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STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS LAB

MANUAL

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STRENGHT OF MATERIALS LABORATORY

As per Syllabus R 2008

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Tension test on MS bar and HYSD bars

2. Torsion test on MS / CI specimens andshear test on MS

3. Test on Timber beam Bending test - compression test on timber

specimens

4. Test on brickcrushing, water absorption

5. a. Hardness test onmetals

b. Impact test.

6. a. CrushingTest onconcretecubes

b. Split Tension test onconcretecylinder.

7. Test on Springs forstiffness

8. Test ofcement fineness,normal consistency,setting times

9. Test on fine aggregate - sieves analysis test bulking - fineness

modulus

10. Test oncourse aggregatecrushingvalue & impact value

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BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

1. Deflection test on Mildsteel

2. Deflection test on Aluminum beam

3. Verificationof Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem

4. Effect of Hardening - Improvement inhardness andimpact resistanceofsteels

5. Tempering Improvement of Mechanical propertiescomparisonof Unhardened,

Quenched andTemperedspecimen.

.

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Ex. No. TENSION TEST ( Mild Steel ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine tensilestrength, Youngsmodulus,percentageofelongationetc. ofmildsteel rod.

Apparatus required:

y Universal testingmachiney Extensometery Verniercalipery Scaley Mildsteel specimen

Procedure:

1. Thediameterof thespecimenismeasured at top,middle and bottom, and the

averageisdetermined.

2. Gauge lengthismarked by leavingsuitable length at both theends.

3. The load range in the UTM ischosen appropriately to thegivendiameterof

the rod, and to the ultimatestress assumed.4. The rodis rigidly fixedin between thegrips and the test pieceshould beheld

insuch a way that the loadis applied as axially aspossible.

5. Theextensometeris fixed formeasuringelongationofgauge length.

6. The load is applied and the extensometer reading is noted for uniform

increment of loads.

7. Theextensometeris removed before theyieldpoint.

8. Theyield loadshown by the backwardmovement of thepointerisnoted.

9. The loadis further applied and the ultimate loadisnoted.

10.The breaking loadisnoted at which thespecimen breaks.

11.Thespecimenis released from thegrips.

12.Final dimensions ( i.e.,increment ingauge length and reductionindiameter at

neck)of thespecimen aremeasured.

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Formula:

Yield load

Yield stress = --------------------------------------

Cross sectional area

Ultimate load

Ultimate stress = ------------------------------------

Cross sectional area

Breaking load

Breaking stress =--------------------------------------

Neck area

Increase in length

% of elongation = -------------------------------------

Original length

Decrease in c/s area

% of decrease in c/s area =-----------------------------

Original area

Tension test ( Mild Steel )

Lengthof rod ( gauge) =

Diameterof rod =

Area of rod =

Yield load =

Ultimate load =

Breaking load =

Final gauge length =

Increasein length =Final diameter ( neck) =

Neckarea =

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Calculation:

Graph:

Deflection ( X-axis)vs Load ( Y axis)

Result :

Yieldstress =

Ultimatestress =

Breakingstress =

% ofelongation =

% ofdecreaseinc/s area =

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Ex. No. DOUBLE SHEAR TEST Date :

Introduction:

Structural fastenings such as rivets, bolts, weds and springs are very often

Selected tosheardue toexternal loads andmoments. Furthermachineparts likeshafts,areetc., are alsosubjected toshearstressesdue to rotation. It is therefore,essential to the

steel also to be testedinshear to finditssuitabilityinpractice.

Aim :

Todetermine thedoubleshearstrengthof themildsteel.

Apparatus required:

y UTMy Doubleshearset upy Specimen

Procedure

1. Thespecimenisplacedin to the rectangulardevicepresent in thedoubleshear

set up.

2. The aboveset up isplaced in the bottomportionof the UTM. Themoving

headof the UTM isplacedin the topof the rectangulardevice.

3. Now thehydraulicpressureis appliedin the rod by turning theknob present in

the hydraulic machine. The maximum load at which the specimen fails is

noted. The final diameterof the rodismeasured.

4. Thedoubleshearstressiscalculated using the formula.

Result :

Thedoubleshearstressof thegivenspecimenis = _______________________

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Double shear test :

Diameterof the rod, d ` =

C.S. area of the rod, A =

Load at failure, W =

Doubleshearstress = Load at failure / 2A

Ex. No. TORSION TEST Date :

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Aim :

Todetermine theshearstress and rigiditymodulusof thegivenspecimen.

Apparatus required :

y Torsion testingmachine

y Verniercaliper

y Scale

y Specimen

Procedure:

1. Before testing, themeasuring range is adjusted according to thecapacityofthe test piececounter weight of thependulumis adjustedcorrectly.

2. Thespecimenis thenheldin thedrivingchuckanddrivenchuckwith theheld

ofhandles. The angle- measuringdial is also adjusted to zeroposition.

3. Blackpointer is adjusted at thestartingposition the thread from thedriving

chuckpulleyis takenoversmall pulleys.

4. Themachineisstarted and thespecimenissubjected to torsion.

5. The torqueismeasured at a suitableinterval of angle twist.

6. Angleof twist and the torque aremeasured at the failureof thespecimen.

Result :

Plasticshearstrengthis = ----------------------------------------------

Angleof twist at the failureof thespecimenis =---------------------------

Modulusof rigidityis =----------------------------

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Ex. No. IMPACT TEST ( Izod ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine theimpact strengthofmildsteel squarespecimen using Izod test.


y Impact testingmachine

y Verniercaliper

y Guideplate

Procedure:

1. Thespecimen iskept trulyvertical in thenotchviceso that thecentreof the

notch is in level with the top of the vice so that the notch is facing the

direction of the blow. The one- thirdportion of the specimen ( 25mm )should beprojected above thevice and remainingportion ( 50mm)should lie

inside thevice.

2. Thepointerisset at maximumof thedial.

3. The leveris released and thependulumhammeris allowed toswing.

4. Thepointerin thedial gives theenergy absorbedin frictiondown.

5. Thependulumis lockedinitsoriginal position.

6. The batchis released and thependulumis allowed tostrike thespecimen.

7. Theenergyspent is breakingor bending thespecimenisnoteddown form the

dial.

8. Theimpact strengthiscalculated using the formula.

Formula:

Impact strengthofspecimen = ( Energy absorbed byspecimen) /

(Crosssectional area of thespecimen)

Result :

Theimpact strengthis -------------------------------------- N/mm.

Impact test ( Izod)

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Specimen DimensionsMSR

(mm)

VSR

( div)

Total reading (inmm)

= MSR + ( VSR x LC)Area ,mm

2

1Breadth

Width

2Breadth

Width

3Breadth

Width

Sl.

No.

Frictional energy absorbed by

friction without specimen,

Nm ( A)

Energyspent in

bending the

specimen,

Nm (B)

Energy

absorbed by

specimen,

Nm ( B-A)

Impact strengthof the

specimen, N/mm

= ( B-A)/ Area

1

2

3

Impact strength = Energy absorbed by specimen / Cross sectional area

Average =

Ex. No. IMPACT TEST ( Charpy ) Date :

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Aim :

Todetermine theimpact strengthofmildsteel squarespecimen using Charpy

test.



y Verniercalipery Guideplate

Procedure:

1. Thehammeris raised and locked .

2. Thepointerisset at themaximumgraduatedenergy rangeof thedial.

3. The triggeris released and thependulumhammeris allowed toswing. This

actuates thepointer tomovein thedial.

4. Thepointershows theenergy absorbed by the bearing without specimen and

it isnoted .

5. Thehammeris again raised and locked.

6. Thespecimen isplaced in between thesimple anvil support keeping the 45

degrees V- notch in the opposite direction to the striking edge of the

hammer.

7. Thespecimenis adjustedsuch that thestrikingedgeofhammer and V-notch

coincidesin thesame alignment.

8. Thepointerisset to read themaximumenergy rangemarkedin thedial.

9. The lever is released and thependulum is allowed tostrike thespecimen at

itsmidpoint.

10.Theenergyspent in breakingor bending thespecimenisobserved.

11.The results are tabulated and the impact strength is calculated using the

formula.

Formula:

Impact strengthofspecimen = Energy absorbed / Cross Sectional area

Result : Theimpact strengthis N/mm

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Impact test ( Charpy)

Specimen DimensionsMSR

(mm)

VSR

( div)

Total reading (inmm)

= MSR + ( VSR x LC)Area ,mm

2

1Breadth

Width

2Breadth

Width

3Breadth

Width

Sl.

No.

Frictional energy absorbed by

friction without specimen,

Nm ( A)

Energyspent in

bending the

specimen,

Nm (B)

Energy

absorbed by

specimen,

Nm ( B-A)

Impact strengthof the

specimen, N/mm

= ( B-A)/ Area

1

2

3

Impact strength = Energy absorbed byspecimen / Crosssectional area

Average =

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Ex. No. HARDNESS TEST ( Rockwell Diamond Cone ) Date :

Introduction :

The termhardnessingeneral means the resistanceof thematerial toindentation.

The hardness value obtained in a particular test serves only as a comparison betweenmaterials or treatments. Hardness tests are widely used for inspection and quality

control. Heat treatment or working usually resultsinchangeinhardness. Hardness test

affords a rapid andsimplemeansofinspection andcontrol for theparticularmaterial and

process.

An indentor or fixed and known geometry makes an impression with the

specimen under a known static load applied ( either directly or by means of a lever

system.) . thehardnessis thenexpressed as a number that iseitherinverselyproportional

to thedepthofindentationorproportional to a mean loadover the area ofindentation.

Aim :

Todetermine the Rockwell hardnessnumberof thegivenspecimen using

diamondcone.

Apparatus required:

y Rockwell hardness testingmachine

y Diamondcone

y Test specimen

Procedure :

1. In the Rockwell hardness testingmachineis a direct readinginstrument based

on theprincipleofdifferent depthmeasurement is usedin this test. The

penetratororindicatorscale load for theparticularmaterial to be testedis

chosen from the table.Material Penetrator Load Scale

Relativelysoft material Diamondcone 60 kgfA

Fairlyhardmaterial 1/16 ballpointer 100 kgf B

Hardmaterial Diamondcone 150 kgf C

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2. Thesurfaceof thespecimeniscleaned byemerysheet. Thespecimeniskept

on the testingplatform.

3. Theplatform is raised until thesmall pointerin thedial reads against the red

markand the lengthypointer against theset position.

4. The loadis appliedgradually andmaintained till the lengthypointercomes to

rest. The loadis releasedgradually.

5. After releasing the load the dial reading is observed. This is Rockwell

hardnessnumberof thespecimen.

6. Thesameprocedureis repeated for at least six times.

7. The averagevalueof the Rockwell hardnessnumberisobtained.

Result :

The Rockwell hardnessnumber for thegivenstainlesssteel material is

( HRA / HRB / HRC )

The Rockwell hardnessnumber for thegiven EN8 materialsis

( HRA / HRB / HRC )

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Sl

No.Material

Load

(kgf)Penetrator Scale

Hardness

Number

1 Stainless steel Diamond cone





Average =

Sl

No.Material Load( kgf) Penetrator Scale

Hardness

Number

1 EN -8 Diamond cone





Average =

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Ex. No. HARDNESS TEST ( Rockwell Ball intender ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine the Rockwell hardnessnumberof thegivenspecimen using

diamondcone.

Apparatus required:o Rockwell hardness testingmachine

o Intenders

o Test specimen

Procedure :

1. In the Rockwell hardness testingmachine is a direct reading instrument

basedon theprincipleofdifferent depthmeasurement is used in this test.

Thepenetrator or indicator scale load for theparticular material to be

testedischosen from the table.

Material Penetrator Load Scale

Relativelysoft material Diamondcone 60 kgfA

Fairlyhardmaterial 1/16 ballpointer 100 kgf B

Hardmaterial Diamondcone 150 kgf C

2. Thesurfaceof thespecimeniscleaned byemerysheet. Thespecimeniskept

on the testingplatform.

3. Theplatformis raised until thesmall pointerin thedial reads against the red

markand the lengthypointer against theset position.

4. The loadis appliedgradually andmaintained till the lengthypointercomes to

rest. The loadis releasedgradually.

5. After releasing the load thedial readingisobserved. Thisis Rockwell

hardness numberof thespecimen.

6. Thesameprocedureis repeated for at least six times.7. The averagevalueof the Rockwell hardnessnumberisobtained.

Result :

The Rockwell hardnessnumber for thegivenstainlesssteel material is

( HRA / HRB / HRC )

The Rockwell hardnessnumber for thegiven EN8 materialsis

( HRA / HRB / HRC )

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Sl

No.Material

Load ,

kgfPenetrator Scale

Hardness

Number

1 Cast iron Ball intender





Average =

Sl

No.Material Load ( kgf ) Penetrator Scale

Hardness

Number

1 Mild Steel Ball intender





Average =

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Ex. No. SPRING TEST ( Closed coiled spring ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine themodulusof rigidityof thegivenclosed coiledhelical springunderTension.


y Tensile testingmachine

y Spring testing assembly

y Closed- coiledhelical spring

y Verniercaliper

Procedure:

1. Thediameterof the wire, radius,pitch andnumberof turnsof thespring are

measured using Verniercaliper.

2. Thehelix angleiscalculated using thepitchof thespring.

3. Thespringisplacedin the test set up

4. Initial readingin thescaleisnoted.

5. Thedeformations are recorded for thecorresponding applied load.

6. Similarly thedeformations are recorded while unloading.

7. Thedeformationof thespringiscalculated using the formula.

Formula :

64 W R3

n

= ----------------Cd4

Springindex = D / dStiffness = W /

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Where Deflection,mm

W load, N

R mean radiusofspring,mm [ = ( D-d) / 2 ]

n no. of turns

C Rigiditymodulus, N/mm2

D diameterofcoil ,mm

d - diameterof wire,mm

Graph:

Deflection ( X- axis)vs Load ( Y axis)

Result :

Modulusof rigidityof thespringis ..

Modulusof rigidityof thespringis .. ( fromgraph)

Stiffnessof thespringis

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Spring test ( close coiled spring )

Diameterof the wire (d) =

Mean radiusof thespring (R) =

Numberof turns ( n) =

Pitchof thecoil (p) =

Sl. No. Load KN

Deflection (mm) Mean

deflection,

mm

Rigidity

modulus,

N/mm2

Stiffness

N/ mmLoading Unloading

1

23

4

5

6

Average =

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Ex. No. SPRING TEST (Open -coiled spring ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine themodulusof rigidityof thegiven Open Coiledhelical spring

undercompression.


y Compression testingmachine

y Spring testing assembly

y Open Coiledhelical spring

y Verniercaliper

Procedure :

1. Thediameterof the wire, radius,pitch andnumberof turnsof thespring are

measured using Verniercaliper.

2. Thehelix angleiscalculated using thepitchof thespring.

3. Thespringisplacedin the test set up.

4. Initial readingin thescaleisnoted.

5. Thedeformations are recorded for thecorresponding applied load.

6. Similarly thedeformations are recorded while unloading.

7. Thedeformationof thespringiscalculated using the formula.

Formula:

cos2 sin

2

= WR3n.sec.2[ ------- + -------- ]Clp El

Springindex = D/dStiffness = W/

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Where

Deflection ( mm)

W load ( N)

R mean radiusofspring (mm) [ = ( D/d) /2]

n - no. of turns

- helix angle

C Rigiditymodulus ( N/mm2)

Ip- Polar Moment ofinertia ( mm4 )

E - Youngsmodulus, ( N/mm2)

I - Moment ofinertia of beam about which the bendingoccurs ( mm4)

D - diameterofcoil ( mm)

d - diameterof wire (mm)

Graph :

Deflection ( X- axis)vs load ( Y axis)

Result :

Modulusof rigidityof thespringis --------------------------

Modulusof rigidityof thespringis -------------------------- ( fromgraph)

Stiffnessof thespringis ----------------------------------------

`

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Spring test ( Open Coiled spring )

Diameterof the wire ( d) =

Mean radiusof thespring ( R) =

Numberof turns ( n) =

Pitchof thecoil ( p) =

Helix angle () = tan-1 ( P / 2R)

Sl. No. Load KN

Deflection (mm) Mean

deflection

(mm)

Rigidity

modulus

(N/mm2)

Stiffness

(N/ mm)Loading Unloading

1

2

3

4

5

6

Average =

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Ex. No. COMPRESSSION TEST ( Brick ) Date :

Introduction:

Bricksconstitute anold andimportant classof buildingmaterial. It isextensively

used for constructions because of its ease and relatively low cost of manufacture,durability andmoderatestrength. Bricks are usednot only for buildingconstruction but

als0 to a limited extent for other kinds ofconstruction such as veering walls, curtain

walls, low piers andshort span arches.

Aim :

Todetermine the ultimatecompressivestrengthofgivenmaterial ( Brickor

concretecube)


y Compression testingmachine - 1KN capacity

y Verniercaliper / linearmeasuringscale

Procedure :

1. Thedimensionsof thespecimen aremeasured.

2. Thespecimenisplacedcentrally between the bearingplatesof the

compression testingmachine

3. The load releasevalveof thehydraulic loading tankerisclosedso that it will

prevent the returnof thecompressedoil fromcompression testingmachine.

If the load releasevalveisinopenposition, the load will not be applied to the

specimen.

4. The loadis applied to thespecimen uniformly till thespecimen fails .

5. The reversingof the blackpointerof thedial indicates the failureof the

specimen. Then the loadisstopped.

6. The load at failureisnoteddown from the redpointerof thedial .

7. The load releaseisopenedslowly to remove theoil from thecompression

testingmachine.

8. The results are tabulated and thecompressivestrengthiscalculated using the

formula.

Result :

The Compressivestrengthis ------------------------

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Formula :

Compressivestrength = Ultimate load / surface area

Significance of the test :

Strengthof bricksdependson thenatureof availablesoil used for bricks

manufacturing and technique adopted formolding and burning .

Thecompressivestrengthof brickranges from 45kg/cm2

to 100kg/cm2

for the

bricksmanufactured bycommonlyknownmethods.

Machine-made bricksgive thecompressivestrengthvarying between 175kg/cm2

to 200 kg/cm2

Compression Test on Brick :

Sl.No.Dimensions

Surface area

( mm2)

Ultimate load

( KN)

Ultimatestrength

( N/mm2)

Length (mm) Breadth (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

Average =

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Significance of the test:

The average water absorptionshall not bemore than 20 percent by weight upto

the brickshavingcompressivestrengthof 125kg/cm2

and 15 percent by weight for bricks

having thecompressivestrengthmore than 125 kg/cm2

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Sl.No. Size (cm)Dry weight

( W1)

Wet Weight

( W2)

Weight of

water

( W2-W

1)

Water

absorption

( %)

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Ex. No. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST Date :

Introduction:

Brinell hardness number is the ratioof the applied loadon the specimen to the

spherical area ofimpression by thepenetrator.

The test consistsin forcing a steel ball into the test piece andmeasuring themeandiameterof the indentation left over thesurface after removal of the load. The brinell

hardness HB is obtained by dividing the test load by the curved surface area of the

indentation. Thiscurvedsurfaceis assumed to be a portionof thesphere.

Aim :

Todetermine the Brinell Hardness test numberof thegivenspecimen

Apparatus required:

y Brinell hardness testingmachine

y Test specimen

y Brinell Microscope

Procedure :

1. Keep theoperating leverinhorizontal position.

2. Place thespecimenon testing table.

3. Turn thehandwheel inclockwisedirectionso that thespecimen willpush the

indentor.

4. Lift theoperating lever fromhorizontal position upwardsslightly after which

it rotates automatically.

5. Wait till the lever becomesstandstill.

6. Bring the lever backtohorizontal position.

7. Turn backthehandwheel and remove thespecimen,carry thesameprocedure

for furtherspecimen.

8. Measure thediameterofimpression by Brinell Microscope and findoutBrinell hardnessnumber.

Result :

The Brinell Hardness Numberofgivensampleis = --------------------------

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Brinell hardness test is best for measuring hardness of grey iron castings

consistingofsoft flakegraphite, iron andhard ironcarbide. Brinell hardness test are

conductedon structural steel and other rolled sections, steel, cast iron and aluminium

castings andinmost forgings.

OBSERVATION :

MaterialDiameter of Indentor Mean Brinell

Kgf /mm2First (mm) Second (mm)

Calculation :

2P

Brinell Hardness Number = ----------------------------------

D ( D D2 d2 )

Where

P = Load

D = Original diameter

d = Diameterof the removing load

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Ex. No. DEFLECTION TEST ( Mild Steel ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine the Youngsmodulusofmildsteel simplysupported beam by

conductingdeflection test.

Apparatus required :y Kinfe edgesupports


y Deflectometer

y Weight withhanger

Procedure:

1. Thedimensionof thespecimenismeasured using Vernier Caliper

2. Thepositionof thespecimen, load anddeflectometer are fixed aspergiven

valuesof l, x and a.

3. Theinitial readingsofdeflectometer readings arenoteddown.

4. The loadis applied and thecorrespondingdeflectometer readings are

recorded. Thesameprocedureisdone foreveryincrement as well as

decrement of loading.

5. The results are tabulated.

Formula :

Wax

E = ------------( L2 a2 x2)

61 L

Where

E Youngsmodulus ( N/mm2)

W- Load (N)

a Distanceof load from left support ( mm).

x Distanceofdeflectometer from right support (mm)I Moment ofinertia of beam about which the bendingoccurs ( mm

4)

L Span betweenknife edgesupports (mm)

Deflection ( mm)

Result :

The Youngsmodulusis --------------------------------

The Youngsmodulusis --------------------------------( Fromgraph)

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Graph

Deflection ( X- axis)vs Load ( Y- axis)

Deflection test ( Mild steel )

Sl.

No. Load ( kg)

Deflection reading . div. Mean

deflection

(mm)

Youngs

modulus

( N/mm2)

Loading Unloading Mean

1

2

3

4

5

Average =

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Ex. No. DEFLECTION TEST ( Aluminium ) Date :

Aim :

Todetermine the Youngsmodulusof Aluminiumsimplysupported beam by

conductingdeflection test.

Apparatus required :y Kinfe edgesupports


y Deflectometer

y Weight withhanger

Procedure:

1. Thedimensionof thespecimenismeasured using Vernier Caliper

2. Thepositionof thespecimen, load anddeflectometer are fixed aspergiven

valuesof l, x and a.

3. Theinitial readingsofdeflectometer readings arenoteddown.

4. The loadis applied and thecorrespondingdeflectometer readings are recorded.

Thesameprocedureisdone foreveryincrement as well asdecrement of

Loading.

5. The results are tabulated.

Formula :

Wax

E = ------------( L2 a2 x2)

61 L

Where

E Youngsmodulus ( N/mm2)

W- Load (N)

a Distanceof load from left support ( mm).

x Distanceofdeflectometer from right support (mm)I Moment ofinertia of beam about which the bendingoccurs ( mm

4)

L Span betweenknife edgesupports (mm)

Deflection ( mm)

Result :

The Youngsmodulusis --------------------------------

The Youngsmodulusis --------------------------------( Fromgraph)

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Graph

Deflection ( X- axis)vs Load ( Y- axis)

Deflection test ( Aluminium )

Sl.

No. Load ( kg)

Deflection reading . div. Mean

deflection

(mm)

Youngs

modulus

( N/mm2)

Loading Unloading Mean

1

2

3

4

5

Average =

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Ex. No. VERIFICATION OF MAXWELLS LAW OF

RECIPROCAL DEFLECTION

Date :

Aim :

Toverify Maxwell law of reciprocal deflection byconducting a deflection test on

simplysupported beam.

Theorem :

Maxwells law of reciprocal deflectionstates that thedeflection at point N due to

force P at point M issymmetricallyequal to thedeflection at thepoint M due to force P

applied at point N.


y Knifeedgesupport weights withhanger

y Verniercaliper

y Dial gauge

y Specimen.

Procedure :

1. The breadth anddepthof the beamismeasured.

2. Thepositionof thespanis fixed at twopoints M and N asper thesketch.3. Thedeflectionisset first at point N and the loadisplaced at thepoint M

4. Theinitial readingof thedial gaugeisobserved.

5. The loadis applied at suitableincrement at M and thecorresponding

deflection at N isobserved at everyset of load.

6. The loadisdecreased uniformly at thesame rate and thecorresponding

deflectionisobserved foreveryset of load.

7. Thedeflection and the load aremeasured. Thedeflectionisset at thepoint M

and the loadis applied at thepoint N

8. Thesameprocedureis repeatedkeeping thedeflectometer at thepoint M and

the load at thepoint N.

9. All thedeflections are recordedin the tabulation.

Result:

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Least count : 0.01mm

Sl.

No.

Load Deflectometer reading Mean deflection

AtpointM

(gm)

AtpointN

(gm)

At point N due

to loading at

point M

At point M due to

loading at point N

AtpointNdueto

loadatpointM(m

m)

AtpointMdueto

loadatpointN(m

m)

Loading

(div)

Unloading

(div)

Loading

(div)

Unloading

(div)

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Ex. No. EFFECT OF HARDENING Date :

Aim :

Todetermine thehardness andimpact resistanceof thegivenhardenedmaterialandcompare them with unhardenedmaterial.


y Muffle furnace

y Hardness testingmachine


y Specimen

Procedure :

Hardening: It isdefined as a heat treatment processin which thesteel isheated

to a temperature within or above its critical range, and held at this temperature for a

considerable time toensure thoroughpenetrationof the temperatureinside thecomponent

and allowed tocool by quenchingin water,oil or brinesolution.

1. Thespecimenishardened asstated above.

2. Now thespecimenispolished usingemerypapersofvariousgrades.

3. Hardnessnumberof the hardened specimen is found by Rockwell hardness

testingmachine.

4. Thesamespecimen is used fordeterminationofimpact strength from impact

testingmachine.

5. Thecalculatedhardnessnumbers andimpact strength are tabulatedseparately.

Result :

Thehardnessnumber andimpact strengthof thehardenedspecimen arecompared

with the unhardenedspecimen.

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Effect of hardening :

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Improvement of Mechanical Properties :

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Ex. No. COMPRESIVE STRENGTH OF TIMBER Date :

Aim :

Todetermine thecompressivestrengthof the timberperpendicular / parallel toGrain.


y Universal wood testingmachine

y Scale

y Test specimenetc.

Procedure:

1. Thespecimenisplacedsuch that the load will be applied through the bearing

plate to the radial surface ( Perpendicular / Parallel tograin)

2. The load iscontinuously appliedsuch that thehydraulicallymovableheadof

the testingmachine travels at an uniform rate until thespecimen fails.

3. Themaximum load at failureisnotedown.

4. The ultimatecompressivestressiscalculated.

Result :

The ultimatecompressivestressof timber Perpendicular / Parallel tograin = ------------

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Size of the

Specimen ( mm)Area ( mm

2)

Ultimate load

( KN)

Ultimate

Compressive

Strength N/mm2

Calculation :

Ultimate load

Ultimatecompressivestrengthof timber Perpendicular / Parallel tograin = -----------------

Area ofcrosssection

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Ex. No. FINENESS TEST FOR CEMENT Date :

Aim :

To determine the fineness modulus of cement

Apparatusrequired :

Balance - A balance sensitive to 0.5 percent of the weight of the sample

to be weighed.

IS Sieve No. 9 ( 90 microns ) , Stopwatch .

Procedure :

The sample shall be weighed accurately to 100gms and taken it on a IS

Sieve No.9

The air set lumps in the sample shall be broken with fingers

The sieve shall then be continuously sieved giving circular and vertical

motion for a period of 15 minutes.

The weight of the residue left on the sieve shall be weighed.

The weight shall not exceed 10% for ordinary cement.

Result :

Finenessof thecement = ----------------------------------------%

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Observations and Calculations:

Weight ofcement taken = 100g

Weight ofcement retained ( N)on IS Sieve No. 9 ( 90 micron) =------------------

N

Percentageofcement retained = ------ x 100

100

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING

VALUE

Date :

Introduction:

Aggregate issubjected to a gradually increasingspecified rateof loading and itscrushingvalueisdetermined. The aggregatecrushingvaluegives relativemeasureof the

substanceof an aggregate tocrush under a gradually appliedcompressive load ( Static).

Aim:

Todetermine thecrushingvalueof thegiven aggregate.

Appratus required:

Aggregatecrushing test mouldof 5kgcapacity, balance, IS sievesofsizes

12.5mm and 2.36mm. compression testingmachineofcapacity 50t,etc.

Procedure:

1. Find the weight of thecylinder and the baseplate ( W1)

2. Then add the test samplein three layersin thecylinder,subjectingeach layer

to 25 stokes using the tamping rod.

3. Level carefully thesurfaceof the aggregate and weigh thesample along with

thecylinder and baseplate ( W2)

4. Insert theplunger to rest horizontallyon thesurfaceof the aggregate

5. Place the apparatus with the test sample andplungerinposition between the

platesof thecompression testingmachine and loadit so that it reaches 40

tonnesin 10 minutes at a uniform rateof loading .

6. Release the load and take the test apparatusout of the testingmachine.

7. Remove the aggregate from thecylinder andsieveit on a 2.36mm IS sieve

and weigh the fractionpassing thesieve ( W3) takingcare to avoid lossof the

fines.

Result :

Average aggregatecrushingvalueof thesample = --------------------------------------

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Asper IS code thecrushingstrengthof aggregate used inconcrete worksother

wearingsurfaceshouldnot exceed 45% and for aggregate usedinconcrete forsmoothing

surfacesshould not exceed 30%

Observations:

Sl.

No.Details Test I (kg) Test II ( kg)

1 Wt ofcylinder with baseplate ( W1 )

2Wt. ofcylinder with baseplate + sample

( W2)

3 Wt. ifsample ( W2 W1)

4Wt. of finespassing 2.36mm IS Sieve

( W3)

5 Wt. ofmaterials retained ( W4)

Calculations:

W3

Aggregatecrushingvalue =------------ x 100 = -------------------------(W2 W1)

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT

VALUE

Date :

Introduction:

Aggregatemay be used along with a binder like bitumen for roadsorit may also

used in concrete for pavements, roads and runways. The wearing surface of thepavement issubject toheavystatic anddynamic loads resultingincrushingof aggregate.

Since aggregateshould be testedincrushingdue tostatic anddynamic loads.

In theimpact test the aggregateissubjected to a givenimpact load (dynamic) by

specifiednumberof fallsofstandardhammer from a givenheight and its impact value

determined.

Aim:

Todetermine the aggregateimpact valueofcoarse aggregate.


Aggregateimpact testingmachine, IS Sieve 2.36mm, a cylindrical measure, rodand balance,etc.,

Procedure :

1. Fill themeasure about one third full with aggregate and using the roundendof a rod, tamp the aggregate with twenty fivestrokes.

2. Repeat theprocedure twice for the remaining two-thirdportion, addingeach

timeone thirdof thevolume and tamping it. Notedown the weight of the

sample ( say A)

3. Transfer the sample to thecylinder in three layersofone thirdvolume and

tampit as usual.

4. Place thecylinderinitspositionin theimpact testingmachine firmly.

5. Allow the load to fall 15 times at one blow persecond at constant rate.

6. Take thesampleout of thecylindercarefully.

7. Sieve the sampleon 2.36mm sieve. Weigh theportionpassing through the

2.36mmsieve.

8. Calculate the aggregateimpact value. Repeat this for remaining twosamples.

Result :

Average aggregateimpact valueof thesampleis -------------------------- %

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IS codespecifies that the aggregate impact valueshouldnot bemore than 45%

weight for aggregate used forconcreteother than wearingsurfaces and 30% by weight

concrete used as wearingsurfacessuch as roads,pavements and runways

Observations :

Sl.

No.Description Sample - I Sample - II

1.Weight of theemptycup

( W1 )

2.Weight of the empty cup and

aggregate ( W2)

3 Weight of aggregate ( A)

4Weight of aggregate passing

through IS sieve 2.6mm ( B)

5 Weight of aggregate retained

6.

Aggregateimpact value

( B/A x 100 )

Calculations:

Aggregateimpact valueof the

Ist sample = B/A x 100 = ---------------------------------

IIndsample = B/A x 100 = ---------------------------------

Averageimpact valueof thesamples = ---------------------------------

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF BULKING OF SAND Date :

Introduction :

The word Bulkingmeans increaseofvolume. Sand is an integral part of a

concrete. Whenever a small quantityof wateris added togivenvolumeofperfectlydryitsvolumeincreasesinitially. Thisisdue to the fact that eachparticleofsandis rounded

by a filmofsurfaceeater which tends tohold thesurroundingparticles used by a similar

film at a distance bysurface tension. Ifmore wateris added little bottle ( sayin theorder

of 2 % of we3ight at every time)it will benoted that itsvolume anincreasinggradually

and after reaching a particularvalue, thevolumedimities usually and finally reaching the

zero value. Thus the total volume ofperfectly dry sand ----------------same as that of

saturatedsand.

Aim:

Todetermine thepercentage bulkingofsand and toplot the Bulkingcurve.


A cylindrical largemeasuring jarof 1000cccap,scale, balance,etc .,

Procedure:

1. Take a cleanempty jarof 1000ccvolume anddetermineits weight.2. Fill it carefully with theperfectly dried sand ( dried upto 110C ) without

tampingordisturbing thesand, layers upto 500cc.

3. Weigh up the jar again together with thesand filled todetermine the weight of

sand alone.

4. Pouroff thesand into a pan without losingeven a singleparticleof thesand

and add water at 2% by weight ofdrysand andmix it thoroughly byhand.

5. Refill the wet sandinto thesame jar loosely. It will be found that a portionof

sandisexcess andit iscalled Bulkedexcesssand.

6. Determine thepercentageof bulkedsand as below. If Vis total volume and

U thevolumeof bulkedsand, then thepercentageof bulking = U/V x 100

7. Repeat theexperiment byincreasing thepercent ofmoisturecontents at every

time inorderofsay 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, etc., till there be any bulked

excesssand.

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8. Plot a graph moisture content versuspercentage of bulking , taking % of

moisturecontent is X- axis and % of bulkingin Y-axis.

9. Notedown themaximum bulking andcorrespondingmoisturecontent.

Result :

Maximum % of bulking = --------------------------------------

Correspondingmoisturecontent = --------------------------------------


Normallyconcrete isprepared bymixingcement,sand and aggregate isvolume

portion. When thesand is in wet condition, it will be less than the actual quantitydry

sand. The concrete mix then becomes deficient in sand and concrete may be use to

segregation. Theyieldofconcreteis also reduced. Therefore, while adding aggregate

( sand) to theconcretemix byvolume , the specifiedvolumeofsand isproposnately

increasedif thesandismoist. The finer thesand, thegreateris the bulking.

Observations:

Sl.

No. Description

Moisturecontent added

2 % 4 % 6% 8% 10%

1.Weight ofdrysand

( grams)

2 Volumeofdrysand (cc)

3Volumeof water added

( cc)

4Volume of bulked sand

(cc)

5Increaseinvolume

( cc)

6 % of bulking

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF INITIAL SETTING TIME

AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Date :

Introduction :

The termsetting is used todescribe thestiffeningof thecement paste. It refers

change from a fluid to a rigidstate. Althoughduringsetting, thepaste acquiresstrength,

the termhardeningis used todenote thegainofstrengthof a set at paste.

The settingofcement is caused by a selectivehydrationofcement compounds

fullyTricalcium Silicate andTricalcium Aluminate). The termsinitial set and final used

todescribe arbitrarilychosenstageofsetting.

Initial setting timeisdefined as the timeelapsed between themoment the wateris

to thecement to the time thepastestarts loosingitsplasticity. In actual construction with

concrete,certain time is required formixing, transporting andplacing. During time the

cement product should remaininplasticstate. Normally a minimumofminutesisgiven

formixing andhandlingoperations.

Final setting timeis the timeelapsed between themoment the wateris added the

cement and the time when thepaste has completely lost itsplasticity and has used

sufficient firmness to resist certaindefinitepressure.

Aim :

Todetermine theinitial and final setting timesofcement .

Apparatus required:

Vicats apparatus with 1mm square needle with and without attachement for

collar,stopwatch,measuring jar,etc.,

Procedure:

Initial setting time:

1. Take 500gofcement sample andmix it with 0.85 times the water required to

producecement pasteofnormal consistency.

2. Fill the Vicat mould with thepaste, within 5 minutes. Start thestopwatch the

moment wateris added to thecement.

3. Lower theneedleof 1mmdeepgently and bringit incontact with thesurface

4. In the beginning, the needle will completelypierce through thepaste. But,

after sometime, when thepaste starts loosing itsplasticity, the needle may

penetrate todepthof 33mm to 35mm from the top.

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5. Take theperiodelapsing between the time when wateris added to thecement

and the time which theneedlepenetrates themould to a depthequal to 33mm

to 35mm from the topor when reading in the Vicats scale between 5 and

7mm as theinitial setting time.

Final setting time:

1. Replace the needle of 1mm square by a circular attachment with amular

coller.

2. Theperiodelapsing between the time when wateris added to thecement and

the time at which theneedlemakes impressionon thesurfaceof themould

while the attachment fails todosois the final setting time.

3. In other words, thepaste has attained such hardness that the centre of the

needledoesnot piercemore than 0.5mm through thepaste.

Result :

Initial setting timeof thecement = ------------------------------------- minutes .

Final setting timeof thecement = ---------------------------------------hours.


Asper IS theminimuminitial setting time forordinary Portlandcement and rapid

hardeningcement shall not be less than 30 minutes and 60minutes for low cost cement.

Themaximum time for final setting for all typesofcement shall not bemore than

10 hours.

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Observations :

Weight ofcement taken = -----------------------------------------------------

Quantityof water added =------------------------------------------------------

Initial setting time =------------------------------------------------------

Final setting time =------------------------------------------------------

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF

CEMENT PASTE

Date :

Introduction:

Thenormal consistencyof a cement paste isdefined as that percentageof water

which will permit a Vicat plunger topenetrate a depthof 33-35mm from the topof the

Vicat mould. The apparatus used todeterminednormal consistencyofcement paste is

called Vicat apparatus .

Aim:

Todetermine the Normal consistencyofcement paste.

Apparatus required:

Vicats apparatus withplunger, trowel ,measuring jar, Vicat mould,stopwatch,

glassplate,etc.,

Procedure:

1. Take about 400gmsofpuredrycement andmix with about 25% of water ( by

weight ofdrycement) to form a neat cement pasteon a non-porousplate.

2. Fill the Vicat mould with thepaste andshakeit toexpel anyentrapped air.

3. Place themould under a standardplungerof 10mmdiameter and 15mm long

to touch thesurfaceof thepaste and allow it todropinto thepaste byitsown

weight.

4. Take the reading bynoting thedepthof thepenetrationof theplungerinto the

pasteon thevertical scaleof the Vicats apparatus.

5. Start thestopwatch assoon as the water is added to thedrysample and take

care that thepasteismoulded within 5 minutes.

6. Mould the trial paste withdifferent percentageof waterstaring with 25% by

weight ofcement.

7. Repeat theprocessofmoulding and filling again and again by adding 2% of

extra watereach time.

8. Continue till thepointer in the scale of Vicats apparatus reaches 5mm to

7mm

9. Thiscorresponding quantityof waterexpressed as a percentage by weight of

cement iscalled the Normal consistency.

Result :

Normal consistencyof thecement pasteis found to be -----------------------------%

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Normal consistency isessential todetermine the initial setting time, final setting

time andsoundnessofcement.

Trial

No.

Weight of

sample taken(g)

Water addedin

( %)

Weight of water

added

( g)

Non penetration

distance (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF SPLITTING TENSILE

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS

Date :

Aim:

Todetermine thesplitting tensilestrengthofconcretecylinders.


Compression testing machine,packing strips ( plywood 12mm wide and 3mm

thick), Scale,etc.,

Procedure :

1. Prepare theconcretecylinders 150mm x 300mmofmix ratio 1 : 2 : 4 , W/ C

ratio 0.6 , Material required forpreparingonecylinderis 2kgofcement , 4 kg

ofsand, 8kgof 20mm aggregate, 1200ml of water.

2. Tests shall be made at the recognized ages of the test specimen, the most

useful being 7 and 28days. The agesshall becalculated from the timeof the

additionof water to thedry ingredients,. At least threespecimens shall be

tested foreach ageof the test.

3. Measure thediameter and lengthofspecimen.

4. Draw thediameteral lineson the twoendsof thespecimen.

5. Wipeoff the bearingsurfacesof the testingmachine andof thepackingstrips

clean.

6. Placeoneof theplywoodstripscentrally along thecentreof the lowerplateof

the testingmachine.

7. Place the specimen on the plywood strip and align and centre over the

plywood strips so that the diameteral lines marked on the ends of the

specimen arevertical andcenteredover theplywoodstrip.

8. Place the secondplywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder , centred on the

linesmarkedon theendsof thecylinders.

9. Apply the loadcontinuously at the rateof 99KN / min. without shock until

the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no

greater loadcan besustained.

10.Notedown the load at failure.

11.Calculate thesplit tensilestrength from the formula

2P

sp= --------

dl

Result : Split tensilestrength = ---------------------------------N/ mm2

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Observations and Calculations :

Diameterof thespecimen =-------------------------------------------------

Lengthof thespecimen =-------------------------------------------------

Maximum load at failure =-------------------------------------------------

Thesplit tensilestrengthshall becalculated from the formula

2P

sp= -------- in which

dl

sp =

Measured splitting tensile strength

P = Maximum load in N.

D = Diameter of the specimen in mm

l = Measured length of the specimen in mm.

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Ex. No. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

OF CONCRETE CUBE

Date :

Introduction:

Themost commonof all testsonhardenedconcreteis thecompressivestrengthof

the intrinsic importanceof thecompressivestrengthofconcrete inconstruction. Asper

IS 456 , 150mmconcretecubes are testedincompression to find their length at 7 daysor

28 days. There test specimensshall bemade fromeachsample for testing at 28 days.

Additional cubesmay be required forvariouspurposessuch as todetermine thestrength

concrete at 7 daysor at the timeofstriking the form workor tocheck the testingerror.

The test strength of sample shall be the average of the strength of three specimens.

Individual variationshouldnot bemore than 15 percent of the average.

Aim:

Todetermine the ultimatecompressive strengthof theconcretecube.


Compression testingmachineofcapacity 100 T, Scale,etc.

Procedure:

1. Note thedateofcasting.

2. Measure thedimensionsof theconcretecube.

3. Place theconcretecube,in thecompression testingmachine.

4. Apply the load to thespecimen uniformly.

5. Apply further load until thespecimen fails. Notedown the load at failure.

6. This loadis the ultimatecompressive load.

7. Repeat theprocedure for remainingspecimens.

8. Strike off the compacted excess concrete above the top of the cylinder

carefully and weigh thecylinder withcompactedconcrete.

9. Take this weight as fullycompactedconcrete.

(Wp) Weight ofpartiallycompactedconcrete

Compaction factor =-----------------------------------------------------------

( Wf) Weight of fullycompactedconcrete.

10.Repeat the test for W/C ratiosof 0.60 , 0.65 and 0.70

Result : Compaction factor for thegivenmix ofconcrete = ---------------------------

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Observations:

Sl. No Description Batch - I Batch - II

1 Weight of Cement (g)

2 Weight of Coarse Aggregate ( g)

3 Weight of fine Aggregate ( g)

4 Weight of Water added ( g)

5 Weight of Emptymould ( g)

6

Weight of Emptymould andpartially

compactedconcrete (g)

7

Weight ofemptymould and fullycompacted

concrete ( g)

8 Weight ofpartiallycompactedconcrete (g)

9 Weight of fullycompactedconcrete (g)

10 Compaction factor = Wp/Wf

11 Water Cement ratio ( %)

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Ex. No. SIEVE ANALYSIS Date :

Aim:

Todetermine thegrainsizedistributionof thegivensand bysieve analysis.

Introduction:

Sand havingparticles larger than 0.075 mm sieve are termed as coarsegrained sands.

Coarsegrainedsoils areclassifiedmainly bysieve analysis. Thegrain sizedistribution

curvegives an idea regarding thegradationofsoil; whether the soil is well gradedor

poorlygraded. Inmechanical sandstabilization themainprincipleis tomix a few soilsin

such a proportion that a desiredgrain size distribution isobtained for thedesignmix.

Hence forproportioning theselectedsands, thegrainsizedistributionofeachsandshould

beknown.

Apparatus:

A set ofspecifiedsieves,sieveshaker, balance.

Procedure:

1. Takesuitable quantity (1000gms)ofovendriedsoil retainedin 75Qsieve.

2. Sieve thesand through 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.70 mm, 1.18 mm, 600Q, 425Q,300Q,

150Q and 75Q, using a mechanical shaker for 5 minutes.

3. Weigh to 0.1 gmseachsieve andpan withsoil retainedon them.

4. Thesumof the retainedsandischecked against theoriginal massofsand taken.

5. All theobservations areenteredin thedata sheet and thecalculations aremade.

Graph:

Plot theparticlesizedistributioncurve between theparticledia in (mm) and % Finerin

semi logsheet.

Calculations:

1. Effectivesizeof the Sand = D10

2. Uniformitycoefficient (Cu) = D60 / D10

3. Coefficient ofcurvature (Cc) = (D30)2

/ D10 x D60

4. Finenessmodulus =Total sumof thecumulative % retained / 1000

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Observations:

Sl.No.

I.S.Sieves

Weight retained (gms)

Cumulative

weight

retained

(gms)

Cumulative

% retained

(gms)

% Finer

Empty

weight of

sieve

Retained

weight of

sieve

Retained

weight of

soil

1. 4. 75mm

2. 2.36mm

3. 1. 70mm

4. 1.18mm

5. 600Q

6. 425Q

7. 300Q

8. 150Q

9. 75Q

10. Pan

RESULTS:

1. Theparticlesizedistributioncurveisdrawn..

2. Effective Size D10 (inmm) =

D60

3. Uniformity Coefficient = ------- =D104. Fineness Modulus =

5. Percentageof Gravel (> 2mm) =

6. Percentageof Sand ( < 2mm and upto 0.06 mm) =

7. Percentageof Silt and Clay ( < 0.06 mm) =

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEST:

The result ofparticle size analysis have importance in classifying sand into various

groups byseveral classificationsystems. Thedata obtained fromgrainsizedistribution

curves is used in thedesignof filters forearthdams and todetermine thesuitabilityof

sand for roadconstruction.

A sand having a Uniformity Co-efficient smaller then about 2 would be considered

uniform .Forgravels the Cu must begreater than 4. Finenessmodulus forsandvaries

from 2 to 4.

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