SMACNA SAFETY TOOL BOX TALKS - Sheet Metal, Air ... · SMACNA SAFETY TOOL BOX TALKS TABLE OF...

SMACNASafety Tool Box Talks

© Copyright 1995. All rights reserved.

Sheet Metal and Air ConditioningContractors' National Association, Inc.

4201 Lafayette Center DriveChantilly, VA 22021-1209

Phone: (703) 803-2980 Fax: (703) 803-3732

SMACNA SAFETY TOOL BOX TALKSTABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 7 Your Role in AccidentPrevention

8 Positive Attitude9 Set The Example

10 We Know Better11 Make-Do Can Hurt12 Falling Objects Can Kill13 Chances Are14 Falling Objects15 Safety Pays16 You Lose17 Know Your Work Area18 Protection of the Public19 Short Cuts20 Hazards in Welding/Soldering21 Think22 Too Close for Comfort23 Off the Job Safety24 Reduce Accidents

Page 37 First Aid Don'ts38 If You Are Not Trained39 Heat Stress Prevention40 Prescription Drugs41 Puncture Wounds42 Infection43 Heat Stroke and Heat

Exhaustion44 First Aid45 Treatment for Shock46 Do Not Attempt

Page 25 Courtesy26 Hydroplaning27 Defensive Driving28 Jumping A Battery29 Driver Attitude30 Blind Spots31 Can Seat Belts Save Lives

Page 32 Electricity33 Electrical Shock34 Electrical Safety35 110-Volt Electricity36 Job Site Electrical Safety

Page 47 Carbon Monoxide48 Gasoline49 Compressed Gas50 Compressed Air51 Respect Oxygen and

Acetylene52 10 Basic Rules for

Oxyacetylene53 The Sleeping Giant54 Using Compressed Air Safely

Page 55 Housekeeping56 Windy Days57 Working with Acids58 Refueling Equipment59 Fire Hazards60 Drug Abuse61 Confined Spaces62 Moving Equipment63 The Material Safety Data Sheet

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED

Page 95 Stepladders96 Straight Ladders97 OSHA Scaffold Standards98 Use Ladders for Climbing99 Make-Shift Scaffolds

100 Scaffolds101 Rolling Scaffold Rules102 OSHA Guardrail Standards

Page 64 Hoisting65 Overhead Loads66 Rigging and Hoisting Safely67 Rigging68 Hoisting Safely

Page 69 Floor Openings70 Watch Your Step71 Jumping72 Back to Back73 Slips and Falls74 Let's Eliminate Back Injuries75 Falls76 Oh My Aching Back77 How to Spare Your Back

Page 78 Safety Belts and Harnesses79 Improper Clothing80 Wear Safety Shoes81 Head Protection82 Fire Extinguishers83 Eye Protection84 Hearing Protection85 Eye Safety86 Hand Safety87 Dress for Safety88 Respiratory Protection89 Why Wear Hard Hats90 Personal Protective Equipment91 Hands92 Hand Protection93 Preventing Hand/Finger

Injuries94 Goggles, Gloves

Page 103 Grinding Wheels104 Laser105 Pneumatic Nailers106 Grinding Safety107 Welding and Burning108 Hand Tools109 Power Tool Safety110 Powder Actuated Tools111 Ramset Operation

Safety Tool Box Talks

Accident Prevention

Your Role in Accident PreventionDo unsafe CONDITIONS occur at your work level?

Have you noticed unsafe PRACTICES at your work level?

Have you taken steps to CORRECT the problems?

ACCEPT ACCIDENT PREVENTION AS PART OF YOUR DAILY ROU-TINE, AND AS A PERSONAL CHALLENGE. You cannot ignore a problemthat may cause an injury either to you or your fellow employee.

REPORT UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS TO YOUR FOREMAN

AVOID HORSEPLAYDiscourage fellow workers from playing practical jokes

FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONSStick to safe, approved methods and do the job the right way. Do notattempt short cuts. You may inadvertently create an unsafe condition forfellow workers.

MAKE SUGGESTIONSTry to improve methods, quality, and productionSAFETY WILL IMPROVE ALSO

KEEP YOUR WORK AREA NEAT AND ORDERLYDon't let unnecessary trash and equipment accumulateMAINTAIN A SAFE WORKPLACE

DRESS FOR THE JOBDressing safely will help you work safelyWear appropriate shoes

Attendance List Company Name Date

Positive Attitude

IF EVERYONE KEPT A POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD SAFETY,OUR JOB SITES WOULD BE NEARLY ACCIDENT FREE. THEREDUCTION OF ACCIDENTS WILL KEEP MORE MEN ON THEJOB BECAUSE LOST TIME INJURIES WILL BE GREATLYREDUCED.

FOLLOWING ARE POSITIVE SAFETY ATTITUDES YOU NEED TODEVELOP FOR YOUR SAFETY AND FOR THE SAFETY OFOTHERS ON THE JOB SITE.

* Accidents can be prevented.Plan for the unexpected.Watch out for the other guy.

* Preventing accidents is more important than blaming thosewho cause them.

Our goal is not to find fault, but to stop the accident fromhappening again.

* Safety rules and regulations are reasonable and important.Rules are for your safety and well being.

* Co-workers will respect you for regarding safety as being important.They will realize you are looking out for their well-being also.Safe workers are desirable workers.

* Safety is the mark of working smart and skillfully.

* Taking chances is not a sign of bravery or intelligence.

* Correcting job site hazards is EVERYONE'S responsibility.If you cannot correct the hazard, report it to your foreman orsafety officer RIGHT AWAY.

Any worker who develops attitudes as these will not only work safely toavoid accidents, but will also be recognized as an asset to fellow workersand the company.


Set the ExampleWe all want to avoid getting hurt on or off the job. Each of us has a respon-sibility to look after the "other guy" who may follow us on the job or beusing the same tools, equipment, or materials.

WE CAN'T PASS THE BUCK ABOUT SAFETYBECAUSE IT IS NOT A ONE MAN JOB!

Never say: I'll look after #1, let the other guy watch out for himself.

If an employee is working in a dangerous position, warn him. He maynot be experienced enough or may be too preoccupied to recognize thatthe hazard even exists.

Worrying about being criticized should not keep you from offeringadvice on safety. Advise your fellow employee in a helpful, sincere way,and your interest will usually be appreciated.

WAYS WE CAN HELP EACH OTHER WORK SAFELY:

1. Encourage wearing of personal protective equipment and properclothing.

2. Set an example in the safe method of using tools and equipment.

3. Keep tool and equipment guards in place and don't leave a trap forthe other guy.

4. Report power tool defects or hazards to your foreman immediately.

5. Encourage everyone to report for first aid at once when injured, nomatter how slight.

6 Ask questions if you don't fully understand your job.

ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS:

1. Do I always report unsafe conditions that could catch someoneelse unaware?

2. Can I accept safety suggestions in the cooperative spirit in whichthey are offered?


We Know Better!!WE KNOW a machine in operation can be dangerous - but we continueto oil, adjust, or attempt repairs on machinery WITHOUT BOTHERINGTO TURN IT OFF!

WE KNOW wearing safety glasses saves needless injury - but we contin-ue to operate string trimmers, edgers, blowers, etc. without the use of thisprotection.

WE KNOW a whack on the head hurts - but we sometimes fail to use ourhard hats when exposed to overhead work.

WE KNOW horseplay causes a lot of injuries - but we don't let that stopus!

WE KNOW carbon monoxide can kill - but don't take proper precautionsto avoid exposure to fumes.

WE KNOW we all have a limit to what we can lift - but continue to pushthat limit without asking for assistance.

WE ALL KNOW BETTER THAN TO DO ANYOF THESE THINGSBut continue to take unneccessary chances.

SURE WE ALL KNOW BETTER

BUT KNOWING IS ONLY HALF THE JOB


Printed Name Initials Printed Name Initials

1 30

2 31

3 32

4 33

5 34

6 35

7 36

8 37

9 38

10 39

11 40

12 41

13 42

14 43

15 44

16 45

17 46

18 47

19 48

20 49

21 50

22 51

23 52

24 53

25 54

26 55

27 56

28 57

29 58

Make-Do Can HurtIf there is one thing a worker prides himself on, it's being able tomake do with something else when the regular tool or equipment isnot on hand. But sometimes he loses a lot more than the timeinvolved when the thing or the method is unsafe.

Concrete blocks are favorite make-do items. They're close at hand onmost jobs and men in a hurry use them for all sorts of temporary block-ing and even to support the heavy weight of scaffolds. Because you cannever be sure that they don't have hidden cracks, you can never counton them to support anything. Even if you knew it was perfect you stillcouldn't trust it.

On one job, an employee was having trouble setting up a tubular scaf-fold in a stairway, until he found that concrete blocks under two legs ofthe scaffold made it fit just fine. That is, it worked until one of the blockscrumbled and the man was pitched off the scaffold. His injuries includ-ed a broken arm and a mass of bruises.

A lot of foot injuries have resulted from the use of concrete blocks tosupport heavy machinery - the blocks give way and an employee goesto the hospital with crushed toes.

Then there was an employee who scrounged up a discarded 5 gallonbucket and thought it would make a good stepladder. The only prob-lem with this is that the bucket doesn't know it's now a stepladderand doesn't know how to react properly. It still turns over, kicks outand bends, just like it was still a bucket!

We could name lots of make-dosAND SURELY YOU'VE SEEN A FEW

Look closely at the next make-do you see on a job site. Consider whatcould go wrong with the set-up and then assume it will. Suggest aSAFER WAY OF WORKING - you may possibly save a fellow workera lot of pain and lost wages.


Falling Objects Can KillOr Cause Serious Injury

Materials stored improperly on the job site can present a fall hazard.Materials should be stored orderly, on a sound base and within a sen-sible height.

When materials are stored on scaffolds, DO NOT OVERLOAD WITHWEIGHT AND DO NOT COMPROMISE YOUR SAFE AREA. Toeboards should be in place on scaffolds and elevations open to work areasbelow should be protected to keep loose bricks, tools, equipment, etc.from falling on a fellow worker.

Never Climb A Ladder With Hands Full of Tools, Equipment, Materials

Your hands should be free to hold onto the ladder. Use hand lines, con-tainers or buckets to get these items to your work area. NEVER throwmaterials or tools.

When you must work beneath other operators:WEAR YOUR HARD HATIT CAN SAVE YOUR LIFE.

The Falling Object Could Even Be You!

USE SAFETY BELT/LIFELINE PROTECTION WHEN YOUR JOB PRE-SENTS A FALL HAZARD. Always be alert to another employee takinga chance, your concern could save a life or prevent a crippling injury.


You will remain fit and pain free if you stickwith the basics when lifting and handling materials

Many painful injuries happen to workers because they forget basic mate-rial handling rules. The following are a few pointers about lifting andhandling:

Think of your feet in case something heavy drops. Keep your feet pro-tected with proper work shoes.

Think of your hands. Wear work gloves when handling rough, sharp orsplintery materials.

When you prepare to lift a load, bend your knees and crouch down,keeping your back reasonably erect. Let leg muscles bear the mainstrain, rather than the lower back muscles.

Before lifting, be sure you have a secure grip and solid footing.

Keep the load close to your body, to minimize strain. Liftsmoothly-don't jerk as you lift.

Always be conscious of the position and exposure of your fingersand toes.

Do not twist your body when carrying a load; pivot with your feetinstead of your spine.

When a load is too heavy or awkward to handle alone,ASK FOR HELP!

Check your pathway first to make sure there are no obstacles in the way.

Push rather than pull.

When possible, use equipment (dollies, carts, two-wheelers,hydraulic/electrical hoists or lifts) to move loads.

Make sure work levels are at waist height when standing and elbowheight when sitting, whennever possible.

If you have to work in one position for a long period of time, takestretching breaks.


Falling ObjectsFALLING OBJECTS DISABLE MORE THAN 260,000 WORKERS AYEAR. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IS ONE OF THEBEST SAFEGUARDS AGAINST FALLING OBJECTS

1. MATERIALS SHOULD BE STACKED OR PILED:A. On a sound baseB. At a reasonable height

2. MATERIALS PLACED ON SCAFFOLDS REQUIRE SPECIAL CARE:A. Be sure not to overloadB. Allow ample space for work operationC. Make piles stableD. Install toe boards to protect workers below from falling

materials

3. WHEN YOU CARRY MATERIALS, BE SURE YOU CAN SEEOVER THEM.

4. WHEN SENDING MATERIALS, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT TO HIGHERELEVATIONS:

A. Use containers, buckets, or hand linesB. Tools & materials tend to fall when employees try to carry them

up laddersC. Use of hand lines allows hands to be free when going

up ladders

5. WHERE SCAFFOLDS ARE NOT PROVIDED:A. Wear a safety belt when you work at an open elevation

1. If you use both hands for prying, the safety line will keepyou from falling if the object breaks loose suddenly

6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:A. Be hard hatted - not hard headedB. Safety glasses, shields, and goggles will protect the eyesC. Safety shoes do protect the toesD. Metatarsal guards protect the rest of the foot

7. PROTECT YOURSELF AND THE OTHER GUY:A. Stay out from under suspended loads and overhead workB. Keep clear of barricaded areasC. Warn unauthorized personnel to stay away from dangerous areasD. Take care that tools or material don't fall from overhead work


Safety PaysWHEN YOU GAMBLE THAT AN UNSAFE ACT MIGHT SAVE YOU

SOME TIME, YOU MUST REALIZE THAT YOU CAN LOSE THEGAMBLE.

YOU COULD LOSE TIME FROM WORK OR SUFFER A VERYSERIOUS INJURY. OUR COMPANY DOES NOT WANT YOU TOTAKE CHANCES LIKE THAT.

Both you and our company will benefit from a safe job and worksite

SAFE PRACTICES DO PAY DIVIDENDS:* Working safely maintains your ability to earn a living* Working safely also saves you from the pain and suffering from a

serious accident* You do receive compensation payments for disabling work injuries,

BUT THEY AMOUNT TO ONLY A PERCENTAGE OF YOUR PAY

OUR COMPANY BENEFITS WHEN YOU WORK SAFETY:* Our accident prevention program will help reduce losses* A reduction of losses will allow us to reduce our insurance

premiums* Your working safely also reduces the amount of damaged materials

and equipment

THESE REDUCTIONS IN COSTS HELP INCREASE OURPRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY:* This increase allows our company to be more competitive when

bidding new jobs* When our company is successful in obtaining new jobs, we can keep

our men working longer

Safety awareness is dependent on you, the worker, for success. The moresuccess our company experiences, the more opportunities we can offerour people.

THE MAN WHO TAKES A RISK AT WORK IS THEBIGGEST GAMBLER IN EXISTENCE


You Lose

SAFETY IS PART OF DOING A GOOD JOBYOU CAN'T GET HURT AND STILL DO A GOOD JOB

When an injury occurs, something is wrong and the injured person is thefirst to find out about it! There is pain to deal with, the paycheck stops,and bills pile up even higher.

IF ALL OF THIS IS TRUE, THEN WHY DO SOME PEOPLECONSTANTLY IGNORE SAFETY RULES?

Accident-prone people are likely to break rules they consider unimpor-tant and unnecessary. People who disregard safety rules may also bereckless, both on and off the job. They are confident that accidentsalways happen to the other guy and have a false sense of security.

There are many GOOD reasons for being safe, but you can narrow it alldown to just one - YOURSELF!! You will be the loser. You can eitherplay it safe or trust your luck (has your luck been THAT good lately?)THERE IS NO IN-BETWEEN.

You can either make safety a part of your job or you become achance-taker and put your career and future in jeopardy

HAZARDS EXIST IN MANY FORMS. We try to keep them at a mini-mum to send you home in good condition at the end of each work day.You are important to this company, or you would not be here, but youare also important to your family and community of friends.

SO DON'T BECOME A LOSERTREAT SAFETY WITH THE RESPECT IT DESERVES

WHEN YOU LOSE AT THE GAME OF CHANCE-TAKING

YOU CAN LOSE BIG!


Know Your Work AreaBefore beginning any job, become thoroughly familiar with your work area.Make a safety- minded inspection, for your own benefit and for the benefitof your co-workers. Here is a list of some of the items to be checked.

Safety Checklist1. Emergency telephone numbers - Are they posted near job

site telephone?2. Nearest doctor's office and hospital - What is the address and

fastest route from here?3. Fire extinguisher and fire blankets - Are they available?

Where?4. First Aid Kits - Are they available?

Where? Fully stocked?5. Electrical power disconnects - Where are they located?

How do they operate?6. Eyewash stations - Where are they? How do

they operate?7. Safety showers - Where are they located?8. Exit path and doors - Where are they? Are they

clearly marked?9. Approval to work in the area - Has the owner approved

the area for work?10. Potentially hazardous conditions - Are they present? What

or substances such as chemicals, safety precautions arecoal dust, fumes, dangerous needed to work withmachinery or equipment them safely?

11. Other people working around you, - Where are they?above or below you Do they know you are

there?12. Check all of your tools, clothing - Make certain they are

and equipment before starting available and in goodany operation working order.

You have the most control over your own safety.

Check your area and conditions for safety.

Be alert for potentially hazardous conditions and get them corrected.


Protection of the Public

When the public's property is damaged, (cars, trucks, clothing, and realestate), our company's reputation is affected.

Accidents experienced by the public can become very newsworthy and ittends to create adverse publicity.

BEFORE YOU BEGIN WORK:

A. If necessary, be sure than an adequate amount of approved warningand protective devices are on the job site or can be readily obtainedbefore starting work.1. signs2. flags3. barricades

MONITOR THE WARNING DEVICES:

A. Check placement of flags and barricades.B. Each night before leaving the job, inspect barricades and warnings.

USE A FLAGMAN WHEN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUSCONDITION EXISTS:

A. Flagman should be constantly aware of pedestrians andvehicular traffic.

B. Flagman should not spend time conversing with other workersor pedestrians.

C. Trespassers present a hazard to our workers.D. Warn approaching persons that work is in progress.

1. barricade or flag a safe area when there is a danger that someonecan wander into a hazardous area.

It is recommended that cones be used when our company vehicles are parked onpublic roadways. This precaution allows a motorist time for caution, protects ourvehicles and, most important, helps protect our employees who may be in the areaof the vehicle.


Short CutsTAKING SHORTCUTS IS A COMMON PRACTICEEveryone takes a shortcut at one time or another. Kids jump the fenceinstead of using the gate. Pedestrians cross streets between intersections.In many cases, A SHORTCUT INVOLVES DANGER.

BREAK THE HABITIf you have the habit of taking dangerous shortcuts, break it. In ourwork it can be deadly.

A worker who tried to cross an opening by swinging across slipped andfell 20' onto a concrete floor. If he had taken a few moments to walkaround the opening, he would still be living.

AVOID DANGEROUS SITUATIONSIf you are told to go to a particular work area, the Company expects youto take the SAFE route, not the shorter, more hazardous one. Avoidingdangerous shortcuts is up to you. Also, it is your responsibility to warnanyone else you see jeopardizing their safety.

WHAT IF THERE IS NO SAFE WAY TO GET THERE?Let your foreman know and he will see that a proper access is provided.

SHORTCUTS ARE MORE DANGEROUS AT HEIGHTSEven though a job may take only a few minutes, do not take the "justthis time" attitude and climb on falsework or an improvised platform.USE THE LADDER OR SCAFFOLD. And don't go from one elevation toanother by climbing or sliding down a rope, ladders, steps, and walkways arebuilt to save your neck as well as for your convenience. USE THEM!

REMEMBER...The route may not be the shortest route...BUT IT IS DEFINITELY THE SUREST WAY TO GET THERE!!


Hazards in Welding and SolderingWelding, solder and brazing materials such as welding rod, electrodes

and solder may create hazardous fumes as flashing occurs.

Do not inhale welding or soldering fumes. Make sure adequate ventila-tion is provided at the work station to remove the fumes. Natural orforced ventilation should direct the gases away from the workers' breath-ing area. If space is confined, use a respirator that provides proper respi-ratory protection.

"Metal fume fever" can result from inhalation of fumes when welding var-ious metals. The symptoms consist of chills and fever, easily confusedwith flu symptoms, which come on a few hours after exposure.

Protect eyes and face from welding flash using proper shield glass andwelding hood for face protection. Use protective gear such as leathergloves and jackets when welding. Avoid clothing made of synthetic mate-rial; use clothing made of heavy cotton or wool fiber with cuffless workpants.

Make sure a welding screen is in place to protect adjacent workers fromweld flash and prolonged exposure to arc rays.

Solder and brazing rods may contain cadmium, lead, tin, antimony andflux, which contains zinc chloride. These fumes are toxic and exposuremay cause fatigue, sleep disturbances, headaches, aching bones and mus-cles, and stomach pains.

Cadmium fumes are highly toxic and a suspected carcinogen.

Zinc chloride fumes can cause dermatitis, boils, conjunctivitis (inflamma-tion of eyelids) and gastrointestinal (stomach and intestine) upsets.

REMEMBER:READ THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS AND CONTAINERLABELS TO OBTAIN THE CORRECT INFORMATION ON THEHEALTH HAZARD POSED BY THE DIFFERENT WELDING ROD ANDSOLDERING MATERIALS AND FOLLOW THE PROPER PRECAU-TIONARY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THEIR SAFE USAGE.

Think

Didn't look, didn't think, didn't ask! In other words: an accident!

Don't look where you are walking on the job, it is easy to walk on anup-turned nail, slip in an oil or water spill, fall through a deck opening,or just bump into some sharp projection on the site. Any one of theseactivities can guarantee an accident and assure you a place on the injurystatistical records. As side benefits, you can look forward to a painfulexperience and possibly a loss of wages.

Don't think about what you are doing on the job or how you are doing it.Daydream a little about that good time last night or that upcoming fish-ing or hunting trip. Don't plan your work or make use of the proper toolsand safety equipment; there will be plenty of time to think about all thatwhile recovering from your lost time injury.

Don't ask for information. If you encounter anything on the job withwhich you are unfamiliar, bluff your way through. The worst that couldhappen would be damage to an important section of work, loss of anexpensive tool or piece of equipment, or an ambulance ride to the nearesthospital.

Follow the procedure as outlined above and an unsafe job is assured.None of us want such a situation. To remove "accident" from the job,look, think, and ask while performing your work.

Look where you are walking; look out for the work activity around you;and look out for your fellow worker.

Think about the task at hand, what is the safest, most effective way to dothe work. thinking about what you plan to do and thinking as you per-form materially lessens the chance of accident.

Ask if you are not familiar with a tool, a piece of equipment, or a newmethod. Ask for safety equipment if it is needed and has been over-looked. Ask if you are in doubt about the way something is being han-dled. A question is preferable to an accident.

Safety on the job is everyone's business. It requires constant alertness. Theindividual must look, think, and ask questions to keep a job accident free.It's not fun to be the guy sitting on the bench waiting for treatment.


Too Close for ComfortIt has happened to all of us at one time or another - we narrowly avoid aserious accident - a near miss!!AND NOW WE VOW NEVER TO LET OURSELVES BE PUT IN THATPOSITION AGAIN.

Usually within a short period of time, maybe a week, maybe only a day oreven a few hours, we forget the near miss and the vow of repentance, andare back to doing the same old careless thing that got us into trouble in thefirst place.

_ WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO MAKE BETTER USE OF THEEXPERIENCE GAINED BY A NEAR MISS

THERE IS A LESSON TO BE LEARNED FROM EVERY SUCHINCIDENT, AND FORTUNATELY, A NEAR MISS COMES AT AMUCH CHEAPER PRICE AND AFFORDS A CHANCE FORCORRECTION. THE SAME INCIDENT THAT BECOMES ANACCIDENT CAN BE VERY COSTLY AND IT IS TOO LATE FORCORRECTION.

Do not treat a near miss as a lucky break. Consider it an indication thatproper safety precautions are not being taken and ask yourself:

"HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?""HOW MUCH DID I CONTRIBUTE TO THE DANGEROUSSITUATION?"

"WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE TO PREVENT THIS?""WHAT CAN BE DONE TO ASSURE IT DOES NOT HAPPENAGAIN?"

A near miss or a "close one" is not a lucky break, it is an indication that youwere one short step from a possible serious accident.

Use the "Near Miss" Experience to correct DANGEROUS andUNSAFE conditions.

Off the Job SafetyYou wouldn't let a child play with an electrical socket or boiling water,so don't get yourself in hot water either. People tend to warn every onebut themselves away from dangerous situations. It doesn't seem nearly asscary when you're the one doing the balancing act.

A large part of our job in safety is to help you form a safe attitude, toencourage you to want to be safe and to think safety all the time. This alltakes place on the job. But OFF-THE-JOB safety is important too!

What you do on your own time is your own business, but we're all partof a team and it's only natural that we're concerned about each other'swelfare, both on and off the job. At work you're part of a safety networkthat extends into many areas. There are rules and regulations to followand supervisors who attempt to keep the safety program going.

When off the job, you are on your own. You can leave your safety glassesoff when you're sanding or remodeling the kitchen and you can balancea ladder on a box when you are painting the peaks on your house if youprefer. However, it would take a pretty immature person to deliberatelyleave safety at work. Still, we all tend to get a little careless.

WE WANT SAFETY TO BECOME SECOND NATURE. Keep your eyesout for your family, friends, neighbors, and especially yourself. Alwayslook for hazards everywhere you go.

The highways are prime areas of concern for safety. People have a ten-dency to rush and lose their cool. Always watch the other drivers, bepatient and KEEP YOUR COOL. Traffic safety and driving rules can befound almost anywhere, ask your boss.

To some degree, most of us are do-it-yourselfers around the home andthis is where a lot of people are injured. You have to be careful using lad-ders. Make sure your ladder is safe before climbing it. It shouldn't bewobbly and if it is wooden make sure there are no cracks, ANYWHERE!Don't over reach or climb too high.

When using tools, pick the right tool for the right job. If a tool is in poorcondition, don't use it. Most of you have power tools and you should besure that they're properly grounded with a three pronged plug or havedouble insulation. They should be clean and checked regularly to makesure they are safe. And stay off of wet surfaces when using electric powertools.


Reduce Accidents

BY RECOGNIZING UNSAFE ACTIONSAND UNSAFE CONDITIONS

UNSAFE ACTIONS:1. Unauthorized use or operation of equipment.2. Failure to secure or tie off against unexpected movement.3. Operating or working at an unsafe speed.4. Failure to signal or warn as required.5. Removing or making safety devices inoperative.6. Using defective tools or equipment.7. Using tools or equipment unsafely.8. Standing in an unsafe place or standing with poor footing.9. Servicing moving/running equipment.10. Riding on equipment not designed to carry riders.11. Horseplay.12.. Failure to wear personal protective equipment.

UNSAFE CONDITIONS:

1. Lack of adequate guards.2. Lack of adequate warning system.3. Fire Hazards.4. Unexpected falling or wind blown debris.5. Poor housekeeping inside and/or outside.6. Protruding object hazards.7. Space for little movement.8. Poor weather conditions.9. Dangerous storage of materials.

(keep out of walkways and work areas)10. Defective tools.11. Ragged or improper personal clothing.


Driving

CourtesyFOLLOWING ARE A FEW RULES OF COURTESY TO HELP YOU FROMPROVOKING SITUATIONS IN WHICH AN ACCIDENT MIGHT OCCURWHILE DRIVING.

Give proper signals well in advance.of changing lanes or turning soother drivers have advance notice of your intentions and can allow forthem. Be sure to turn off signals after they have served their purpose.

- Pass or turn so other drivers are not crowded.

Be Patient

And be sure you have plenty of room before pulling out from the intersection.

Give the right-of-way cheerfully

WHEN THE OTHER DRIVER SEEMS UNCERTAIN OR APPEARSINTENT ON TAKING IT

GIVE THE OTHER DRIVERS PLENTY OF ROOM TO PASS

WATCH OUT FOR PEDESTRIANS

Keep your temper and stay relaxed

HydroplaningHydroplaning occurs when tires are not touching the road. They are ridingon a layer of water or an oil slick. When water first hits the pavement, itenters the pores of the concrete or asphalt, forcing up the oil that collects inthe pavement. Heavy rain washes the oil away after a while, but a lightmist can go on for hours and never wash off the oil.

To avoid hydroplaning, SLOW DOWN AS SOON AS IT STARTS TORAIN and increase your following distance from the vehicle ahead of you.Remember, other drivers around you may lose control, SO STAY ALERT.Also, check your tires regularly for proper pressure and tread.

PROBLEM CAUSES:

A. Speed too fast for conditions

B. Standing water

C. Tires unable to displace fluid on road due to speed

D. Wedge of fluid forms under and in front of tire

PREVENTATIVES:

A. Adjust speed to condition

B. Good tires

C. Tire pressure and tread design


Defensive DrivingAIM HIGH IN STEERINGYour eyes should be leading your truck or car down the roadway at least 8 to12 seconds ahead at city speeds. You don't look at the toes of your shoeswhen you walk. You usually look about 25 feet ahead of your walking path.YOU MUST have a steering path picked several hundred feet ahead whendriving a vehicle at 25 MPH.

DO NOT BE GUILTY OF LOW AIM STEERING.

AIM HIGH IN STEERING.

GET THE BIG PICTURE

* Use your eyes to GET THE BIG PICTURE. Getting the big picture means see-ing everything related to your total traffic picture. In the city, watch all objectsat least a block ahead. Out of the city, watch at least half a mile ahead.

* Few people realize that we see clearly only through a small cone of central eyesight.When you look 100 feet ahead, all you see with this central eyesight is an area 5 feetin width; at 1,000 feet, it is only 52 feet wide. Most objects are first detected by yourperipheral vision-upper, lower or side sight-which acts as a magnet for centralvision.

KEEP EYES MOVING

That's the only way to get the big picture. Staring at one object prevents youfrom seeing the big picture. Move your eyes at least every two seconds.

LEAVE YOURSELF AN OUT

* Watch for your way out of an emergency situation; keep a safe distancebehind the vehicle ahead and allow space on one or both sides to go to incase it is needed to avoid a collision.

* Another way of expressing it is, do not let your wheels get ahead of youreyes. An accident is always an unexpected event. It is true, if you expect anaccident, you will never have one.

MAKE SURE THEY SEE YOU

* USE TURN SIGNALS, lights and horn to be sure all other drivers see whatyou are doing. Don't perform a maneuver unless you are 100% certain it issafe.

Jumping a BatteryA real hazard, at home or work, is jumping a battery to start a vehicle.Personal injury or expensive repairs may result from improperly jumping abattery. A well-maintained battery will have fewer failures and can elimi-nate the necessity of jumping a battery.

SOME POINTS TO AID THE LIFE OF A BATTERY ARE:

1. Keep the water at its proper level. If the battery is continuallyusing water, it is time to have it checked, since it is probably goingbad. Low levels will allow hydrogen gas to develop and this isone of the main causes of batteries exploding.

2. Clean the terminals periodically so good contact is preserved. Acontinual build-up around the terminals indicates the batteryshould be checked.

3. Having to continually charge the battery indicates failure of thebattery or the vehicle's charging system. Have the entire chargingsystem checked along with the battery.

4. Use a slow charge on the battery. Remove the cups beforecharging and make sure the water level is proper.

WEAR EYE PROTECTION when jumping batteries. The biggest dangeris serious injury to your eyes when a battery explodes. DON'T SMOKE -hydrogen gas is present.

When jumping the batteries, connect the positive cable of the fullycharged battery to the positive post of the dead battery. Connect the cableto the negative post of the fully charged battery. Attach the other end toan engine bolt or some other ground point of the vehicle. Do not attach tothe dead battery terminal. Reverse the procedure when removing cables.

Some vehicles have a positive ground system which means the aboveprocedure will require the negatives to be connected first and the posi-tives last.

The thing to remember is when making the final connection, do it awayfrom the battery.


Driver Attitude

WHY DO DRIVERS DO WHAT THEY DO AND WHAT CAN BEDONE TO COUNTER THEM?

SOME DRIVER ATTITUDES ARE FLEETING.

THE EASY GOING DRIVER MAY SUDDENLY BECOME HIGHLYAGITATED WHICH CAN LEAD TO A SERIOUS ACCIDENT

BAD ATTITUDES tend to be stress related. As the stress increases, sodoes the attitude problem. In either case, society speaks of reaching apoint where...

"WE CAN'T TAKE IT ANYMORE"

"WE LOSE OUR COOL"

"WE BLOW UP"

WHEN THIS HAPPENS INDIVIDUALS DO NOTPERFORM AS NORMAL

Blind SpotsLANE CHANGING IS A LEADING CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS

Lane Changing Is More Hazardous With Trucks Because of the BlindSpots Between the Right Front Door and the Rear Bumper

CONVEX MIRRORS ARE EXCELLENT FOR PROVIDINGA BROAD VIEW BUT SHOULD NOT BE USED TOJUDGE DISTANCE

TO MINIMIZE BLIND SPOTS:

* Install Convex Mirrors On Right Hand Side

* Adjust Regular Mirrors For Best Possible View

* And Most Important:

DON'T CHANGE LANES UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY!!!


Can Seat Belts Save Lives?

YES!!

The evidence is overwhelming in favor of belts. Of the 50,000 Americanskilled each year on our streets and highways, the lives of 5,000 can besaved through the use of seat belts, says the National Safety Council.

In a crash, seat belts hold a vehicle's occupants and prevent them from being hurledthrough the windshield, open doors or against objects inside vehicles. For thedoubters among us who still don't see the value in seat belts, let's answer somequestions regarding belts.

What purpose do seat belts serve in low speed city traffic?

Seat belts really help in the majority of accidents which occur in cities atrelatively low speeds. Belts prevent ejection from the vehicle-a commoncause of injury following collisions. Belts lessen the chance of striking thehead against windshields and dashboards. They help you retain controlin sudden turns or quick stops.

What good are seat belts in a high speed accident?

High speed accidents generate a force many times that of gravity and, ofcourse, some of these collisions, with or without belts are not survivable.However, belts distribute and absorb impact force, thus reducingoccupant buffeting. If the force of the collision does not cause cabinpenetration, the evidence is that seat belt wearers survive.

Wouldn't a person be better off thrown clear of a wreck?

Thousands of accident investigations prove you are five times safer ifyou remain inside the protective shell of a vehicle. Seat belts keep youfrom being thrown out into the path of other traffic and keep you fromstriking against fixed objects.

How about being trapped in a burning or submerged vehicle?

In cases of fire or submersion, seat belts help by giving you a greaterchance of maintaining consciousness-thus INCREASING your chancesfor escape.

DO YOU KNOW OF ANY OF OUR VEHICLES WHICHDO NOT HAVE SEAT BELTS IN USEABLE CONDITION?


Electricity

ElectricityMany people do not understand that low voltages CAN kill. The ordinaryworker may contact 110 volts many times and conclude that there is nodanger, since no injury resulted. However, proper contact with a groundedobject WILL CAUSE INSTANT DEATH. In fact, people have been killedby less than one- fourth that voltage.

Almost without exception, injuries caused by contact with electricity arecaused either by unsafe practices or by unsafe equipment. The following isa list of general safety rules for working with electricity.

Never use equipment that produces a slight shock when operated.

After the power supply is turned off, work on electrical circuits as thoughthe power was still on.

When a fuse burns out, check the circuit for the cause before replacing thefuse.

Never check circuits with your fingers to see if they are "hot".

Don't take a chance and touch one wire thinking it is the ground wire.

Do not connect loose wires or operate unknown switches without know-ing their purpose.

Never turn on the power until you have notified ALL workers in the area.

Use a dry stick to move an unknown fallen wire or a person lying on alive wire.Always properly ground all equipment before using it.

The person who turns off a source of power SHOULD BE THE ONEWHO TURNS IT BACK ON.

Before working on electrical equipment or circuits, always be sure thepower is off by testing it first.

ALWAYS TAG AND LOCK DE-ENERGIZED CIRCUITS SO THATOTHERS WILL NOT TURN ON THE POWER SUPPLY.

Electrical ShockWhile working around your home or garage, have you ever received aslight TINGLE from 110 volts? Did you know that there is the possibilitythat you can come in contact with voltage and never know it? Do youknow why?

THE REASON IS YOUR BODY WAS NOT GROUNDED

Or, if you received a slight tingle, your body was only partially grounded. Maybeyou had on good leather shoes that provided you with an insulation to ground.

How many times have you heard...IT'S ONLY 110 VOLTS?

A 110 volt supply in one hand, with the other hand on a grounded waterpipe, can be fatal. 110 volts cause more deaths each year than ANYOTHER voltage amount.

Have you ever received a "tingle" from a piece of electrical equipment while per-forming your job? Maybe the reason you only received a tingle and weren'telectrocuted was because you weren't grounded well enough. Theground you were standing on could have been dry instead of wet.

You or your fellow worker MAY NOT BE SO LUCKY NEXT TIME!!

REPORT IT TO YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELY:...if you receive any type of shock, regardless of how minor, while using a piece ofequipment that is powered by electricity.

The faulty equipment MUST BE REMOVED FROM SERVICE IMME-DIATELY and a qualified electrician should repair it before it is placed inservice again.

QUESTIONS:

1. Have you been shocked by a piece of equipment we are now using on thejob?

2. Are you aware of any electrical equipment, with frayed cords, brokenwires, or cut-off ground plugs on portable tools, etc., that need to berepaired?

3. Do you know the inspection color-coding we use and the colors for eachquarter?


Electrical SafetyElectricity is a potential killer we cannot see. It can be a destructive force ifprecautions are not taken when using it. Hazards can be eliminated by using correctprotection. The following rules apply to temporary and permanent electricalinstallations on job sites.

1. Extension cords used with portable electrical tools and appliances shall bethree-wire types. Grounds must NEVER be removed from the extension cords.

2. Temporary lights shall be equipped with guards to prevent contact with the bulb.Guards are not required when the reflector is constructed so the bulb is deeplyrecessed.

3. Temporary lighting shall not be suspended by their electric cords unless cords andlights are designed for suspension.

4. Splices are allowed only for #12 and heavier gauge conductors and shall haveinsulation equal to that of the cable.

5. Electrical and extension cords or cables are not to be laid on floors, in walkways,etc., unless it is impractical to do otherwise. they should be suspended or secured insuch a way as not to block or hang in walkways, doorways, or work areas.

6. Panel boxes should be covered at all times, except when being serviced; and when atemporary cover is in place, it should be marked "HOT" to denote live current.

7. Explain to employees which ground fault system is being used: ground fault circuitinterrupters, or assured equipment ground conductor program which includes colorcoding of cords.

PORTABLE POWER TOOLS: Portable power tools with defective wiring cause manyinjuries. The following safe practices are encouraged:

1. Use tools with three wire plug or double insulation and make sure connections aretight.

2. Check tool, equipment, and cable frequently for safe condition.

3. Disconnect tool before making adjustments or repairs.

4. When using power tools in a wet area, use caution. The shock hazard is increased.

ELECTRICAL OUTLETS: BEFORE USING -Make a safety check for loose connections,bare wires, damaged outlets and missing or damaged face plates. WHEN USING -Besure plug fits firmly and check for signs of heating caused by faulty connections.

TO REMOVE CORD, GRAB AT PLUG. Yanking a cord from an outlet can break cordinsulation and wires, pull wire connections loose, bend plug prongs and/or spreadclips inside outlet.

GUARD THE THREE PRONG PLUG! It is your shock lifeguard. NEVER cut off thethird prong. NEVER use a two wire extension cord with three prong plug. If using anadapter at a two hole outlet, be sure the pigtail is attached to the face plate screw andmake sure the screw is tested for known "ground source".


110-Volt ElectricityWe all have some respect for 220 volts and higher voltages, but most of usare inclined to treat 110-volt lines rather casually, even with contempt.This attitude is easy to understand, because we handle 110-volt lines allthe time; in extension cords, drop lights, power tools, and the applianceswe use at home.

First, never attempt to make electrical repairs of any kind on the jobsite.You may plug in equipment, throw switches, and occasionally change afuse or an electric light bulb if your job requires you to do so, but that'sall.

Second, before you work with electrical equipment, make sure yourhands and feet are dry. If you have to work on a damp or wet floor, wearrubbers or stand on dry boards or a dry piece of dunnage.

Third, before you plug in an extension cord, a drop light, or a piece ofelectrical equipment, look it over closely. Examine the plug to see thatthe wires are not frayed where they enter it. Run your hand along thecord and look for sharp kinks and ragged insulation. Finally, examinethe cord at the point where it enters the socket or tool to see that it isn'tfrayed and is securely fastened.

Fourth, make the ground connection before you plug in. If the cord isintegrally grounded, you have no worry; the tool will be grounded assoon as it is plugged in. You can tell whether or not the cord is integrallygrounded by looking at the plug; if it has three prongs, it is.

Fifth, as soon as the cord is plugged in, see that it will be protected whileit is being used. If a cord has to run across an aisleway, string it overheadif you can. If it must run along the floor, protect it so it can't be run over,jerked loose, or become a tripping hazard.

Sixth, if anything goes wrong with a piece of electrical equipment whileyou are using it - if you get a shock, if it becomes damaged, or if thecord comes loose - turn off the power and report the trouble at once.Describe what happened as thoroughly as you can so the equipment canbe repaired and put back into service as soon as possible.


Job Site Electrical Safety1. Electrocution on construction sites is a real hazard. It takes less current to

kill a worker than to light a 5 watt bulb.

2. Ground fault circuit interrupters can provide major protection from elec-trocution.

3. Power cords are key elements in grounding systems.

4. Workers must inspect equipment before each use and watch for damplocations.

5. Temporary lighting fixtures require cage guards to protect bulbs fromdamage.

Electrical Shock

* IF THERE IS A TINGLING SENSATION AND/OR MUSCLECONTRACTIONS WHEN THE CURRENT PATH IS THROUGHTHE BODY

* Current through head or chest is most dangerous, it puts the heart intofibrillation (erratic heartbeat)

Be aware of defective power cords: Look for damaged insulation, dam-aged plug-ins, and check to see that grounding prong has not beenremoved.

Keep power cords out of walkways.

Check cords for assured grounding tape marks.

TEMPORARY LIGHTING MUST NOT BE HUNG BY THEIR ELECTRICCORDS FROM RAILS OR REBAR, AND MUST BE EQUIPPED WITHGUARDS.

Energized panels in new construction must be marked "HOT" with atemporary cover, if not equipped with a permanent cover.

When using power tools in a wet area, the shock hazard is increased.Disconnect tools before making adjustments or when changing bits.



First Aid

First Aid DON'TS

When attempting to aid an accident victim,AN UNTRAINED PERSON MAY DO MORE HARM THAN GOOD

Even some of the first aid training we have had in the pastMAY NO LONGER BE THE BEST APPROACH

All of us, trained or not, SHOULD REMEMBER THE FOLLOWINGDON'TS:

1. DO NOT try to remove a particle from a person's eye.

2. DO NOT use a tourniquet except as a last resort. Crushing wounds,or lacerations in which large arteries are severed, or in case of partialor complete severance of a body part are the only instances in which atourniquet is justified.

3. DO NOT apply greasy ointments or powders to any burn.

4. DO NOT move an injured person (unless in a life threatening situa-tion) or try to get him to stand.

MOVING A PERSON WITH A SPINAL INJURY CAN CAUSEDAMAGE TO NERVES AND RESULT IN PARALYSIS

A WORKER SUFFERED A CRUSHED VERTEBRA AND, BECAUSEHIS FELLOW WORKERS HELPED HIM TO STAND AND TRY TOWALK, INTESTINAL DAMAGE WAS DONE RESULTING IN HISDEATH.

UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO, DON'T DO ANYTHING BUTWE SHOULD LEARN WHAT TO DO IN AN EMERGENCY

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:

1. Is anyone trained in first aid ?

2. Do you know where to report injuries ?

3. Do you know where to call for emergency service ?


If You Are Not Trained To GiveFirst Aid

The most important thing you can do is make sure nothing is done tomake the situation worse before help arrives.

DO NOT move the victim unless there is an EXTREME EMER-GENCY and the person must be pulled to safety. Be cautious, do notexpose yourself to the same injury causing danger. If you absolutelyhave to move the person, support him under the shoulders, keepingthe body in a straight line, do not let him twist or bend. Be gentle, pullthe person in the direction of the length of the body, not sideways.

DO NOT transport the person, call for an ambulance. Transportationcan cause exhausting additional stress to an injured person.

-REMEMBER-KEEP COOL, DON'T PANIC

NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELY


Heat Stress PreventionWhen the warm days of spring turn into the "hot days" of summer, weneed to be aware of some tips to prevent HEAT STRESS. Remember,physical activity in high temperatures can directly affect your health andindirectly be the cause of accidents.

WHAT IS HEAT STRESS?

It is a signal that says the body is having difficulty maintaining itsnarrow temperature range. The heart pumps faster... blood is divertedfrom internal organs to the skin... breathing rate increases... sweatingincreases... all in an attempt to transfer more heat to the outside andcool the skin by evaporation of sweat. If the body cannot keep up thanthe person suffers effects ranging from heat cramps to heat exhaustion,and finally heat stroke.

Dry Clothes and Skin Doesn't Mean You're Not Sweating!

In dry climates you might not feel wet or sticky, but you are still sweat-ing. On a very warm day, you can lose as much as two liters of fluid.

BEAT THE HEAT-HELP PREVENT ILL EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESSBY:

* Drinking water frequently and moderately (every 15-30 minutes)

* Resting frequently when temperatures demand doing so.

* Eating lightly

* Doing more strenuous jobs during cooler morning hours

*Remembering that it takes about 1-2 weeks for the body to adjust tothe heat. Also, this adaptation to heat is quickly lost-so your bodywill need time to adjust after a vacation.

*Alcohol consumption. Many cases of heat stroke have occurred the dayafter a "night on the town."

*Wearing light colored, COTTON clothes and KEEPING YOUR SHIRTON-desert nomads don't wear all those clothes for nothing!


Precription DrugsPrescription drugs are the most widely abused drugs in this country.Many employees take prescription drugs every day and perform dan-gerous job tasks.

In many cases, the employee's safety and his fellow employee's safetydepend on the job being done correctly and safely.

There are times when the drug can alter an employee's judgement and physicalability and sometimes the lack of taking the drug can cause the same problems.

Some accidents result in the employee being unconscious when trans-ported to the hospital for treatment. If the employee is taking any typeof prescription drugs, the physician must know, so proper treatment canbe prescribed.

It is important that you inform your supervisor of any medication youare currently taking and the supervisor must record the informationand keep it available.

Sometimes employees are reluctant to inform their supervisors that theyare taking prescription drugs.

ELECTING NOT TO INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR WHEN YOUARE TAKING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS COULD BE A LIFE ORDEATH DECISION ON YOUR PART. IF YOU ARE UNCONSCIOUS,AND NO ONE IS AWARE OF YOUR MEDICATIONS, PROPERMEDICAL TREATMENT MAY BE AFFECTED.

PLAY IT SAFE, MAKE SUREYOUR SUPERVISOR KNOWS

OF ANY MEDICATION YOU ARE TAKING


Puncture WoundsPunctures are an easy way to get foreign, infectious materials into thebody. Puncture wounds, cuts and even small scratches require promptand proper treatment.

GET FIRST AID FAST!

During the past year, there has been an increase in the number ofwounds that have gotten infected. Even some very small scratches haveturned into hospital stays or out patient surgery.

Your skin is your protection from bacteria. When it is broken orpenetrated, it needs to be treated and protected until it is healed.

BE CAUTIOUS-PAY ATTENTION TO THE HAZARDS TO WHICHYOU ARE EXPOSED

INJURIES ARE THE RESULT OF AN ACCIDENTAN ACCIDENT SHOULD NEVER OCCURBECAUSE YOU HAVE BEEN CARELESS


InfectionSMALL CUTS AND ABRASIONS CAN BE THE START OFSOMETHING BIG-SO THEY SHOULD NOT BE IGNORED

THEY REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ATTENTION

A company had an employee who simply scratched his arm and did notfeel it needed attention. His arm became inflamed and he was hospital-ized with blood poisoning. He missed approximately 18 days fromwork and had to suffer a great deal of discomfort.

Your company wants you to seek proper attention when injured.Certainly, in this instance, a little prevention was much more desirablethan the cure.

It's hard to visualize the number of germs, some of them deadly, that areoften on our skin and on the things we work with each day. Thesegerms are just waiting to find an opening in the skin to enter the bodyand start trouble.

Tetanus and blood poisoning are two of the most common killers thatenter the body through small, harmless looking cuts. Other seriousinfections may also result in the necessity for amputation of a finger or ahand.

Gloves should be worn to protect your hands from cut hazards whenhandling materials and similar non-machine jobs

HERE ARE A FEW TIPS ON THE CARE OF MINOR CUTS ANDABRASIONS:

* NEVER put your mouth over a wound. The mouth harbors germsthat could infect the wound.

* DO NOT breathe on the wound.

* DO NOT allow fingers, used handkerchief or other soiled material totouch the cut.

* IMMEDIATELY CLEANSE the wound, surrounding the skin withsoap and warm water, wiping away from the wound.

* HOLD A STERILE PAD firmly over the wound until the bleedingstops.

* REPLACE THE STERILE PAD and bandage as necessary to keepwound clean and dry.


Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion-KEY POINTS:

1. Heat stroke can be a life or death situation.

2. If a worker wants to take salt tablets, make sure they are dissolvedin a glass of water.

3. It is important to cool the victim as soon as possible.

1. Heat Exhaustion:A. Not as serious as a heat stroke.B. Symptoms

a. The skin is cold and the face is paleb. The victim is still perspiring or sweatingc. There is a feeling of dizziness or faintness

C. Treatmenta. Move him/her to a cool place such as shade, but if possible air con-

ditioning is best.b. Keep the person lying downc. DO NOT GIVE THEM ANY LIQUIDS (Wait until victim begins to

cool down, 15-20 minutes, then gradually give them small amountsof liquid at a time.)

2. Heat Stroke:A. This could be a life or death situation!!B. Symptoms

a. Appears quite suddenlyb. Victim can collapsec. No sweat or perspirationd. Skin is very hot and drye. The face is flush (Pink or Red as though just finishing a hard

workout.)f. A feeling of nauseag. Extremely high body temperature.

C. Treatmenta. Get out of the sun immediatelyb. CALL AN AMBULANCE IMMEDIATELY


First Aid

Many men consider injuries such as burns, cuts, bruises, punctures, etc., of solittle importance that they do not bother to get first aid. Actually, it is dangerousto neglect these seemingly minor injuries since they are very easily infected. Aknife cut, nail jab, or scraped skin, for instance, can bring serious consequences ifinfection develops.

WHAT IS INFECTION?

The unbroken skin acts as a protective shield for the body. However, itis exposed to countless germs which are harmless as long as they remainon the surface. When the skin is broken as the result of an injury, thebarrier is down and germs swarm into the open wound to multiply andinfect it. Once infection develops, unless properly treated, it can spreadrapidly, causing severe pain, sometimes permanent disability and evendeath.

An injury should never be neglected because it doesn't seem seriousenough to need first aid. The safe, sensible thing to do is to get first aidfor all injuries.

Sometimes we tend to take the attitude. "I nicked myself like this beforeand never had any trouble". If so, we have just been lucky. Infections orother complications do not always follow slight injuries, but the fellowwho thinks he can escape infection time after time is gambling.Someday his luck is going to run out

HE CAN'T WIN ALL THE TIME!

The recommended treatment for small cuts, abrasions, scratches, etc.,is:

1. Cleanse the wound with soap and water or hydrogen peroxide.

2. Apply sterile covering.

3. Refer to the doctor if there is any foreign matter in the wound.

4. Refer to the doctor if any sign of infection (pain, swelling, redness)develops.


Treatment for ShockShock usually occurs following a severe loss of blood, some type of seriousinjury, or even from anxiety or emotional stress. Regardless of the cause,the symptoms are the same and similar treatment is required.

Shock is easier to prevent than to cure. EVERY INJURED PERSON ispotentially a shock victim and should be treated as such, whethersymptoms of shock are present or not.

Symptoms of shock are:

* Chalk-like appearance * Dull or anxious expression* Shallow breathing * Weak, rapid pulse* Cold, moist skin

Recommended treatment for shock is:

1. The patient should be kept warm and comfortable, but not hot. Inmany cases, the only first aid measure necessary and possible is tocover the patient underneath, as well as on top, to prevent loss ofbody heat.

2. Keep the patient's body horizontal, or, if possible, position him so thathis feet are at lest 6 inches higher than his head. In any case, alwayskeep the patient's head low. The single exception to this position isthe case of a patient who obviously has an injury to this chest and hasdifficulty breathing. This patient should be kept horizontal with headslightly raised, to make his breathing easier.

3. Clear the victim's mouth of all foreign bodies and make sure he isbreathing properly.

4. Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest, and waist.

5. If patient is conscious, hot tea, coffee, or broth may be given in smallquantities, as the warmth is valuable in combating shock.

6. Proper transportation is never more imperative than in the case of aperson who may develop shock. It constitutes the most important sin-gle measure in the prevention and treatment of shock. Use an ambu-lance, if possible. If other means must be used, FOLLOW THEABOVE POINTS AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE.


Do Not AttemptTo Treat a Cut or Laceration to the Eye

DO NOT flush the eye with water or put any medicine into the eye.Cover the eye gently with a bandage or gauze and go directly to a com-pany authorized physician or emergency room if the injury is severe.

IF YOU GET FOREIGN MATERIAL IN THE EYE, DON'T RUB! Liftthe upper eyelid outward and pull it down over the lower lashes. Thiswill cause tears to flow and will hopefully wash the particle out of theeye. Repeat several times. If this does not work, seek medical treat-ment.

NEVER TRY TO REMOVEAN EMBEDDED PARTICLE

YOU MAY CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE

Be alert to potential eye hazards on your job site.

Protect yourself from these hazards with the use of proper eyeprotection



Gas

Carbon Monoxide (CO)CARBON MONOXIDE KILLS ABOUT 1,300 PEOPLE A YEAR

MORE DEATHS OCCUR IN THE WINTER MONTHS WHENAUXILIARY HEATING IS USED

CARBON MONOXIDE IS A TASTELESS AND ODORLESS GAS

THE SYMPTOMS OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ARE:

* Difficulty breathing * Headaches * Unconsciousness

(Suspect carbon monoxide poisoning if the above symptoms exist in aconfined area with portable gas-fired heaters)

TREATMENT FOR CO POISONING:

* REMOVE THE VICTIM TO AN AREA OF FRESH AIR

* KEEP THE PATIENT AS WARM AS POSSIBLE

* IF UNCONSCIOUS, CALL THE RESCUE SQUAD

* CHECK TO SEE IF THE VICTIM IS BREATHING. IF NOT, BEGINARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

REALIZE THAT CARBON MONOXIDE POISONINGCAN BE A LIFE THREATENING SITUATION


GasolineYOU'RE PROBABLY NOT AWARE THAT IT'S THE GASOLINEVAPORS THAT BURN AND NOT THE GASOLINE ITSELF

Vapors are heavier than air and can collect in low areas. This is thereason basements, pits, and sumps should be kept well ventilated ifgasoline is being used in the area.

GASOLINE SHOULD BE KEPT IN AN APPROVED SAFETY CANAND PROPERLY IDENTIFIED AS TO ITS CONTENTS.

An approved can is a container of not more than 5 gallons capacity, has aflash-arresting screen, spring closing lid and spout cover, and is designedso it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure.

There are many ways gasoline can be ignited accidentally. Some of thesesources of ignition are: Open flames, open lights, hot surfaces, sparksresulting from contact of metals, operation of electrical equipment, staticelectricity, smoking and matches.

GASOLINE SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR CLEANING PURPOSES.This applies to cleaning your hands, equipment, clothing, and similarsubstances. A non-flammable or nontoxic solvent should be used instead.

MAKE SURE THE ENGINE HAS STOPPED before refueling equip-ment. DO NOT SMOKE WHILE REFUELING EQUIPMENT. If thearea around the tank opening is HOT, wait until it cools. Pour carefully,keeping the hose nozzle or can spout in constant contact with the rim ofthe tank opening. If you spill more than a few drops, FLUSH IT AWAYIMMEDIATELY.

It is also a good idea to minimize the amount of gasoline stored on thejob site, and when necessary to keep it on the job site... MAKE SURE ITIS STORED IN A SAFE LOCATION.


Compressed Gas

Acetylene cylinders have a tendency to leak if placed on their side. Asituation developed when an ironworker was cutting steelreinforcement with the acetylene tank in a horizontal position andmuch too close to the work being done. A spark ignited the leakinggas. Fortunately, a quick thinking carpenter applied a wrench to thevalve to close it before a real catastrophe could occur.

BELOW IS A SUMMARY OF OSHA STANDARDS ON GASWELDING AND CUTTING

1. Accept only cylinders with valve protective caps.

2. Stabilize cylinders by chaining them in a vertical position to preventfalling.

3. Transport correctly by means of a hand truck. DO NOT ROLLCYLINDERS.

4. NEVER drop cylinders or permit them to strike each other violently.

5. When cylinders are moved at any time, the cylinder valve shall beclosed.

6. Cylinders shall be kept far enough from the actual welding/cuttingoperation, so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them.

7. Cylinder cart should contain: valve wrench, torch striker, safetygoggles, and fire extinguisher.

8. At the beginning of each working shift, gauges, torches, and hosesshould be inspected for defects and replaced if defective.

WHENEVER YOU SEE A HAZARDOUS WORK SITUATIONTHATNEEDS ATTENTION - PLEASE BE FIRM - TAKE IMMEDIATE


Compressed AirMisuse of compressed air has been the reason for MANY EMPLOYEEINJURIES AND FATALITIES

COMPRESSED AIR CAN KILL YOU

* Air pressure against the skin may penetrate deeply to cause internalhemorrhage and intense pain.

* Air that enters body openings can burst internal organs and cause lin-gering death in agony.

* AIR, even at 40 lbs., CAN BLOW AN EYE FROM ITS SOCKET ORRUPTURE AN EARDRUM

Of course, no one would intentionally cause such injuries. But, every sooften someone does, either accidentally or in ignorance, THINKING ITIS A JOKE! The nozzle of an air hose is a deadly weapon. DO NOTPOINT IT AT ANYONE, NOT EVEN YOURSELF. User safer, betterways of cleaning dust from your clothes-by vacuum cleaning orbrushes.

When you have a choice of pressure, use the lowest pressure that will dothe job. There are many good reasons for this. Air pressure of 40 lbs. candrive chips, as well as scale from inside piping, into your face and eyesWITH THE FORCE OF SHRAPNEL. Such air-driven missiles still dodamage when they bounce off a surface, spinning much like a highspeed cutting head.

BY NOW THE MESSAGE SHOULD BE CLEAR:COMPRESSED AIR MUST

BE TREATED WITH RESPECTIT IS A VALUABLE TOOL,

BUT IT MUST BE USED IN A SAFE MANNER


Respect Oxygen and AcetyleneA representative of a manufacturer of welding supplies stated: "Only 10%of the people using oxygen - acetylene equipment really know whatthey are handling or have any formal training."

ACETYLENE HAS A WIDE EXPLOSION RANGE

THE WIDEST OF ANY COMMONLY USED GAS

ACETYLENE CYLINDERS SHOULD NEVER BE STORED OR USEDFROM A HORIZONTAL POSITION:

* Liquid acetone can be released into the gauges and hoses

* Acetone can ruin gauges and hoses

AN EXPLOSIVE SITUATION EXISTS WHEN ANY AMOUNT OFACETYLENE GETS INTO THE OXYGEN GAUGE

(Remember oxygen is stored at 2000 PSI and acetylene is stored at 250PSI)

DO NOT STORE CYLINDERS IN OPEN SUNLIGHT OR NEARFURNACES

(Each cylinder has a safety device that will release at approximately thetemperature of boiling water)


10 Basic Rules for OxyacetyleneWelding

1. Blow out cylinder valve before you connect the regulator.

2. Release the adjusting screw on the regulator before opening thecylinder valve.

3. Stand to one side of the regulator when you open the cylinder valve.

4. Open the cylinder valve slowly.

5. Do not use or compress acetylene in a free state at pressures morethan 15 psig.

6. Purge your acetylene and oxygen passages individually beforelighting the torch.

7. Light the acetylene before opening the oxygen on the torch.

8. Never use oil or grease on regulators, tips, etc., in contact withoxygen.

9. Do not use oxygen as a substitute for air.

10. Keep your work area clear of anything that will burn.


The Sleeping GiantI AM A HIGH PRESSURE, COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDER

I stand 57 inches tall.I am 9 inches in diameter.I weigh 155 pounds when filled.I am pressurized at 2,200 pounds per square

inch (psi)I have a wall thickness of about 1/4 of an inch.I wear a regulator and hose when at work.I wear a label to identify the gas I'm holding.

My color is not the answer.I transform miscellaneous stacks of material

into glistening ships and many other things-when properly used.

I may transform glistening ships and manyother things into miscellaneous stacks of materi-al-when allowed to unleash my furyunchecked.

I can be ruthless and deadly in the hands ofthe careless or uninformed.

I am too frequently left standing alone on mysmall base without other viable means of sup-port-my cap removed and lost by an unthink-ing worker.

I am ready to be toppled over-when mynaked valve can be damaged or even snappedoff-and all of my power unleashed through anopening no larger than a lead pencil.

I am proud of my capabilities-here are a few ofthem:

* I have been known to jet away faster than anydragster.

* I might smash my way through brick or blockwalls.

* I might fly through the air.* I may spin, ricochet, crash and smash through

anything in my path.

You can be my master only under these terms:* Full or empty-see to it that my cap is on,

straight and snug.* Never-repeat-never leave me standing alone. Secure me so that I cannot

fall.


Using Compressed Air SafelyCompressed air is a valuable tool, but it must be used intelligently and in a safemanner. When misused, it can cause serious injury or even death.

A boilermaker was making repairs on a boiler. Upon emerging from the fire-box, he disconnected the air hose from a riveting gun and began to blow dustfrom his clothes. There was one spot on his jacket sleeve that was soembedded in the fabric that the air did not readily remove it. In order to directmore air into the spot, he placed his index finger over the end of the air hose topartially close the opening. Air entered his finger through a small puncturewound, causing swelling and pain.

Foreign material, apparently made up of dust and soot from the air, and oilfrom the compressor, was later removed from the wound. Even with propermedical treatment, gangrene set in and the finger had to be amputated.

As shown by this accident, using compressed air to blow dust or dirt off cloth-ing or the body is a very dangerous practice. A strong blast of air can dislodgean eye from its socket, rupture lungs, intestines, or an eardrum. Air forced intothe blood stream can even cause death.

To protect yourself and others when using compressed air, you should beaware of the following safety guidelines:1. Never point an air hose at anyone, including yourself, in fun or to remove

dirt from clothing or the body.2. Never use compressed air for cleaning without adequate eye protection. Use

safety glasses with side shields or goggles.3. If it is essential to use compressed air to clean dirt and chips from your

work, use a proper nozzle on the end of the air hose to maintain air pressureat 30 pounds per square inch or less. Place a screen around the work area,or check to see that other workers are safely out of the range of flyingparticles.

4. Whenever possible, substitute brushes or vacuum systems for compressedair in cleaning operations.

5. Before using compressed air, check the air hose for damage or signs offailure. Make sure connections and couplings are tight. A loose air hoseunder 80 pounds per square inch makes a dangerous bullwhip!

6. Before attempting to disconnect a hose from an air line, the air should be cutoff, and the remaining air bled from the line.

7. Keep air hoses off the floor where they become tripping hazards and aresubject to damage by vehicles, doors, and dropped tools. If possible, sus-pend air hoses from overhead.

8. Never use compressed air to transfer flammable liquids.

Remember, compressed air, like any other tool, can be a valuablework-saving device. Use it the right way... SAFELY!



General Practices

HousekeepingPoor housekeeping continues to be a major cause of injuries on job sites,causing knee and back injuries, puncture wounds, lacerations, strains,fractures, contusions, etc. It is not an insignificant area of concern andmedical expenses and lost time costs can be overwhelming to yourcompany.

Some employees have never returned to work from the injuries theyreceived... and probably never will, and some companies will neverrecover from the financial burden.

Good housekeeping is

everyone's responsibility

KEEP MATERIALS ORDERLY - The time invested in properly storingmaterials is a lot less than the time required for doctor visits andphysical therapy.

REMOVE TRASH FREQUENTLY - Employees have received injuriesfrom stepping and slipping on pieces of block, brick, lumber, pipe, plas-tic, wet spots, etc.

BEND OVER OR REMOVE NAILS IN SCRAP LUMBER - Painful punc-ture wounds occur on a very frequent basis and could easily be prevent-ed with good housekeeping practices.

KEEP FLOORS AND STAIRS TOTALLY CLEAR OF DEBRIS ANDMOISTURE - Falls on stairways usually cause the most serious injuries.Negotiating stairs is difficult enough, without the added hazard of clut-ter.

IF YOU ARE FREQUENTLY STUMBLING OR TRIPPINGOVER TOOLS, MATERIALS, TRASH,

THEN THE JOB SITE ISNEITHER SAFE NOR EFFICIENT

BE RESPONSIBLE IN PREVENTING ACCIDENTS


Windy DaysAs you know, we're coming into the windy season of the year. EVERY-ONE has a responsibility for taking general precautions when strongwinds are expected, but each person must help in protecting himself andother people.

SUDDEN GUSTS OF WIND CAN CAUSE UNEXPECTED ACCIDENTS

If the wind is gusty, use a tagline when hoisting loads with large flat sur-faces and you won't get trapped when the load swings. Don't get caughtin a position where a sudden gust can throw you off balance and cause abad fall. Stay off beams and away from the unbarricaded edges ofstructures and excavations.

IF YOU'RE ON A SCAFFOLD BE SURE THERE'S A GUARDRAIL TOPROTECT YOU

A 20 to 30 mile per hour wind can pick up a large piece of scrap materialand send it flying across the job site. Material from a 20 foot scaffold canhit a man standing 20 feet away and the same piece coming off a highrise building may travel almost a full city block. Scraps of plywood andsheet metal cause the most trouble, but a strong wind CAN pick up aloose 2 x 10 deck plank and drop it off a scaffold.

Wind can whip up clouds of dust and reduce visibility. Drivers andoperators should slow down accordingly. A man on foot must watch outfor himself and not depend on an operator to see him in time to preventan accident.

High winds can also pick up sparks from open fires and cause whippingtarpaulins to overturn heaters. The resulting fires have caused manysevere burn injuries and damage to buildings under construction.


Have you noticed any job site hazards that have been caused by highwinds?

What could have been done to control or prevent these hazards?


Working With AcidsCommon acidic materials are handled every day by thousands of people whoare often completely unaware of the hazards involved. In fact, they oftenhave absolutely no knowledge of the proper handling, storing and transport-ing of such potentially dangerous materials as:

1. Electrolyte (acid) and alkaline corrosive battery fluid

2. Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid

3. Perchloric acid

4. Nitric acid

5. Sulfuric acid

All acids are potentially dangerous. It is important to understand that factand to recognize the need for safety measures and the need to learn how tohandle these materials safely. Some suggestions for safe handling of acidsare:

1. Wear protective equipment (such as splash-proof goggles) and protectexposed skin by wearing suitable gloves and garments.

2. If clothing comes in contact with a corrosive acid, such as sulphuric or nitricacid, it should be removed immediately to prevent serious injury. Take ashower as soon as possible and apply first aid treatment whenevernecessary.

3. Safe storage procedures for hazardous materials must comply with OSHAstandards. This includes proper labeling and warning signs on all suchcontainers.

4. Storage areas for acids must be properly lighted and ventilated.

5. If over-exposure to a hazardous acid vapor occurs, get help immediately.Inhaling toxic fumes can be extremely injurious, even lethal.

6. If an acid spill occurs, evacuate the area until the official approval is given toreturn. Thorough cleaning of the spill, using all precautions to avoidpersonal exposure must be done immediately.

7. In case of fire involving dangerous acidic materials, evacuate the areaimmediately. Only trained personnel should be called in to extinguish thefire, using the proper type of fire extinguisher.

The US Department of Transportation regulates hazardous materials moved byair, rail, road and water. In 1981, railroads alone averaged 8000 tanker cars dailycarrying hazardous waste, which included many types of acids, so it is easy tosee why tough regulations for transporting these materials must be strictlyenforced.


Refueling EquipmentKEY POINTS TO EMPHASIZE:

1. Always shut off the equipment before refueling.

2. Only refuel portable equipment with an approved container.

3. Burns are very painful, and the healing process is very long.

1. The #1 safety rule is to refuel machines only after they have been shutoff.

2. All smoking materials should be extinguished in the refueling area.

3. Fill the tank from the windward side whenever possible to preventexcessive burns in the event of ignition. This allows most of the vaporsto be carried away from the employee refueling the machine.

4. Allow a sufficient vapor space in the fuel tanks to permit expansion ofthe liquid with changing temperatures. Gasoline expands at the rate of1% for each 14 degrees F rise in temperature.

5. Clearly mark the fuel storage tank on the job site with the words"FLAMMABLE - NO SMOKING". Each tank should be marked as to itscontents.

6. Be sure to wipe up any spillage on the machines during refueling.

7. Take every precaution necessary to prevent ignition in locations whereflammable vapors are present. Sources of ignition may be open flames,smoking, cutting and welding, and hot surfaces.

8. Know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher when refueling. Havean ABC fire extinguisher with you at all times when refueling.

9. A fire extinguisher rated ABC shall be present within 50' where evermore than 5 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids are being usedon the job site.


Fire HazardsPOINTS TO EMPHASIZE:

1. Welding, cutting, and temporary heating cause 75% of all constructionfires.

2. Know the location of fire extinguishers on your job site.

3. If a fire extinguisher has been discharged, notify your foreman orsafety officer immediately.

4. When using an extinguisher, aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.

1. POTENTIAL FIRE HAZARDS ON THE JOB SITE:A.Accumulation of debrisB. Electrical hazards

a. faulty circuitsb. overloadsc. faulty electrical cords

C. Temporary heatingD.Careless use of cigarettes or matchesE. Welding operationsF. Cutting and burning operations

2. FIRE PREVENTION:A.Maintain good housekeeping standardsB. Keep flammables away from temporary heating devicesC. Obey all smoking regulationsD. Provide a fire watch when cutting or burningE. Know where the fire extinguishers are located at the job siteF. Check extinguishers regularly to see if properly chargedG.When extinguishing a fire, always point at the base of the fire. Move

the nozzle from side to side in a fanning motion.

3. TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS:A.Wood and paper fires - CLASS AB. Oils, grease and paint fires - CLASS BC. Electrical fires - CLASS C

EXTINGUISHERS LABELED ABC CAN BE USEDON ALL OF THE ABOVE


Drug AbuseIt has been estimated that on an average, 20% of the employees on anygiven construction work site are abusing drugs.

YOUR PERSONAL SAFETY IS COMPROMISED when drug abusersare allowed on your job site. The drug abuser could be operating thecrane, driving the company truck or operating other large pieces ofequipment where operator error could cause a disaster.

To insure a safe work place, drug testing has become necessary all acrossthe United States. Management has an obligation to ALL EMPLOYEESto provide a safe work environment and thus, has little choice but torequire the tests if drug abusers are suspected as being on the job.

LISTED BELOW ARE SOME SYMPTOMS OF A DRUG ABUSER:

* Bloodshot or watery eyes

* Enlarged or very small pupils

* Runny nose or sores around the nostrils

* Blood stains on shirt sleeves

* Wearing of sunglasses indoors and in all weather

* Excessive perspiration

* Weight loss

* Sudden worsening of complexion

* Wearing of long-sleeved shirts in all weather

* Unsteady gait-Slurred speech-Mood changes

If you notice any of these symptoms, it does not necessarily mean thatthe person is abusing drugs. It does mean that you should be cautiousand avoid working with anyone that you suspect to be a drug abuser...

Your life may depend on it!!


Confined SpacesConfined spaces present unique conditions that can become hazardous. Confinedspaces include tanks, sewer pits, underground chambers, mine shafts, manholes, or anyarea with limited access and limited atmospheric ventilation.

Potential Hazards in confined spaces include fire, explosions, exposure to toxic materi-als and poisonous gases, and asphyxiation through oxygen deficiency.

Questions to ask BEFORE entering confined spaces:

* Is there adequate fresh air ventilation?

* Have organic matter or toxic substances used up all the oxygen?

* Has a chemical reaction created dangerous levels of poisonous gases?

* Are heavier-than-air gases remaining in the low areas of the confined space?

* Has decomposition or fermentation created suffocating gases or potentially explosiveenvironment?

BEFORE ENTERING A CONFINED SPACE FOLLOW PROPER SAFETY PROCE-DURES!

RECHECK BEFORE RE-ENTERING ANY CONFINED SPACE!

1. Accomplish as much work as practical on the exterior of the confined space.

2. Open all access doors to the confined space and power ventilate the space with air,steam or both.

3. Pipe lines should be valved-off, tagged, and blanked before workers enter the vessel orconfined space.

4. For confined spaces with power-driven internal equipment, the power source shouldbe disconnected, tagged, and locked out before entering.

5. Test for gases before starting and during work inside a confined space.

6. Be sure that sufficient ventilation is provided when anyone is working inside a vesselor other confined space, particularly for burning or welding operations.

7. Be sure adequate access to the work area is provided for jobs being performed insideconfined space.

8. While work is being performed within a confined space, at least one designated personmust be immediately available to get or provide assistance in case of emergency.

9. When warranted, use explosion-proof equipment.

10. If the atmosphere in the space is hazardous, wear an approved, self-containedbreathing apparatus.

11. Always wear a harness with a lifeline and have standby personnel available whenanyone is working in an area where entry by rescue personnel may be hazardous.

12. Whenever the space is re-entered, check conditions again and follow all the abovesafety procedures.


Moving EquipmentWhen moving equipment is present on a job site, you've got to watchyour step. If both workers and equipment operators keep their eyesopen, no one will get hurt.

* Never take for granted that equipment operators see you.

* Never depend on hearing a horn or other warning signals, it mightsometimes be lost in the general noise around you.

* Equipment shouldn't be backed without someone to check the blindspots and give signals. Keep in the clear whenever equipment istraveling backwards, because that is when most equipment acci-dents happen.

* Never hitch a ride on the running board, it is fairly easy to fallunder moving equipment.

* Do not ride on top of loaded trucks, the load might shift, and youmay not have enough over-head clearance in a tight spot.

* If you're riding in a transport vehicle to a job, or between jobs; keepyour arms, legs, and all parts of your body inside the unit. NEVERjump off a vehicle, MANY injuries have occurred as a result of thisaction.

* Never walk alongside moving equipment.

Never refuel, lubricate, clean, or work on a machine that is inoperation.

STOP THE MACHINE !

NEVER REFUEL A MACHINE WHEN THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY OFFUEL CONTACTING HOT MACHINE SURFACES.

If you have to remove a guard, replace it as soon as the work is done.

Always assume an equipment operator doesn't see you

Always assume the responsibility for your own safety


The Material Safety Data SheetMSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheets or MSDS, if read and followed, are a powerful means of controllingchemical exposures.

MSDS are written by chemical manufacturers for the chemicals they produce or import. Thepurpose of the MSDS is to communicate information on the recommended safe use and handlingprocedures for that chemical.

CategoriesMSDS may look different, yet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)requires that all MSDS must provide certain categories of information about the chemical sub-stance or mixture:

* identification (physical and chemical), * safe handling precautions,* hazardous ingredients, * date of preparation/revision,* emergency and first aid procedures, * manufacturer's name, address and* recommended control measures, phone number.* physical and health hazards,

Your employer is required to assemble and provide unhindered access to a MSDS collection forall of the chemicals found in your work area. Know where this MSDS collection is located. Readand follow the MSDS recommendations.

IdentificationWhat product/chemical is this MSDS for?

Hazardous ingredientsHow much of this material can I safely be exposed to ?How will I know if I am overexposed to this chemical?

Emergency and first aid proceduresWhat first aid steps should I follow?What will happen to me if this chemical...

is swallowed?gets onto my skin?is breathed in?gets into my eyes?

Recommended control measuresWhat type of control measures should I use to protect myself?What should I do if there is a spill or leak?

Physical hazardsWhat are the physical hazards posed by this chemical?If it catches fire, what should I use to put it out?Are there conditions or materials that this chemical should not come into contact with?

Health hazardsWhat are the health hazards posed by this chemical?

Safe handling precautionsWhat is the proper way to safely handle this chemical?

Manufacturer's name address, phoneWho made/imported this chemical?



Hoisting & Overhead Loads

HoistingIf necessary, be certain crane's outriggers are in place. The crane's cableand winch should be checked. Proper slings and hooks should be usedand inspected before being put to use. Attach the sling to the hook, makesure the hook has a safety clip. Attach a guide or tag line to the load tokeep it from swaying or bumping into anything.

One person only should be designated to give signals to the crane opera-tor and that person should keep his eyes on the load at all times.Standard and approved signals should be used, don't try to make upyour own.

The angle of the slings will determine the load capacity. If sling legs arevertical, they can support much more of a load than if they are angled.

Before hoisting, clear everyone but the hoisting crew from the area. NOONE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO STAND UNDER A HOISTEDLOAD. Watch the load as it is hoisted, using guide or tag line to controlstability. Be cautious of any electrical lines in the work area.

The sling should be long enough so sling legs are closer to verticalposition than horizontal. The angle alters the amount of weight each legmust support. If a load weighs 1,000 lbs and the sling legs are vertical,each leg will have to support 500 lbs. If the legs were at a 45 degreeangle to the top of the load, each leg would have to support 707 lbs. Ifthe angle were 30 degrees, each leg would have to support 1,000 lbs.,even though the total load still only weighs only 1,000 lbs.


Overhead LoadsCranes operating with overhead loads is a routine practice on almost allconstruction sites. In fact, they become so routine that we forget all aboutthem and their potential hazard.

In many cases we are lulled into a false sense of security. We see the over-head load and discount its potential hazard, because we think the crane isin excellent condition and the operator seems to know what he is doing.

WHAT IF YOU WALKED ONTO A CONSTRUCTION SITE ANDSAW THAT THE CRANE WAS OLD AND RUSTY... WOULD YOUWALK UNDER ITS SUSPENDED LOAD?

Probably not, because you would relate the condition of the crane withthe security of the suspended load. The whole point is, there is no corre-lation between the crane condition and the security of the attached load.

On many jobs, a laborer attaches the slings and cables to the load. Whatif he uses a damaged or undersized sling, or connects the load incor-rectly so that it will become unbalanced?

RIGGING IS A SPECIALIZED CRAFT WITHIN ITSELF. Slings andwire rope can be permanently damaged if they are used incorrectly. It isimportant that the load is connected so it will not shift, snap a wire rope,and fall.

The crane unit, comprised of: THE CRANE, THE OPERATOR, THERIGGER, THE SLINGS AND WIRE ROPE, CAN BE COMPARED TOA CHAIN... AND A CHAIN IS ONLY AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKESTLINK!!

Know where the overhead operations are taking place on your job siteand take the extra time to walk around or avoid working under thesuspended loads.


One of the most money saving, yet dangerous activities on any construction site is therigging and hoisting that is essential on most projects. In fact, we cannot successfullyinstall many projects without some form of rigging and hoisting. Yet, when done incor-rectly, it can have catastrophic consequences.

The following basic rules for rigging and hoisting should be strictly enforced onevery job site:

1) Know your equipment:

a) Chokers c) Lifting eyes and similar equipment.

b) Shackles d) Ropes and cables

2) Know how to use your equipment.

3) Know the safe operation loads of your equipment (i.e., capacity of crane, slings,cables, hooks, eyelets).

4) Do your homework... know your job. Know what you are rigging and where it isgoing. A few minutes of looking ahead can save time and injury. No one wants tobe cleaning an area with heavy equipment hanging over them ready to be set.

5) Communications;know the crane signals;one man and one man only gives thecrane operator signals!

6) Flagmen... use only experienced flagmen in high traffic areas.

7) Crew... assign the most experienced personnel to prepare equipment for hoisting.

8) Secure the hoisting area from other trades not required to complete job and fromother "sightseers".

9) Never hoist equipment or material that is loose... such as bolts, nuts, motors orfittings. Just because an item is small doesn't mean it isn't deadly. A small bolt cantravel through a person's skull with ease from a relatively short distance. Avoidhoisting any loose material or equipment.

10) Do not underestimate the difficulties of lifting small pieces of equipment. Largeitems usually have built-in lifting devices, most small pieces do not. How it isrigged is the responsibility of the individual in charge of rigging-and it has to bedone right.

11) Have an emergency plan in the event of an accident. When rigging takes place onweekends or at night when assistance may be minimal-know what hospitals areclosest to job site. Know the location of the nearest phone. Make sure thatambulance, rescue squad and other emergency numbers are posted nearby.


Rigging

IMPROPER RIGGING CAUSES PERSONAL ACCIDENTS ANDDAMAGE TO PUBLIC PROPERTY

IF THE RIGGING IS IMPROPER - EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALSMAY BE DAMAGED

THERE ARE FOUR MAIN CAUSES FOR RIGGING ACCIDENTS

1. DAMAGED EQUIPMENT

A. Slings with broken strands

B. Clamps installed improperly

C. Hooks show signs of weakness by opening up

D. Hooks without safety latches

2. MISUSE OF GOOD EQUIPMENT

A. Improper size of sling for the lift

B. Lift angle too small with choker sling

C. Wrapping the sling around sharp edges

3. INSECURE SLINGS

A. Load not balanced

4. UNCONTROLLED MOVEMENT

A. Lack of tag lines

B. Lateral movement of load during the lift

PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE TO AVOID RIGGING ACCIDENTS

1. Do not use damaged equipment (slings)

2. Install clamps properly on wire rope

A. Place U-bolt on dead end of cable with at least 3 clamps

3. Check hooks before lifts for weaknesses and safety latches

4. Make sure you have the proper size sling for the lift

5. Try to maintain sling angle of at least 45 degrees when hoisting

6. Clear the way when hoisting close to other trades


Hoisting SafelyKey Points to Emphasize:

1. Hoisting, if done improperly, can present hazards to the operator andother workers in the vicinity.

2. Much of the hoisting is performed in congested areas where thegeneral public can easily be involved in an accident.

3. If proper precautions and techniques for operation, inspection,maintenance, and repair are followed, the risks can be reduced.

1. Know and do not exceed safe load limit of hoisting equipment.

A. Make sure the operator knows how to read the load chart properly.

B. In the case of mobile cranes, the outriggers must be fully extended.a. outrigger must be on solid footing (mudsills)b. the rubber tires must be off the groundc. the crane must be set up on level groundd. use proper rate sling for lift

2. Check the safety latch on the hook for proper operation.

3. Position the hoist directly over the load.

4. Check for overhead hazards:A. Power lines

a. must have 10 feet clearance.B. Poles and obstructions

5. Attach sufficient tag lines to guide the load.

6. After the hook is in place in lifting ring, apply slight pressure to the hoistto ensure the lifting ring is seated in bottom of the hook.

7. Warn fellow employees of the lift:A. Check intended movement path

B. Check intended destination



Lifting & Falls

Floor OpeningsTwo employees went to move a piece of plywood that was laying on thefloor. One employee picked up the front edge and the other picked up therear section and they proceeded to walk forward. What they didn't knowis that someone had laid the plywood over an opening in the floor. THEREST IS HISTORY.

An electrician was installing conduit on the sixth floor near an unprotectedelevator shaft. The electrician forgot for one moment and stepped back.THE REST IS HISTORY.

Temporary barricades must be in place on construction projects inareas where someone could fall. OSHA has specific standards for flooropenings on construction sites which are:

* Floor openings shall be guarded by a standard railing and toeboards orcover, except at entrances to stairways.

* Every open-sided floor or platform, 6 feet or more above an adjacentfloor or ground level, shall be guarded by a standard railing, orequivalent, on all open sides except where there is an entrance.

* Runways, 4 feet or more high, shall have standard railings on all opensides. Runways, 18 inches or more wide used for special purposes,may have the railing on one side omitted, where operating conditionsnecessitate.

* Ladderway floor openings or platforms shall be guarded by standardrailings, with standard toeboards, on all exposed sides, except atentrance to opening.

* Temporary floor openings shall have standard railings.

* Floor holes, into which persons can accidentally walk, shall be guardedby either a standard railing on all exposed sides or a standard floorcover. The cover must be clearly marked and secured. While the coveris not in place, the floor hole shall be protected by a standard railing.

If your job assignment requires you to work near a floor opening thatyou find unprotected, DON'T PERFORM THE JOB UNTIL IT ISCORRECTED! Report the unsafe condition to your foremanimmediately.


Watch Your Step

Accident studies show that falls produce more serious accidents inbuilding construction than ANY OTHER SINGLE CAUSE. Thesestudies also show that stepladders are involved in a large percentage ofthe falls experienced by construction personnel.

Does this mean that stepladders are unsafe? The answer can be YES or itcan be NO. It all depends on how the stepladder is used. If you digfurther into accident studies, you find the unsafe practices andconditions which brought about the accidents. Let's look at a few ofthese conditions:

* Broken rails and treads. A damaged stepladder really cannot berepaired and should be discarded.

* Stepladders used as straight ladders. Treads may not be level or legsmay slip.

* Standing on the top step. A good practice is not to go above the thirdstep from the top.

* Scaffold supports. Stepladder treads are not designed to carry the loadof a scaffold.

* Working from the back side. The slope and the rungs create an unsafecondition.

* Poor footing. A stepladder needs level four-point support to be steady.

BE ALERT!HAVE YOU NOTICED ANY DEFECTIVE

STEPLADDERS ON YOUR JOB SITE?


JumpingFROM TRUCKS, PLATFORMS, WALLS, ETC.

CAN CAUSE SERIOUSANKLE, KNEE AND BACK INJURIES

ANKLES have been sprained, KNEES popped out of joint, BACKSsprained, MUSCLES have been torn... and the list goes on and on.

Some recent notable injuries are:

* An employee broke his ankle from jumping off a truck and landingawkwardly

* One employee just had his third knee operation for injuries receivedfrom jumping down from a dumpster

* Another employee lost part of his finger when he jumped from a truckand caught his finger on the stake body

TAKING A SMARTER APPROACH TO GETTING DOWN FROM AHIGHER ELEVATION CAN PREVENT SOME VERY BAD INJURIES

If you are using a ramp, make sure your shoes offer good traction. If youare using a ladder, make sure the ladder is secured from movement.Jumping just exposes us to too many hazardous situations. The groundcould be just damp enough to cause you to slip; landing on even thesmallest item could cause you to twist your ankle, or maybe anotherobstacle doesn't even figure into the picture, you could simply lose yourbalance. Don't set yourself up...

Learn to think about your job in a SAFETY CONSCIOUS MANNER.And we can possibly avoid unnecessary and painful injuries


Back to BackMOST BACK INJURIES RESULT FROM IMPROPER LIFTING

According to the principles of biomechanics, the worst lifting situation occurs when thebody is extended over the load. The lower back becomes a fulcrum supporting theweight of the body, plus the load. Twisting in this position invites injury. Keep yourback upright to shift weight onto the powerful leg muscles and reduce the lever effect.

HOW TO LIFT PROPERLY:

GET A FIRM FOOTING - Keep your feet apart for a stable base, point toes out.

BEND YOUR KNEES - Don't bend at the waist. Keep the principles of leverage inmind at all times. Don't do more work that you have to.

TIGHTEN STOMACH MUSCLES - Abdominal muscles support your spine whenyou lift, offsetting the force of the load.

LIFT WITH YOUR LEGS - Let your powerful leg muscles do the work, not yourweaker back muscles.

KEEP LOAD CLOSE - Don't hold the load away from your body. The closer it is toyour spine, the less force it exerts on your back.

KEEP YOUR BACK UPRIGHT - Whether lifting of putting down the load, don't addthe weight of your body to the load. Avoid twisting; it can cause injury.

MENTAL LIFTING:

SIZE UP THE LOAD - How much does it weigh? Give it the heft test to see whetheryou can lift it.

GET HELP - If the load is too bulky or heavy for you to lift alone, get help.

FIND A BETTER WAY - Arrange for mechanical help from a pushcart, hand truck, orforklift.

PHYSICAL LIFTING:

LIFT IT PROPERLY - 1. Get close to the load and grasp firmly. 2. Set your stomachmuscles. 3. Keep your back straight. 4. Set load down smoothly.

TEAM LIFTWhen team lifting, pick one person to call the signals

PUSH, DON'T PULLWhenever possible, push rather than pull


Slips and Falls

EACH YEAR, ENTIRELY TOO MANY EMPLOYEES ARE INJUREDBY SLIPS AND FALLS

Employees have slipped off ladders, down steps, up steps, from beds oftrucks, down hills, on wet spots, icy spots, off walls, and on and on.Slipping on a flat surface is bad enough, but when the surface is elevat-ed and a fall from a height is involved, it can be disastrous.

HOW CAN FALLS BE PREVENTED? KEEP YOUR EYES OPEN!!

QUITE OFTEN, THE POTENTIAL CAN BE EASILY RECOGNIZED.JUST LOOK MORE CAREFULLY WHERE YOU ARE STEPPINGAND WHAT'S UP AHEAD.

Poor housekeeping and weather conditions can greatly increase haz-ards. After the winter of '94 we all should know how dangerous icecan be and the amount of caution it takes to even negotiate walkingunder such conditions. Care should be taken to apply sand and/orcalcium to icy areas.

Wet weather causes muddy feet which contributes to slips and falls.Always wipe your feet before climbing steps or when entering a workarea. When climbing a ladder, hold on with both hands. When walkingdown stairs use the guardrail.

REMEMBER - YOUR EYES ARE YOUR BEST DEFENSEAGAINST SLIPS AND FALLS

WATCH YOUR STEP - LOOK WHERE YOU ARE GOING!!


Let's Eliminate Back InjuriesTAKE CHARGE OF YOUR OWN HEALTH AND SAFETY. BECOMEAWARE OF YOUR LIMITATIONS AND DO NOT EXCEED THEM.USE CORRECT LIFTING TECHNIQUES AND THE GREATESTSTRAIN WILL NOT BE ON THE WRONG PART OF YOUR BODY.

LOW BACK PAIN CAN BE CAUSED BY:

* Tension and fatigue

* Bending and twisting

* Lifting a load that is too heavy

* Change in body structure from age, conditioning, and disease

* Jerks and sudden change in balance

LIFTING FROM THE FLOOR OR GROUND OR LIFTING WHILEREACHING CAUSES THE MOST STRESS ON THE LOWER BACK

WHAT IS THE BEST LIFTING METHOD?

* Use the most natural method that puts the least stress on the lowerback, without twisting the trunk.

* Plan your lift. Know where you are going. GET HELP if the load istoo heavy.

* Keep the load close to the body.

* Get a good grip with the palms.

* Position your feet for balance to keep the load close.

* USE YOUR LEG MUSCLES TO LIFT - NOT YOUR BACK

* BEND THE KNEES!! Keep the back straight.

* Turn with your heel and don't twist the pelvis.

* IF THE LOAD IS BEYOND YOUR PHYSICAL ABILITY - GET HELP!


FallsBe Alert! Falls hurt! Falls do more than hurt, falls kill. Theunfortunate statistic is that falls account for more deaths than any typeof accident, aside from traffic accidents. The disabling injury rate is veryhigh, as is the severity of injury. Most injuries occur on the same level;most could be foreseen and prevented. In other words, most falls are theresult of unsafe acts.

Construction sites are prime sources of injuries from falls, with openrebar work, wood and steel forms, beams and trusses, deck and roofopenings, and assorted piles of material. However, the home is not far

behind your work site when it comes to fall hazards. Being alert isrequired in all our activities, though we are most concerned with our jobtasks.

We can reduce falls by considering the following:

* Walking Habits: Pick up your feet, watch where you place them.Walk at a normal pace and keep your body in balance. Be aware ofsurface conditions and elevations, adapt your movements accordingly.

* Wearing Apparel: Torn or loose clothing, trouser cuffs, and worn orimproperly soled shoes can easily cause a serious fall. Dress to suitthe safety requirements of the job.

* Job Housekeeping: This is one of the key areas for elimination offalls. Remove tripping hazards by cleaning up scrap material andproperly storing other materials. Keep walking surfaces free of foreignsubstance such as cutting oil, curing compounds, or ordinary water.


Oh My Aching Back

TEST YOURSELF:

Select a piece of pipe about 2 feet long and let's assume you are going topick up something that weighs 80 pounds. Put an 80 pound weight on oneend of the pipe and try picking it up by grasping the opposite end of thepipe and lifting. This 80 pounds represents only the external load you aregoing to lift. Let's add at least 75 more pounds for the upper part of yourbody. Now we have 155 pounds on the end of the pipe to try and lift.

You will probably find this nearly impossible to do. Lifting 155 pounds isdifficult enough much less on the end of a 2 foot long pipe.

Now, estimate how many times you lift heavy objects every day. Your lowerback acts the same as if gripping your hands on the end of a two foot longpipe. Every day people bend over and lift without giving a second thought.

Now think about all the times your back has ached or a friend hassuffered from an aching back or serious back injury. A lot of peoplebelieve this is due to old age, but it begins when you are very young.Remember all those times when you were younger and could lift anything?Every time you did, you were damaging your back and never knew it.

YOUR BACK:

A fluid cushion is located between each section of your spine. This cushionor disk allows you to bend over and twist around. The cushion's exteriorlining has the job of holding the fluid inside. Each time you abuse yourback, small tears appear in this lining until one day enough tears occur andthe fluid seeps out. This is when you feel serious pain and must cry out forhelp. Unfortunately, that is too late and often requires surgery.

STOP IT BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE! LIFT WITH YOUR LEGS NOTYOUR BACK!

Now take the same piece of pipe and lift it with your hands right near theweight. Feel the difference? When lifting a heavy object keep it as close toyour body as possible, keep your back straight, and lift with your legs!


How to Spare Your BackAnyone who has suffered the pain and discomfort of a backache, shouldunderstand how important it is to prevent the strain in the first place. Fartoo many of the back strains that occur could have been prevented if a fewrules were followed. Take just a moment to learn these easy steps and usethem whenever you are lifting heavy objects.

Tips On Lifting Heavy Objects:

1. FOOTING is as important in lifting as it is to a batter in baseball.Your feet should be close to the object to be lifted and far enoughapart for good balance (about shoulder width). Place one foot slightlyahead of the other. Your toes should be pointed slightly outward.

2. BEND YOUR KNEES and go down to a crouch (but not a fullsquat-it takes double the effort to straighten up from a full squat).

3. KEEP YOUR BACK STRAIGHT AS POSSIBLE: do not arch it.

4. GET A GOOD, FIRM GRIP on the object. Do not lift until your holdis strong and your hands will not slip.

5. LIFT THE OBJECT SLOWLY straightening your legs, keeping theload close to you as you rise. (By keeping your spine straight, youforce your leg muscles to do the lifting).

6. IF YOU CHANGE DIRECTION, do not twist your body. To turn,move ONLY your legs and feet.

7. TO SET THE OBJECT DOWN, reverse the lifting procedure. Withyour back straight, BEND YOUR KNEES and go down to thecrouching position.



Personal Protection

Safety Belts & HarnessesFor Fall Protection

FALL PROTECTION IS REQUIRED WHERE FALL POTENTIAL ISOVER 6 FEET

* INSPECT BELT AND LANYARD BEFORE USE TO BE SURETHERE ARE NO DEFECTS.

* WEAR THE SAFETY BELT WITH "D" RING IN THE REAR.

* TYING OFF:

A. Should be above the waist

B. Should limit the fall to less than six feet

C. Anchor to vertical members as they are stronger than horizontal

D. Make sure snaps are secure on "D" ring

* CARE OF EQUIPMENT:

A. Protect from acids, caustics, and corrosive materials

B. Do not punch holes, add rivets, or cut belt

REMEMBER

Know where fall protection is required on the job site.

Adjust safety belt properly around the waist.

Inspect equipment before use.

Care for equipment to extend its life and reliability.


Improper ClothingCAN CAUSE YOU DISCOMFORT AND CAUSE ACCIDENTS TOO

Pants that are too long may cause you to trip. Your heel can catch in thehem and cause you to fall. Cuffs can very easily get caught on equip-ment as you walk by, harming either you or the equipment.

Wear the type of work shoes required by the company, they are requiredfor a reason! Tennis and sneaker type shoes do not offer the proper pro-tection and are not allowed on ANY job sites.

Keep your clothing clean. Dust or oil soaked clothing can cause skin irri-tations and in hot weather cannot breathe properly. Taking on and offoverly dirty clothes can get harmful particles in your eyes and mouth.

DRESS FOR THE TEMPERATURE. Wear enough clothing in coldweather; wool is warmer than cotton and two light layers are better than

one heavy one. Lighten up in warmer or hot weather. Light weight(preferably cotton) and lighter colors will be more comfortable.

Leave off the decorations and accessories. Loose watches, keys on belts,or any loose item that could hook on something can cause serious injuryor damage.

The more comfortable you are the easier it is to concentrate on your joband fewer mistakes are likely to occur.

ALWAYS REMEMBER:

* Wear your HARD HATS when overhead work is being performed.

* Wear safety glasses when REQUIRED, in the vicinity of all power toolssuch as grinders is good practice.

* Keep a pair of work gloves with you at all times, and use them whennecessary or required to protect your hands.

USE COMMON SENSE WHEN YOU GET READY FOR WORK


Wear Safety Shoes

FOOT TROUBLE CAN BE AS PAINFUL AS BACK TROUBLE and itcan be just as restrictive too.

Have you ever noticed that many of us will go out and buy niceexpensive dress shoes and then turn around and buy the cheapest pairof work shoes we can find. We will wear the dress shoes maybe 5 to 10hours a week and the work shoes 50 - 60 hours in the same week.

Many of our accident reports read like this:

* "I stepped out of my truck and twisted my ankle on a rock."

* "I punctured my foot when I stepped on a board with protrudingnails."

* "I fractured my toes when I dropped the materials I was carrying onmy foot."

A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF THESE FOOT INJURIES CAN BE PRE-VENTED IF THE EMPLOYEE WILL WEAR THE PROPERFOOTWEAR.

Tennis shoes, sneakers, docksiders, and boat shoes do not belong onmost job sites.

HIGH TOP SAFETY SHOES are the type of shoes that must be worn.The high tops offer extra support for your ankles. the soles offer punc-ture protection, and the steel toes offer protection from falling objects.

EVEN if they are not required for your specific job, safety shoes are agood idea. At present, safety lenses in glasses are important on and offthe job and the same theory is gaining popularity with safety shoes.

The CONDITION of your shoes is also very important. Thin soles andheels make you susceptible to puncture wounds, bruises, and you canlose your balance easier. Long laces are also a tripping hazard.


Head ProtectionA superintendent left his home one Sunday morning to attend church withhis wife. When he got in the car, his wife looked at him and asked if he wasreally going to wear his hard hat to church.

This superintendent was smart, wearing his hard hat had becomeautomatic with him.

HARD HATS:

* Offer protection for a very vital part of our body.

* A sudden blow to the head can cause permanent brain damage orDEATH.

* Should be worn 100% of the time on job sites. Maybe your assign-ment is not hazardous, but what about the other jobs taking placeon the same job site OR those that might have been left in a haz-ardous condition.

COMMON EXCUSES OR MYTHS FOR NOT WEARING HARDHATS:

* "It's too heavy!" Hard hats are only a few ounces heavier than a clothcap and the extra protection makes up for the extra weight. A hard hatis less than 1/3 of the weight of an Army helmet.

* "It's too hot!" Actual measurements have shown that the temperatureunder a hard hat is 5 to 10 degrees cooler than the outsidetemperature.

* "It gives me a headache!" A thump on the head from somethingwhich has fallen from two stories up will give you a much worseheadache. There is also no medical reason why a properly adjustedhard hat would cause a headache.

* "It's too noisy!" That is your imagination! Tests show that properlyworn hard hats will shield your ears from noise.

GET USED TO WEARING IT UNTIL IT BECOMES A HABIT!


Fire ExtinguishersIt is important to know the different types of fires and fire

extinguishers. Using the wrong extinguisher on an electrical fire canbe fatal.

Let's discuss the different types of fires:

CLASS "A" FIRES usually result from piles of wood, trash, pallets,sawdust, and other similar materials. It has been determined that wateris the best extinguisher for class "A" fires.

CLASS "B" FIRES result from flammable liquids or petroleum products.These fires can best be controlled with carbon dioxide or "DryChemical" extinguishers.

CLASS "C" FIRES pertain to electrical equipment. An ABC "DryChemical" extinguisher is used most commonly to control this type offire. When dealing with the Class "C" fires, it is important to rememberthat for complete control it is necessary to disconnect the power sourcewhich has initiated the fire.

CLASS "D" FIRES develop from combustible metal such as sodium ormagnesium. These fires are extremely difficult to control due to the heatintensity and burning characteristics.

Before you attempt to use an extinguisher on a electrical fire, make sureyou look on the side of it and determine that it is suited for Class "C"fires. The number preceding the letter represents the size of the extin-guisher.

Most of the extinguishers on a construction site are the "Dry Chemical"type. These are good for any type of fire. On the side, you will find itlabeled ABC or ABCD.

When you arrive on a construction site for the first time, take a few min-utes to locate the fire extinguishers. Note the contents so you will be ableto react in case of an emergency.

CONTROLLING A FIRE AT THE VERY BEGINNING IS VERYIMPORTANT.

WHAT IS MORE IMPORTANT IS TO KNOW WHEN TO QUIT ANDCLEAR THE AREA!!


Eye ProtectionGlass, dust, metal, dirt, gases, brick/stone particles, wood & stone chips,mortar, chemicals...

AND THE LIST GOES ON! There seems to be an unending list of eyehazards in construction work. But there is protection available for youreyes for every hazard you may encounter.

EYE INJURIES OCCUR MUCH MORE OFTEN THAN NECESSARYAND THEY CAN BE PAINFUL AND VERY COSTLY

You may feel there is too much inconvenience in using eye protection.But, eye protection can be comfortable when you get a good fit. Forgoggles that fog up, wear a sweat band if you sweat a lot - and thereare anti-fog liquids available, also. The inconvenience of usingprotection could never compare with the inconvenience of blindness.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE MORE COMMON OPERATIONS THATREQUIRE THE USE OF EYE PROTECTION:

* Chipping, sledging and hammering on metal, stone or concrete

* Drilling, scaling and scraping

* Caulking, brushing and grinding

* Using manual, pneumatic and power impact tools

* Soldering and casting hot metals

* Handling hot tar, oils, liquids, and molten substances

* Handling acids, caustics and creosoted materials

* Gas welding, cutting, and brazing

* Electric arc welding and cutting; also, any operations that may exposethe eyes to dust, gases, fumes or liquids

* Drilling overhead

* Working where dust, dirt, sand, grit, etc., is blowing around.

Use your own professional knowledge. You know where the dangersare, point them out to less experienced co-workers. The eyes you areusing right now are the only pair you will ever have.


Hearing ProtectionA watch advertisement several years ago used the slogan "Takes a Lickin'and Keeps on Tickin'". What the ad did not tell you is if the watch is beatenenough times, it will stop Tickin'.

Our hearing is the same way. We can expose our hearing all day to exces-sive noise levels and the nerve hairs located in the inner ear become tiredand worn down.

The next morning the hairs perk up and are ready for another day of abuse.If this abuse continues day after day and year after year, sooner or later thenerve hairs will fail to perk up. When this happens, your hearing level willbegin to deteriorate.

An indication that this has happened to you is when you get in your car inthe morning, turn on your ignition, and the radio blares out so loud thatyou nearly jump into the back seat.

The radio did not seem that loud the night before, but now that your earshave rested, the volume seems to have increased.

Other factors used to determine excessive noise levels are:

* It is necessary for you to speak in a very loud voice or shout directlyinto the ear of a person in order to be understood.

* You have head noises and ringing noises in your ears at the end of thework day.

* Speech or music that sounds muffled at the end of one day is fairlyclear in the morning when you return to work.

Continuous exposure to equipment such as air hammers and powderactuated tools can beat down the nerve hairs in your inner ears.

Hearing protection should be available on each job site. When a noiselevel is loud enough to make you feel uncomfortable, ask your fore-man for hearing protectors and wear them.


Eye SafetyNOTICE: SHOP CLOSED - SPARE EYES AND FINGERS ARE NO LONGER AVAIL-ABLE. Actually, they never were. But judging by the precautions taken by some employeeswhile working, they must think they are "untouchable" when it comes to injuries.

Eye injuries do occur - and frequently. If you are taking chances, remember, with eye-sight, you are taking the only chance you have. Second chances are not usually possible.

FOR YOUR SAFETY FOLLOW THESE EYE SAFETY TIPS

Wear goggles or face shield when doing ANY work that presents an eye injuryhazard.

Do not wear dirty, scratched or badly worn safety goggles, which distort vision.Take the time to clean them, or if necessary, replace them.

Be careful of splashes or spills when opening containers of acids, caustics, or otherharmful liquids that could cause injury to the eyes or face.

When working in dusty areas, where insulation is being installed or when you haveto look up to do the work, use a light wrap-around plastic goggle, a slow-burningplastic spectacle, or a metal frame with side shields. Use them on ceiling layoutwork and fixture hanging.

When working with grinders or power tools, be especially careful and keep yourface a safe distance from the tool and away from the line of work, in case a toolbreaks or particles fly up. Grinding operation protection is usually best provided bya clear face shield to protect the entire face. Wrap-around goggles also provide goodprotection. Keep your mind on your work. Accidents happen fast!

Be alert to tool hazards, such as mushroomed heads on chisels, cracked hammersand work screwdrivers. These tools have often caused serious eye injuries. Chippingand drilling require goggles or spectacles with high impact lenses. Fullwrap-around glasses to protect eyes from any angle are best. Concrete and metalchips travel at a high rate of speed and can shatter regular eye lenses.

Burning and brazing require properly fitted goggles with high impact lenses of thecorrect shade. Arc welding must be done while wearing a welding hood with properlenses.

Eye safety is important to electricians working "hot" circuits or energized distribu-tion equipment. A wrong move can create a shower of white hot molten metal. Noglasses might mean no eyes.

If you get a particle in your eye, do not rub. Rubbing could cause an abrasion. Useclean, warm water to wash the particle out.

Use eye protection when there is the slightest chance of injury. You only have twoeyes, don't lose them foolishly. Foresight is better than no sight. USE EYEPROTECTION!


Hand SafetyYour hands are your most often used and sometimes your most oftenabused tools.

* Almost one-third of the two million disabling accidents per year arerelated to hand injuries.

* In any one year up to 16,000 people will lose arms, hands and fingersin work-related accidents. The average lost time from work for theseaccidents is 17 days per person.

Here are some tips to help you avoid hand injuries.

* Before using power tools make sure the work area is clean and free ofdebris, scrap, oil and water etc.

* Check your tools and machines for any damages and loose parts.Make sure all safety guards are attached and properly adjusted.

* Stay alert and aware of what you are doing. Most accidents arecaused by people not paying attention to their work.

* Avoid pinch points-Eighty percent of all hand injuries are caused bypinch points such as twisted cables on cranes, lifting & hoistingdevices, winches, equipment setting, material handling and slippedwrenches.

* Work Gloves/Clothing-Wear appropriate gloves when handling hotand cold objects, rigging cables, rough and sharp objects andcorrosives. Do not wear jewelry or loose clothing when working withor near rotating tools or equipment. Use particular care when wearinggloves near moving equipment- they may catch in an operating part.

* Lockout/Tagout-When working on machinery make sure the machineis locked out and tagged to prevent accidental starting. Do not useyour hands to stop moving parts or try to adjust equipment that isrunning.

* Fasten Securely-When using a drill make sure the work piece is helddown by bolts, "C" clamps, vise grips, or tack welds. Use properlubricants when drilling to prevent binding. Drill a pilot hole beforedrilling large holes.

YOUR HANDS - USE THEM - DON'T ABUSE THEM


Dress for SafetyThe clothing we wear can either protect us from an accident or pull usinto one. It all depends on whether we wear the proper clothing at theproper time. For example, gloves should be worn when handling roughmaterial, but a worker suffered a seriously disabled hand when theglove on his hand caught and wound around a power drill he wasusing.

Pants that are too long may cause you to trip coming down a ladder orwhen stepping backward. Your heel can catch and DOWN YOU GO!Cuffs can catch on equipment and cause a fall.

Work shoes NEED THICK SOLES AND ANKLE SUPPORT. Don't useyour worn out dress shoes and NEVER use tennis shoes on the job.

Keep your clothes clean. Dusty or oil or grease soaked clothing canresult in fatal burns, should the wearer come in contact with a spark orflame.

Leave off the decorations. One man lost a finger when his ring caught ashe fell climbing down from a truck. Loose watch chains, keys on belts orany items that might hook on something should be avoided.

Remember, hard hats and safety glasses protect our brains and eyes.

Questions for discussion:

1. Have you ever noticed improper shoes being worn on the job site?What type were they?

2. What jobs do we have where gloves should be worn? What jobs dowe have where gloves should not be worn?

3. What types of clothing would be hazardous for the job you do?


Respiratory ProtectionHazards to the lungs are not always easy to detect. Some of the mostcommon hazards are the lack of oxygen and the presence of harmfuldust, fogs, smokes, mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or sprays includingsubstances that may cause cancer, lung impairment, other diseases, or

death. Respirators prevent the entry of harmful substances into thelungs during breathing. Some respirators also provide a separate sup-ply of breathable air so work can be performed where there is inade-

quate oxygen, or where greater protection is needed.

The prevention of atmospheric contamination at the worksite general-ly should be accomplished as far as feasible by engineering controlmeasures, such as enclosing or confining the contaminant-producingoperation, exhausting the contaminant, or substituting with less toxicmaterials. Historically, the industrial hygiene profession has sought tocontrol hazardous air contamination through engineering means.However, when effective engineering controls are not feasible, whilethose controls are being installed, or during clean up operations,appropriate respirators must be used. The user should be aware thatrespirators have their limitations and are not a substitute for effectiveengineering controls. Where respirators are necessary for health pro-tection, specific procedures are necessary to overcome any potentialdeficiencies and to assure the effectiveness of the equipment.

There are two basic classes of respirators: air purifying andatmosphere supplying. Air purifying respirators use filters or sorbentsto remove harmful substances from the air. They range from simpledisposable masks to sophisticated powered air-purifying respirators.Air-purifying respirators do not supply oxygen and may not be usedin oxygen-deficient atmospheres or in ones that are immediatelydangerous to life or health (IDLH). Atmosphere-supplying respiratorsare designed to provide breathable air from a clean air source otherthan the surrounding contaminated work atmosphere. They rangefrom supplied-air respirators and self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA's) to complete air- supplied suits.


Why Wear Hard HatsKEY POINTS TO EMPHASIZE:

1. Considering the weight of a hard hat, approximately 14 ounces, theamount of protection that it provides is far more worthwhile than theinconvenience.

2. Hard hats have saved many construction workers from head injuries.

1. The average hard hat only weighs about 14 ounces.A. A man's head weighs about 14 pounds.B. We now have an ounce of safety for every pound of head.

2. The brain is the control center of the body.A. The slightest damage to any part will affect body functions.B. The skull protects the brain and the hat protects the skull.

3. Force of falling objects:A. A 3 1/2 ounce washer falling 32 feet will generate a force of seven

foot pounds.a. on the unprotected head it would strike with a force of 560 lbs.b. with a hard hat the force would be equal to 127 lbs, because the

force will be transmitted to the neck and spine.

4. Answer to reluctance to wear hard hats:A. Too hot in warm weather...

a. tests have shown that temperature inside of a hard hat can be up to5 degrees cooler than outside temperatures.

5. Proper wearing techniques:A. No holes should be drilled in the hard hat because it weakens the

strength.B. It must be worn with a suspension system.C. The hard hat must be worn as prescribed, not backwards.

IT IS AN OSHA VIOLATION TO WEAR THE HARD HATBACKWARDS

WEARING THE HARD HAT IS FOR OUR EMPLOYEES'PROTECTION, NOT A METHOD OF HARASSMENT


Personal Protective EquipmentHard hats, safety glasses, face shields, hearing protectors, gloves, safetyshoes

WHAT DO ALL OF THESE ITEMS HAVE IN COMMON? They are allvarious forms of personal protective equipment, DESIGNED TO HELPPROTECT YOU from serious injury. However, statistics for one yearshow:

* 84% of workers who sustained head injuries were not wearing hardhats

* 99% of workers who suffered face injuries were not wearing faceprotection

* 60% of workers who sustained eye injuries were not wearing eyeprotection

* 77% of workers who suffered foot injuries were not wearing safetyshoes or boots

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect you, but it onlyfunctions if you wear it. SAFETY GLASSES are of value to you onlywhen you use them as they are meant to be used.

A HARD HAT is a well engineered product. It is designed to protectyour head from serious injury, but only if you wear it PROPERLY. A hardhat is not as effective if worn backwards.

HEARING PROTECTORS have been proven to be effective in preventinghearing loss. But, if they are not worn, or if they are worn incorrectly,they certainly cannot do their job. GLOVES will protect your handswhen doing certain jobs or handling chemicals, but they cannot workwhile stuffed in your pocket.

It may seem like a lot of time and trouble to put on protective equipmentfor only a quick job. Accidents take even less time to happen and thetrouble they cause can go on for a lifetime.

Limiting and eliminating your exposure to risk is important to theCompany. It should be equally important to you.

DO YOUR BODY A FAVORWEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT WHEN NECESSARY

(AND WEAR IT PROPERLY)


HandsTHINK ABOUT IT... If you had to keep your hands in your pockets foran entire day, would you be inconvenienced? Of course you would. But,also, you'd become more aware of how much you need your HANDS.

Most construction and industrial injuries are to fingers and hands. Yourhands are essential to your work and livelihood. You are the key to

avoiding most hand injuries.

1. REMEMBER - the proper use of work gloves can help preventmany hand and finger injuries.

2. Keep your hands and gloves free of grease, oil, dirt and grime. Dirtygloves could infect even the smallest scratch.

3. Keep fingers and hands out of "pinch points" (places where handscan be crushed or bruised).

4. Check materials BEFORE handling for sharp and jagged edges,splinters and slick or rough surfaces.

5. When lifting, hold the material firmly. Be aware of where yourhands are when setting the material down, to avoid mashing yourfingers.

6. DO NOT REMOVE SAFETY GUARDS on equipment. They areyour wall between danger.

7. Do not bypass safety controls on equipment. Neutralizing safetycontrols is not clever, it's downright dangerous.

8. Be cautious of the temperature of the items you must lift. If-equipment has just been turned off, metal parts can be very hot andcan cause severe burns. Also, handling metals in severely coldtemperatures can quickly cause injury (frostbite).

KEEP HANDS AWAY FROM MOVING PARTS

DISABLE (AND SECURE) EQUIPMENT BEFORE SERVICING


Hand ProtectionHand protection isn't anything new. It has been considered important foryears. Bare-knuckled prize fighters discovered it was easier on both partiesinvolved if their hands were covered when they squared off. And as thegame of baseball developed, the fielders' gloves evolved from a skimpypiece of leather into something with considerably more padding.

Like a lot of things extremely important to us, we have come to take ourhands for granted - until we are inconvenienced with an injury. Then werealize that our hands are crucial to our every activity. Unfortunately, wesoon forget this experience and start taking them for granted again.

Pinch points have the nasty habit of catching us when we are not look-ing, or more appropriately stated, when we are not properly cautious.Pinch points can be avoided by being aware of their existence and thentaking the proper precautions.

Another precaution to take for hand protection is to WEARAPPROVED WORK GLOVES WHEN HANDLING ROUGHMATERIALS and during other operations where your hands aredirectly involved in the lifting or moving of objects. Other safetymeasures include taking time to remove or bend down protrudingnails, splinters, and sharp edges on materials you are going to beworking with.

A great deal of our accidents in the past could have been prevented onlyif the employees had been wearing work gloves.

In an effort to protect you from hand and wrist injuries, you are encour-aged to wear work gloves. To make sure that you receive maximumprotection, worn-out gloves should be replaced immediately.

Despite any precautions we may take, our hands are going to receiveminor injuries from time to time, and you are cautioned to be treatedfor these cuts and scratches, as they can develop into something moreserious.


Preventing Hand & Finger InjuriesThe largest number of injuries in the construction industry occur tofingers and hands. Most of these injuries could be avoided with somepre-planning and in considering the consequences of unsafe acts.

1. HOW TO AVOID SOME OF THOSE COMMON INJURIES:

A. Inspect materials for slivers, jagged edges or burrs

B. Keep a firm grip on the object you are holding

C. Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially when settingobjects down

D. When handling lumber, pipe, or other long objects, keep handaway from edges to avoid being pinched

E. Keep hands free from oil and grease

E Be very cautious when stacking any materials (old or new)

G. When using power saws, circular, brick, or mortar, do not becomedistracted

2. GENERAL RULES FOR AVOIDING HAND AND FINGERINJURIES:

A. Practice good housekeeping, keep everything in order

B. Learn to do your job the right way and the safe way

C. Work at a safe speed

D. Jumping from an elevation such as footing, platform, or bench,may result in an injury

E. Be cautious for pinch points when rigging loads

F. Avoid practical jokes and horseplay

G. Bring to your foreman or safety officer, any unsafe conditions onthe job site


Goggles, GlovesGOGGLES

There is nothing new about wearing goggles for eye protection. Everyjob is using them to a greater or lesser degree. But the question alwaysarises as to who should not be asked to wear eye protection.

There is no job throughout construction that does not carry a potentialeye hazard. In analyzing eye injury cases, it is found that the mostcommon are caused from foreign bodies in the eye, flying objects, dust,and horseplay. The jobs include office workers, laborers, operators,warehousemen, millwrights, drivers, mechanics, carpenters, etc.

Actual reported cases describe accidents in which a laborer was cleaningout one thing or another when some of the contents of a chemical naturesplashed in his eyes and resulted in the loss of his sight. Goggles werenot worn, since they were not considered necessary for that type of workor worker. But follow this injury and others like it and you will findthey could have been prevented if the right eye protection had beenused. Learn to recognize when a potential hazard exists andPROTECT YOURSELF.

There's no such thing as being too safe!

GLOVES:

Your hands are your wage earners.

HANDS ARE HURT MORE OFTEN THAN ANY OTHER PART OF THEBODY.

Hand injuries don't have to occur. As talented as your hands are, theycan't think. They are your servants, and it is up to you to think andkeep them out of trouble.

Be sure you wear the right kind of gloves for the particular kind of workyou are doing.

When you wear gloves, you aren't trusting to luck and you are nottaking chances.Wear gloves when you are doing a job that needs them, BUT NOTAROUND MOVING MACHINERY.Time spent in preparing your hands for the job will not only savetrouble for you but will probably save time in doing the job.



Scaffolds & Ladders

StepladdersFalls produce more serious accidents in building construction thanany other single cause. Stepladders are involved in a large percentageof the falls experienced by construction workers.

DOES THIS MEAN THAT STEPLADDERS ARE UNSAFE?

The answer can be YES or it can be NO. It all depends on how thestepladder is used. Accident investigations reveal that several commonunsafe practices and conditions are responsible for stepladder accidents.Following are a few of these conditions:

BROKEN RAILS AND TREADSA damaged stepladder really can't be repaired and should be discarded

STEPLADDERS USED AS STRAIGHT LADDERSThe treads may not be level or the legs may slip

STANDING ON THE TOP STEPA good practice is not to go above the third step from the top

SCAFFOLD SUPPORTSStepladder treads are not designed to carry the load of a scaffold

WORKING FROM THE BACK SIDEThe slope and the rungs create an unsafe condition

POOR FOOTINGA stepladder needs level four-point support to be steady


Do we have any defective stepladders on this job?

Have you noticed anyone (including other crafts) misusing a stepladder on thisjob site?


Straight LaddersA ladder is one of the most important tools on a job site. A ladderrepresents an extension of our bodies. If they are unstable or too short,our bodies will be unstable or too short.

Selecting a ladder that is too long doesn't usually cause a problem. It isonly when we select one too short and then try to make up the differenceby reaching. Ladders can be used safely. The only thing you have to dois select the right one. Make sure the ladder you select is free of cracksand has not been painted. Paint hides cracks.

Certainly, a very important factor in ladder safety is the correct placement of it.The safest angle at which a straight ladder can be placed can easily bedetermined. The distance from the base of the ladder to the wall should be equalto one-fourth the distance from the base to the point of upper support. (Repeatthis point. You may wish to use a straight ladder to demonstrate.)

Always carry a rope with you to tie the top of the ladder off. If thebase of the ladder is resting on a slippery surface, make sure you tieoff the base of the ladder to prevent it from kicking out.

One of the most common unsafe practices on a ladder is overreaching,particularly if you are working on some project which progressively getsfarther from you. We are inclined to tell ourselves, "It's only an inch ortwo more, I'll just reach a little farther..." and the first thing we know,we have a fast trip back to the ground.

Approximately 3 feet of a straight ladder should extend above the top-most point to the reached and never stand above the third rung fromthe top. On a stepladder, never stand above the third highest step, anddon't attempt to use a stepladder as a straight ladder.

Another thing to remember is that we cannot control the actions ofothers while we're on the ladder. But there are certain things we can doto protect ourselves from their unsafe acts. For instance, if you'reworking from a ladder near a doorway, lock or barricade the door sosomeone in a big hurry won't bump your ladder and dump you onto thefloor.

WE ALL HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEAOF WHAT CAN HAPPEN IN A LADDER ACCIDENT,

SO LET'S DO EVERYTHING POSSIBLE TO PREVENT ONE.


OSHA Scaffolds StandardsA scaffold is an elevated, temporary structure used to support workersand materials. Because these structures are used only temporarily, theyare seldom as well planned as more permanent structures.

Scaffolds are built in many different forms depending upon the use. Insome cases employees are elevated only 4-5 feet. While a fall from thisheight may result in painful injury, it rarely results in death. Those whowork at higher levels, however, are almost certain to be more seriouslyinjured or killed if they fall.

IMPROPER OR MAKESHIFT SCAFFOLDS CREATE AN UNSAFEWORK ENVIRONMENT. SCAFFOLDS SHOULD BE DESIGNED,BUILT AND INSPECTED BY QUALIFIED PEOPLE.

* Scaffolds should be built of overlapped scaffold-grade planking. Theends of both planks should overlap the end supports by at least 6, butnot more than 12 inches.

* The platform's open sides and ends should be protected by 36 to 42inch standard guardrails that are equipped with midrails as neededand by toeboards that are at least 4 inches high.

* Scaffolds built over sidewalks or work or loading areas should alsohave 18 gauge, 1/2 inch wire mesh installed on all open sides betweenthe guardrail and the toeboard.

* Safe and convenient access to all platform levels must be provided. Ifaccess from the adjacent structure is not convenient, ladders or rampsshould be installed.

* Where the scaffolding is more than 12 feet high fixed ladders shouldbe used. The ladder should extend 36 inches above the platform.

* Employees should not be permitted on scaffolds during a storm orhigh winds or when scaffolds are covered with snow and ice.

* No more material than that needed for the day's work should be kepton the scaffold. All light materials should be removed at the end ofthe workday so that they will not fall off if the scaffold is moved.

* Scaffold loads should be distributed evenly rather than concentratedin the center of the platform.

* Objects should not be thrown or dropped. Use hand lines to raise andlower objects that cannot be easily reached by hand.


Use Ladders For Climbing -Not FallingOur type of work requires a lot of use of ladders either to take us where we will be working -or, at times - to be the place where we actually perform our work. In addition, many of us useladders in work around the house. We need to use them safely - falling from a ladder at homeor at work can cause severe injuries.

Here are some DO'S and DON'TS for ladder use:

DO1. Check the ladder to make certain it is in good condition, and strong enough for the load

- you and your equipment. Check it for cracked, broken or bent rungs and sides,broken or missing safety feet.

2. Make sure that both legs of the ladder are on a solid base. A box or table is not a solidbase.

3. Open stepladders fully and lock the spreaders in place.4. Set straight ladders against the wall at a 1 to 4 ratio- the base one foot away from the

wall for every four feet of height (distance between the ladder feet and the point ofsupport).

5. Use a ladder long enough for the job; it should extend at least three feet above the pointof contact such as the platform edge, with both rails in contact with the support.

6. Tie, block or otherwise secure ladders to prevent them from being displaced. Protectladders in doorways or passageways to keep them from being bumped by people orequipment.

7. When you are climbing or descending, face the ladder and use both hands. Use a toolbelt or hand line for tools and equipment needed at the next level.

8. Make sure that the rungs of the ladder and your shoes are dry and clean before startingto climb. Climb slowly and carefully.

9. Watch out for people working at the next level or working below the ladder.10. Move the ladder when necessary so that you will not have to stretch to reach a remote

spot. Over-reaching is a frequent cause of falls.11. Take the ladder down when you are through using it. An unused ladder standing in

one place can be an obstacle in the path of other workers.

DON'T1. Don't use metal ladders near electric wires or apparatus, or when doing electrical work.2. Don't place a ladder in front of a door that opens toward it.3. Don't climb higher than the second step from the top of a stepladder or higher than the

third rung from the top of a straight ladder.4. Don't toss tools or other equipment to someone on a ladder. If you are on a ladder, do

not drop objects to people below.5. Don't have more than one person on a ladder at one time.

6. Don't "walk" the ladder to move it - even a few inches.

USED SAFELY, LADDERS CAN BE A BIG HELP.

USED INCORRECTLY, LADDERS CAN CAUSE US TO HAVE A BIG LET DOWN


Make-Shift ScaffoldsOver one-third of the serious injuries to workers in the building tradesare caused by falls from one level to another.

THINK ABOUT THE FALLS YOU HAVE SEEN OR HEARD ABOUT

These falls usually occurred because the injured worker did not have asafe place to stand while he did his work. You probably can recallaccidents where the worker set up his own make-shift scaffold or usedsome convenient pile of material because:

HE DIDN'T WANT TO TAKE THE TIME TO DO THE JOB RIGHT

IF YOU DON'T CARE WHAT YOU WORK FROM, ALMOST ANY-THING WILL DO. A PILE OF CONCRETE BLOCKS OR EVEN CARD-BOARD BOXES WILL HOLD YOU...

IF THEY DON'T TIP OVER

A SINGLE SLOPING PLANK SUPPORTED ON ONE END BY A PIPEAND THE OTHER BY A STEPLADDER WILL PUT YOU WHERE YOUCAN DO THE JOB...

If the plank doesn't slide or you don't step back

THE CURVING METAL TOP OF A BLOWER OR TANK WILL DO...

IF YOUR FOOT DOESN'T SLIP

The time and the materials are available to build a safe scaffold for each joband a good craftsman knows how and when to use them.


1. Why do we see so many make-shift scaffolds on construction jobs?

2. Do you feel the time saved in not setting up a safe scaffold is worth therisk that is being taken in not providing a place where an employee canwork safely?


ScaffoldsErecting scaffolding for a building requires time and effort. Improper ormakeshift scaffolds create an unsafe work environment. Scaffolds should

be designed and built according to safety rules and must be inspected byqualified people.* Manufacturer's guidelines should be followed in erecting scaffolds.

Properly seating and locking connections and using correct devicesare extremely important.

* Scaffold grade planking should be used and ends of both planksshould overlap the end supports by at least 6, but not more than 12inches. Planks should be secured to the scaffold to preventmovement.

* The platform's open sides and ends should be protected by 42 inchstandard guardrails that are equipped with midrails as needed and bytoeboards that are at least 4 inches high.

* Scaffolds built over sidewalks or work and loading areas should alsohave 18 gauge, 1/2 inch wire mesh installed on all open sides betweenthe guardrail and the toeboard.

* Scaffolds are to be secured vertically (minimum every 26') and hori-zontally (minimum every 30').

* Free standing towers, greater in height than 3 times the least dimen-sion of the base should be guyed.

* Proper foundation sills should be placed under all scaffold legs thatare set on earth. Screw jacks and bases should be used for leveling.

* Safe and convenient access to all platform levels must be provided. Ifaccess from the adjacent structure is not convenient, ladders or rampsshould be installed. Ladders should extend at least 36" above theplatform level.

* Housekeeping is very important. Falls could be reduced substantiallyif surfaces on which employees work are kept in good condition andclean. Scaffolds should not be overloaded with materials and loadsshould be distributed evenly on the platform.

* Swinging scaffolds pose many problems in operation andmaintenance. It is advisable to have one person in charge of themoving up and maintenance of scaffold machines.

* Objects should not be thrown or dropped from scaffolds. Hand linesshould be used to raise and lower objects.

* Employees should not be permitted on scaffolds during a storm, highwinds, or when scaffolds are covered with snow and ice.


Rolling Scaffold RulesIN 28% OF SCAFFOLD ACCIDENTS THE WORKER FELL BECAUSEOF NO GUARDRAILS

24% OF ALL FALLS FROM SCAFFOLDS WERE THE RESULT OFIMPROPER PLANKING

1. Scaffolds four to ten feet in height, having a minimum horizontaldimension in either direction of less than 45" shall have standardguardrail installed on all open sides and ends of the platform.

2. Caster brakes must be applied at all times when scaffolds are not beingmoved.

3. When moving a rolling scaffold, watch out for holes or depressions inthe floor and overhead obstructions.

4. The working platform height of a rolling scaffold must not exceed fourtimes the smallest base dimension unless guyed or otherwise stabilized.

5. Remove all debris and loose material from the scaffold before moving.

6. DO NOT RIDE ROLLING SCAFFOLD.

7. The working platform must be fully planked.

8. Do not extend adjusting screws on rolling scaffolds more than 12".


OSHA Guardrail StandardsFloor openings shall be guarded by a standard railing and toeboards orcover. The railing shall be provided on all exposed sides, except atentrances to stairways.

Every open-sided floor or platform, 6 feet or more above adjacent floor,shall be guarded by a standard railing.

Temporary floor openings shall have standard railings.

Floor holes into which persons can accidentally walk, shall be guardedby either a standard railing or a floor hole cover.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:

1. A standard railing shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail, toe-board and posts.

2. The vertical height shall be approximately 42" from upper surface oftop rail to the floor.

3. The intermediate rail shall be halfway between the top rail and thefloor.

4. The distance between vertical posts shall not exceed 8 feet.

5. Minimum sizes for wood rails:* vertical posts, 2 x 4 inches* top rail, 2 x 4 inches* intermediate rail, 1 x 6 inches

6. Minimum size for steel rails:* 2 x 2 x 3/8 inch angle iron for all components

7. Minimum size for pipe rails:* 1 1/2 inch diameter for all components.

8. The anchoring of posts and framing of members for railings of alltypes shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied in any direction at any point of the top rail, with a minimumof deflection.



Tools of the Trade

Grinding WheelsDid you know that the average grinding wheel turns at a speed greaterthan a mile a minute? That's fast - so fast it can cause serious injuries.

In a reported accident, a worker mounted a cracked wheel on a grinder.He turned it on without replacing the guard and the force of the grindercaused the wheel to explode with the force of a hand grenade. Theworker was struck by several pieces, resulting in injuries to his head,eyes and chest.

Most grinder accidents can be avoided with proper safety precautionsbefore you start the job.

REMEMBER (AND USE) THESE GRINDER SAFETY RULES

* If you put on a new wheel, make sure that it is the size, and diameterfor the grinder and that its rated speed will not be exceeded.

* Before you install the wheel, make sure it is not cracked. To test thewheel, insert a pencil through the arbor hole and lightly tap the wheelalong its outer edge with a small object. If it is not cracked, it shouldhave a clear ring; a dull thud indicates the wheel is cracked.

* Be sure the wheel is mounted securely and protective guards arereplaced.

* Adjust the tongue guard to within 1/4" of the abrasive wheel face andthe tool rest to within 1/8" of the abrasive wheel face.

* ALWAYS WEAR EYE PROTECTION WHENEVER USING AGRINDER - THE REASONS SHOULD BE OBVIOUS! Flyingparticles can cause very serious injuries.

* Wheels can grab loose clothing and jewelry and pull them into thewheel, observe your exposure before starting.

* Make sure lighting is good in the work area. Shadows and poor light-ing make it much easier to injure yourself.

* Be sure the grinder is shut off and stopped when you are finishedwith the job. Don't create hazards for others.


LaserHazard Controls

The following guidelines pertain to lasers that are used to establishreference lines for suspended ceilings and other applications.

AN OPERATOR'S CARD IS NECESSARY TO OPERATE LASERWITH A POWER OUTPUT OF LESS THAN .005 WATTS OR 5MILLIWATTS

Turn the laser off when it is not required or when it is to be leftunattended for a substantial period of time

Beam shutter or caps should be used

Post warning signs that laser is in use

Do not look directly into the laser. A burn of the eyes equal to awelder's burn can result from looking directly into the laser forextended periods of time.

When possible, set the laser up above the heads of employees


Pneumatic NailersDuring job site visits, we have observed employees pointing nailer gunstowards parts of their bodies when firing. WE HAVE ALSO HAD ANINCREASE IN THIS TYPE OF ACCIDENTS. Safe procedures have beenoutlined for your safety. YOU MUST FOLLOW THESE PROCEDURESIF WE EXPECT TO STOP THESE ACCIDENTS.

An employee stepped up on a sheetrock compound bucket to fire a nail from apneumatic nailer. The nail fired and the employee let the nailer drop down to theside of his leg. After a short time he felt a stinging sensation in his lower leg.He checked it out and found a nail had entered his leg. Apparently, the employeeleft his finger on the trigger when he let the nailer drop down, the safety wasaccidentally depressed, and the nailer fired.

Pneumatic nailers have been involved in many of our injuries over thepast three years. In almost every case the nailer was misused:* Safeties have been wedged in the "on" position.* Employees have directed the nailer towards parts of their bodies.* The nailer was not in firm contact with the wood.* Employees have left their finger on the trigger and used the safety

as a triggering device.

Fourteen pneumatic nailer safety rules have been included in oursafety program. Several are listed below. All of the safety rules shouldbe reviewed before using the nailer.* Never free-fire nailers.* Do not remove or tamper with safety devices.* Never load or carry tools with the trigger or safety depressed.* Never tie the trigger in the fire position.* Point the nailer away from you and others when connecting the air

hose.* All safety mechanisms must operate correctly before using the

nailer.* Do not drive the nail:

- Towards any part of your body- Near the edge of a board- At a steep angle- On top of another nail


Grinding Safety

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT GRINDING SAFETY?

Are you aware of the problems that generally cause accidents? Listedbelow are some of the main problems to be aware of, which need to beresolved or considered before operating the equipment:

Not wearing protective equipment - Failing to inspect wheel -Maintenance not current - Flying particles - Wheel abuse - Protectiveguard not in place - Excessive vibration present - Wheel in poorcondition and ready to break - Cluttered work area - Operating atexcessively high speeds - Guard adjustment not correct - Flammablevapors present in work area - Wrong wheel for job - Wheel exposed tohumidity - Improper use of grinder - Lack of safety oriented attitude -Ignorance of hazard potential - Poor work habits - Work setup thatenhances opportunity for accidents

SOME SAFETY MEASURES THAT WILL REDUCE ACCIDENTPOTENTIAL ARE:

Improve company safety rules or utilize those that exist - Make sureflanges are lined up - Exercise discipline and caution when operating -Never operate equipment without previous training - Wear eyeprotection (shields or mono goggles) - Make sure correct wheel is inplace - Remove any flammable liquids from work area and store themproperly - Assure that maintenance is current - Take the time to set up asafe work location for the operation - Use proper techniques - Learn thelimitation of the grinder - Conduct strict and regular wheel inspections -Use proper mounting - Check spindle speed - The distance between toolrest and wheel must not be any greater than 1/8 inch.

PERHAPS YOU HAVE NEVER EXPERIENCED AN ACCIDENTTHAT INVOLVED A GRINDING WHEEL, BUT, IF THE HAZARDPOTENTIAL IS INCREASED, YOUR CHANCES ARE ALSOINCREASED


Welding and BurningTHIS OPERATION REQUIRES A HIGH DEGREE OF SKILL. TAKECARE DURING ALL STEPS TO AVOID INJURY TO YOURSELF OROTHERS.

Wiring of electric welding equipment must be done by a qualifiedperson. Make sure fumes from diesel or gasoline driven generators areproperly exhausted. Portable units need to be firmly secured. MAKESURE ALL SAFETY GUARDS ARE IN PLACE AND YOU ARE USINGTHE RIGHT SIZE WELDING CABLE. Leads should not get wet, shouldbe inspected for damage, and placed to avoid tripping hazards.

Make connections to the transformer or generator with proper plugs orlugs. If you need to extend leads, use proper cable couplings. Make sureventilation is adequate. Before starting operations, consider theprotection of other employees and use barricades if necessary to keepunwary employees out of the work area. When working from a scaffold,make sure the scaffold is erected properly and tied off.

WEAR GOGGLES OR WELDING SHIELDS FOR WELDING ANDCUTTING. They must have correct filters and be in good condition.When welding on the job site, attach your welding shield to your hardhat. If you are using an assistant, make sure they are using protectiveequipment as well. If working from an elevated area, make sure tools arerestrained from falling onto workers below.

Clothing should not be too loose and pants should not be cuffed orturned up. It should be free from oil, grease, or other combustibles.During welding operations, gauntlets and a leather apron or leatherjacket should be worn. Button the top button of your shirt. Leathergauntlet gloves and strong shoes should also be worn.

Keep work area free from combustibles such as wood and paper or oildrums and wood floors should be covered. Keep cables and hoses out oftraffic areas and keep coiled when not in use. Only those cylinders incurrent use should be in work area.

KEEP A FIRE EXTINGUISHER IN WORK AREA AT ALL TIMES.

When you have completed burning or welding, mark your work "hot"with white chalk to warn others. While cutting, make sure the piece youare cutting cannot fall on others. When equipment is not in use,ALWAYS switch equipment to "off".


Hand ToolsAside from mentality, the one physical difference between man and anyother form of life, that has allowed for man's advancement through theages, is his HANDS. No machine has been, or probably ever will be,able to replicate the complicated jobs that have been developed, whichare merely an extension of the hand, such as hammers, chisels,screwdrivers, and pliers.

TOOLS ARE DESIGNED FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS.

Using a tool for any other job than it's intended function can damage thetool, the item you are working on, or worse, injure your hands and otherparts of your body. How many times have you used a screwdriver for apry bar? Or a punch? Or a chisel?

SAFETY RULE #1 FOR HAND TOOLS:USE THE RIGHT TOOL FOR THE JOB

Typical accidents caused by using the WRONG tool:

* While using a wrench to hammer a bolt lose, the head of the wrenchglanced off the end of the bolt and mashed the employees finger.

* In trying to use a file to pry the lid off a metal container, the filesnapped and a piece struck the man just below his eye leaving a lacer-ation. (He was lucky)

* One employee was using a hammer with a lose head and the headflew off striking a fellow employee.

THESE CLASSIC EXAMPLES ARE A MERE DROP IN THE BUCKETCOMPARED TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF UNNECESSARYACCIDENTS WHICH OCCUR DAILY DUE TO THE MISUSE OFTOOLS.

REMEMBER:

USE THE RIGHT TOOL FOR THE JOBTAKE CARE OF TOOLS

REPAIR OR DISCARD DAMAGED TOOLS


Power Tool SafetyINSPECT TOOLS BEFORE USE!!

Check cords, plugs, receptacles, switches guards (are they in place andnot tied back so they are ineffective?), blades, or bits

Check the area where the tool is used for slipping or tripping hazards,wet work surfaces, cord placement (can your feet or legs get tangled incord?), and see there are not any flammable liquids nearby.

Power tools present far greater accident hazards than hand tools or sta-tionary power tools. Do not reach too far when using a power tool. It istoo difficult to keep control of the tool at odd angles, too great a dis-tance, or when your leverage is compromised.

DO NOT: Force a tool or use the wrong tool for the job

BEFORE USING A DRILL: Do you know where the electric wires,water lines, gas lines, or high pressure lines are?

RECENTLY AN EMPLOYEE RECEIVED AN ELECTRICAL SHOCKWHILE USING A DRYWALL SAW. HE HAD A METAL SPLINT ONHIS FINGER AND CUT INTO ELECTRICAL WIRES WITHIN THEWALL.

When using a GRINDER, inspect the wheel first and see that work restsand guards are properly adjusted. ALWAYS USE SAFETY GLASSESWHEN GRINDING.

Inspect portable power tools for the grounding plug and the housing forcracks that will weaken the double insulation factor.

BE AWARE OF LOCATION OF FELLOW WORKERS WHEN USINGPOWER TOOLS


Powder Actuated ToolsEmployees must be trained before they are allowed to operate a powder

actuated tool.

Most suppliers of powder actuated tools are willing to instruct, andissue certificates, on the safe and proper use of their equipment.

The tool must be tested before each use to see that safety devices are inproper working condition.

Do not leave the tool loaded-load tool just prior to intended firing time.

Do not point the tool at anyone-treat it with the same respect that youwould any other gun.

Do not use tool without proper protective equipment. Do not drivefasteners into hard or brittle materials such as cast iron, glazed tile,hollow tile, face brick or hardened steel.

Flying nails, fragments, concrete chips, etc., are always a danger on theother side of the material that you're shooting. Make sure that nobody isin this area.

Always read the manufacturer's instructions for the proper use of histool and attachments.

Safety Reminders:

DON'T TAKE CHANCES

IF YOU DON'T KNOW-ASK


Ramset Operation1. Operators and bystanders must wear personal safety glasses and

hearing protection at all times when using the tool.

2. ALWAYS POINT THE TOOL AWAY FROM PEOPLE.

3. Never fire the tool when explosives or flammable materials arenearby.

4. Never fire the tool without a fastener. The piston will protrude fromthe muzzle of the tool, enter the work surface and possibly causeinjury to the operator or a bystander.

5. Always hold the tool perpendicular to the work surface to avoid seri-ous injury or death from ricocheting fasteners. Use the spell guardwhenever possible.

6. NEVER SET A FASTENER TOO CLOSE TO ANOTHER FASTEN-ING -THIS CAN CAUSE THE FASTENER TO RICOCHET.

7. Never fasten within 1/2 inch of the edge of a steel-base material. Thesteel may break off, causing the fastener to ricochet.

8. Never fire into very hard or brittle materials such as cast iron, tile,glass, or rock. These materials can shatter, causing sharp fragmentsand/or the fastener to fly freely.

9. Never fire into a steel base thinner than the fastener shank diameter.Fastening into base material that is too thin can cause the fastener todrive completely through the base material.

10. Never fire through, or into, a hole. The fastener may strike the edgeof the hole and ricochet or produce flying debris.

11. Should you decide not to make a fastening after the tool has beenloaded, always remove the powder load disc first, then the fastener.

12. THE TOP COVER SHOULD ALWAYS BE CLOSED WHEN FIRINGTHE TOOL.


Sheet Metal and Air ConditioningContractors' National Association, Inc.

4201 Lafayette Center DriveChantilly, VA 22021-1209

Phone: (703) 803-2980 Fax: (703) 803-3832

Date post:	14-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dangliem
View:	294 times
Download:	12 times

SMACNA SAFETY TOOL BOX TALKS - Sheet Metal, Air ... · SMACNA SAFETY TOOL BOX TALKS TABLE OF...

Documents