as % of Total households)

Reason % of Total households

River erosion 17.2

Uprooted 12.53

Driven out 2

Abandoned 1.22

Insufficient income 19.97

Insecurity 2.43

For job 39.53

Others 5.12

Total 100

Total slum households 334431

Source: Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997, BBS 1999

2.4 DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION IN

BANGLADESH

More than half of the urban population lives in the four largest cities of Bangladesh-

Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna. However, Dhaka alone attracts 300,000 to

400,000 new migrants each year as it is the capital city and considered as economic,

political and administrative heart of the country (World Bank 2007). Its population is

predictable to arrive at an outrageous number 22 million by the year 2015 according

to UN (1984). This would make Dhaka, the 6th largest megacity in Asia by 2015.

According to the report of the Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997,

the largest number of slums was situated in Dhaka city followed by 100-Paurashavas

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and 14 cities respectively. While in 2005, Dhaka remained the first followed by

Chittagong, Rajshahi SMA and Sylhet accordingly. Additionally, the report confirmed

that, 1579 slums and clusters were situated in Dhaka SMA whereas this figure

reached at 4966 in 2005 with an extensive increase of slums. The percentages of these

numbers recorded as 52.9 and 54.9 respectively.

Between 1997 and 2005, the percentages of slum in Chittagong SMA, Khulna SMA

and Sylhet fluctuated in the range of 5 to 11. In 2005 census, 641 slums found in

Rajshahi SMA while it was only 84 in 1997. This information is given in the Table

2.3.

Table 2.3: Number of slum and cluster between 1997 and 2005 census

City 1997 % of

Total

2005 % of

Total

Dhaka Mega City 1579 52.79 4966 54.9

Chittagong SMA 186 6.22 1814 20

Khulna SMA 202 6.75 520 5.7

Rajshahi SMA 84 2.81 641 7.1

Barisal * 351 3.9

Sylhet ** 756 8.3

14 Cities 293 9.8 *** ***

100 Paurashavas 647 21.63 *** ***

Total 2991 100 9048 100

Source: Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997, BBS 1999; Slum of

Urban-Bangladesh, Mapping and Census 2005 by CUS

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*Included with Khulna** Included with Chittagong*** Not coverage

The data from the above table assure that, the expansion of slums is not confined only

to divisional cities but also in the urbanized areas and Paurashavas.

The 2001 Population Census revealed rural-urban population distribution was 77:23.

In recent years, rural-urban migration has increased steadily. Expert opinion is that

current rural-urban population distribution is 73:27. In spite of this, almost 85% of the

rural migrants absorbed in the four main cities are continuously overcrowding these

cities, threatening the ecology and complicating the task of managing the urban life.

2.5 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION IN BANGLADESH

Urbanization is assumed to be advantageous for the development of today’s world. A

2005 study on migration and poverty in Asia by the International Organization for

Migration notes that “even if migrant jobs are in the risky informal sector, the gains to

be made can be several times higher than wages in rain-fed agriculture.” Many slum

dwellers are in fact entrepreneurs, they try to change the condition of their own as

well as others by undertaking various commercial projects. Individually, the women

get benefits in terms of skill, self confidence, increasing interests, access to financial

activities for the family, fitness in public affairs, set up own status in the family

matters and in the community. Overall urbanization enhances women’s

empowerment.

Although there are some positive aspects, the negative aspects of urbanization

overshadow those positive factors. The major reason behind it is the concentration of

economic, social, political and administrative forces of a country in the cities

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magnetizes both rich and poor people. This situation contributes to certain adverse

effects of urbanization particularly mass poverty. Urban poverty is the typical feature

of cities in Bangladesh. The World Bank (2007) reports the human development

situations in urban areas are either stagnating or actively deteriorating. In 2005, nearly

35% of Bangladesh’s urban population lived in low-income settlements or slums,

across its six city corporations (CUS et al 2006).

The awful situation is more so for the capital city Dhaka where 70% people live

below the poverty line. They are the most deprived sector with respect to obtaining

basic urban facilities and lacking access to clean drinking water and working toilets,

surrounded by desperations and crimes. According to a census in late 1990s, only

26% of the urban population was served by piped water and only 11% had access to

adequate excreta disposal facilities. The environmental conditions, especially water

pollution problems arising from inadequate treatment of sewage, poor drainage and

inappropriate disposal of solid waste, are often horrifying and worse than in rural

areas (Islam, N. et al., 1997).

However there is a need for proper management systems of urbanization for

sustainable development of the most important cities of the country in the long run.

2.6 SCENERIO OF SLUMS IN DHAKA CITY

The entry of people in Dhaka city has forced low-income clusters to live in slums.

About 60% of the total populations in Dhaka city are considered as rolling stone

where more than 65% of the migrant people live in slum areas. The physical condition

of slums is characterized by high density living, continuous threat of eviction,

inappropriate consumption of public resources, lack of basic services, unhygienic and

polluted environment, great illiteracy rate, unemployment, under-employment, crime,

` 11

drug addiction, social, moral and psychological degradation and poor health. Severe

outbreak of fire caused by carelessness and lack of awareness turning slums to ashes

and killing people has become a common feature in the newspapers on recent days.

The detailed scenario of the slums of Dhaka city parameters can be considered as

shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Considered parameters of the scenario of the slums in Dhaka city

Scenario of Dhaka city Slum

1. Housing condition of

slum dwellers 2.

Unsatisfactory working

environment

3. Employment

status of slum

dwellers

4. Income and

expenditure

5. Assets of slum

dwellers

6. Food consumption

rate

7. LIiteracy

Scenario

8. Health condition in

Slum

` 12

2.6.1 HOUSING CONDITION OF SLUM DWELLERS

As the people of slum live under the poverty line, their housing structure is very poor.

The walls and roofs of such houses are generally made of straw leaves, Gunny bag,

polythene paper, bamboo. A tin shed house or even a decrepit old building may be

added where ventilation, drinking water, electricity and sewerage facilities are absent.

Though from the outside, such housing structures may look primarily like residential

areas, row upon row of linked tin sheds squeezed tightly together on top of poorly-

serviced land is hardly suitable for a healthy life standard. Some of the houses are

placed below the general ground level of Dhaka city and these places and houses get

flooded badly during rainy season. The average population in each house or room of

almost every slum is 4-7 which makes their life congested and miserable.

According to the Report of the Slum Census 1997, as shown in Table 2.4, Jhupri

dominate housing structured by capturing the highest portion 41.41%. In 2005, 44.8%

households lived in Kutcha housing followed by Semi pucca 42.4% and Old buildings

1.1% respectively.

Table 2.4: Housing structure (Percentage of households)

Housing structure 1997 2005

Jhupri/Shacks/Mud 41.41 11.3

Bamboo structures/Tong 0 0

Tin shed 28.33 0

Tong 8.57 0

Chhai 17.69 0

Pucca 0.91 0

` 13

Semi pucca 3.09 42.4

Kutcha flimsy structure 0 44.8

Dilapidated old buildings 0 1.1

Others/Better quality 0 0.5

Total 100 100

Source: Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997, BBS 1999; Slum of

Urban-Bangladesh, Mapping and Census 2005 by CUS

2.6.2 EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF SLUM DWELLERS

The urban poor have no permanent employment in the city to manage their lives.

Almost all the newcomers to the city join the informal sectors. Most of the males are

involved in various informal jobs as rickshaw-puller, day laborer, street vendor,

construction worker and small businessman. And the female works as made-servant in

domestic works and garments worker in production works. Many women also work as

day laborer at half of the wages of male laborers. Wages are generally low, though

domestic work appears to be the lowest pay. Child laborers are often found living in

either street sides or slum. These children are generally found to work as scavengers,

brick breaker laborers, vehicle conductors etc. In the poorest households with child

workers, earnings from the children are significant, representing about one third of

total household income.

The Slum Census Report 1986 figured out that, 40.98% of the slum population was

employed where 65.53% was male and 11.91% was female while 59.02% people

including children and student was unemployed due to no specific job. The reported

` 14

data claimed that unemployment rate is very high among the slum population and the

unemployed people usually engaged in begging.

2.6.3 UNSATISFACTORY WORKING ENVIRONMENT

The working environment of slum people is not satisfactory from the view of finance

and security. These people work in very unsafe environment where they are at risk of

injury or death. A significant portion of the slum residents specially the women and

girl children are subjected to harassment and gender discrimination. The maid-

servants, garments workers face verbal, physical and sexual harassment. But they

generally do not protest or complain against such harassments because of their

vulnerability and fear of losing their jobs.

2.6.4 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

Generally the expense is always greater than the earning of insolvent people. The

rates of income, wage and productivity are very low among the urban poor. As they

are involved in low paid jobs in informal sectors of work they are unable to earn more

despite their efforts. Their income range starts from 1500-5000 per month. The

household monthly income of Tk. 5,000 was estimated as the urban poverty line for

May 2005 by the CUS study team on the basis of urban poverty line per capita income

of TK.906 (or tk. 4344 for an average urban household) for May 2004 determined by

the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and presented in its “Preliminary Report of

the Poverty Monitoring Survey, 2004”. According to Table 2.5, 85.5% slum people

lived below poverty line with 19.6% people incoming 2001-3000tk, 34.5% people

incoming 3001-4000tk, 27.6% people incoming 4001-5000tk and 3.8% people

` 15

incoming less than 2000 tk. On the other hand, only 14.6% of households had the

income greater than tk.5000.

Table 2.5: Household monthly income pattern of Dhaka (percentage of

households)

Income range

(tk.)

<2000 2001-

3000

3001-

4000

4001-

5000

>5000 Total

Househo

ld

% of household 3.8 19.6 34.5 27.6 14.6 637883

Source: Slum of Urban-Bangladesh, Mapping and Census 2005 by CUS

The rate of expenditure in poor households is low because they earn little. Study

shows a 10′*10′ room costs about tk.1000 or more. They also need to pay bills for

electricity, water and gas. Electricity cost is considered as 150-200 taka per point.

Water cost is about 5-10 taka for every 10 liter water pitcher and if it is water tap, the

cost is fixed as 150-200 taka per tap for a month. So, it can be said that, a greater

proportion of their earning goes in rent and paying bills and the rest they spend for

food. They never have extra money to buy anything apart from their absolute needs.

Still sometimes halfway through month they face shortage of money and are forced to

borrow money from others or foods from shops, which just adds to their burden.

` 16

2.6.5 ASSETS OF SLUM DWELLERS

The people of urban slum have low cost household assets. Due to their low level of

income they cannot afford better things or assets for their living conditions. The

average market value of the assets of poor households is 7254.24Tk (Previous thesis

report). But there is a wide difference among poor households in terms of the market

value of household assets. In most of the households there are a few low cost goods

which are essential for urban living such as- low quality beds in their houses (while in

some households the poor sleep on the ground). The value of these beds is generally

low. In most of the households, there are low cost cooking utensils with an average

value is 1034.8Tk. Only a very few have some low cost furniture in their households.

The rate of people who can afford their own television and radio/tape recorder in their

households is very low. The slum residents do not owe any means of entertainment or

better life standard. Studies show that the slum people usually buy second hand things

at low cost and organize those things by themselves. Many of slum houses have

sewing machines which also help them to save and earn some extra money.

2.6.6 FOOD CONSUMPTION RATE:

The “food system” in Bangladesh is rapidly changing. Changes are taking place in the

patterns of consumption and expenditure in urban and rural areas in terms of:

Market purchases versus own production;

The commodity base of diets;

A long term tendency towards a growing role of international trade in food

commodities, and hence greater influence of trade policies and international

prices on domestic prices;

` 17

More processing of food commodities outside the immediate producing or

consuming households

The expansion of the retail sector. These latter developments may be

providing substantial growth in income opportunities for poorer households as

processors and traders. Also changes in the food system are expected to have

important nutritional implications for the general population, particularly for

the poor.

Given their reliance on food purchases – as well as facing higher costs – urban

households are more vulnerable to food price increases. In light of the recent food

price crisis, policy makers need to take a stronger urban focus. Poverty is often deeper

or more widespread in rural areas, disproportionate attention to rural dwellers is

probably misplaced: while rural dwellers are net food producers (and where they sell

additional crops or livestock, may actually benefit from price increases), the urban

poor are net purchasers of food, and food purchases account for the majority of their

expenditures.

The urban poor are far away from having a proper meal a day let alone healthy one.

They buy food items like rice, cereals, lentils, potatoes and vegetables at a low cost

from retail shops located in their neighborhoods. They mostly consume rice with

lentils, potatoes or vegetables, as these are relatively cheap. The vegetables they eat

are mostly leftovers in the markets or stale ones and lentils might have some insects in

them. They just wash them before cooking and don’t bother about the food value in

them. The average intake of expensive items like meat or fish, milk and fruit are very

rare. In short, the urban poor mainly avoid expensive goods. These higher cost of

living means that national poverty lines underestimate the extent of urban poverty.

` 18

2.6.7 LITERACY SCENARIO

Literacy refers to the ability to write a letter. The highest literacy level of the slum

people is generally secondary school certified. According to the Slum Census Report

1997 the literacy rate of slum population was 14.35%. Usually the garments workers

and mechanics are a little bit educated. For others being able to signature own name is

quite enough. But during the recent years a rapid development of educational system

throughout the whole country has carried some significant changes toward the slum

areas also. Many of the illiterate parents have started sending their children to primary

schools near the slum area. But some people do not recognize the necessity to send

their children to school because of being poor, illiterate and need of more earning by

way of child employment. And that is why it is seen that when children of the city are

found going to the schools, slum children are found collecting waste papers, dry

leaves and wood pieces from the road side. So there is a very few possibilities of

education access to slum areas till now and this no access to education means, the

poor will in turn become poorer and thus poverty of one generation will be transferred

to the next generation.

2.6.8 HEALTH CONDITION IN SLUMS

The slum dwellers are bound to live in a place which is environmentally not good.

The poor environmental conditions are mainly responsible for various diseases in the

urban slums. Children and women in slums frequently suffer some form of

malnutrition, such as- low birth weight, wasting, underweight, iodine deficiency and

anemia. Levels of malnutrition among infants living in the slums are much higher

than those in the rural areas. In urban slums, most of the parents receive either

` 19

incorrect or no information about proper feeding practices to their children. This lack

of information contributes to high infant and child mortality rates. Studies have shown

that while mothers living in slums often have a poor absorption of nutrition.

According to a study by the International Centre for Diarrhea Disease Research,

Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) 90% of respondents “sometimes” experience hunger and

only 10% said “never”. When slum dwellers were asked whether their family ate a

balanced, nutritious diet, 94% responded in the negative. In Bangladesh, 41% of

children fewer than five years are moderately or severely suffer underweight and

43.2% suffer from moderate or severe stunting, which is an indicator of chronic

malnutrition, as per the recent Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS).

So it can be said that the overall scenario of urban slum is not healthy and not in a

standard condition compared to general urban society and even rural area. Huge

number of major problems and strong disabilities are associated with the slum

conditions and environment both socially and economically. However, the slum

people cope with these adverse situations having adopted different strategies in their

households. They adopt different strategies through their household to survive in the

city as they have limited access to the existing economic and social systems.

Moreover, some government organizations and NGOs have been working together for

decades to achieve a standard of living condition of the slum dwellers, but as a whole

the result is not still satisfactory.

` 20

Figure 2.2 shows the slums of Dhaka metropolitan area in the year 2005.

Source: Slum of urban Bangladesh, Mapping and Census 2005 by CUS

Figure 2.2: Slums of Dhaka metropolitan area, 2005

UTT ARA

KH ILKH ETM IR P U R

BAN ANI

KAR AIL

BAD DA

GU L SH A N

MOHAMM ADPURRAMPUR A

D H AN M O N D I

H AZ AR IB AGKAM LAP U R

JA

TR

AB

AR

IBur ig a

nga R

iver

Slum area.shp

DMP Boundary

Water Body

DCC Boundary

Water Body

Union BoundaryN

EW

S

SLUMS OF DHAKA METROPOLITAN AREA,2005

` 21

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 SITE SELECTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

A case study methodology is conducted to examine the general environmental

scenario of 26 slums of Dhaka, megacity of Bangladesh between 2011 and 2012.

Though slums under the study were chosen randomly from different study reports,

most of the selected slums are located in Mirpur because Mirpur is the most populous

area of Dhaka city. Some of these slums are very old but most of them are relatively

new or temporary settlement. These slums grow with the availability of work in

nearby areas i.e. places near bus stand or garments factory. This research design was

used in order to shed light on the unique characteristics of different slum locations,

their population, environmental condition, water supply condition, sanitation system,

waste disposal side and moreover their total living condition. A field survey

conducted on the slums of Dhaka city revealed that lack of municipal services like

water, sanitation and waste disposal facilities make these areas almost unfit for human

settlement. The names and area of the slums are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: List of the slums

No.

of

slum

DCC

ward

no.

Name of

Slum

Name of area Remarks

1 1 Bhoran Bostee Uttara Previous report

2 1 Abdullahpur Uttara Previous report

` 22

Bostee

3 1 Sluice Gate

Bostee

Uttara, Sector-9 Field Survey

4 3 Paris Road

Bostee

Pallabi, Mirpur-10 Field survey

5 5 Baonia Badh

Bostee

Pallabi, Mirpur Field survey

6 6 Duaripara

Bostee

Pallabi, Mirpur Previous report

7 6 Arambagh

Bostee

Rupnagor, Pallabi Field survey

8 7 Shialbari

Bostee

Mirpur Previous report

9 8 Muktijoddha

Abason Bostee


10 8 Godara Ghat

Bostee

Mirpur-1 Field survey

11 9 Diabari Bostee Diabari Previous report

12 10 Pora Bostee Kallyanpur, Mirpur Field survey

13 12 Kallyanpur

Bostee

Kallyanpur, Mirpur Previous report

14 15 Bhasantek

Bostee


15 19 Karail Bostee Karail, Gulshan Previous report

` 23

16 20 Karail Bangla

Wall Bostee

Gulshan Field survey

17 22 Begunbari

Bostee

Begunbari, Tejgaon Previous report

18 35 Malibagh

Bostee

Malibagh Previous report

19 39 Karwan Bazar

Bostee

Karwan Bazar Previous report

20 41 Agargaon

Bostee

Agargaon Previous report

21 41 Agargaon

Bostee

Agargaon Field survey

22 43 Dhaka Udyan

Bostee

Adabor, Mohammadpur Field survey

23 46 Bashbari

Bostee

Mohammadpur Field survey

24 46 Bosila Bostee Mohammadpur Previous report

25 46 Kaderiabad

Bostee

Mohammadpur Previous report

26 51 Rasel Square

Bostee

Rasel Square Previous report

` 24

3.2 DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

A cross-sectional study design was used and 10 samples of around 7000 households

(confidence level 5%) were selected for collecting information. From the household, a

liable respondent was interviewed who was a resident of the selected household aged

18 years or above. Questionnaires were administered to the selected households to

obtain information on the available water sources, major source of drinking and

domestic water, whether drinking water was boiled, and the perceptions of possible

sources of water contamination in the area, method of human waste and solid waste

disposal, type of toilet and waste disposal or collection facility. Data of rest of the 16

slums has been taken from a thesis report previously done by another group of

department of Civil Engineering, AUST. A similar type of survey was conducted and

data were collected in the very same procedure. Questionnaires were processed

carefully in order to take notes on comments or suggestions made by respondents and

interviewees. Then these collected data, including the data provided were

accumulated and tests were conducted to statistically analyze the situation from

different perspectives. Results of the statistical analysis conclude the needs to improve

the facilities and to improve inter-connection between non-governmental

organizations (NGO) and Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) in improving the overall

condition of the existing water, drainage, sewerage, and waste collection facilities.

A scaling system was developed for easy understanding of the scenario of these

slums. The scale ranges from 0 to 5; where zero stands for most vulnerable and 5

dictates better service facilities. An extensive preliminary investigation of 26 slums

was carried out. The research shows that approximately one-third of the city

population currently live in slums, developable land in the selected areas of the city

` 25

have undergone significant development and urbanization and rest of them is being

rapidly filled by slums.

Therefore the whole data processing consisted of sorting, editing and tabulation of

quantitative data.

The following flow-chart summarizes the research methodology that was followed for

this thesis:

Figure3.1: Stages followed in research methodology

3.3 OBLIGATIONS IN DATA COLLECTION

The main problem faced while collecting data were that the dwellers answers were

unclear. They were not very sure of the amount of service they are getting or existing

facilities. The obtained answers varied from one person to another. Another problem

was about the total population living in respective slums. The primary information

was collected from different study reports but the dwellers living there were not able

to confirm that. Satellite images were very helpful in identifying slums and producing

maps but as those are very small areas and are visually obscured, so it was rather

difficult to determine the exact location of these slums.

Summarizing

Research

Findings

Data

Interpretation

Data

Tabulation and

Analysis

Data/information

Collection and

Processing

Primary and

Secondary

Sources

` 26

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF STUDIED SLUMS

3.4.1 BHORAN SLUM

Bhoran slum is located near Hazir Mazar in Tongi, Uttara. People here are involved in

occupations like rickshaw pulling, worker in garments or industries and a very few

street hawkers. Their monthly income is between 4000tk – 5000tk. The average

family member here is about 6-8 in each household.

Water borne diseases are acute among the dwellers here. People here mainly use

water from tube wells and a very few from DCC water tap which is far away from

most of the tenants home. Though they use tube well water but unhealthy

environment is the main reason behind their illness. Table 3.2 summarizes the

information and Figure 3.2 shows different scenarios about Bhoran Slum.

Table 3.2: About Bhoran Slum

Slum Name Bhoran Slum

DCC ward No. 01

Number of Households 1300

Population 12000

Available Water Source 11

Sanitation Facility 30

Waste Disposal Site 2

` 27

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO

WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO

Figure 3.2: Different scenarios of Bhoran Slum

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BHORAN

BOSTEE

WARD-1

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255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

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W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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BOSTEE

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WARD-1

BHORAN

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

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BOSTEE

WARD-1

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32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

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W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 28

3.4.2 ABULLAHPUR SLUM

Abdullahpur slum is situated in one of the low cost area of Dhaka city in the bank of

Turagh River near the Abdullahpur Bridge. Almost 75% inhabitants of this slum live

in vulnerable condition. More than 50% tenants here are garments workers and only a

few are rickshaw puller or street hawker. Their average income per month is between

5000tk-7000tk and like other slums their income is not enough compared to their

needs.

Water supply and sanitation facilities are very poor in this slum. Though DWASA

supplies water here but still they mostly depend on nearby water bodies. Dustbins are

nowhere to be seen here. It is very unfortunate that this slum is deprived of basic

facilities provided by DCC, NGO‟s or other associations. Table 3.3 summarizes the

information and Figure 3.3 shows different scenarios about Abdullahpur Slum.

Table 3.3: About Abdullahpur Slum

Slum Name Abdullahpur Slum

DCC ward No. 01


Population 2500




` 29

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.3: Different scenarios of Abdullahpur Slum

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BOSTEE

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S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

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87

88

89

90

ABDULLAHPUR

BOSTEE

WARD-1

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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910 11

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3132

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4243

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5657

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6768

69 70

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74 75

7677

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79

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82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-1

ABDULLAHPUR

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 30

3.4.3 SLUICE GATE SLUM

This slum is situated beside the Ashulia Road and at the end of the sector 9 and sector

10 of Uttara Model Town. Most of the tenants are garments workers or rickshaw

pullers or day laborers. Their average income per month is between 5000tk-7000tk.

The house rent is 1000tk-100tk. They do not have electricity and gas supply. There

are only & tube-wells supplied by DWASA which are not sufficient. People face

problems while collecting water because the supplies are at quite distances from their

house. People use hanging latrines by which the lake is getting polluted. There are 5

community latrines (3tk per use) but usually people do not like to use latrines by

means of cost. Though sector community collects the waste, people throw wastages

on the open spaces. This slum is deprived of facilities provided by DCC, NGO’s or

other associations. Table 3.4 summarizes the information and Figure 3.4 shows

different scenarios about Sluice Gate Slum.

Table 3.4: About Sluice Gate Slum

Slum Name Sluice Gate Slum

DCC ward No. 01


Population 10000




` 31

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.4: Different scenarios of Sluice Gate Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

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8

910 11

12 13

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69 70

71

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74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-1

SLUICE GATE

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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910 11

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69 70

71

72

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74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-1

SLUICE GATE

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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5

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7

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910 11

12 13

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3132

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-1

SLUICE GATE

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

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7

8

910 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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3132

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5657

58

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65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-1

SLUICE GATE

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 32

3.4.4 PARIS ROAD SLUM

The slum is located near the Benaroshi Palli of Mirpur-10. Most of the people living

here earn their livelihood by working at Benaroshi Palli, others are garments workers

or rickshaw pullers or street hawkers. The house rent is 1000tk-1200tk. They pay

electricity bill as 200tk per light or fan. They also have gas supply. They live under

better condition than other slums dwellers. There are 30 metered DWASA connection

and about 100 tap supplies. The community agents come to take the wastages. They

also have a dustbin and throw wastages on the open spaces less than others. The road

beside the slum is quite clean. However they do not have any communal latrines.

Table 3.5 summarizes the information and Figure 3.5 shows different scenarios about

Paris Road Slum.

Table 3.5: About Paris Road Slum

Slum Name Paris Road Slum

DCC ward No. 03


Population 28000




` 33

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.5: Different scenarios of Paris Road Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

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8

9 10 11

12 13

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3132

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4546

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69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

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81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

PARIS ROAD BOSTEE

WARD- 3

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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9 10 11

12 1314

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20 21

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303132

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55

5657

5859

6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

PARIS ROAD BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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27

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3132

33

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40 37

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4243

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4950

51

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53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

PARIS ROAD BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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16

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18

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20 21

22

23

24

25

26

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30

3132

33

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

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4950

51

52

53

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55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

PARIS ROAD BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 34

3.4.5 BAONIA BADH SLUM

Though slum is never a good place to lead life, the situation is less bad in this slum.

Some NGO’s and other organizations have provided some services and developed the

roads and waste disposal system. Therefore, environment here is more comfortable.

More importantly people here are conscious about their surroundings. Here most

people work in the Benaroshi Palli or work as housemaids or earn by rickshaw

pulling. They pay house rents, electricity bills to live here to the land lords. People

here do not have the best of everything but are quite happy about their current

situation. Table 3.6 summarizes the information and Figure 3.6 shows different

scenarios about Baonia Badh Slum.

Table 3.6: About Baonia Badh Slum

Slum Name Baonia Badh Slum

DCC ward No. 05


Population 50000




` 35

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.6: Different scenarios of Baonia Badh Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 1314

15

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20 21

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4243

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5859

6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD- 5

BAONIA BADH BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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7

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9 10 11

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68

69 70

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74 75

7677

78

79

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84

85

86

87

88

8990

BAONIA BADH BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 1314

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20 21

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2425

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5859

6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BAONIA BADH BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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9 10 11

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5657

5859

6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BAONIA BADH BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 36

3.4.6 DUARIPARA SLUM

It is another slum in Mirpur. Like other slum of Mirpur it has got water problems.

There are small water bodies nearby but they are so polluted that they can’t use them.

Moreover shallow tube wells are not also safe for drinking purposes. So there is

always queue in water collection spot from dawn to dusk. Sometimes they even

quarrel about who came first, who came second or who take more, who take less.

Living in problems 24*7 has depressed them so much that they curse and fight over

every petty issue.

The slum is quite dirty both from inside and outside. There is only one dustbin in site

which is bulging with garbage but the authority doesn’t even bother to think about

cleaning it. Table 3.7 summarizes the information and Figure 3.7 shows different

scenarios about Duaripara Slum.

Table 3.7: About Duaripara Slum

Slum Name Duaripara Slum

DCC ward No. 06


Population 20000




` 37

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.7: Different scenarios of Duaripara Slum

"8

1

2

3

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5

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9 10 11

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74 75

7677

78

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81

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84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-6

DUARIPARA

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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7677

78

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87

88

89

90

WARD-6

DUARIPARA

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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69 70

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72

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74 75

7677

78

79

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82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-6

DUARIPARA

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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7677

78

79

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81

82

83

84

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89

90

WARD-6

DUARIPARA

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 38

3.4.7 ARAMBAGH SLUM

The slum is located at the end of Rupnagor, Pallabi and beside the Ashulia-Mirpur

Lake. This is a low lying area. The area of the slum is not fixed; people illegally fill

the lake and build house on it. Therefore water bodies are decreasing day by day.

Moreover people throw wastages on the water bodies and thus the water bodies are so

polluted that people cannot use them. Sanitation condition is very bad in this slum.

Living problems are very high, therefore people curse and fight over every petty

issue. The slum is quite dirty both from inside and outside. The slum is completely

deprived from the facilities provided by different organizations. Table 3.8 summarizes

the information and Figure 3.8 shows different scenarios about Arambagh Slum.

Table 3.8: About Arambagh Slum

Slum Name Arambagh Slum

DCC ward No. 06


Population 30000




` 39

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.8: Different scenarios of Arambagh Slum

"8

1

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69 70

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74 75

7677

78

79

80

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82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-6

ARAMBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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7677

78

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88

89

90

WARD-6

ARAMBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-6

ARAMBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-6

ARAMBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 40

3.4.8 SHIALBARI SLUM

It is another slum in Mirpur. Though there is lesser no. of waste disposal site but still

the slum is pretty clean. Like other slum dwellers in Mirpur, here most people work in

garments factories. Young girls are often harassed on their way to factories by local

mustangs and by supervisors in factories. They are not paid well compared to the job

they do. Their parents can’t even stop sending them there because it is a good income

source to run their household and don’t dare to say anything to these mustangs as the

consequences of that will be much worse.

Dwellers here get water from tube wells placed inside slums or from DWASA water

taps which is a bit far for some but accessible. Their sanitation system is not totally

worse but improvement might make their life better. Table 3.9 summarizes the

information and Figure 3.9 shows different scenarios about Shialbari Slum.

Table 3.9: About Shialbari Slum

Slum Name Shialbari Slum

DCC ward No. 07


Population 25500




` 41

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.9: Different scenarios of Shialbari Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-7

SHIALBARI

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

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19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-7

SHIALBARIBOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-7

SHIALBARI

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD-7

SHIALBARI

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 42

3.4.9 MUKTIJODDHA ABASON SLUM

It is a slum in Mirpur. Though most of Mirpur slums are dirty and congested but this

slum is quite clean and service provided is satisfactory. Dwellers here get enough

water for their day to day need. Sanitation system is also okay but the latrines are not

very safe.

It was most surprising that there is no definite waste disposal site but the slum and its

surrounding area is rather clean. People there carry their waste to dispose in dustbin or

sometimes DCC vans collect them.

People there are much solvent and send their children to nearby government school.

There are a lot of garments factories in this area, so, most inhabitants here are

garments worker. They have to work for long hours to live a decent life. Table 3.10

summarizes the information and Figure 3.10 shows different scenarios about

Muktijoddha Abason Slum.

.

Table 3.10: About Muktijoddha Abason Slum

Slum Name Muktijoddha Abason Slum

DCC ward No. 08


Population 18000




` 43

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.10: Different scenarios of Muktijoddha Abason Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 1314

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

3031

32

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

W AED - 8

MUKTIJODDHA ABASAONBOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8


N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

3031

32

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8


N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8


N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 44

3.4.10 GODARA GHAT SLUM

It is another slum in Mirpur-1 which is also a low lying area. This slum is located at

the East side of the Zoo Lake. Most of the people are rickshaw puller or garments

workers. The living standard is below the standard. The water and sanitation facilities

are not sufficient according to the population. They use stolen electricity. The

environment both inside and outside of the slum is very dirty, people throw wastages

here and there. Most of the people live under poverty, so there are lots of crimes

inside the slum. Table 3.11 summarizes the information and Figure 3.11 shows

different scenarios about Godara Ghat Slum.

Table 3.11: About Godara Ghat Slum

Slum Name Godara Ghat Slum

DCC ward No. 08


Population 12000




` 45

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.11: Different scenarios of Godara Ghat Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 1314

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

3031

32

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

W AED - 8

GODARA GHAT BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8

GODARA GHAT BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

3031

32

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8

GODARA GHAT BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WAED - 8

GODARA GHAT BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 46

3.4.11 DIABARI SLUM

It is a slum in Mirpur, though water is everywhere around the slum dwellers but they

couldn’t use it, because that is way beyond worse. Here young kids suffer from

various water borne diseases and the rate of child death of various diseases are high.

Adults also suffer from these diseases but they do not have enough money to support

their family let alone afford treatment. Dwellers of this place buy water from local

water lords at a price of price of 2tk each pitcher. But their poor earning does not let

them purchase enough water according to their need. So sometimes for lack of money

their condition forces them to use water from shallow tube wells which is far away

and moreover unsafe.

There is no definite waste disposal site or more accurately the whole area looked like

a dumping site. Tenants throw their wastes where-ever they like and now heaps of

wastes are all over the slum. Table 3.12 summarizes the information and Figure 3.12

shows different scenarios about Diabari Slum.

Table 3.12: About Diabari Slum

Slum Name Diabari Slum

DCC ward No. 09


Population 15200




` 47

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.12: Different scenarios of Diabari Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

DIABARI BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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3132

33

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40 37

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4243

444546

47

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4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

DIABARI BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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27

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3132

33

34

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36

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

DIABARI BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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17

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20 21

22

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2425

26

27

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30

3132

33

34

35

36

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39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

DIABARI BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

` 48

3.4.12 PORA SLUM

This slum is located on a Government owned place. People here illegally without

paying any house rent. People earn their livings by working as maids or street

hawkers or rickshaw pullers. There are no DWASA supplies. They use number of

water taps supplied illegally from the houses around. There is a dustbin near the slum

but people do not like to dispose waste at the dustbin, they throw wastes on the open

spaces. The sanitation facilities are also very bad. Most of the children do not go to

school. Table 3.13 summarizes the information and Figure 3.13 shows different

scenarios about Pora Slum.

Table 3.13: About Pora Slum

Slum Name Pora Slum

DCC ward No. 10


Population 30000




` 49

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.13: Different scenarios of Pora Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

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2425

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27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 10

PORA BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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9 10 11

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20 21

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2425

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3132

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4243

4445

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51

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5657

58

59

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 10

PORA BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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19

20 21

22

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2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

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36

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39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 10

PORA BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

W ARD - 10

PORA BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

` 50

3.4.13 KALLYANPUR SLUM

This slum was situated centering a bazaar, as most of the dwellers here are small

vendors of this slum. Most middle aged women here work as housemaids, whereas

young girls work in garments factories. The slum is relatively bigger and was in a

rather bad shape.

But in recent years NGO‟s and the ward commissioner has taken different steps to

improve their situation. Now, most of them use sanitary latrines and use water from

DWASA. The no. of facilities might not be enough but the dwellers are pretty happy

now about their situation.

The DCC dustbin is situated just outside the slum. May be that is why the slum is

rather lean. DCC has appointed several young man and boys of this slum who collect

waste from houses of this ward. This in turn has influenced the slum dwellers to

dispose wastes in dustbins. As the slum is comparatively clean and dwellers use safe

water people here are less prone to disease. Table 3.14 summarizes the information

and Figure 3.14 shows different scenarios about Kallyanpur Slum.

Table 3.14: About Kallyanpur Slum

Slum Name Kallyanpur Slum

DCC ward No. 12


Population 100000




` 51

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KALLYANPUR

BOSTEE

WARD - 12

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

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20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KALLYANPUR

BOSTEE

WARD - 12

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

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4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KALLYANPURBOSTEE

WARD - 12

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KALLYANPURBOSTEE

WARD - 12

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 52

Figure 3.14: Different scenarios of Kallyanpur Slum

3.4.14 BHASANTEK SLUM

This slum is located beside Dhaka Cantonment. Here most of the dwellers work as

housemaids or in different industries nearby. The monthly income of most of the

respondents is not enough to lead life in Dhaka city let alone healthy. When asked

why they live here, they said the situation of their villages is worst.

Heaps of garbage are here everywhere and sanitation system is equally bad. Though

there are several water bodies but those are not quite useable. But in times of scarcity

they can’t help but get along with what they can have rather than nothing. Table 3.15


Bhasantek Slum.

Table 3.15: About Bhasantek Slum

Slum Name Bhasantek Slum

DCC ward No. 15


Population 130000




` 53

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.15: Different scenarios of Bhasantek Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

BHASANTEK BOSTEE

WARD - 15

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

BHASANTEK BOSTEE

WARD - 15

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

BHASANTEK BOSTEE

WARD - 15

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

42

43

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

BHASANTEK BOSTEE

WARD - 15

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 54

3.4.15 KARAIL SLUM

Karail slum is situated in the northern side of Mohakhali - Gulshan road of Dhaka

City. The history of this area dates back to 1961. Through a long line of illegal

captures and evictions, the land is now unlawfully owned by most of the dwellers. As

a result of this illegitimate cycle of transfer of ownership, dwellers here live under

constant fear of eviction. It is one of the largest and poorest slums of Dhaka. In

addition to the instability of residence, the illegal ownership makes it impossible to

establish any infrastructure for resources. There is no gas line connection and

sanitation facilities are rather poor. Lack of a clean water supply causes the majority

of the residents to suffer from diseases, like- diarrhea, cholera, fever, cough and cold

etc. Different kinds of families were observed in this slum, some big with 8-10

members while some of 3-4. Their situation is so vulnerable that one blow and they

are shaken to their very core. Many studies have been done over this slum but their

situation as still the very same as before. Table 3.16 summarizes the information and

Figure 3.16 shows different scenarios about Karail Slum.

Table 3.16: About Karail Slum

Slum Name Karail Slum

DCC ward No. 19


Population 120000




` 55

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.16: Different scenarios of Karail Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

303132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

KARAIL BOSTEE

W ARD - 19

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

KARAIL BOSTEE

WARD - 19

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

3031

32

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KARAIL BOSTEE

WARD - 19

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

KARAIL BOSTEE

WARD - 19

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 56

3.4.16 KARAIL BANGLA WALL SLUM

The slum is situated at the right side of the T&T School of Gulshan. This is the one of

the most densely populated slums of Dhaka city. There are metered pumps supplied

by DWASA and a large lake beside the slum. But the supply water is not sufficient

according to the population, so people have established tube-wells on their own cost.

Also they use water of the lake beside for washing purpose. At the same time they

have built some hanging latrines over the lake by which the lake water is getting

polluted continuously. Often different organizations visit the slum and provide

different facilities but people do not willingly accept them. However, the

environmental conditions do not get developed. Table 3.17 summarizes the

information and Figure 3.17 shows different scenarios about Karail Bangla Wall

Slum.

Table 3.17: About Karail Bangla Wall Slum

Slum Name Karail Bangla Wall Slum

DCC ward No. 20


Population 35000




` 57

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.17: Different scenarios of Karail Bangla Wall Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

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2425

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27

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30

3132

33

34

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41

4243

4445

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51

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55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

W ARD - 20

KARAIL BANGLA W ALL BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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303132

33

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40 37

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4243

4445

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51

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53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD - 20

KARAIL BANGLA WALL BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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17

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20 21

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2425

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303132

33

34

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667 68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD - 20


N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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27

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3132

33

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4243

4445

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51

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5657

58

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6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 20


N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 58

3.4.17 BEGUNBARI SLUM

Begunbari slum was one of the biggest slums of Dhaka city. But to establish

Hatirjheel project it was evicted many times in last 3 years. Now here small land

owners has made several tin shade rooms and rent them to the evicted dwellers at a

high price. The most interesting thing about this slum is no one is sure about the

actual owner of this land but still the house owner claims it to be theirs. The average

members of households here are about 6-8. Most tenants here are rickshaw pullers and

garments workers. Their monthly income is about 5000tk- 7000tk. Since 1993 DCC is

working to improve the situation of this slum. Water AID is specially working here to

improve the water and sanitation facility. Despite all this efforts they don’t get fresh

water provided by DCC because it is far away from their houses and is always

crowded. So they mostly use water from “Begunbari Khal” or tube wells for their

daily needs. Sanitation facility is way worse than water. As the slum is situated near

the khal so use of hanging latrines are acute in here. Table 3.18 summarizes the

information and Figure 3.18 shows different scenarios about Begunbari Slum.

Table 3.18: About Begunbari Slum

Slum Name Begunbari Slum

DCC ward No. 22


Population 5500




` 59

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.18: Different scenarios of Begunbari Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

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2425

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30

3132

33

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41

4243

4445

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51

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5657

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6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BEGUNBARIBOSTEE

WARD - 22

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

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16

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19

20 21

22

23

2425

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27

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29

30

3132

33

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40 37

41

4243

4445

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51

52

53

54

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5657

5859

6061

62

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64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BEGUNBARIBOSTEE

WARD - 22

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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3132

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5657

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

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74 75

7677

78

79

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81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BEGUNBARI

BOSTEE

WARD - 22

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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12 1314

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3132

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4243

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5657

58

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6061

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63

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

BEGUNBARIBOSTEE

WARD - 22

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 60

3.4.18 MALIBAGH SLUM

This slum is located near Malibagh railway station. Scarcity of water is a severe

problem here. There is no specific water collection point and women have to carry

water from distant DWASA water source as the nearby water of water bodies is not

usable. A few tube wells were found at slum sight but most are not functioning and

the dwellers are not well-off enough to spend money repairing them. The tenants here

are paying rent, possibly to local mustangs - informal landlords, gang leaders, etc -

even though the land belonged neither to this group nor the inhabitants. Dwellers

know it, but they can’t stop paying them, otherwise they will face several problems.

Sanitation facility is comparatively better than water supply facilities in this slum.

People there are comparatively satisfied by the services they are getting but these are

not enough for a healthy life. Table 3.19 summarizes the information and Figure 3.19

shows different scenarios about Malibagh Slum.

Table 3.19: About Malibagh Slum

Slum Name Malibagh Slum

DCC ward No. 35


Population 5000




` 61

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.19: Different scenarios of Malibagh Slum

"8

1

2

3

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5

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8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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303132

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4243

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65 6667 68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD -35

MALIBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard Area

W ard Boun dary

W ater Bod y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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9 10 11

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3132

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4243

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5657

58

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6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD -35

MALIBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

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16

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19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

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3132

33

34

35

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

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4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD -35

MALIBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

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19

20 21

22

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2425

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27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

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4950

51

52

53

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55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD -35

MALIBAGH

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 62

3.4.19 KARWAN BAZAR SLUM

Karwan Bazaar is Dhaka’s biggest whole sale market. This slum was build centering

this market. By years it expanded and now it has become one of the prime slums in

Dhaka. Most of the houses here are situated in either side of the railway track.

Majority of this slum is over the land owned by Bangladesh Railway Authority. Most

dwellers here are small vendors or rickshaw pullers. Life here is immensely

miserable. It is hard to find permanent sanitation facility. This place is not at all safe

to lead a livelihood but people here doesn’t have a choice either. Children play all day

on rail tracks without anyone to watch over them.

To collect drinking water most of the women go through a long distance and fetch

water from DWASA provided tap but for other household chores they use shallow

tube-wells water. In most cases people use pit latrines for defecating. The dustbins of

this area are always over loaded with garbage but cleaning service providers are not

sincere about it. Table 3.20 summarizes the information and Figure 3.20 shows

different scenarios about Karwan Bazar Slum.

Table 3.20: About Karwan Bazar Slum

Slum Name Karwan Bazar slum

DCC ward No. 39


Population 10000




` 63

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO

WASTE MANAGEMENT

SCENARIO

Figure 3.20: Different scenarios Karwan Bazar of Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

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2425

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3132

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41

4243

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5657

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6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 39

KARW AN BAZAR BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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9 10 11

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20 21

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3132

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4243

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55

5657

58

59

6061

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63

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65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 39

KARWAN BAZAR BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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17

18

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20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 39

KARW AN BAZAR BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

444546

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 39

KARWAN BAZAR BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 64

3.4.20 AGARGAON SLUM

Years back, it was one of the largest slums in Dhaka city and was well known for all

sorts of illegal drug activities. Over the years the slum was evicted many times and

now only a few people live here. Though the population of this slum has decreased to

a greater extent but still it is not a healthy place to live in, as, water availability,

sanitation problems are still acute in this slum. Here, people live in shanties and

always in the fear of eviction. Most of the dwellers (male) here are rickshaw pullers or

mechanics in road side garages. Table 3.21 summarizes the information and Figure

3.21 shows different scenarios about Agargaon Slum.

Table 3.21: About Agargaon Slum

Slum Name Agargaon Slum

DCC ward No. 41


Population 510




` 65

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.21: Different scenarios of Agargaon Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

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29

30

3132

33

34

35

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40 37

41

4243

4445

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51

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55

5657

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6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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5

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9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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3132

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40 37

41

4243

4445

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51

52

53

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55

5657

58

59

6061

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63

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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15

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17

18

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20 21

22

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2425

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27

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29

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3132

33

34

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40 37

41

4243

4445

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48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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18

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20 21

22

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2425

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27

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3132

33

34

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40 37

41

4243

4445

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4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

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65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 66

3.4.21AGARGAON SLUM

This is one of the worst slums we have visited. People here live the under poverty

line. The facilities are not sufficient to meet the standard need of the living. Different

types of crimes occur often. Parents cannot afford to send their children to school. The

environment is not favorable. The DWASA supplies are not sufficient to meet the

water needs. The sanitation system is not hygienic also. People throw wastes here and

there and often get attacked by diseases. Table 3.22 summarizes the information and

Figure 3.22 shows different scenarios about Agargaon Slum.

Table 3.22: About Agargaon Slum

Slum Name Agargaon Slum

DCC ward No. 41


Population 10000




` 67

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.22: Different scenarios of Agargaon Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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3132

33

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41

4243

4445

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51

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5657

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6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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9 10 11

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20 21

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3132

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65 6667

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69 70

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74 75

7677

78

79

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81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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5

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7

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9 10 11

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20 21

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2425

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3132

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4243

4445

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48

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51

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5657

58

59

6061

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON

BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

3

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5

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7

8

9 10 11

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2425

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3132

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40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 66

6768

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

WARD - 41

AGARGAON BOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 68

3.4.22 DHAKA UDYAN SLUM

This is quite a better conditioned slum. The slum people live in one storied brick

house and pay the house rents to the land lords. There are sufficient supplies to the

slum provided by the DWASA. The tenants pay the water bills as well as the

electricity bill to the landlord. But the sanitation system is not sufficient in

comparison with the other two utilities. Though the community vans come to take the

wastes, people throw wastes on the roads and open spaces. So the environment is not

healthy. Table 3.23 summarizes the information and Figure 3.23 shows different

scenarios about Dhaka Udyan Slum.

Table 3.23: About Dhaka Udyan Slum

Slum Name Dhaka Udyan Slum

DCC ward No. 43


Population 10500




` 69

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.23: Different scenarios of Dhaka Udyan Slum

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

12 13

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20 21

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2425

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3132

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41

4243

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5657

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

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74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

W ARD - 43

DHAKA UYAN BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

"8

1

2

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9 10 11

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20 21

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3132

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4243

444546

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5657

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65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

767778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8990

WARD - 43

DHAKA UYAN BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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767778

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8990

WARD - 43

DHAKA UYAN BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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767778

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8990

WARD - 43

DHAKA UYAN BOSTEE

N

EW

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32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 70

3.4.23 BASHBARI SLUM

The whole slum is established over a pond. There are tube-wells provided by the

Governments but they are not sufficient to fulfill the water requirement. The pond

below is so dirty because people throw wastes on the pond. Not only there is not a

single dustbin. So people cannot utilize the pond water. Moreover, there is always

queue in the collection spot from dawn to dusk. Sometimes they even quarrel about

who come first, who come second or who take more, who take less. The sanitation

system is also very bad. People use hanging latrines. Overall the environmental

condition of the slum is beyond description. Table 3.24 summarizes the information

and Figure 3.24 shows different scenarios about Bashbari Slum.

Table 3.24: About Bashbari Slum

Slum Name Bashbari Slum

DCC ward No. 46


Population 12000




` 71

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.24: Different scenarios of Bashbari Slum

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7677

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W ARD - 46

BASHBARIBOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

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7677

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WARD - 46

BASHBARIBOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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69 70

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7677

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WARD - 46

BASHBARIBOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

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69 70

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74 75

7677

78

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83

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89

90

WARD - 46

BASHBARIBOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 72

3.4.24 BOSILA SLUM

People living in Bosila slum are generally poor; their monthly income is not enough

to fulfill their fundamental needs. The monthly incomes of family members are

altogether between 5000tk -6000tk, which in insufficient to run household of 8-10

members. Here, most dwellers, men and women both work in different garments

factories. They accept that life is very hard to lead here but their condition in villages

was equally bad or in some cases worst. They came here by the influence of their

relatives, who live in this slum and do the similar work.

Though the no. of latrines and sources of water are comparatively more than other

slums but most of them are not hygienic. Here, people collect DWASA water for

drinking and other chores or sometimes also use shallow tube wells. They seldom use

water from nearby water bodies. Table 3.25 summarizes the information and Figure

3.25 shows different scenarios about Bosila Slum.

Table 3.25: About Bosila Slum

Slum Name Bosila Slum

DCC ward No. 46


Population 2500




` 73

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.25: Different scenarios of Bosila Slum

"8

1

2

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5

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12 13

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74 75

7677

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90

W ARD - 46

BOSILABOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

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7677

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90

WARD - 46

BOSILABOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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7677

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89

90

WARD - 46

BOSILABOSTEE

N

EW

S

>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

"8

1

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69 70

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74 75

7677

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87

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89

90

WARD - 46

BOSILABOSTEE

N

EW

S

32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 74

3.4.25 KADERIABAD SLUM

Kaderiabad slum is one of the oldest slums in Dhaka city. The slum is situated at Bijli

Moholla Road near Zeneva Camp in Mohammadpur. The slum was evicted many

times but the illegal tenants do not leave the place. When asked they gave the same

answer that they have no other place to go. Some of the tenants are so old that they do

not even remember for how many years they are living in this slum. Now their sons

and daughters married and live here too. It is like a big extended family living in same

place sharing same fate.

By the help of NGO‟s they have the opportunity to use DWASA water but their

sanitation facilities are yet to be improved. Most of the residents here are street

hawkers or day laborers and they earn 4000tk -6000tk per month. Table 3.26


Kaderiabad Slum.

Table 3.26: About Kaderiabad Slum

Slum Name Kaderiabad Slum

DCC ward No. 46


Population 12500




` 75

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.26: Different scenarios of Kaderiabad Slum

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74 75

7677

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90

W ARD - 46KADERIABAD BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

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WARD - 46KADERIABAD BOSTEE

N

EW

S

>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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N

EW

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>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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N

EW

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32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 76

3.4.26 RASEL SQUARE SLUM

Slum is never a good place to lead life. But compared to other slums the population is

much lesser and situation is less bad in here. The provided services are not adequate

but at least much better than others compared to the population getting them.

Environment here is more livable. More importantly people here are conscious about

their surroundings. The slum is lot cleaner and children are less prone to diseases.

Here women mostly work as housemaids in different affluent people’s house and are

paid very well. So, the man of the house doesn’t have to take greater share of the

family expenses. They have the option to work things out. Majority of the parents

send their young children to schools. Like other slums they pay rents to live here to

the land lords unlike to the local mustangs. People here don’t have the best of

everything but they are quite happy about their current situation. Table 3.27

summarizes the information and Figure 3.27 shows different scenarios about Rasel

Square Slum.

Table 3.27: About Rasel Square Slum

Slum Name Rasel Square Slum

DCC ward No. 51


Population 5000




` 77

POPULATION SCENARIO

WATER SCENARIO

SANITATION SCENARIO


Figure 3.27: Different scenarios of Rasel Square Slum

"8

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W ARD - 51

RASEL SQUARE BOTEE

N

EW

S255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W at er B od y

R oa d

LEGEND

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WARD - 51

RASEL

SQUARE

BOTEE

N

EW

S>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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WARD - 51

RASEL SQUARE

BOTEE

N

EW

S>2 39"8

144 -239"8

72-1 43"8

24-7 1"8

12-2 3"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

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WARD - 51

RASEL SQUARE

BOTEE

N

EW

S32-4 0"8

24-3 1"8

16-2 3"8

8-15"8

0-7"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

Roa d

LEGEND

` 78

CHAPTER 4

STUDIED CONDITION IN THE SURVEYED SLUMS

The basic need of a human being is food, clothe and shelter. Now-a-days education

has been added with these. But the people who live in slum areas are already in the

scarcity of basic needs which made their living environment poor and unhygienic.

Moreover, lack of education helps their problems and surroundings remain same,

even worse in some cases.

Bangladesh has been developed a lot in civilization and urbanization. Therefore, the

cities especially Dhaka city has been developed significantly with the rapid growth of

population. But still there are so many problems associated with the environment in

slum areas, which is not a negligible part of this city, even a major portion of today’s

urbanized Dhaka city.

We studied 26 major slums of Dhaka city, where we focused on the problems

associated with the water supply, sanitation and waste management system.

4.1 CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLY FACILTIY

Studies show that millions of urban poor in Dhaka city do not have legal access to

water. Legal, financial and institutional obligations do not allow formal agencies such

as Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) and Dhaka City

Corporation (DCC) to consider squatter settlements as legal entities eligible for basic

urban water supply. Present water supply conditions have been investigated during the

field survey in the selected slums. Most of the water sources used in the slum i.e.

water taps, tube wells and wells located either inside or outside the slum areas are

` 79

installed by Dhaka City Corporation and various NGOs. Some shallow tube wells are

constructed and financed by the inhabitants or personally by tenants. Some water

supply connections are from one or more residential buildings, which is illegal and

people of slums need to buy water from the owner of that building. Consequently, the

slum dwellers spend much of their time and resources buying water from local water

lords, offices, factories, and other sources. This is so because the very poor of the

slums do not have enough money to pay the metropolitan authority’s water bills make

full use of the system.

The classification of water source found in the slums of Dhaka city as WASA Supply,

Pond, River/ Lake/ Ditch, Tube well and well is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Classification of water source

People use this water in domestic and drinking purpose without boiling and filtering.

The response of the people for available water sources for different domestic purposes

is presented in Table 4.1.

Water Source

WASA

Supply Pond

River/ Lake/Ditch

Tube Well Well

` 80

Table 4.1: Response from questioner survey for available water sources & its use

Slum name Purpose

of water

use

WASA

supply

Pond River/

Lake/

Ditch

Tube

well

Well Use of

safe

water

source

Bhoran Slum DRINKING 10 1 1 0 0 10

Abdullahpur

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

10

1

1

0

0

10

Sluice Gate

Slum

DRINKING 03 0 1 0 0 03

Paris Road

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

03

0

1

0

0

03

Baonia Badh

Slum

DRINKING 7 1 1 0 0 7

Duaripara

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

7

1

1

0

0

7

Arambagh DRINKING 30 0 0 12 0 42

` 81

Slum

Shialbari

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

30

0

0

12

0

42

Muktijoddha

Abason Slum

DRINKING 1000 0 0 0 2 1000

Godara Ghat

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

1000

0

0

0

2

1002

Diabari Slum DRINKING 14 1 0 0 0 06

Pora Slum WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

14

1

0

0

0

06

Kallyanpur

Slum

DRINKING 0 0 1 200 0 200

Bhasantek

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

0

0

1

200

0

200

Karail Slum DRINKING 23 0 0 0 0 23

` 82

Karail

Bangla Wall

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

23

0

0

0

0

23

Begunbari

Slum

DRINKING 28 2 0 0 0 16

Malibagh

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

28

2

0

0

0

16

Karwan

Bazar Slum

DRINKING 6 0 1 12 1 19

Agargaon

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

6

0

1

12

1

19

Agargaon

Slum

DRINKING 02 0 1 0 0 02

Dhaka Udyan

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

02

0

1

0

0

02

Bashbari

Slum

DRINKING 30 0 0 80 0 110

` 83

Bosila Slum WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

30

0

0

80

0

110

Kaderiabad

Slum

DRINKING 26 0 0 0 0 26

Rasel Square

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

26

0

0

0

0

26

Bhoran Slum DRINKING 30 0 0 0 0 30

Abdullahpur

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

30

0

0

0

0

30

Sluice Gate

Slum

DRINKING 24 1 0 0 0 24

Paris Road

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

24

1

0

0

0

25

Baonia Badh

Slum

DRINKING 3 0 1 90 0 93

` 84

Duaripara

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

3

0

1

90

0

93

Arambagh

Slum

DRINKING 11 1 0 0 0 11

Shialbari

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

11

1

0

0

0

11

Muktijoddha

Abason Slum

DRINKING 05 0 0 0 0 05

Godara Ghat

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

05

0

0

0

0

05

Diabari Slum DRINKING 6 0 0 0 0 6

Pora Slum WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

6

0

0

0

0

6

Kallyanpur

Slum

DRINKING 7 0 0 0 0 7

Bhasantek WASHING

&

` 85

Slum HOUSING

CHORES

8 0 0 0 0 8

Karail Slum DRINKING 6 0 0 0 0 6

Karail

Bangla Wall

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

6

0

0

0

0

6

Begunbari

Slum

DRINKING 50 0 1 20 0 70

Malibagh

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

50

0

1

20

0

71

Karwan

Bazar Slum

DRINKING 20 0 1 0 0 20

Agargaon

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

20

0

1

0

0

20

Agargaon

Slum

DRINKING 16 0 1 0 0 16

Dhaka Udyan

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

16

0

1

0

0

17

` 86

Figure 4.2 – 4.9 show different water supply scenarios in the slums of Dhaka city in

the next page.

CHORES

Bashbari

Slum

DRINKING 23 0 0 0 0 23

Bosila Slum WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

23

0

0

0

0

23

Kaderiabad

Slum

DRINKING 12 0 0 0 0 12

Rasel Square

Slum

WASHING

&

HOUSING

CHORES

12

0

0

0

0

12

` 87

Figure 4.2: Tube well used as main

water source

Figure 4.3: Tubewell used for bathing

and washing

Figure 4.4: Illegal and unhygienic pipe

connection

Figure 4.5: Shallow wells used for

household chores only

Figure 4.6: River used for bathing and

washing

Figure 4.7: Water usage in unhealthy

condition

Figure 4.8: Queue to collect water

Figure 4.9: Collection of water

` 88

The water consumption for different purposes estimated from the field survey is

presented in Table 4.2 together with minimum water requirement for various domestic

purposes. The water consumption rate for domestic purposes in the studied slums

mostly matches the required rate of consumption. According to the respondents water

sources are inadequate to meet their requirements.

Table 4.2: Water Requirement for Different Domestic Purposes in the Slum

Slum Name

Water Consumption (lpcd) Water Requirement in Bangladesh

(lpcd)

Drinking Cooking Bathing Washing Drinking Cooking Bathing Washing

Bhoran

Slum

3 5 15 9

Abdullahpur

Slum

2 3 6 5

Sluice Gate

Slum

3 5 26 8

Paris Road

Slum

4 5 14 12

Baonia

Badh Slum

5 7 20 15

Duaripara

Slum

3 4 8 7

` 89

Arambagh

Slum

3 5 12 9

3-4

3-6

10-26

8-10

Shialbari

Slum

2 3 10 5

Muktijoddh

a Abason

Slum

2 5 7 7

Godara

Ghat Slum

5 2 15 11

Diabari

Slum

1 2 5 4

Pora Slum 5 4 14 10

Kallyanpur

Slum

4 6 20 10

Bhasantek

Slum

4 5 24 10

Karail Slum 3 5 26 8

Karail

Bangla Wall

Slum

6 7 22 14

` 90

Begunbari

Slum

2 4 12 5

Malibagh

Slum

Karwan

Bazar Slum

4 3 24 10

Agargaon

Slum

4 6 14 10

Agargaon

Slum

4 6 16 9

Dhaka

Udyan Slum

5 5 16 9

Bashbari

Slum

6 5 18 11

Bosila Slum 4 5 10 9

Kaderiabad

Slum

5 5 15 6

Rasel

Square

Slum

4 6 10 10

` 91

4.1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

THE WATER SUPPLY FACILITY

Although the available water sources in the slums are not sufficient to fulfill

the water requirement of the slum people, several sources were observed to be

inoperative due to lack of maintenance.

Some caretakers or community programme committees allow insolvent slum

people some access to water supply, the most the slum people can expect is a

couple of pots of water for drinking and cooking. They have to buy water

(e.g.: 2tk per liter) for each purpose which is tough for these poor people to

afford.

It was found that, if the very poor people cannot pay for the use of authorized

water facilities, they use any other available water source. For example, public

standpipes (hydrants) provided by the Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority

have water that is free to slum dwellers, but they are usually placed at the edge

of a slum so most of the people who use them must walk long distances and

wait in long queues.

Illegal connections to the Water and Sewerage Authority pipelines are created

by some people in all or most of the slum areas which creates scarcity of water

in other authorized areas.

Generally, the slum people don’t face any problem using water in case of

bathing and washing. But sometimes the water from tap contains bad smell &

insects.

` 92

Being health unconscious, the slum people do not boil or filter the water

before drink. As a result, they suffer from various waterborne diseases such as

diarrhea, cholera and so on.

Due to the limitation of water source, some people take bath once in every two

or three days which is very unhygienic.

People get involved in arguments and fights while collecting water or paying

for water.

In recent years, several programs have been undertaken by various DCC &

NGO’s and other organizations to diminish the water supply problem in the

slum and recommend the inhabitants for using safer water for day to day

chores; as a result, use of safe water for domestic purpose have increased. But

still the use of unsafe pond and river water for washing, bathing and other

works can be seen.

4.2 CONDITION OF SANITATION PRACTICE

Miscellaneous condition can be seen while investigating the state of sanitation

facilities in the selected slums in Dhaka city. In most of the slums City

Corporation has taken measure to build latrines; though the number might not

be adequate but the situation is definitely improving. But still in some places

the situation is as worse as ever and the condition of sanitation practice is

miserable. The commonly available sanitation facilities include pit latrine,

hanging latrine, slab over drain and open space. Pit latrine is the most

commonly used and feasible option of sanitation because of it easy

construction and less expense. Most of the pit latrines were traditional,

whereas the rest were ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP latrines). In

general, more solvent households tend to use private household latrines.

` 93

Poorer households make more use of cluster or community latrines– i.e.

shared latrines with 1–5 booths connected to a septic tank or to the main sewer

system. DCC has promoted several sanitation improvement projects which

include construction of communal sanitation latrines. For the detailed and

corresponding condition of slum sanitation practice, the pattern of sanitation

as Single, Communal, Hanging and Open sanitation practice in slum areas is

shown in Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.10: Pattern of sanitation latrine

The available number of sanitation facilities in the selected slums according to the

respondents and found during field survey is shown in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Available sanitation facilities in slums of Dhaka

Slum name No. Of

household

Single Communal Hanging Open

Bhoran Slum 1300 10 0 15 5

Abdullahpur Slum 400 20 0 10 0

Sluice Gate Slum 1600 5 3 4 0

Paris Road Slum 6000 30 0 0 50

Baonia Badh Slum 10000 1000 0 0 0

Duaripara Slum 4000 20 5 10 5

Arambagh Slum 5000 500 0 20 0

Sanitation Latrines

Single Communal Hanging Open

` 94

Shialbari Slum 5100 10 5 10 5

Muktijoddha Abason

Slum

3500 20 3 10 3

Godara Ghat Slum 2500 24 8 0 18

Diabari Slum 2940 40 0 10 0

Pora Slum 4000 200 10 0 0

Kallyanpur Slum 10000 38 6 0 0

Bhasantek Slum 18000 40 4 1 0

Karail Slum 40 24 8 12 20

Karail Bangla Wall

Slum

6000 50 3 10 12

Begunbari Slum 750 10 0 20 0

Malibagh Slum 850 15 0 0 0

Karwan Bazar Slum 20 10 6 8 0

Agargaon Slum 102 5 0 7 0

Agargaon Slum 1200 10 2 0 2

Dhaka Udyan Slum 1400 6 4 0 2

Bashbari Slum 1500 0 6 8 0

Bosila Slum 40 14 8 28 14

Kaderiabad Slum 1100 20 0 10 5

Rasel Square Slum 850 20 0 0 0

Figure 4.11-4.16 show different sanitation practice scenarios in the slums of Dhaka

city in the next page.

` 95

Figure 4.11: Commonly used pit lartine

Figure 4.12: Coexistence of pit latrine

and tube well

Figure 4.13: Communal toilets

Figure 4.14: Hanging latrine

Figure 4.15: Children excretion on open

space

Figure 4.16: Water pollution due to

improper sanitation

` 96

However, in congested slums, because of space limit opportunities for installing

latrines and low average household incomes, three or four households almost always

share a latrine, whether sanitary or not. The Table 4.4 shows that the dependency on

latrines varies widely from one slum to another. But generally the condition is very

unhygienic and people face terrible health and environment pollution in all the studied

slums.

Table 4.4: Availability of sanitation facilities in the slums

Slum Name Population No. Of latrines Dependence

per latrine

Bhoran Slum 12000 30 400

Abdullahpur Slum 2500 30 85

Sluice Gate Slum 10000 12 835

Paris Road Slum 28000 80 350

Baonia Badh Slum 50000 1000 50

Duaripara Slum 20000 40 500

Arambagh Slum 30000 520 60

Shialbari Slum 25500 30 850

Muktijoddha Abason

Slum

18000 36 500

Godara Ghat Slum 12000 50 240

Diabari Slum 15200 50 304

Pora Slum 30000 210 145

Kallyanpur Slum 100000 44 2280

Bhasantek Slum 130000 45 29000

` 97

Karail Slum 120000 64 1875

Karail Bangla Wall

Slum

35000 75 470

Begunbari Slum 5500 30 185

Malibagh Slum 5000 15 340

Karwan Bazar Slum 10000 24 420

Agargaon Slum 510 12 43

Agargaon Slum 8000 14 572

Dhaka Udyan Slum 10500 12 875

Bashbari Slum 12000 14 860

Bosila Slum 2500 74 35

Kaderiabad Slum 12500 35 360

Rasel Square Slum 5000 20 250

4.2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS REGARDING THE

SANITATION PRACTICE

Insufficiency of water and negligence of slum people for cleanliness,

unhygienic condition and foul odor are the most common problems in slum

sanitation practice. In both rural and urban areas, the cost of installing sanitary

latrines is often mentioned as a reason for not using the hygienic latrines.

Where ground water is used as a source of domestic water, use of pit latrines is

not recommended because the two are incompatible unless the water table is

extremely low and soil characteristics are not likely to contribute to

` 98

contamination of ground water. But during the field survey it was observed

that both pit latrines and shallow tube wells coexisted in most of the slums.

The commonly used guideline is that the well should be located in an area

higher than and at least 15 m from the pit latrines and should be at least 2 m

above the water table. However, the congestion in the slums of Dhaka city

does not allow for adequate distance between the wells and the pit latrines,

which allows micro-organisms to migrate from fecal contents into the

underground water sources.

Hanging latrines contaminate water of pond, ditches and lakes along the

latrines. And this leads serious hazardous to human health.

A walk through the slum areas confirmed the report of excreting

indiscriminately and human excreta was observed scattered all over the

compounds. Such practices lead to contamination of water and consequently

water-borne diseases.

It was observed that the situation of sanitation becomes worse during the rainy

season due to higher water level and leeched problem.

The slum people are not aware of using the latrines properly. Slum people do

not keep the latrines neat and clean and most of them do not wash their hands

properly after using latrines since they are not enough conscious of this.

4.3 CONDITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Solid waste management is considered to be a critical issue in most of the slums,

especially the more congested ones. In the slum, there is no systematic arrangement

for solid waste management and disposal. Pathways, drains and water bodies are,

usually, filled with garbage unless some system is in place to collect it. Since slum

people are not enough aware of being neat and clean they often throw various wastes

` 99

like papers, packets, vegetables waste, food waste etc. here and there. They normally

dump their daily waste to the roadside open spaces, nearby ponds and into the drains.

In some slums, DCC and several NGOs have provided small containers where

garbage from a particular lane can be deposited. This, in turn, is collected by waste

collecting trucks and deposited in large concrete dustbins built by the municipality

near the boundaries of many slums. In several locations, the evaluation team found

that residents were paying small monthly amounts (Tk.10–20) for garbage collection

services. Some of the slum people work as garbage collector in several areas

appointed by NGOs or DCC.

Collected data of available waste disposal patterns categorized according to as

Dustbin, Open space, Ditch and Community is shown in Figure 4.17and the number

of usage is given in Table 4.5.

Figure 4.17: Solid waste disposal site type

Table 4.5: Solid waste disposal practice in Slum

Slum name Solid waste disposal type

Dustbin Open Space Ditch Community

Bhoran Slum 1 1 0 0

Abdullahpur Slum 0 0 0 0

Disposal Site

Dustbin

Open Space

Ditch

Community

` 100

Sluice Gate Slum 0 7 4 1

Paris Road Slum 1 2 0 1

Baonia Badh Slum 0 3 0 1

Duaripara Slum 0 1 0 0

Arambagh Slum 0 8 1 0

Shialbari Slum 1 1 0 0

Muktijoddha Abason

Slum

0 0 0 0

Godara Ghat Slum 0 5 2 1

Diabari Slum 0 0 0 0

Pora Slum 1 4 0 0

Kallyanpur Slum 1 2 0 0

Bhasantek Slum 3 0 2 0

Karail Slum 0 4 36 0

Karail Bangla Wall

Slum

2 8 6 0

Begunbari Slum 0 3 0 2

Malibagh Slum 0 1 0 0

` 101

Karwan Bazar Slum 10 6 0 1

Agargaon Slum 0 1 1 4

Agargaon Slum 1 2 3 0

Dhaka Udyan Slum 0 5 0 1

Bashbari Slum 0 3 1 0

Bosila Slum 0 16 24 0

Kaderiabad Slum 1 3 1 0

Rasel Square Slum 1 0 0 0

Figure 4.18-4.23 show different scenarios of waste management system of slums in

Dhaka city in the next page.

` 102

Figure 4.18: Community waste

collecting van

Figure 4.19: Scattering of waste near

dustbin

Figure 4.20: Open space used for

damping waste

Figure 4.21: Collecting household

wastes

Figue 4.22: Blockage of drain due to

wastage throw

Figure 4.23: Scavenger at dustbin

` 103

4.3.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS COUPLED WITH

THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Dhaka is facing serious difficulties keeping up with its ever-increasing waste

disposal burden. The city now generates over thirty-five hundred metric tons

of waste every day, far outstripping the coping capacity of municipal

authorities. The quantity of waste generation by slum dwellers may be small

individually but total quantity of waste generation is far greater than cities

estimated.

Insufficient solid waste service delivery is not only resulting pilling of wastes

in slum areas and its neighborhoods but also resulting serious threat to the

environmental health to the largest part of the urban population.

The consequence of negligence for solid waste service delivery to urban poor

certainly creates several health problems to slum residents which ultimately

add extra pressure on slum dwellers due to medical expenditure and other

associated costs.

Waste buckets or dustbins provided by City Corporation have pointed the

scattering disposal of waste materials. Perhaps the people use to throw wastes

to dustbin improperly or in a hurry for which the waste materials generally

remain scattered outside the dustbins.

Open Space waste disposal cause serious unhygienic condition for the

environment. It causes combination of various air conjunctive miseries

affecting the health of people.

Uncontrolled waste disposal makes the dirty and filthy scenario of Slum in

Dhaka city.

` 104

4.4 PICTURE OF STUDIED SLUMS AT A GLANCE

The overall condition of the slums can be understood by the following scoring system.

4.4.1 SCORING FOR GENRAL CONDITION (0-5)

0= the site is very dirty and its roads and buildings are badly dilapidated while a part

of people can be homeless and live in tents. The area is contaminated by many

pollutants or can be used as a dumping site.

1= the problems are still serious, but less than in areas with the score of 0 and

maintenance work can be seen to have taken place.

2= some of the inhabitants are doing better, i.e. some houses have been improved and

the environment is good with planted trees, indicating that people has started caring

for the environment (valid in tropical, semi-rural site); paths are unpaved, but provide

ready access. People may wear old cloths but most of them are clean.

3= many houses are in good condition and most inhabitants seem to be working. The

house and the people may still be poor, but are clean.

4= most houses are in good condition.

5= practically all houses and roads are in good condition or under construction, that

there are no dilapidated houses and that the area is good for living.

4.4.2 SCORING FOR WATER SUPPLY (0-5)

0= there is no water supply and in some cases people have to buy pitchers of water.

1= there is drinking water but of poor quality or not always available and the source is

far away.

2= Tap water is hardly available and people depend mostly on shallow tube-wells

which is usually contaminated. So people use dirty water for drinking as well as

washing.

` 105

3= tap water is not available all day long so people use shallow tube-wells water for

day to day chores and use tap water mainly for drinking purposes.

4= tap water is continuously available and there is some guarantee of its quality.

5= tap water is available in most houses. The water quality is regularly analyzed for

chemical and microbiological qualities .Water must be disinfected using any effective

available method such as solar treatment (SODIS), boiling, UV irradiation or

chemical.

Thus there must be a scientific basic for the water quality. The water must preserve

under a cover in container.

4.4.3 SCORING FOR SANITATION PRACTICE (0-5)

0= no sanitation.

1= serious shortage in sanitation can be seen by the presence and smell of human

excreta along roadsides and other public places. People use mostly hanging latrines or

defecate in open places.

2= a large proportion of people have access to latrine, but many latrines are not clean

and outlet opens to water bodies (known as hanging latrine).

3= latrine facilities are average but still few open latrine can be seen and most places

have drainage facilities.

4= latrines are environment friendly and are enough for the population.

5= all families, schools and other organization have safe latrines and drainage

channels or waste water pipes.

` 106

4.4.4 SCORING FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (0-5)

0= Heaps of garbage can be seen everywhere in the slum and bad odor is everywhere.

1= several dumping sites are visible in sight but these are never cleaned. Most of these

are nearby water bodies.

2= Surrounding area is rather unhygienic but dumped wastes are burnt once in a while

as part of cleaning procedure.

3= dustbin have been made recently but area is not very dirty.

4= most wastes are deposited in dustbin and area in pretty clean

5= all solid wastes are deposited in a specific dustbin no evidence of visible solid

waste.

Table 4.6: Details of numbering from 0 to 5

Number Details of Numbering

0 Serious condition

1 Means the problem are still serious, but less than in areas with the

score of 0.

2 Means that obviously some of the inhabitant are doing better

3 environment is in good condition and inhabitants want a better life

4 Better than 3

5 Environmentally good and hygienic

` 107

Table 4.7: Summary of numbering from 0 to 5

Name of

Slum

General

condition

Water

Supply

Sanitation

System

Waste

Disposal

System

Av

g.

Scaling 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

Bhoran 3

Abdullahpur 0

Sluice Gate 2

Paris Road 4

Baonia Badh 4

Duaripara 1

Arambagh 1

Shialbari 2

Muktijoddha Abason 4

Godara Ghat 2

Diabari 0

Pora 3

Kallyanpur 3

Bhasantek 0

Karail 2

Karail Bangla Wall 3

Begunbari 2

Malibagh 1

Karwan Bazar 1

` 108

Agargaon 2

Agargaon 1

Dhaka Udyan 2

Bashbari 1

Bosila 0

Kaderiabad 2

Rasel Square 4

The overall scenarios of slums of Dhaka city are shown in the Figure 4.24-4.27.

` 109

Figure 4.24: Population scenario of slums of Dhaka city

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8 "8

"8

"8"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

3132

33

34

35

36

38

39

40 37

41

4243

4445

46

47

48

4950

51

52

53

54

55

5657

58

59

6061

62

63

64

65 6667

68

69 70

71

72

73

74 75

7677

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

12

3

45

6

7

89

10

1112

13

14

15

16

17

1819

202122

23

2425 26

Nam e of Slums

1- BHORA N BOSTEE

2- ABDULLAHPUR BOSTE E

3- SLUICE GATE BOSTEE

4- PARIS ROAD BOSTE E

5- BAONIA BADH BOSTEE

6- DUA RIPRA BOSTEE

7- ARAMB AGH BOSTEE

8- SHIA LB ARI BOSTEE

9- MUKTIJODDHA ABAS ON BOSTEE

10- G ODARA GHAT BOSTEE

11- DIA BARI BOSTEE

12- PORA BOS TE E

13- KALLYA NPUR BOSTEE

14- BHAS ANTE K B OS TEE

15- KARA IL BOS TE E

16- KARA IL BANGLA W ALL BOSTEE

17- BEGUNBA RI BOS TE E

18- MALIBAGH B OS TEE

19- KARW AN BOSTE E

20- AGARGAON BOSTEE

21- AGARGAON BOSTEE

22- DHAKA UDYAN BOSTEE

23- BAS HBARI BOSTEE

24- BOSILA BOSTEE

25- KADE RIAB AD B OS TEE

26- RASE L SQUARE BOSTEE

N

EW

S

255 01-1 300 00"8

152 01-2 550 0"8

550 1-15 200"8

250 1-55 00"8

500 -250 0"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

LEGEND

` 110

Figure 4.25: Water supply scenario of slums of Dhaka city

"8"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

"8

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11- DIA BARI BOSTEE

12- PORA BOS TE E







19- KARW AN BOSTE E

20- AGARGAON BOSTEE

21- AGARGAON BOSTEE



24- BOSILA BOSTEE



N

EW

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>1 02"8

63-1 02"8

33-6 2"8

13-3 2"8

3-12"8

W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

LEGEND

` 111

Figure 4.26: Sanitation practice scenario of slums of Dhaka city

"8

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>2 39"8

144 -239"8

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W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

LEGEND

` 112

Figure 4.27: Waste management system scenario of slums of Dhaka city

"8"8

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11- DIA BARI BOSTEE

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20- AGARGAON BOSTEE

21- AGARGAON BOSTEE



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EW

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W ard A rea

W ard B oun dary

W ater B od y

LEGEND

` 113

CHAPTER 5

STATISTAICAL ANALYSIS

5.1 T-TEST (INTERPRETATION OF CORRELATION

COEFFICIENTS

T-test has been conducted between population with available water source, sanitation

and waste management scenario respectively to understand the sufficiency compared

to it.

For n pair of sample sets such as (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂), (x₃, y₃)…………… (xn, yn), where

correlation is ρ than,

t = r √ (n-2)

√ (1-r2 )

Here, r = sample correlation and n = no. of paired samples

` 114

5.1.1 COMPARING POPULATION WITH AVAILABLE WATER

SOURCE

Slum Name WaterSource, X Population,Y X2

Y2

XY

Bhoran Slum 11 12000 121 1.4E+08 132000

Abdullahpur Slum 4 2500 16 6250000 10000

Sluice Gate Slum 8 10000 64 1E+08 80000

Paris Road Slum 42 28000 1764 7.8E+08 1E+06

Baonia Badh Slum 1002 50000 1E+06 2.5E+09 5E+07

Duaripara Slum 15 20000 225 4E+08 300000

Arambagh Slum 200 30000 40000 9E+08 6E+06

Shialbari Slum 23 25500 529 6.5E+08 586500

Muktijoddha Abason Slum 30 18000 900 3.2E+08 540000

Godara Ghat Slum 19 12000 361 1.4E+08 228000

Diabari Slum 3 15200 9 2.3E+08 45600

PoraSlum 110 30000 12100 9E+08 3E+06

Kallyanpur Slum 26 100000 676 1E+10 3E+06

Bhasantek Slum 13 130000 169 1.7E+10 2E+06

Karail Slum 25 120000 625 1.4E+10 3E+06

Karail Bangla Wall Slum 94 35000 8836 1.2E+09 3E+06

Begunbari Slum 12 5500 144 3E+07 66000

Malibagh Slum 5 5000 25 2.5E+07 25000

Karwan Bazar Slum 6 10000 36 1E+08 60000

Agargaon Slum 7 510 49 260100 3570

Agargaon Slum 6 8000 36 6.4E+07 48000

Dhaka Udyan Slum 70 10500 4900 1.1E+08 735000

Bashbari Slum 20 12000 400 1.4E+08 240000

Bosila Slum 17 2500 289 6250000 42500

Kaderiabad Slum 23 12500 529 1.6E+08 287500

Rasel Square Slum 12 5000 144 2.5E+07 60000

SUM 1803 709710 1E+06 5E+10 7E+07

We know, r =

= .12

Now, t =

= .59

From two tailed T-table analysis if the degree of freedom is (26-2) = 24, t must be at

least 2.064 to reach p<.05. But calculated t is 0.59, so there is no statistical relation

between Population and Available Water Source. But if the no. of water source

` 115

increases, significant relationship can be established between these two criteria. In

other words, no. of water source is insufficient compared to the population in these

slums.

5.1.2 COMPARING POPULATION WITH AVAILABLE

SANITATION FACILITY

Slum Name Sanitation,X Population,Y X2

Y2

XY

Bhoran Slum 30 12000 900 1E+08 360000

Abdullahpur Slum 20 2500 400 6E+06 50000

Sluice Gate Slum 12 10000 144 1E+08 120000

Paris Road Slum 80 28000 6400 8E+08 2E+06

Baonia Badh Slum 1000 50000 1E+06 3E+09 5E+07

Duaripara Slum 35 20000 1225 4E+08 700000

Arambagh Slum 520 30000 3E+05 9E+08 2E+07

Shialbari Slum 30 25500 900 7E+08 765000

Muktijoddha Abason Slum 45 18000 2025 3E+08 810000

Godara Ghat Slum 50 12000 2500 1E+08 600000

Diabari Slum 50 15200 2500 2E+08 760000

PoraSlum 210 30000 44100 9E+08 6E+06


Bhasantek Slum 36 130000 1296 2E+10 5E+06

Karail Slum 64 120000 4096 1E+10 8E+06

Karail Bangla Wall Slum 75 35000 5625 1E+09 3E+06

Begunbari Slum 30 5500 900 3E+07 165000

Malibagh Slum 15 5000 225 3E+07 75000

Karwan Bazar Slum 24 10000 576 1E+08 240000

Agargaon Slum 12 510 144 260100 6120

Agargaon Slum 14 8000 196 6E+07 112000

Dhaka Udyan Slum 12 10500 144 1E+08 126000

Bashbari Slum 14 12000 196 1E+08 168000

Bosila Slum 74 2500 5476 6E+06 185000

Kaderiabad Slum 35 12500 1225 2E+08 437500

Rasel Square Slum 20 5000 400 3E+07 100000

SUM 2541 709710 1E+06 5E+10 1E+08

We know, r =

= .17

Now, t =

= 0.84

` 116



between Population and Available Sanitation Facility. But if the no. of sanitation

facilities increases, significant relationship can be established between these two

criteria. In other words, available sanitation facility is insufficient compared to the

population in these slums.

` 117

5.1.3 COMPARING POPULATION WITH AVAILABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT FACILITY

Slum Name WasteManagement,X Population,Y X2

Y2

XY

Bhoran Slum 2 12000 4 1E+08 24000

Abdullahpur Slum 0 2500 0 6E+06 0

Sluice Gate Slum 12 10000 144 1E+08 1E+05

Paris Road Slum 4 28000 16 8E+08 1E+05

Baonia Badh Slum 4 50000 16 3E+09 2E+05

Duaripara Slum 1 20000 1 4E+08 20000

Arambagh Slum 9 30000 81 9E+08 3E+05

Shialbari Slum 2 25500 4 7E+08 51000

Muktijoddha Abason Slum 0 18000 0 3E+08 0

Godara Ghat Slum 8 12000 64 1E+08 96000

Diabari Slum 0 15200 0 2E+08 0

PoraSlum 5 30000 25 9E+08 2E+05


Bhasantek Slum 5 130000 25 2E+10 7E+05

Karail Slum 40 120000 1600 1E+10 5E+06

Karail Bangla Wall Slum 16 35000 256 1E+09 6E+05

Begunbari Slum 5 5500 25 3E+07 27500

Malibagh Slum 1 5000 1 3E+07 5000

Karwan Bazar Slum 17 10000 289 1E+08 2E+05

Agargaon Slum 6 510 36 260100 3060

Agargaon Slum 6 8000 36 6E+07 48000

Dhaka Udyan Slum 6 10500 36 1E+08 63000

Bashbari Slum 4 12000 16 1E+08 48000

Bosila Slum 40 2500 1600 6E+06 1E+05

Kaderiabad Slum 5 12500 25 2E+08 62500

Rasel Square Bostee 1 5000 1 3E+07 5000

SUM 202 709710 4310 5E+10 8E+06

We know, r =

= .27

Now, t =

= 1.37



between Population and Available Sanitation Facility. But if the no. of sanitation

` 118

facilities increases, significant relationship can be established between these two

criteria. In other words, available sanitation facility is insufficient compared to the

population in these slums.

5.2 Z-TEST (TEST SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

TWO SAMPLE PROPORTIONS)

Z test is used to understand the difference between two samples. If samples ratios of

two sample n1 and n2 is respectively P1 and P2 then,

Z=| (P1 - P2) /√ [P (1 – P) * {(1/n1) + (1/n2)}] |

Here, P = (n1 P1 + n2 P2)/ (n1 + n2)

Hypothesis: π1 = π2; no difference exists between samples.

π1 ≠ π2; difference exists between samples.

5.2.1 WATER SUPPLY SCENARIO OF STUDIED SLUMS WITH

RESPECT TO AGARGAON SLUM

For example, In Agargaon slum, Population, N1 = 510 and No. of water source, X1 = 7

In Uttara slum, Population, N2= 12000 and No. of water source, X2= 11

Here, P1 =

=

= .014 and P2 =

=

=.0009

Here, P =

= .0014

Z=│

–

│=7.7

` 119

No. Name of

Slum

Population

N

Water

Source

X

Ratio Total

Ratio,

P

Z Erro

r

5%

Decision

P=N/X

1 Agargaon Slum

Bhoran Slum

510

12000

7

11

0.014

0.0009

0.0014 7.75 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

2 Agargaon Slum

Abdullahpur

Slum

510

2500

7

4

0.014

0.0016

0.0037 4.14 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

3 Agargaon Slum

Sluice Gate Slum

510

10000

7

8

0.014

0.0008

0.0014 7.78 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

4 Agargaon Slum

Paris Road Slum

510

28000

7

42

0.014

0.0015

0.0017 6.79 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

5 Agargaon Slum

Baonia Badh

Slum

510

50000

7

1002

0.014

0.02

0.02 0.96 1.96 No

difference

between

two slums

6 Agargaon Slum

Duaripara Slum

510

20000

7

15

0.014

0.0008

0.0011 8.84 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

7 Agargaon Slum

Arambagh Slum

510

30000

7

200

0.014

0.006

0.007 2.15 1.96 No

difference

between

two slums

8 Agargaon Slum

Shialbari Slum

510

25500

7

23

0.014

0.0008

0.0012 8.45 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

9 Agargaon Slum

Muktijoddha

Abason Slum

510

18000

7

30

0.014

0.0017

0.0020 6.01 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

10 Agargaon Slum

Godara Ghat

510 7 0.014 0.002 5.94 1.96 Huge

difference

` 120

Slum 12000 19 0.002 between

two slums

11 Agargaon Slum

Diabari Slum

510

15200

7

3

0.014

0.0002

0.0006 11.9

1

1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

12 Agargaon Slum

Pora Slum

510

30000

7

110

0.014

0.004

0.004 3.55 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

13 Agargaon Slum

Kallyanpur Slum

510

100000

7

26

0.014

0.0003

0.0003 16.7

4

1.96

Huge

difference

between

two slums

14 Agargaon Slum

Bhasantek Slum

510

130000

7

13

0.014

0.0001

0.0002 24.8

1

1.96

Huge

difference

between

two slums

15 Agargaon Slum

Karail Slum

510

120000

7

25

0.014

0.0002

0.0003

18.7 1.96

Huge

difference

between

two slums

16 Agargaon Slum

Karail Bangla

Wall Slum

510

35000

7

94

0.014

0.003

0.003 4.51 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

17 Agargaon Slum

Begunbari Slum

510

5500

7

12

0.014

0.0022

0.0032 4.44 1.96

Huge

difference

between

two slums

18 Agargaon Slum

Malibagh Slum

510

5000

7

5

0.014

0.0010

0.0022 5.87 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

19 Agargaon Slum

Karwan Bazar

Slum

510

10000

7

6

0.014

0.0006

0.0012 8.23 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

20 Agargaon Slum

Agargaon Slum

510

8000

7

6

0.014

0.0008

0.0015 7.49 1.96 Huge

difference

between

` 121

two slums

21 Agargaon Slum

Dhaka Udyan

Slum

510

10500

7

70

0.014

0.006

0.007 2.12 1.96 No

difference

between

two slums

22 Agargaon Slum

Bashbari Slum

510

12000

7

20

0.014

0.0016

0.002 6.14 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

23 Agargaon Slum

Bosila Slum

510

2500

7

17

0.014

0.0068

0.0080 1.60 1.96

No

difference

between

two slums

24 Agargaon Slum

Kaderiabad Slum

510

12500

7

23

0.014

0.0018

0.0023 5.49 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

25 Agargaon Slum

Rasel Square

Slum

510

5000

7

12

0.014

0.0024

0.0034 4.19 1.96 Huge

difference

between

two slums

Figure 5.1: Water source scenario with respect to Agargaon slum

Water source Scenario with respect to Agargaon Slum

Same 16%

Different 84%

` 122

5.2.2 SANITATION PRACTICE SCENARIO OF STUDIED SLUMS

WITH RESPECT TO AGARGAON SLUM

Figure 5.2: Sanitation availability with respect to Agargaon slum

5.2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO OF STUDIED SLUMS

WITH RESPECT TO AGARGAON SLUM

Figure 5.3: Waste management system with respect to Agargaon slum

Sanitation Availability with respect to Agargaon Slum

Same 16%

Different 84%

Waste Management Scenario with respect to

Agargaon Slum

Same 12%

Different 88%

` 123

Above Z tests show us the similarities and dissimilarities in surveyed slums according

to their situation. It portrays how much the scenarios of one slum resemble the other.

In short, if we understand one slum’s problems understanding others will be easier as

these slums are mostly alike as well as their problems too.

5.3 F-TEST (ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)

The F-test in one-way analysis of variance is used to assess whether the expected

values of a quantitative variable within several pre-defined groups differ from each

other. For example, suppose that a medical trial compares four treatments. Than F-test

can be used to assess whether any of the treatments is on average superior, or inferior,

to the others versus the null hypothesis that all four treatments yield the same mean

response. This is an example of an “omnibus” test, meaning that a single test is

performed to detect any of several possible differences. Alternatively, we could carry

out pair wise tests among the treatments. The advantage of the ANOVA F-test is that

we do not need to pre-specify which treatments are to be compared, and we do not

need to adjust for making multiple comparisons.

The formula for the one-way ANOVA F-test is,

F = Explained variance ÷ Unexplained variance

Or, F =Between Group Variability ÷ Within Group Variability

` 124

5.3.1 F-TEST TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG

THE STUDEIED SERVICES PROVIDED IN THE SLUMS

Slum Name WS, X1 SF,X2 WM,X3 Total n

Bhoran 11 30 2 43 3

Abdullahpur 4 20 0 24 3

Sluice Gate 8 12 12 32 3

Paris Road 42 80 4 126 3

Baonia Badh 1002 1000 4 2006 3

Duaripara 15 35 1 51 3

Arambagh 200 520 9 729 3

Shialbari 23 30 2 55 3

MuktijoddhaAbason 30 45 0 75 3

Godara Ghat 19 50 8 77 3

Diabari 3 50 0 53 3

Pora 110 210 5 325 3

Kallyanpur 26 34 3 63 3

Bhasantek 13 36 5 54 3

Karail 25 64 40 129 3

Karail Bangla Wall 94 75 16 185 3

Begunbari 12 30 5 47 3

Malibagh 5 15 1 21 3

Karwan Bazar 6 24 17 47 3

Agargaon 7 12 6 25 3

Agargaon 6 14 6 26 3

Dhaka Udyan 70 12 6 88 3

Bashbari 20 14 4 38 3

Bosila 17 74 40 131 3

Kaderiabad 23 35 5 63 3

Rasel Square 12 20 1 33 3

SUM 1803 2541 202 4546 78

Grand Total (GT) = 4546 and n = 78

Correction Factor (CF) =

=

= 264950.2

Total Sum of Squares, SST = ∑(X12+ X2

2+ X3

2) – CF

= [∑X12+∑ X2

2+ ∑X3

2] – CF

` 125

= 1904509.495

Here, n1 = 26, n2 = 26, n3 = 26 and K = 3

Sum of Squares between Samples SSb = [

] – CF

= 374934.38– 264950.2

= 109984.18

Sum of Squares within Samples SSw = SST - SSb = 1794525.315

Degree of Freedom:

Total Degree of Freedom = n – 1 = 78 – 1 =77

Degree of Freedom between Samples = K – 1= 3 – 1 =2

Degree of Freedom within Samples = n –K = 78 – 3 = 75

Mean of Sum of Squares between Samples MSSb =

= 54992.09

Mean of Sum of Squares within Samples MSSw =

= 23927.00

F =

= 2.3

From T-table (α = .05) for degree of freedom df1=2 & df2=77, F ratio must be

3.12813. But the calculated F value is less than that. So studied services in slums are

not equally available. This means the facilities provided in these slums are not

sufficient enough in each other’s comparison. To lead a better life these services are

yet to be improved. These facilities are related to each other to such an extent that

` 126

improving one is not going to recover their situation. These facilities need

improvement equally and at the same time too otherwise all the efforts will be in vain.

5.4 MULTIPPLE NON-LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Relationship between dependent and independent variable is computed by this

analysis. It can be expressed as,

y = kx ÷ (1 + ax + bx2)

Here, y = Independent variable

x = dependent variable

k, a, b = constant

Here, independent variables do not depend on each other and relationship between

independent and dependent variables appears to be quadratic.

5.4.1 REGRESSION ANALYSIS BY COLLCETED DATA

Let us assume

Independent variable:

x1 = No. of available water source

x2 = No. of available sanitation facility

x3 = No. of available waste management facility

Dependent variable:

y = Population

k, a, b, c, d, e, f = constant

Various regression analyses can be performed by analyzing above data. Such as:

1) y = (k x1 x2 x3)/ [(1+ a x1 + b x12) (1+ c x2 + d x2

2) (1+ e x3 + f x3

2)]

When, Population = ƒ (water source, sanitation facility, waste management facility)

2) y = (k x1 x2)/ [(1+ a x1 + b x12) (1+ c x2 + d x2

2)]

When, Population = ƒ (water source, sanitation facility)

` 127

3) y = (k x2 x3)/ [(1+ c x2 + d x22) (1+ e x3 + f x3

2)]

When, Population = ƒ (sanitation facility, waste management facility)

4) y = (k x1 x3)/ [(1+ a x1 + b x12) (1+ e x3 + f x3

2)]

When, Population = ƒ (water source, waste management facility)

5) y = (k x1)/ (1+ a x1 + b x12)

When, Population = ƒ (water source)

6) y = (k x2)/ (1+ c x2 + d x22)

When, Population = ƒ (sanitation facility)

7) y = (k x3)/ (1+ e x3 + f x32)

When, Population = ƒ (waste management facility)

Constant values for the above regression were deduced by trial and error method and

multi regression analysis was done among dependent and independent variables. The

calculated results are presented below:

Table 5.1: Values of constants and significance among variables

k a b c d e f y R^2 function

3.48 0.0001 9E-05 1E-04 0.0004 0.0005 0.0004 27302.173 0.557 WS,SF,WM

17.38 8E-05 9E-05 9E-04 0.0002 27296.303 0.123 WS,SF

462 1E-03 0.0011 0.0015 0.0016 27291.524 0.423 SF,WM

980 0.0029 0.003 0.0011 0.0038 27292.525 0.257 WS,WM

9930 0.0039 0.005 27304.027 0.091 WS

3568 0.003 0.0012 27297.431 0.109 SF

3852 0.0044 0.001 27293.805 0.078 WM

Here, WS = Water Source

SF = Sanitation Facility

WM = Waste Management

y = Population

` 128

Now, the experimental data of population and predicted data of population are

compared with each other and the result is presented in graph. Graph of regression

analysis among water source, sanitation and waste management is given below:

Figure 5.4: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, SF, WM)

` 129

Figure 5.5: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, SF)

` 130

Figure 5.6: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (SF, WM)

` 131

Figure 5.7: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS, WM)

` 132

Figure 5.8: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WS)

` 133

Figure 5.9: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (SF)

` 134

Figure 5.10: Experimental Vs Predicted Population; y = f (WM)

` 135

CHAPTER 6

TECHNOLOGICAL IDEAS IMPROVING BASIC

SERVICES

It is not possible to develop the overall environmental condition of Dhaka city without

improving the above discussed basic services in the urban slum. Here some effective

technological measures are discussed which may bring a vital improvement in

respective fields.

6.1 RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting may be defined as consumption of rainwater before it drops to

the soil. The rainwater harvesting can be an effective option for using as source of

water where use of surface water or ground water is either limited or costly for water

supply. The concept of rainwater harvesting is as following Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1: Concept of rainwater harvesting

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The quality of rainwater is directly dependent on the surrounding environment and

catchment system. A rainwater harvesting project generally consists of catchments,

gutters, rainwater down pipes, storage tanks. At first, rainwater is collected, and then

it is qualified according to the purpose of use. Treatment processes according to

various purposes of use are presented Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Rainwater treatments according to purpose of use

Rainwater uses Treatment

Drinking, cooking, washing etc Disinfection and Filtration

Bathing, cloth washing etc Filtration and Hygienic treatment

Rainwater collection process is described in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Rainwater collection process

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6.2 SANITATION BLOCKS

Sanitation blocks are water points which represent the recognized water supply

system for urban poor slum dwellers. They consist of an underground storage

reservoir, two hand-operated section pumps and space for bathing or laundry, up to 12

latrine stalls and two urinals linked to a septic tank. One hand pump is connected to

the reservoir while the other is connected directly to the municipal’s supply line. The

reservoir is needed because of the irregular flow from the mains water supply.

Figure 6.3 shows the design of a sanitation block.

Figure 6.3: Design of a sanitation block

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The construction of a sanitation block is funded by different NGOs at an interest free

loan and the loan is paid back by selling the water among the urban poor people.

Sanitation blocks are designed to serve 500 people and to last 5–10 years. They are

managed by a committee of eight women who live in the settlement. They are

supported by an advisory committee of five men elected annually, whose role

includes consulting with local leaders and helping with water point security to ensure

their safe construction and continued smooth running. The management committee is

responsible for determining water prices, repairs, cleaning and maintenance, revenue

collection, payment of water bills and loan repayments.

6.3 VIP LATRINES

The VIP latrine is an improvement over the simple dry pit latrine. The typical

characteristic that gives the VIP latrine its name is the escape pipe installed into the

pit, which is used to exhaust the foul odor from the pit and control flies. The working

principle is that a continuous flow of air comes in through the superstructure and

enters the pit through the hole. This cold air will go down into the pit pushing up the

hot smelly air upward through the escape pipe. A mesh screen is tied at the top of the

vent pipe which will prevent flies from escaping to the outside of the latrine. VIP

latrines can have a single pit or double pit. The vent pipe should have an internal

diameter of 110–150 mm and reach more than 300 mm above the highest point of the

superstructure. The vent works better in windy areas but where there is not much

wind its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe black. This makes the

vent pipe warmer and the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm)

creates an updraft that pulls the air and odors up and out of the pit. To test the

efficiency of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire can be lit in the pit; the smoke should

` 139

be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit or the superstructure.

The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust

and allow air to circulate freely. Figure 6.4 shows the process of a VIP larine.

Figure 6.4: Working process of a VIP latrine

6.4 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management is one of the costliest public services as conventional waste

management systems are not well suited to deal with increased waste generation rates.

According to the estimation of the World Bank, it is common for municipalities of

developing countries to spend 20 to 50 per cent of their available budget on solid

waste management. However, in many developing countries, authorities have realized

that waste contains valuable components, which can be recovered as materials for

recycling and as a resource to generate energy and thus as a substitute for fossil fuels.

http://www.worldbank.org/

` 140

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a complete waste collection,

segregation, prevention, recycling, environmentally friendly storage, composting, and

disposal program that most effectively protect human health and the environment.

Each of these activities of ISWM requires careful planning, financing, collection, and

transport. ISWM enables local or national authorities to reduce the overall amount of

waste generated and to recover valuable materials for recycling and for the generation

of energy. This has the potential to increase the revenue of waste management

activities, which will, in turn, help to pay off the expenditures for solid waste

management. Flow diagram of an integrated solid waste management is shown in

Figure 6.5.

Figure 6.5: Flowchart of an integrated solid waste management

` 141

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 GENERAL

The aim of this thesis was to understand the overall condition of environmental

condition of slums regarding three basic service utilities-water supply, sanitation

practice, and waste management system in the slums of Dhaka city. The study deals

with the response from the slum dwellers about these basic utilities. The study

evaluates that the available utilities are not adequate to meet up the standard

requirement of the slum dwellers. Further developmental projects need to be

implemented to increase those basic utilities for which the informational evaluation

was needed; and this was the reason of this topic as a thesis topic. The thesis ends up

with some recommended measures to develop the facilities in the slum.

7.2 FINDINGS

The outcomes of the work are summarized as follows:

Remarks on Field Survey:

Data from the selected 10 slums were collected through field surveys and the

previously surveyed 16 slums were combined to study the water supply, sanitation

and waste management service scenarios of those slums. Out of the previously studied

slums, condition of Diabari, Bhasantek, Bosila, and Abdullahpur and out the present

surveyed slums Bashbari, Agargaon, and Arambagh slums are the worst. For instance,

waste can be seen scattering everywhere in these slums. Water may be found around

the slum but is unsafe for domestic use. Dwellers have to collect water from the

` 142

shallow tube-wells nearby. Similarly, sanitary latrines are hard to find. Most

inhabitants use hanging latrines or defecate in open places. Only previously studied

Muktijoddha Abason and Rusel square and present field surveyed Baonia Badh and

Paris Road slums are in comparatively good shape. The surroundings of these slums

are quite clean and dwellers use water from DWASA taps or deep tube-wells for

drinking purposes. Level of provided services is average in other slums. People here

collect drinking water from both DWASA tap and shallow tube-wells. Sanitary

latrines are installed in the recent years and waste disposal sites were improved too.

People here are more or less happy about their current habitation facilities.

Remarks on T-Test:

In this study, T-test was conducted to understand the correlation between two

different cases which doesn’t depend on the other or practically are two different

scenarios but affect one another in reality. From T-test between existing population

with available water source, available sanitation facility and waste management

facility, value of t was found to be 0.59, 0.84 and 1.37 consecutively. But T- Table

shows, for degree of freedom 24 value of t should be at least 2.064 which means

provided services are insufficient compared to the population receiving them.

Research shows if the number of these facilities increases or the number of population

using those facilities decreases, relationship can be drawn between them or in other

words, the services will become sufficient.

Remarks on F-Test:

Analysis of variance is a method to comprehend the equivalence among means of

different cases. It helps to justify the significance of any decision taken. Here one way

classification was conducted with provided services and these were classified in only

one criterion and that is whether these provided services are compatible with each

` 143

other or more simply are equally available. From F-table when 5% confidence level is

considered for degree of freedom 2 and 77; value of F should be at least 3.128123

(interpreted by interpolation). But calculated F for provided services was only 2.3

which mean these facilities are not equally available in all the studied slums.

Remarks on Z-Test:

Level of similarities between two proportions is determined by Z-Test. For instance,

number of available water source of Agargaon slum’s population was compared with

that of Karwan Bazar slum. The determined value of z was 8.23 which are greater

than value of z for 5% confidence level and that is 1.96. So, it can be concluded that

the water supply scenario of this two slums is different from each other. On the other

hand same z test between Agargaon and Bosila slum gives z value 1.6 which dictates

that water supply scenario of these slums are similar. This analysis was performed for

every slum with respect to Agargaon slum for all the studied services. 25% of studied

water supply scenario of the slums was found to be same as Sluice Gate slum. So, if

an improvement strategy of water supply system of Malibagh slum is designed,

similar slums can be improved by that scheme too. Again sanitation practice scenario

of Bhoran slum and waste management scenario of Arambagh slum has resemblance

with 40% and 24% of studied slums respectively. So schemes to improve sanitary

facilities in Bhoran slum and to improve waste management system in Arambagh

slum can be used for other similar slums too.

Remarks on GIS Database:

Collected data were categorized as available water supply, sanitation facility and

waste management facility along with existing population and were interpreted in four

` 144

different maps showing the state of provided services. It helps to understand the

situation of the service as well as easily compare with other slums.

7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

This is high time to inform, educate and guide the urban poor about the

environmental significance of the basic utilities in living a standard life.

Government can play a vital role to assist the basic service developing

schemes by taking various effective steps, like-enhancing laws and providing

subsides, population growth control etc.

Different national and international NGO should come forward with efficient

developing projects for the betterment of living condition slum dwellers of

Dhaka city as well as Bangladesh.

Programs should be taken to make the slum dwellers understand the necessity

of drinking safe water; using eco-friendly sanitary latrines and waste disposal

system.

Technology has a central part in developing rural areas and consequently

improving agricultural system. Therefore, proper application of technology

should be applied in the rural areas so that rural people don’t need to come to

Dhaka seeking for employment and better life.

Act of Electronic and Print Media (Radio, TV, Newspaper, Magazine) may

also play a vital role in this regard by making advertisements on adverse

effects of overgrowing population; advantages of Rainwater Harvesting

system, VIP latrines and community waste disposal system.

` 145

REFERENCES

“Environmental Assessment of Water Supply, Sanitation & Waste

Management of Dhaka City Slums”, Ahsanullah University of Science &

Technology (AUST), June 2012

BBS 2003.Bangladesh Population Census 2001. National Report (Provisional)

Vol1. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Government of Bangladesh for

Urban Studies(CUS)

Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population 1997, Vol1, Bangladesh

Bureau of Statistics, October-1999

Center for Urban Studies, Measure Evaluation and National Institute of

Population Research and Training (2006) : “Slums of Urban Bangladesh:

Mapping and Census”, 2005

Choe, K and B. Roberts 2011.Competitive Cities: Cluster Based Local

Economic Development Mandaluyan City: Philippine, Sian Development

Bank

Document of the World Bank; Dhaka: Improving Living Conditions for the

Urban Poor. Bangladesh Development Series, Paper No.17,2007

International Centre for Diarrhea Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B);

Annual Report

JICA: “The Study on the Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City Final

Report”, 2005

Report on the Slum Area Census 1986, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, June-

1988

Preliminary Report of the Poverty Monitoring Survey, (BBS), 2004

` 146

APENDIX

T-table:

` 147

F-table:

` 148

Z-table:

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