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Small Hydro Energy
Small Hydro Energy
Renewable Energy sourcesWind
Geothermal
Small Hydro
Tide
Solar
Biomass
SMALL HYDRO
Why small hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Because it uses and Not consumes the water for generation of electricity,leaves this vital resourceavailable for other uses and does not create any ecological damage to the earth.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN INDIA
Based on capacity :
Small Hydropower Plants - 2 MW to 25MW
Mini Hydropower Plants - 1 MW to 2 MW
Micro Hydro - 10KW to 1 MW.
Pico Hydel Projects upto - 10KW
Based on Type of Water
a) Canal based
b) Stream/River based
c) Dam based/Toe of the dam
Based on Head.
a) Low Head plant ( < 15 m.)
b) Medium Head plant ( 15m<H<50m)
c) High Head plant (H>50m )
India’s total power generation
2019 January
Renewable energy share:
Wind-47%
Solar -35%
Small hydro-13%
Other-7%
Small Hydro Potential in IndiaEstimated potential - 21,700MWCommissioned as on date - 4399MW
Small Hydro Potential in KarnatakaEstimated potential - 4,141 MWCommissioned as on date - 1031 MW
India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world
India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW at 60% load factor.
TYPE OF SCHEMES RUN OF RIVER -No storage. The output is subject to instantaneous flow. Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be ensured.
CANAL BASED -Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals. May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal. Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.
DAM BASED -Dam toe schemes are most common in India. Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.
With small storage
Without Storage
Small Hydro power project
INTAKE STRUCTURE • Assured water supply • Suitable quality of water• Control over supply of water • Safety against flood
Water Source
• Streams • Storage Tanks
Feeder Lines
• Open Channel • Concrete Pipes
• PVC Pipes
Forebay
FOREBAY PURPOSES OF FOREBAY • To provide immediate water demand on starting the generating unit • It can serve as a final settling basin • The forebay provides some storage in case of sudden failure of the system.• To spill the extra water.
• Impulsive force- Change in the direction of flow by water jet through nozzle results in high kinetic energy . 30m-300m
• Reactive force- pressure change in the fluid as it passes through runner of reaction turbine (0.2mt-30m)(Pressure energy & kinetic energy )
Pico Pelton Turbine
Cross Flow Turbine
Francis Turbine
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire.hence moving a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current.
How a Hydroelectric Power System Works
The amount of electricity that can be generated by a hydropower turbine depends on two
factors:
• flow rate - the quantity of water flowing in a given time; and
• head - the height from which the water falls.
The greater the flow and head, the more electricity produced.
How much electricity can be generated
by a hydroelectric turbine?
Power Calculation
Pin = H × Q × g (1)
Pout= H × Q × g × η
Where,
Pin= Input power (Hydro power)
Pout= Output power (Generator output)
H = Head (meter)
Q = Water flow rate (liter/second)
g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
η = efficiency
Karavalli Renewable Energy Nisarga Environment TechnologyCanara Renewable Energy
Geographies Applicable in Karnataka :
Highest potential in hill/coastal districts –Chikmagalore, Hassan,Coorg (Kodagu), Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Mysore, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Belgaum, Chamarajanagar
Canal drops also available where irrigation canals present
• Nearly 24*7 availability for 8 - 10 months of the year. Typically 6 -8 hours availability during non monsoon months
• Provides far greater flexibility of end-uses as much higher wattage compared to Solar, AC loads not DC loads
Advantages
Patti Hamlet in Kodagu District was in dark like this till 18.08.2015
Pico/Micro Hydro Power Project
Water Source
Water Control
Pen Stock
Water Control
Pressure Gauge
Power House
Load Control and Protection
Micro Grid
Households
Pipe Line
Pipe Line
UG Cable Loads
Internal Wiring
Civil Work
Civil Work
Pipe Line
5kW Pico Hydro Project @ Patti
Water Source
Water Storage
Pen Stock
Pico Hydro Power
Generator My wife can do her household work more
easily and better tasty food during
night time as she was struggling to work in
night time”
Solution
No.of households 7
No.of temples 2
Population of hamlet 40
Capacity of turbine 5kW
Min. o/p power of pico hydro system 3kW
No. of lights per house 7 (9W-3nos, 4W-4nos)
No. of charging points 2 (for mobile and LED TV)
No.of lights for temple-1 6 (9W-2nos., 4W-4nos.)
No.of lights for temple-2 4 (9W-2nos., 4W-2nos.)
No. of project days 13
Cost of the project Rs.4 Lakhs Appx.
Team
Product Costing (for 1 KW)Item Cost (Rs)
Civil works (Forebay tank , check dam, penstock)
20,000/- to 50,000/-
Turbine, Generator, Electronic Load governor (Electro mechanical equipment)
70,000/- to 90,000/-
Wiring and End-use appliances 15,000/-
Total 1, 05,000/- to 1,50,000/-
Micro hydro – An indicative example
• Project : 12 KW, No of households : 40
• Productive end-uses for the entire 12 KW– Rice dehusking mill
– Flour mill
– Areca Sheath cup / plates
– Driers
– Irrigation pumping
– lighting
• End-uses running 6 hrs / day
Micro hydro – An example: costs
• 12 KW * 1.2 Lakhs / KW = 14.4 Lakhs
– Subsidy = Rs 40,000/KW = Rs 4.8 Lakhs
– Village contribution = Rs 1.2 Lakhs (@ 3000 Rs / hh)
– Panchayat Development funds = Rs 2.4 lakhs
– Financing = Rs 9.6 Lakhs
Micro hydro – Example - Revenues
• Household Monthly Tariff @ Rs 200/ hh = Rs 96000 per annum
• End uses @ Rs 5/unit = Rs 63,360 per annum
• (Simple) Payback -approx 6 years
Thank You
