Small Millets : Agronomy - 2019-20

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Annual Progress Report : 2019-20, ICAR-AICRP on Small Millets, Bengaluru

2-Agronomy-31st AGM 2020 Page 1

Small Millets : Agronomy - 2019-20

C o n t e n t s

Executive summary................................................................................................ ............................... 1

Detailed report ................................................................................................................................ ....... 2

2.1. Evaluation of pre-released genotypes to fertility levels................................ ............................... 2 2.2. Nutrient management in small millets ................................................................ ........................ 4 2.3. Assessing the performance of small millets to different sowing windows ................................ .. 5 2.4. Weed management for small millets................................................................ ........................... 5 2.5. Planting geometry in small millets................................................................ ............................... 6 2.6. Millet based cropping systems for sustainable productivity intercrops................................ ....... 7 2.7. Mechanization in Small millets ................................................................................................ .... 8 2.8. Location specific experiments ................................................................................................ ...... 8

Publications ................................................................................................................................ ........... 9

List of contributors in the discipline .................................................................................................. 11

Executive summary Field experiments were conducted at different AICRP centres during Kharif-Rabi, 2019-20 to evaluate pre-released small millet genotypes under varied fertility levels, nutrient management, sowing windows, planting geometry, weed management, millet based cropping systems and mechanizationfor increased productivity and profitability. Evaluation of pre-released genotypes to fertility levels

• 100 per cent recommend dose of fertilizer was found feasible to realise higher yields in Finger millet, Foxtail millet, Little millet, Barnyard millet and Kodo millet but varieties of Proso millet responded well at 125 per cent RDF

• Test variety FMV 1118(Finger millet), LMV 523(Little millet) and national check DHFT 109-3(Foxtail millet), TNAU 164(Proso millet), VL 172(Barnyard millet), TNAU 86(Kodo millet) were found superior over other varieties tested at different AICRP centres

Nutrient management in small millets

• The fertility level of 125% RDF in Brown top millet has resulted in exhibiting good growth and yield coupled with higher net return and B:C ratio over other fertility levels tested

• Wider spacing viz., 45 cm x 10 cm in Brown top millet was found as the most optimised spacing requirement to achieve higher productivity than closer and wider spacing’s

Assessing the performance of small millets to different sowing windows

• Sowing of small millets i.e., Foxtail millet, Little millet and Proso millet during July 1st fortnight was found to be most ideal under Bengaluru, Nandyal and Waghai climatic conditions however, sowing beyond July 2nd

• Although September 1

fortnight resulted in drastic reduction of crop yield

st fortnight sowing showed better performance of Kodo millet, Little millet and Barnyard millet at Athiyandal, the significant response of these millets was seen at Dindori, Jagadalpur and Vizianagaram during July 1st

Weed management for small millets

fortnight sowing for higher productivity

• The pre emergent application of Oxadiargyl 80 WP at 200g a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) with one intercultivation at 25-30 DAS in Finger millet was found as a feasible option to go for integrated weed management practice for sustainability



• Standard cultural practice i.e., two inter cultivations along with one hand weeding has improved kodo millet productivity as compared to other weed management practices. However, usage of either Butachlor 50 EC 750 g a.i./ha or Bensulufron ethyl 0.6 G + Pretilachlor 6.0 G @ 0.165 kg/ha or Byspiribac sodium 10 SC 15 or 10 g a.i./ha(15-20 DAS) along with one inter cultivation can be a good choice of technology if farmer is wish to adopt integrated weed management practice

Planting geometry in small millets

• The performance of crop at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing and FYM requirement at 12.5 t/ha under Guli method has resulted in higher productivity over other spacings and FYM quantities

Millet based cropping systems for sustainable productivity • Foxtail millet and Red gram in 6:1 and 8:1 ratio was found to be suitable intercropping system for enhancing crop

productivity and profitability • Inclusion of Redgram in little millet at 1:6 or 1:4 ratio was found as a viable option for enhanced productivity • Kodo millet and Red gram(6:1) was found as a better intercropping sytem next to a sole crop of kodo millet

Mechanization in small millets

• Treatments which included tractor/ animal drawn seed drill, cycle weeder coupled with machine harvester has witnessed the higher performance of crop owing to more crop stand, less gaps in a row and important operations like sowing, weeding and harvesting done through mechanical means.

Location specific trials: Enhancing finger millet system productivity with inter crops

• Maximum Finger millet grain equivalent yield(FMGEY) along with higer benefit cost ratio was documented at the intercrop association of finger millet with horsegram in 4:2 row proportion at Ranichauri

Performance of small millets during winter and summer season • The performane of proso millet, browntop millet, barnyard millet and little millet interms of economic return during

winter and summer season under Bengaluru climate was found comparitively better than growing foxtail millet and kodo millet

Studies on the role of system of Ragi intensification (SRgI) in mitigating climate change

• Finger millet variety, TRY-1 was found as the most suitable variety for the saline tracts of Karaikal region for June first week sowing.

Detailed report

Multi-location trials 2.1. Evaluation of pre-released genotypes to fertility levels At Almora, Athiyandal, Bengaluru, Dindori, Jagadalpur, Mandya, Nandyal, Peddapuram, Dindori, Jagadalpur, Kolhapur, Ranchi (Kanke), Ranichauri, Vizianagaram and Waghai, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of pre-released genotypes of small millets to fertility levels. Results shown that the grain yield and economics of genotypes varied with locations and fertility levels (Table & Figure 2.1.1 to 2.1.6). 2.1.1. Finger millet An experiment on prereleased finger millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed condition was conducted at Jagadalpur, Peddapuram, Vizianagaram and Waghai during 2019-20. Fertility levels: Fertility levels showed significant response for plant and yield parameters. Significantly higher plant height and more number of productive tillers were observed at higher fertility level i.e. 125% recommended dose of fertilizers than other levels except 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer. As compared to absolute control, the different fertility levels recorded 11.1, 9.8 and 6.13% higher plant height and 35.29, 23.52, and 14.28 % more number of productive tillers at 125, 100 and 75% RDF, respectively. The higher fertility levels have taken more number for days to 50% maturity and to physiological maturity than at lower fertility levels. The yield parameters like 1000 seed weight, grain yield and straw yield also showed the significant difference under different fertility levels. The higher fertility level i.e. 125% RDF recorded a higher grain and straw yield (2749 and 7177 kg/ha, respectively) as compared to 100 % RDF (2642 and 6972 kg/ha, respectively) and 75%(2311 and6085kg/ha, respectively)and absolute control(1728 and 4867 kg/ha, respectively). Again the higher benefit cost ratio of 2.77 was obtained at 125% RDF followed by 100(2.73) and 75%RDF (2.41) fertility levels and the least B:C ratio was recorded at absolute control(1.94).



Performance of varieties: Among finger millet varieties, there was a significant response for plant growth and yield parameters. Test variety FMV 1118 has recordeda grain yield of 2652 kg/ha which was found significantly superior over other test varieties and national checks. The next found best variety was FMV 1116(2475 kg/ha). Even for the straw yield, same trend was followed and FMV 1118 was found superior as compare to other tested varieties and national checks but was found on par with FMV 1117. Again, these test varieties proved superiority by showing higher net return and B:C ratio(Rs.50368/ha and 2.80, respectively) as compared to other varieties and followed by FMV 1117(2.55) and FMV 1116(2.54). A non-significant response was noticed for interaction between pre-released varieties and fertility levels. 2.1.2 Foxtail millet To find out the response of pre-released foxtail millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed conditions, an experiment was carried out at Athiyandal, Kolhapur and Nandyal during 2019. Fertility levels: Significant responses were noticed on growth and yield of crop at different fertility levels. A significantly higher grain yield (1472 kg/ha) was found at 125% RDF fertility level followed by 100 %( 1466 kg/ha) and 75% RDF (1253 kg/ha) however, these three fertility levels were observed to statistically onpar with each other. Whereas, significantly the lowest grain yield was noticed at absolute control (801 kg/ha). A similar trend was noticed for straw yield where 100 and 125% RDF fertility levels were found on par with each other. The better performance of crop at higher fertility levels were supported by higher expression of growth and yield parameters like plant height, no. of productive tillers, dry matter accumulation, 1000 seed weight etc. Further, the fertility levels of 125 and 100%RDF fertility levels have resulted in higher income and B:C ratio when compared to the lower fertility level of 75% RDFand absolute control. Performance of varieties:A non significant difference in all India mean grain yield of pre released varieties of foxtail millet was noticed. However, at Athiyandal and Kolhapur centre, the national check DHFT 109-3 was found significantly superior over pre released varieties and another national check SiA 3156. Whereas, tested variety FXV 606 was proved significantly higher at Nandyal as compared to others. But for straw yield, varieties showed significant response. Again national check DHFT 109-3 recorded significantly higher straw yield(1749 kg/ha) as compared to other tested varieties and national check. Economics i.e. net return and B:C ratio also followed the similar trend. No significant response was noticed for interactions of fertility levels and varieties. 2.1.3 Proso millet The experiment on knowing the response of pre released proso millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed condition, an experiment was conducted at Mandya and Ranchi during 2019-20. Fertility levels: There was a non-significant difference noticed among different fertility levels for grain yield but not for straw yield. However, crop yield obtained at Mandya and Ranchi centres showed significant difference. Crop at higher fertility level of 125% fertility level has out yielded all other fertility levels and established its supremacy. Hence, growing proso millet at lower fertility level is not profitable as pre-release varieties are found highly responsive at higher fertility gradients. Performance of varieties: On all India mean basis, prosomillet pre-release varieties did differ significantly in respect to growth and yield. National check TNAU 164 has produced a grain yield of 1177 kg/ha which was found significantly higher than pre released variety PMV 444 (999 kg/ha). And the next varieties in the order of yield performance were TNPM 230 (1091 kg/ha) and GPUP 21(1026 kg/ha). The straw yield also followed the similar pattern of grain yield among varieties. The higher performance of the varieties were supported by best exhibit of growth parameters like plant height, number of productive tillers, 1000 seed weight etc. and even economics(Gross return, net return, cost of cultivation and B:C ratio) also indicated the superior performance of national check over tested variety. There was non-significant difference noticed for interactions of fertility levels and pre released varieties. 2.1.4 Little millet A trial was conducted at Dindori, Kolhapur and Waghai during 2019 to know the response of pre-released little millet varieties to different fertility levels under rainfed conditions. Fertility levels: The fertility levels showed significant differences on little millet growth and yield parameters. The per cent increase in grain yield of 40.57, 23.51 and 7.58 were noticed at 125, 100 and 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers, respectively when compared to absolute control. However, the fertility levels of 125 and 100 per cent were found on par with each other and economic parameters(gross return, net return and B:C ratio) also signifying the fact that 100 %RDF is economically sufficient to harvest higher yield in little millet. Again parameters like plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of productive tillers and straw yield also found to be higher at higher fertility level and started declining towards lower levels of fertility.



Performance of varieties: The pre-released variety LMV 523 has recorded a significantly higher grain yield (1461 kg/ha) as compared to LMV 514(1223 kg/ha), BL-6(1195 kg/ha) and LMV 518(1168 kg/ha). However, LMV 523 was found on par with the national check OLM 203(1319 kg/ha). Whereas, straw yield was found significantly higher with the national check followed by LMV 523 and LMV 514 and all these were found statistically on par. Whereas, significantly the lowest straw yield wasrealized with LMV 518 followed by BL 6. The growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of productive tillers, dry matter accumulation etc. and economic parameters i.e., gross return, net return and B:C ratio also ascertained the fact of higher performance of the tested pre released variety over others.Whereas, the interactions of fertility levels and varieties showed non-significant response. 2.1.5 Barnyard millet During 2019, under different fertility levelspre-released barnyard millet varieties were tested at Almora, Jagadalpur, Mandya and Ranichauri. Fertility levels: Crop responded well at 100 and 125 per cent recommended fertilizer dose in terms of growth, yield i.e., grain yield, straw yield and economics. However, the absolute control recorded the least growth and yield followed by lower fertility level of 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer. The higher fertility level (125%RDF) recorded significantly higher yield (1713 kg/ha) and which was found significantly superior as compared to lower fertility level (75% RDF; 1449 kg/ha) and absolute control (1211 kg/ha). The straw yield also followed the similar trend showing higher values at 125% RDF followed by 100 %RDF. The higher yield performance at 125 %RDF was supported by higher expression of growth characters like plant height (127.6 cm), more number of productive tillers(3.08) significantlyand further growing crop at 125 and 100 %RDF has fetched an higher net return of Rs.29868/ha and 28090/ha, respectively. Performance of varieties: Barnyard millet pre released varieties were significantly differed for yield and the national check VL 172 has out yielded significantly over pre released varieties and other national check on all India mean basis. Similar result was observed at Almora and Ranichauri centre.Whereas, BMV 586 a pre released variety has performed significantly well at Jagadalpurand Mandya. In contrary, significantly higher straw yield was harvested with BMV 584 as compared to all varieties. Again the result is further evidenced by having higher B:C ratio(2.59, 2.40 and 2.34 with VL 172, DHBM 93-3 and BMV 586, respectively). The interactions between fertility levels and varieties for different crop growth and yield parameters showed non-significant response. 2.1.6 Kodo millet To know the response of pre releasedkodo millet varieties to different fertility levels, an experiment was conducted at Athiyandal, Dindori and Jagadalpur during 2019 under rainfed conditions. Fertility levels: A significant difference was noticed among different fertility levels on crop response. 125% RDF has documented higher plant height (73.4 cm), more number of productive tillers(6.0), more day to 50% maturity, higher 1000 seed weight(4.51 g) which all resulted in producing significantly higher grain yield(2032 kg/ha) and straw yield(4459 kg/ha) and was closely followed by 100%RDF and 75% RDF. Significantly the lowest grain (1305 kg/ha) and straw yield (2654 kg/ha) were obtained at absolute control. Further, higher B:C ratio(2.89)was noticed at 100 and 125% RDF followed by 75% RDF(2.68). Performance of varieties:On all India mean basis, a grain yield of 2093 kg/ha was obtained with the national check TNAU 86 and was found to be significantly higher over tested varieties i.e., KMV 547(1821 kg/ha), KMV 545(1699 kg/ha), KMV 546(1534 kg/ha) and national check RK 390-25(1671 kg/ha). Almost similar results were observed at each centre for varietal response.There was a non-significant difference noticed for days to 50% maturity, 1000 seed weight, straw yield and harvest index. But plant height, number of productive tillers, days to maturity have showed the significant differenceand supported the significant response of varieties. Economics like net return and B:C ratioalso have followed the similar pattern of grain yield. Interactions between fertility levels and pre released varieties of kodo millet showed a non-significant response for all parameters.

2.2. Nutrient management in small millets 2.2.1. Effect of fertilizer levels and spacing on performance of Brown top millet

(Bengaluru, Jagadalpur, Kolhapur and Vizianagaram) An experiment was conducetd at Bengaluru, Jagadalpur, Kolhapur and Vizianagaram during 2019 to find out the requirement of major nutrients and to optimise the spacing for brown top millet.The data on growth, yield and economics are presented in Table and figure 2.2.1. Results indicated that the application of 125% RDF gave significantly higher grain yield (804 kg/ha)) which was found to be 3.47 and 17.37 per cent higher than 100 and 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, respectively. The fertility level of 125% RDF also yielded significantly higher straw yield (3544 kg/ha) as compared



to 75% RDF but was found at par with 100% RDF. The significant response for economics viz., higher gross return (Rs.45330/ha), net returns (Rs.25299/ha) and B:C ratio(2.42) were again observed at 125% RDF followed by 100% RDF. Crop also exhibited similar response for nutrient uptake i.e., total nitrogen (66.58kg/ha), phosphorous (16.11 kg/ha) and potassium uptake (38.9 kg/ha) however, these nutrients availability in soil after harvest did not differ significantly under varied fertility levels. The significant response of crop for higher yield at 125 and 100% RDF was due to better expression of growth and yield parameters. Among different spacing levels, significantly higher grain yield (799 kg/ha) was obtained at 45 cm x 10 cm as compared to 60 cm x 10 cm (746 kg/ha) and 22.5 cm x 10 cm (695 kg/ha) but was found at par with 30 cm x 10 cm (783 kg/ha). Whereas, straw yield was also differed significantly among different spacing’s and significantly higher values were observed again at 45 cm x 10 cm (3350 kg/ha) compared to the wider spacing i.e., 60 cm x 10 cm(3035 kg/ha) and was found on par with closer spacing’s of 30 cm x 10 cm (3301 kg/ha) and 22.5 cm x 10 cm(3169 kg/ha). The good response of crop at 45 cm x 10 cm was also supported by higher net return, B:C ratio and nutrient uptakes which were followed by 30 cm x 10 cm, 60 cm x 10 cm and 22.5 cm x 10 cm. Mean over locations over years indicated that 125% RDF was better for achieving better growth and yield coupled with higher net return and B:C ratio followed by 100% RDF. Wider spacing viz., 45 cm x 10 cm in Brown top millet was found as the most optimised spacing requirement to achieve higher productivity than closer and wider spacing’s tested.

2.3. Assessing the performance of small millets to different sowing windows 2.3.1. A. Effect of different sowing windows for mitigating climate change

(Bengaluru, Nandyal and Waghai) For finding the effect of different sowing windows for mitigating climate change in small millets, an experiment was conducted for foxtail millet, little millet and proso millet at Bengaluru, Nandyal and Waghai during the cropping season 2019. The results are presented in table 2.3.1.A and illustrated in figure 2.3.1A. A strong significant difference among crops sowing at different sowing windows was observed at mean over all locations. Results indicated that the sowing on July 1stfortnight gave significantly higher grain (1839 kg/ha) and straw yield(4392 kg/ha) as compared to other sowing dates but grain yield obtained at July 1stfortnight sowing found on par with July 2nd fortnight sowing whereas straw yield of July 1st, July 2ndand August 1st fortnight found statistically similar. Whereas, lower grain and straw yield were witnessed at delayed sowings. In consequence, the net return and B:C ratio also followed the similar trend by obtaining the highest net return(Rs.30240/ha) and B:C ratio(2.63) at July 1st fortnight and are statistically on par with July 2nd fortnight net return(Rs.27670/ha) and B:C ratio(2.55). Whereas, the lowest net return and B:C ratio was obtained with last delayed sowing window i.e., September 2nd fortnight sowing(Rs.6648/ha and 1.44, respectively). The pooled data of two years over locations also followed the similar trend that July 1st and 2nd fortnight sowings in millet i.e., foxtail millet, little millet and proso millet were found most ideal under Bengaluru, Nandyal and Waghai climatic conditions however, sowing beyond July 2nd

2.3.1 B. Effect of different sowing windows for mitigating climate change

fortnight resulted in drastic reduction of crop yield

(Athiyandal, Dindori, Jagadalpur and Vizianagaram) An experiment was studied in Kodo millet, little millet and barnyard millet at Athiyandal, Dindori, Jagadalpur and Vizianagaram during 2019(Table 2.3.1.B) to find out the effect of sowing windows for mitigating the climate change. There was significant response for yield among different sowing dates on all India mean basis however, non-significant response was seen at Athiyandal centre. At Athiyandal, sowing on September 1st and 2nd fortnight have resulted in higher values of grain and straw yield. Whereas, at Dindori, Jagadalpur and Vizianagaram, significantly higher grain and straw yields were obtained at July 1st fortnight sowing than any other sowing windows and in Jagadalpur July 1st and 2nd fortnight sowing gave significantly on par yields. Hence, the early sowings have performed well at all centres as compared to late sowings except at Athiyandal. In response to the higher performance of crops at early sowings, economical parameters like data on net return and B:C ratio also revealed significantly higher values at july 1st sowing followed by July 2nd sowing date.

2.4. Weed management for small millets 2.4.1. Chemical weed control studies in Finger millet

(Kolhapur, Nandyal, Ranchi and Ranichauri) At Kolhapur, Nandyal, Ranchi and Ranichauri, a study on pre and post-emergent herbicides in different concentrations combined with one intercultivation was conducted during 2019. The data on growth, yield, weed parameters and economics of study are presented in table and figure 2.4.1.



The all India average indicated that significantly higher grain yield of finger millet was obtained with Oxadiargyl 80 WP at 200g a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) + one intercultivation at 25-30 DAS(2092 kg/ha), which was found on par with a standard practice of two inter cultivation with one hand weeding(T10), Bensulfuron ethyl 0.6 + Pretilachlor 6.0 G @ 0.33 kg a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) + one inter cultivation at 25-30 DAS(T4) and post emergent herbicides i.e., Bispyribac sodium 10 SC 10 or 15ga.i./ha(within 15-20DAS) + one intercultivation at 35-40 DAS(T6 and T7). Thought there was a non-significant response noticed for straw yield, higher values of straw yield were noticed again at these treatments. Treatment T2, T1, T4, T10 and T7

2.4.2. Chemical weed control studies in Kodo millet

recorded higher B:C ratio further, the higher response for yield and economics at these treatments were sustained by lesser weed density and higher weed control efficiency at different crop growth stages. The pooled data of two years over different locations also indicated that pre-emergent application of Oxadiargyl 80 WP at 150 or 200g a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) or Bensulfuron ethyl 0.6 + Pretilachlor 6.0 G @ 0.33 kg a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) along with one inter cultivation at 25-30 DAS along with one inter cultivation in Finger millet found as a feasible option to go for integrated weed management practice for sustainability.

(Athiyandal, Bengaluru, and Dindori) Weed management studies with herbicide was evaluated at Athiyandal, Bengaluru and Dindori involving various herbicide like Oxadiagryl, Bensulfuronethyl, Bispyribac sodium and Ethoxysufluron and their combinations and these were compared with traditional standard practice and absolute control(un weeded check) in Kodo millet(Table 2.4.2 and fig. 2.4.2). It was interesting to note that highest grain yield was realised only in tradition intercultural practices at all centres. But still it is a laborious and time consuming methodology, and the usage of herbicides are advisable. The grain yield obtained at traditional practice was found at par with Butachlor 50 EC 750 g a.i./ha(within 3 DAS) + one inter cultivation at 25-30 DAS(T5), Bensulufron ethyl 0.6 G + Pretilachlor 6.0 G @ 0.165 kg/ha + one inter cultivation at 25-30 DAS(T3), Byspiribac sodium 10 SC 15 or 10 g a.i./ha(15-20 DAS) + one intercultivation at 35-40 DAS(T7 and T6

2.5. Planting geometry in small millets

). The same trend was also visualized taking into consideration the remuneration aspects (B:C ratio).These treatments were also witnessed with lesser weed density and higher weed control efficiency. The mean over years and locations also suggest that if the farmer wises to adapt Integrated weed management practice, then usage of either Butachlor 50 EC 750 g a.i./ha or Bensulufron ethyl 0.6 G + Pretilachlor 6.0 G @ 0.165 kg/ha along with one inter cultivation at 25-30 DAS can be a good choice of technology.

2.5.1 Effect of planting geometry and planking on growth and yield of Finger millet in Guli method (Kolhapur, Mandya, Nandyal and Vizianagaram)

To investigate the effect of planting geometry, planking and farmyard manure requirement under Guli method, an experiment was conducted at Kolhapur, Mandya, Nandyal and Vizianagaram during Kharif 2019. The data on growth, yield, economics, nutrient uptake and nutrient avialability in soil are presented in Table 2.5.1 and illustrated in figure 2.5.1. Spacing: Among different planting geometry, significantly higher no. of productive tillers, ear length, days to 50% maturity, physiological maturity cumulating to a grain yield (2873 kg/ha) at spacing i.e., 30 cm x 30 cm which was found significantly higher than yield obtained at wider spacing 45 cm x 45 cm (2583 kg/ha) and regular spacing 30 cm x 10 cm (2735 kg/ha). Whereas, straw yield obtained at 30 cm x 10 cm and 30 cm x 30 cm were found statistically on par with each other and found significantly higher than 45 cm x 45 cm. The results obtained were again confirmed with accounting higher net return and B:C ratio at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing. The nutrient uptake by crop showed non significant response however higher values were again obtained at 30 cm x 30 cm as compared to rest of spacings. Significantly higher availability of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in soil at harvest was found at a wider spacing of 45 cm x 45 cm over other spacings tested. Planking: On location mean basis, crop with and without planking did not show significant result for any growth and yield attributes. Farmyard manure: The results indicated that the response of crop to different quantity of Farmyard manure (FYM) under Guli method varied significantly. The crop yielded significantly (2932 kg/ha) at 12.5 t/ha but was found on par with FYM @ 10 t/ha (2727 kg/ha). However, the response of crop under lesser quantity of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha has resulted in significantly the lowest yield (2532 kg/ha). Higher economics i.e., gross return, net return and B:C ratio also showed higher values at higher quantity of FYM @ 12.5 t/ha followed by FYM @ 10 t/ha. Total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake by crop as well as nutrient availability in soil at harvest were found significantly higher at higher quantity of FYM @ 12.5 t/ha as compared to other FYM quantities examined.



2.6. Millet based cropping systems for sustainable productivity intercrops 2.6.1. A. Enhancing the millet system productivity with intercrops

(Athiyandal, Mandya and Ranchi) The millet system productivity enhancement study was implemented at Athiyandal, Mandya and Ranchi. Base crops such as Foxtail millet and Proso millet were evaluated with varied number of rows of Redgram during Kharif 2019 and the data on growth, yield attributes and economics are furnished in Table and figure 2.6.1.A. Among base crops, Foxtail millet performed better than Proso millet while the intercrop Redgram could produce higher yield at 6 rows per base crop. All India mean showed that the significantly higher millet equivalent yields with sole crop of Red gram (2445 kg/ha) followed by sole crop of foxtail millet (1707 kg/ha) and proso millet (1516 kg/ha), which were significantly superior over all the intercrop combinations. Among intercropping systems, foxtail millet + red gram in 6:1 ratio showed better performance (1276 kg/ha) followed by foxtail millet + red gram in 8:1 ratio (1130 kg/ha). Intercropping red gram in foxtail millet recorded significantly higher millet grain equivalent yield at 6:1 ratio at Athiyandal (1205 kg/ha), 8:1 ratio at Mandya (1997 kg/ha) and sole crop of red gram (3064 kg/ha) in Ranchi. Keeping in view of remuneration realised, the results showed from all the centres that on an average that growing of Foxtail millet or Proso millet as sole crop was a better option than intercropping system with Redgram. However if the farmer wish to adapt a intercropping system, then Redgram can be utilised @ one row with six or eight rows of Foxtail millet so that profitable income can be achieved. 2.6.1. B. Enhancing the millet – system productivity with intercrops

(Kolhapur, Nandyal, Ranichauri and Waghai) An evaluation for enhancing the Millet system productivity of Foxtail millet and Little millet with Redgram was carried out at Kolhapur, Nandyal , Ranichauri and Waghaiduring Kharif 2019. The growth parameters, grain yield, straw yield of base crop and intercrop, MGEY and economics are presented in Table 2.6.1.B(Figure 2.6.1.B). Results indicated that the sole crop of foxtail millet has resulted in higher grain yield of 1448 kg/ha followed by its association with red gram in 6:1, 8:1 and 4:1 intercrop associations. Whereas, results also showed the significant response at sole crop yield of little millet (1911 kg/ha) as compared to its association with red gram in 4:1 row proportion however, association of little millet with red gram in 6:1 and 8:1 row proportions grain yield was at par with the sole crop of little millet.Straw yield of little millet also showed significantly highly yield (3641 kg/ha) as compare to other treatments tested. The inter crop yield i.e., red gram (1939 kg/ha) has found its supremacy significantly over other treatments except foxtail millet+ red gram(4:1 and 6:1) and little millet + red gram(4:1 and 6:1). Significantly higher millet grain equivalent yield was obtained at foxtail millet with red gram in 6:1 ratio(3320 kg/ha) and this found on par with foxtail millet associations with red gram in all proportions except T7

2.6.1. C. Enhancing the millet – systems productivity with intercrops

(foxtail millet with red gram in 4:1 ratio). The economics i.e., net return and B:C ratio showed higher values at sole crop of intercrop followed by little millet + red gram in 6:1 and 4:1 association. Hence, the study concluded that little millet was much better than Foxtail millet in terms of base crop yield. However analysing the role of intercrop of Redgram with these crops; taking into consideration the remuneration benefits, sole crop of Redgram was the best option to maintain the income of farmes. But if the farmer wants to adapt an intercropping system then inclusion of Redgram @ 1 row with 6 or 4 rows of Base crop of little millet was better. In case of Foxtail millet, a row of Redgram can be grown with 6 rows of base crop.

(Dindori and Jagadalpur) An experiment was conducted at Dindori and Jagadalpur to evaluate the suitable inter crop association of Red gram in Kodo millet and Barnyard millet during 2019 and the data is presented in Table and fig. 2.6.1.C. On all India mean basis, the results showed that the sole crop of kodo millet recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield (1229 kg/ha and 2382 kg/ha, respectively) as compared to its association with red gram in different proportion. Whereas, the yield of intercrop though it showed non-significant response on location mean basis but at Dindori, sole crop of red gram (intercrop) has surpassed all treatments in yield significantly. At Jagadalpur, Kodo millet with red gram in 8:1 ratio resulted in significantly higher millet grain equivalent yield (6787 kg/ha) as compared to red gram association with base crop i.e., kodo millet and barnyard millet in different proportions and sole crop of base and inter crop. However, it was found on par with kodo millet and red gram in 6:1 ratio. The similar response of treatments was seen for net return and B:C ratio.



2.7. Mechanization in Small millets 2.7.1 Development of low cost technologies through mechanization in finger millet

(Athiyandal, Bengaluru and Mandya) For development of low cost technologies through mechanization in finger millet, an experiment was laid out at Athiyandal, Bengaluru and Mandya during Kharif 2019. The data on growth, yield attributes and economics of the study are presented in Table and Figure 2.7.1. Among different treatment combinations of sowing (animal and tractor drawn seed drill), weeding(hand and cycle weeding at 20 & 35 DAS) and harvesting method(manual and machine), treatment T2(animal drawn seed drill, hand weeding coupled with machine harvester used) has recorded highest grain yield(3575 kg/ha) followed by T6(3546 kg/ha) and T1(3429 kg/ha). The net return and B:C ratio indicated that treatments i.e., T4, T6, T2 and T8

2.8. Location specific experiments

were found superior over other treatments and the higher performance of crop at these treatments were owing to more crop stand, less gaps in a row and important operations like sowing, weeding and harvesting done through mechanical means. Mean over locations and years data again indicated that treatments which have included tractor drawn seed drill, cycle weeding coupled with machine harvesting followed by tractor drawn deed drill, hand weeding and machine harvesting appears to be more remunerative with B:C ratio in Finger millet

2.8.1: Enhancing finger millet system productivity with inter crops (Ranichauri)

To evaluate the suitable intercrops association in finger millet, a study was conducted at Ranichauri during 2019 and the data is presented in Table 2.8.1. The results showed that the sole crop of finger millet recorded the highest grain and straw yield (1763 and 4370 kg/ha, respectively) over all other treatments. And the maximum intercrop yield of 417 kg/ha was found with finger millet intercropping with horse gram in 4:2 row proportion which was found significantly higher than grain yields obtained at other intercropping associations. Significantly higher finger millet grain equivalent yield (FMGEY) was observed with sole crop of horse gram (2503 kg/ha) which was found significantly superior over other treatments but was found at par with finger millet and horse gram intercropping in 4:2 association (2371 kg/ha) and again the highest B:C ratio(3.49) was obtained at the association of finger millet and horse gram in 4:2 ratio followed by sole crop of horse gram(3.17). 2.8.2: Performance of small millets during winter and summer season

(Bengaluru) The experiment under rabi 2018 was conducted at Bengaluru and the data of the experiments is presented in Table 2.8.2 Winter and 2.8.2 Summer. The results indicated that all millets have performed well and the highest economic return was obtained with proso millet and it showed on par economic return with growing of brown top, little and barnyard millet. Whereas lower economics was found with foxtail millet followed by kodo millet. The same experiment was repeated during summer 2019 to know the response of crops during summer. Again higher economic returns were seen with browntop millet (B:C ratio:4.69) followed by proso(4.57) and barnyard millet(4.25). The performance of crops was comparatively lower in terms of economics was observed with foxtail millet followed by kodomillet. 2.8.3: Studies on the role of System of Ragi intensification (SRgI) in mitigating climate change

(Karaikal) A study was conducted at Karaikal to evaluate the role of System of Ragi Intensification in mitigating climate change utilising various Ragi varieties under distributed sowing window i.e., TRY-1. CO14, & CO -15 during weekly sowing windows in June 2019(Table 2.8.3). The results revealed that in general early sowing mitigated the vagaries in climate variability situations i.e., June first week. Also TRY-1 performed better under all the sowing windows followed by CO 14 & CO 15.It was also observed that sowing of TRY-1 during June first week out yielded other situations and helped to mitigate the variations in climate fluctuations with a net return of nearly twenty thousand rupees per hectare without any additional expenditure. Similarly the same variety could help in mitigating the weather fluctuations to certain extent when sown during last week of June with Benefit Cost ratio of 1.65. Finally based on the finding it is found that TRY-1 may be the suitable variety for the saline tracts of Karaikal region for June first week sowing. However, the research has to be continued for two more years to confirm the performance for adaptation by the farming community.



Publications I. Research article: AJAY KUMAR, ARUNIMA PALIWAL, LAXMI RAWAT, PANKAJ KUMAR, AJAY PALIWAL AND SUMIT CHAUDHARY, 2019, Barnyard

millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) productivity enhancement through establishment methods and weed management practices under hilly rainfed conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 7(2): 1360-1362.

AJAY KUMAR, ARUNIMA PALIWAL, LAXMI RAWAT, PANKAJ KUMAR AND SUMIT CHAUDHARY, 2019, Performance of high yielding varieties of finger millet (Elusine coracana) under different fertility level in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2): 1260-1261.

BARLA SHEELA AND UPASANI R.R., 2019, Economic feasibility of weed management in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. monech). International Journal of Chemical Studies, SP (6): 333-335.

BARLA SHEELA AND UPASANI R.R., 2019, Study on different methods of weed management in onion (Allium cepa L.). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 33(3): 1-7.

BARLA SHEELA AND UPASANI R.R., 2019, Performance of wheat varieties under different irrigation condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,SP5 205-207.

BHANWAR, R. R., TIWARI, P.K. AND A.K. THAKUR. 2019, Screening of Brinjal Cultivars against Bacterial Wilt Disease under Artificially Inoculated Conditions at Bastar Plateau Zone of Chhattisgarh. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(2): 3113-3119.

HARSHAL E. PATIL AND PATEL B.K., 2018, Early maturing, red seeded and high yielding finger millet variety ‘GN-8’ for cultivation in Gujarat. Frontiers in crop improvement, 6(2): 116-123.

K.G. KANJARIYA, HARSHAL E. PATIL AND YOGESH V. NAGHERA, 2019, Quality improvement of little millet (Panicum sumatrense l.) through interrelationship studies between yield and quality traits. Frontiers in Crop Improvement, 7(2): 77-82.

NETAM, P. S., THAKUR, A. K., KUMAR, P. AND NETAM, R. S., 2019, Screening of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Varieties for Resistant to Blast (Magnaporthe grisea) Disease in Bastar District, Chhattisgarh, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(12): 2664-2668.

PANKAJ SOORAJ CHANDRA, UPASANI R. R., BARLA SHEELA, Dewangan Pradeep Kumar and Kumar Varun 2020. Efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides in black gram crop. International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology 11 (3): 120-131.

PATEL, B. K., PATEL, P. B., NAIK, V. R., PATEL, A. P., PATEL, D. S. AND PARMAR, V. T., 2018, Study the effect of land configuration and integrated nutrient management on yield attributes and yield of different varieties of sorghum (rabi) grown on coastal salt affected soils. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(2): 1034-1037.

PATIL H.E. AND PATEL B.K., 2018, Red seeded, Early maturing Finger Millet Variety 'GN-8' for Cultivation in Gujarat. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 10(18): 7225-7229.

PRAVEEN KUMAR, A ., P.PARASURAMAN, K.SIVAGAMY AND B. SIVAKUMAR, 2019, Growth, yield and economics of irrigated finger millet as influenced by system of finger millet intensification (SFI) practices in north eastern zone of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8(3): 660-663.

RAVISHANKAR C.R., SHUBHASHREE K.S., RAVEENDRA H.R. AND SHOBHA D., 2019, A new revolution in finger millet breeding–white grained variety KMR-340 I. J. of Agril. Sci., 11 (1): -8264-8267.

S. K.PATIL, G. B. SURYAVANSHI AND J.B. PATIL, 2018, Effect of integrated weed management on growth, yield and economics of wheat. International J. of chemical studies, 6(6):51-54.

S. N. PATEL, HARSHAL E. PATIL, H. M. MODI AND JAYDEEP SINGH, 2018, Genetic Variability Study in Little Millet (Panicum miliare L.) Genotypes in Relation to Yield and Quality Traits. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(6): 2712-2725.

S. N. PATEL, HARSHAL E. PATIL, S. P. PATEL AND PATEL U. M., 2018, Genetic Diversity Study in Relation to Yield and Quality Traits in Little Millet (Panicum miliare L.). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 7(6): 2702-2711.

SALMAN KHAN, SUKANYA T.S., KALYAN MURTHY, K.N., NIRANJANAMURTHY AND CHIKKARAMAPPA T., 2019, Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and growth indices of grain amaranth (Amarathus hypochondriacus L). International journal of Chemical studies.7(3):2065-2068.

SHARMILI, K., P. PARASURAMAN AND K. SIVAGAMY, 2018, Effect of little millet based pulses intercropping in rainfed conditions. Intl.Journal of Chemical studies. 6(6): 1073-1075.

SHARMILI, K., P. PARASURAMAN AND K. SIVAGAMY, 2019, Studies on Intercropping in Rainfed Littlemillet. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(3): 299-304.

SHUBHASHREE K.S., DENESH, G.R AND SAHANA, S.R., 2019, Effect of Pre-Emergence Herbicide Application on Germination and Growth of Direct Seeded Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.) under different soil moisture regimes. Int. J. Genet., 11(6): 613-614.

SHUBHASHREE K.S AND SOWMYALATHA, B.S., 2019, Integrated weed management approach for direct seeded finger millet. Int. J. of Agril. sci., 11(7):8193-8195.

SIVAGAMY K., C., CHINNUSAMY AND P.PARASURAMAN, 2019, Influence of Post Emergence Application of K Salt of Glyphosate on Weed Control and Yield of Transgenic Stacked and Non Transgenic Maize Hybrids in Summer Irrigated Eco systems of Tamil Nadu. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(1): 1275-1284.

SOWMYALATHA B. S., SHUBHASHREE K. S. AND THIMMEGOWDA, V., 2019, Rainfall and Temperature Variability Analysis of ZARS, Mandya in Karnataka, India, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 8(5): 44-50.

SRINIVASA, D. K, CHIKKARAMAPPA, T, BASAVARAJA, P. K, SUKANYA, T. S, MURALI, K. AND CHAMEGOWDA, T. C., 2019, Status of different forms of potassium under foxtail millet crop as influenced by graded levels of potassium in Alfisols of Chikkaballapura region. Karnataka. Inter. J. Chemical Studies. 7(3): 3435-3441.

SRINIVASA K.R. AND SUKANYA T.S., 2019, Dissemination of productivity enhancement technologies through frontline demonstrations. Int. J. Agric. Sci., 15(1):96-101.

SUKANYA T.S. AND SHANKARA M.H., 2019, Effect of capacity building programme on youth. Int. J. Agric. Sci., 10(11):6320-6324. SURYAVANSHI, G. B., S. K.PATIL AND J.B. PATIL, 2018, Effect of weed control methods on weed flora, yield and economics of wheat

in rabi season. International J. of chemical studies, 6(6): 634-637



THAKUR, A. K., KUMAR, P. AND NETAM, P. S., 2019, Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Plant Geometry, in relation to Growth Characters and Yield of Brown Top Millet [Brachiaria ramosa (L.)] at Bastar Plateau Zone of Chhattisgarh. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(2): 2789-2794.

THAKUR, A. K., KUMAR, P. AND NETAM, P. S., 2019, Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Plant Geometry on Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Brown Top Millet [Brachiaria ramosa (L.)]. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 8(3): 223-229.

THORAT, D. V., G. B. SURYAVANSH, V. B. GEDAM AND U. A. KADAM, 2019, Influence of integrated weed management on growth and yield of summer groundnut under sub montane region of Maharastra. International J. of chemical studies, 7(6):318-382.

TRIVENI, U., JOGARAO, P., PATRO, T.S.S.K., ANURADHA, N AND KUMAR, S.R., 2019, Influence of NPK fertilizers on Blast incidence, productivity and profitability of short duration improved finger millet genotypes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(5): 2356-2359.

TRIVENI, U., NAGARJUNA D., RANI, Y.S., PATRO, T.S.S.K. AND ANURADHA, N., Productivity and profitability of finger millet (Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn.) under diverse weed management practices in rainfed condition of South India (Accepted for publication in Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences in 2020).

UPASANI R.R. AND BARLA SHEELA, 2019, Impact of climate change on weed threat. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; SP5: 352-359.

UPASANI R.R. AND BARLA SHEELA, 2019, Integrated Weed Management in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal of Chemical Studies SP 6: 500-502.

II. Abstracts presented in Conf./Sem./Sym/ others ANANTHI, K., K.SIVAGAMY AND P.PARASURAMAN, 2019, To study the physiological basis of yield advantage in samai based cropping

system. Abstract paper presented during National conference on “ Climate Smart Agriculture for livelihood security: Challenges and opportunities organized by ADAC&RI, Trichy held on 13&14th , September, 2019.

SALMAN KHAN R, M., SUKANYA, T. S. AND SANTOSH NAGAPPA NINGOJI, 2018, Nutrient uptake by grain amaranthus as influenced by integrated nutrient management. National Symposium on Integrated Farming system for 3 Es, 23-24th December 2018. Pp 216.

SALMAN KHAN, R. M., SUKANYA, T. S., KALYANA MURTHY, K. N., NIRANJANA MURTHY, AND CHIKKARAMAPPA, T., 2018, Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and growth indices of grain amaranth. Mysore journal of agricultural sciences.

SIVAGAMY, K, M.RAJESH, A.NIRMALAKUMARI AND P.PARASURAMAN,2019, Study of intercropping of pulses and vegetables on the growth and yield of little millet based cropping systems under rainfed agro ecosystem. Abstract paper presented during National conference on “Climate Smart Agriculture for livelihood security: Challenges and opportunities organized by ADAC&RI, Trichy held on 13&14th, September, 2019.

SIVAGAMY, K, K. ANANTHI AND P.PARASURAMAN, 2019, Little millet based cropping systems with legume intercropping under rainfed conditions in Thiruvannmalai district. Abstract paper presented during National conference on “Climate Smart Agriculture for livelihood security: Challenges and opportunities organized by ADAC&RI, Trichy held on 13&14th , September, 2019.

SRINIVASA, D. K., CHIKKARAMAPPA, T., BASAVARAJA, P. K., MURALI, K., SUKANYA, T. S AND CHAME GOWDA, T. C., 2018. Yield maximization of foxtail millet by testing potassium levels with nitrogen and phosphorus in low potassium Alfisols of Chikkaballapura region, Karnataka. 2nd National Conference on Doubling Farmers Income for Sustainable and Harmonious Agriculture, DISHA-2018. Telangana. Pp 133.

SRINIVASA, D. K., CHIKKARAMAPPA, T., BASAVARAJA, P. K., MURALI, K., SUKANYA, T. S AND CHAME GOWDA, T. C., 2018. Residual effect of graded levels of potassium on growth and yield of field bean in foxtail millet – field bean cropping sequence in eastern dry zone of Karnataka. 2nd National Conference on Doubling Farmers Income for Sustainable and Harmonious Agriculture, DISHA-2018. Ranchi. Pp 133

SUKANYA T.S., KIRAN, JAYARAME GOWDA AND LAVANYA BAI .T., 2019, Studies on weed control in Kodo millet. In: Souvenir & Conference book of International Conference on Global Research Initiatives for Sustainable Agriculture & Allied Sciences(GRISAAS) during 20-22 October 2019, Hyderabad, pp.268.

SUKANYA T.S., TRIVENI U., THAKUR A.K., NIGADE R.D. AND DUBEY, O.P., 2019, Impact of fertility and planting geometry and on performance of Brown top millet. In: Souvenir & Conference book of International Conference on Global Research Initiatives for Sustainable Agriculture & Allied Sciences(GRISAAS) during 20-22 October, 2019, pp.307.

SUKANYA T.S. AND JAYARAME GOWDA, 2019, Socio-economic impact and adoption of Production technologies of millets in Karnataka. In: Proceedings of the 107th Indian Science congress-Women Science Congress during 3-7, January, 2019, pp.72.

SUKANYA T.S. MEGHANA, G.K. AND LAVANYA BAI, 2019, Studies on Integrated Weed Management for Control of Weed Flora in Kodo Millet. In: Proceedings of the 107th Indian Science congress-Women Science Congress during 3-7, January, 2019, pp.73.

SUKANYA T.S., TRIVENI U, THAKUR A.K AND NIGADE R.D., 2019, Performance of Brown top millet as influenced by fertilizers and Planting geometry. In: Proceedings of the 107th Indian Science congress during 3-7, January, 2019, pp.240.

SUKANYA T.S., KIRAN, JAYARAME GOWDA AND LAVANYA BAI,T. 2019, Efficacy of weed management studies in Kodomillet. In: Proceedings of the 107th Indian Science congress during 3-7, January, 2019, pp.326.

SALMAN KHAN, SUKANYA T.S. and LALITHA B.S., 2019, Effect of integrated nutrient management on quality of grain amaranth (Amarathus hypochondriacus L. In: Proceedings of the 107th

III. Popular article:

Indian Science congress during 3-7, January, 2019, pp.314.

SUKANYA T.S., LAVANYA BAI, KIRAN AND PRABHAKAR, 2019, Summer Ragi cultivation. Krishi Vigyana JYOSTNA KIRANMAI, “Vividha pantalalo sukshma poshakala lopalu nivarana” III. Book Text book on Recent production technology in small millets cultivation – Authors – Dr.P.Parasuraman,Dr.K.Ananthi,

Dr.K.Parameshwari, Dr.K.Sivagamy, Dr.M.Rajesh, Dr.A.Nirmalakumari ,Dr.Jeysridhar and Dr.B.Sivakumar



VI. Folders/leaflets HARSHAL E. PATIL AND PATEL B.K., 2019, White finger millet bred for value. addition.AICRP on Small Millets, Waghai. HARSHAL E. PATIL AND PATEL B.K., 2019, Value addition in Koda and its products. AICRP on Small Millets, Waghai. SARALAMMA AND JYOSTNA KIRANMAI, 2019, Korra sagulo samagra yajamanya padathulu. AICRP on Small Millets, Nandyal. SARALAMMA, JYOSTNA KIRANMAI AND C.V.C.M.REDDY, 2019, Chiru(siri) dhanyalu-sagu vidhanalu. AICRP on Small Millets,

Nandyal. SARALAMMA, JYOSTNA KIRANMAI AND C.V.C.M.REDDY, 2019, Sampurna arogyaniki chiru dhanyala patra. AICRP on Small Millets,

Nandyal. SUKANYA T.S., LAVANYA BAI, KIRAN, JAYARAME GOWDA AND PRABHAKAR, 2019, Agronomic cultivation practices of Millets. PC

Unit, AICRP on Small Millets, GKVK, Bengaluru. SUKANYA T.S., LAVANYA BAI, KIRAN, JAYARAME GOWDA AND PRABHAKAR, 2019, Siridhanya belegala besaya kramagalu.

PC Unit, AICRP on Small Millets, GKVK, Bengaluru. V. Booklet: NARAYANAN, A.L., J. GOKILA, R. MOHAN, K. KUMAR, C. JEYALAKSHMI, V. KANTHASAMY, 2019, A booklet on “ Weather and Pest

Management in Organic Rice” in tamil Pub. Kumaran printers, Nedungadu, Karaikal.p.1- 6. HARSHAL E. PATIL AND PATEL B.K., 2019, Improved cultivation Practices Grown in Gujarat. HARSHAL E. PATIL AND PATEL B.K., Advanced cultivation practices on Nagli and Vari entitled as "Nagli ane vari Sudhari Kheti Padhati"

in local Guajarati language; Year-2017, Pages 130.

Recognition: DR. O.P. DUBEY, Principal Scientist and Officer In-charge, AICRP on Small Millets, Dindori from Principal Secretary Agriculture, Bhopal

(M.P.) for outstanding presentation at state level on “One District One Crop (Small Millet)” on 06.03.2020. Mrs. TRIVENI U., Jr.Agronomist, received "Smt. Malla Ammaji Memorial Prize" for The Best Women Scientist In North Coastal Zone of

Andhra Pradesh during 61st Kisan mela celebrations at RARS, Anakapalli on 29.11.2019 for significant contributions in small millets research.

List of contributors in the discipline AICRP/Co-operating

Centre Name & Designation

Almora Dr.Rajendra Prasad Meena, Scientist(Agronomy) Athiyandal Dr.K.Sivagamy, Asst.Professor(Agronomy) Dindori Dr.O.P.Dubey, Agronomist & Officer In-charge Hagari Dr.L.N.Yogeesh, Assistant Professor(Plant Breeding) Hanumanamatti Dr.Nagappa Harijan, Assistant Professor Jagadalpur Dr.A.K.Thakur, Agronomist & Officer In-charge Karaikal Dr.A.L.Narayanan, Professor of Agronomy Kolhapur Dr.G.B.Suryawanshi, Jr.Agronomist Mandya Dr.C.A.Deepak, Assistant Professor(Plant Breeding) and Officer In-charge Nandyal Ms.M.Jyostna Kiranmai, Scientist(Agronomy) Ranchi Dr.Sheela Barla, Jr.Agronomist Ranichauri Dr.Ajay Kumar, Jr.Agronomist Vizianagaram Dr.U.Triveni, Scientist(Agronomy) Waghai Dr.B.K.Patel, Jr.Agronomist



Fig. 2.1.1: Yield and economics of finger millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed condition

Fig. 2.1.2: Response of pre-released foxtail millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed condition



Fig. 2.1.3: Response of pre-released Proso millet varieties to different levels of Fertilizer under rainfed conditions

Fig. 2.1.4: Response of pre-released little millet varieties to different levels of Fertilizer under rainfed conditions



Fig. 2.1.5: Yield and economic returns of pre-released barnyard millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed conditions

Fig. 2.1.6: Yield and economic returns of preleased Kodo millet varieties to different levels of fertilizer under rainfed conditions



Fig. 2.2.1: Effect of fertilizer levels and spacing on performance of brown top millet

4000 Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)

3000 10.56 11.51

9.32 2000

8.03

1000

14

12

10

8

6

S 1: 22.5 cm X 10 cm S 2: 30 cm X 10 cm S 3: 45 cm X 10 cm S 4: 60 cm x 10 cm

Gross returns (Rs./ha) Net returns (Rs./ha) B:C ratio 60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

2.78 2.49

1.78 2.05

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

S 1: 22.5 cm X 10 cm S 2: 30 cm X 10 cm S 3: 45 cm X 10 cm S 4: 60 cm x 10 cm

Gross returns (Rs./ha) Net returns (Rs./ha) B:C ratio

50000

40000 2.42

2.33

30000

20000

2.50

2.40

2.30

2.20

2.10

F1: 75 % RDF F2 : 100% RDF

F3: 125 % RDF

Total N uptake (kg/ha) Total P uptake (kg/ha) Total k uptake (kg/ha) 70

60

50

40

30

F1: 75 % RDF F2 : 100% RDF

F ili l l

F3: 125 % RDF

Yiel

d

Ret

urns

R

etur

ns

Nut

rient

upt

ake

Prod

uctiv

e

B:C

B

:C



Fig. 2.3.1 A: Performance of millet to different sowing windows

Fig. 2.3.1 B: Yield (kg/ha) and economics of millet to different Sowing windows



Fig. 2.4.1: Yield, economics of Finger millet and weed parameters as influenced by weed control measures

Fig. 2.4.2: Yield, economics of Kodo millet and weed parameters as influenced by weed control measures



2.5.1 Effect of planting spacing, FYM and planking on yield and of Finger millet under Guli method

Fig. 2.6.1 A: The response of millets (Foxtail millet and Proso millet with Red gram) under different intercropping system

4.27

6.86

8.19

0123456789

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

S1: 30 cm X 10 cm S2: 30 cm X 30 cm S3: 45 cm X 45 cm

Pro

du

ctiv

e ti

llers

Yiel

d (

kg/h

a)

Spacing levels

Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) No. of productive tillers/plant



Fig. 2.6.1 B: Yield and economic returns under different intercropping system (Foxtail millet and Little millet with Red gram in different proportions)

Fig. 2.6.1. C: Yield and economic returns under different intercropping system (Kodo millet and Barnyard millet with Red gram in different proportions)



Fig. 2.7.1: Yield (kg/ha), economic returns (Rs./ha) of Finger millet under mechanisation i.e. development of low cost techniques



Table 2.2.1: Yield and economics of Brown top millet as influenced by fertility and spacing (mean over years (2018 & 2019) and locations (Bengaluru, Jagadalpur, Kolhapur and Vizianagaram )

Treatment details Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Gross return(Rs./ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B:C ratio 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled

F1 S1 591 638 615 2539 2781 2660 27029 32577 29803 7410 12278 9844 1.18 1.64 1.41 S2 708 686 697 2522 3074 2798 33757 36587 35172 14778 16950 15864 1.62 1.91 1.77 S3 724 697 711 2189 2913 2551 37017 40252 38635 18511 21134 19823 1.93 2.20 2.06 S4 711 721 716 2147 2583 2365 39516 44928 42222 21113 25958 23536 2.16 2.55 2.35

F2 S1 649 699 674 2995 2862 2929 30237 34808 32523 10291 14247 12269 1.36 1.78 1.57 S2 788 768 778 2975 3369 3172 38388 40628 39508 19081 20728 19905 1.89 2.11 2.00 S3 899 860 880 2745 3443 3094 45180 49345 47263 26348 29964 28156 2.43 2.65 2.54 S4 813 782 798 2410 3369 2890 47482 49419 48451 28753 30187 29470 2.68 2.79 2.74

F3 S1 735 747 741 3474 3464 3469 34568 37763 36166 14004 16939 15472 1.65 1.91 1.78 S2 826 783 805 3330 3460 3395 43012 40395 41704 23380 20232 21806 2.20 2.13 2.16 S3 959 840 900 3057 3696 3377 52322 48485 50404 33163 28841 31002 2.92 2.63 2.78 S4 899 846 873 2611 3555 3083 54004 54679 54342 35449 35184 35317 3.19 3.02 3.10

C.D. (5%) AiBi-AiBj 158 138 1070 793 9259 6038 10031 6294 0.60 0.41 C.D. (5%) AiBi-AjBi 191 140 1106 802 12181 6636 12871 7010 0.84 0.46

F (Prob) 0.92 0.93 1 0.84 0.89 0.49 0.9 0.54 0.93 0.89 F1: 75 % RDF 683 685 684 2349 2837 2593 34330 38586 36458 15453 19080 17267 1.72 2.08 1.9 F2 : 100% RDF 787 777 782 2781 3261 3021 40322 43550 41936 21118 23782 22450 2.09 2.33 2.21 F3: 125 % RDF 855 804 829.5 3118 3544 3331 45976 45330 45653 26499 25299 25899 2.49 2.42 2.46 C.D. (5%) Ai-Aj 135 74 611 418 9232 4123 9565 4447 0.66 0.3 C.V. (%) Error A 20.13 11.33 25.69 15.05 26.54 11.22 52.59 22.62 23.48 14.99

F (Prob) 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.02 S1: 22.5 cm X 10 cm 659 695 677 3003 3035 3019 30611 35049 32830 10569 14488 12529 1.40 1.78 1.59 S2: 30 cm X 10 cm 774 746 760 2942 3301 3122 38386 39203 38795 19080 19303 19192 1.90 2.05 1.975 S3: 45 cm X 10 cm 861 799 830 2664 3350 3007 44840 46028 45434 26007 26647 26327 2.43 2.49 2.46 S4: 60 cm x 10 cm 807 783 795 2389 3169 2779 47001 49676 48339 28438 30443 29441 2.67 2.78 2.725

C.D. (5%) Bi-Bj 91 80 677 618 458 5346 3486 5791 3634 0.35 0.24 C.V. (%) Error B 14.05 12.59 26.81 17 15.87 9.79 32.89 19.1 24.44 12.5 F (Probability) 0 0.06 0.18 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0



2.3.1. : Yield and economics of millets as influenced by different sowing windows for mitigating the climate change (mean over years(2018 & 2019) and locations(Bengaluru, Nandyal and Waghai)

Table 2.4.2: Yield, economics and weed parameter as influenced by weed control studies in Finger millet (Mean over locations i.e., Kolhapur, Nandyal, Ranchi & Ranichauri) Treatment

details Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Gross return(Rs./ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B:C ratio Weed control efficiency (%)

2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled T1 2264 1929 2097 3968 4162 4065 51561 57177 54369 32353 53213 42783 2.38 3.80 3.09 68.8 64.29 66.55 T2 2302 2092 2197 3767 4128 3948 52024 61943 56984 32459 61158 46809 2.35 3.96 3.16 70.44 63.95 67.20 T3 2179 1767 1973 3601 3686 3644 49499 52056 50778 31151 44987 38069 2.32 3.47 2.90 51.85 58.05 54.95 T4 2140 1943 2042 3672 4043 3858 49437 56396 52917 30668 45547 38108 2.29 3.79 3.04 63.93 69.32 66.63 T5 2179 1687 1933 3598 3779 3689 50369 50441 50405 31840 42998 37419 2.33 3.28 2.81 68.29 61.24 64.77 T6 2289 1620 1955 3975 3701 3838 52014 48968 50491 33492 44806 39149 2.48 3.22 2.85 67.37 65.41 66.39 T7 2240 1753 1997 4010 3891 3951 51272 52186 51729 32555 46955 39755 2.41 3.49 2.95 69.72 61.94 65.83 T8 2113 1614 1864 3618 3547 3583 47571 48614 48093 29173 39597 34385 2.23 3.29 2.76 51.28 56.81 54.05 T9 2108 1626 1867 3718 3574 3646 48502 49498 49000 30037 42458 36248 2.28 3.3 2.79 66.58 65.27 65.93 T10 2608 2004 2306 4368 4022 4195 61122 60883 61003 39345 57237 48291 2.44 3.51 2.98 82.11 78.11 80.11 T11 1549 1334 1442 3291 2929 3110 36129 40133 38131 18998 30589 24794 1.85 3.07 2.46 - - -

LOC. MEAN 2179 1761 3781 3769 49954 52572 51263 31097 46322 38710 2.3 3.47 2.89 66.04 64.44 65.24 C.D. (5%) 341 459 513 800 7443 14062 7022 30467 0.5 1.15 21.69 19.77 C.D. (1%) 459 618 691 1077 10022 18935 9456 43336 0.68 1.57 29.72 26.7 C.V. (%) 10.83 18.05 9.4 14.69 10.32 18.52 15.64 - 15.17 19.5 12.3 21.15

F (Probability) 0.001 0.087 0.021 0.149 0 0.141 0.002 0.664 0.519 0.862 0.215 0.631

Treatment details Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Gross return(Rs./ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B:C ratio 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled

C 1: Foxtail millet 1313 1785 1549 2041 2982 2511.5 17859 38567 28213 22551 20584 21567.5 1.65 2.13 1.89 C 2: Little millet 1099 1459 1279 2811 4610 3710.5 25634 44662 35148 23180 25864 24522 1.64 2.45 2.045 C 3: Proso millet 1612 1071 1341.5 1553 2354 1953.5 20249 26276 23263 21049 8665 14857 1.56 1.52 1.54 C.D. (5%) Ai-Aj - 741 - 2601 - 28485 - 26578 - 1.51 C.V. (%) Error A - 55.69 - 84.76 - 84.32 - 156.32 - 80.11

F (Prob) 0.83 0.04 0.66 0.06 0.93 0.21 0.98 0.2 1 0.24 S 1: July 1st FN - 1839 1839 - 4392 4392 - 48771 48771 - 30240 - 2.63 S 2: July 2nd FN - 1780 1780 - 4026 4026 - 45651 45651 - 27670 - 2.55 S 3: Aug 1st FN 1907 1528 1718 2537 3617 3077 24509 38910 31710 36243 20454 28349 2.3 2.13 2.215 S 4: Aug 2nd FN 1709 1340 1525 2242 3118 2680 19174 33486 26330 27136 15655 21396 1.94 1.90 1.92 S 5: Sep 1st FN 1621 1134 1378 1849 2529 2189 16014 27863 21939 21834 9558 15696 1.6 1.56 1.58 S 6: Sep 2rd FN 1377 1007 1192 1243 2210 1726.5 8859 24329 16594 10517 6648 8583 1.04 1.44 1.24 C.D. (5%) Bi-Bj 2011 255 255 3072 787 26144 7768 36740 7754 2.14 0.37 C.V. (%) Error B 92.68 18.43 18.43 88.95 24.66 76.07 22.11 102.03 43.84 82.02 18.8 F (Probability) 0.31 0 0.59 0



Table 2.4.2: Yield, economics and weed parameter as influenced by weed control studies in Kodo millet (Mean over locations i.e., Athiyandal, Bengaluru and Dindori )

Treatment details

Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Harvest index (%) Weed index (%)

Gross return(Rs./ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B:C ratio Weed control efficiency

2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled T1 990 1031 1011 3210 2368 2789 33.56 33.45 33.51 53.31 31291 35276 33284 9568 12452 11010 1.44 1.60 1.52 66.84 73.13 69.99 T2 973 991 982 3485 2750 3118 31.05 32.79 31.92 50.66 30883 34279 32581 13251 11526 12389 1.36 1.54 1.45 62.14 70.62 66.38 T3 1417 1480 1449 4250 3734 3992 34.93 32.27 33.60 27.38 45237 50921 48079 22894 25141 24018 1.99 2.17 2.08 69.05 74.88 71.97 T4 1292 1326 1309 3959 3128 3544 34.14 31.10 32.62 31.75 41265 46420 43843 18727 32431 25579 1.78 1.93 1.86 69.01 75.02 72.02 T5 1424 1541 1483 4374 3875 4125 35.65 30.65 33.15 16.46 45810 54245 50028 35473 41986 38730 1.97 2.23 2.10 75.9 79.4 77.65 T6 1532 1314 1423 4223 4028 4126 35.94 28.57 32.26 16.03 48584 46745 47665 39872 36382 38127 2.05 1.94 2.00 63.32 66.86 65.09 T7 1557 1317 1437 4268 3790 4029 36.67 28.16 32.42 11.9 49388 47087 48238 40657 32768 36713 2.03 1.91 1.97 79.05 68.67 73.86 T8 1478 1315 1397 3901 3695 3798 35.83 29.22 32.53 20.98 43858 45605 44732 33078 28158 30618 1.91 1.92 1.92 74.95 71.71 73.33 T9 1307 1164 1236 4119 3633 3876 35.1 31.29 33.20 20.73 42215 40929 41572 30381 24952 27667 1.8 1.69 1.75 78.2 70.96 74.58 T10 2234 2106 2170 5841 5324 5583 35.56 29.80 32.68 - 70363 72508 71436 44145 43562 43854 2.66 2.66 2.66 86.85 90.45 88.65 T11 694 688 691 2360 1830 2095 32.34 35.89 34.12 65.51 22004 23866 22935 5095 7511 6303 1.28 1.32 1.30 - - -

C.D. (5%) 647 572 1349 1534 3.83 9.1 27.5 20015 19373 19791 16757 0.87 0.83 39.39 26.7 C.V. (%) 24.07 23.89 19.81 25.96 6.5 17.12 18.32 27.45 25.13 55.84 21.79 27.7 25.78 22.14 20.98

F (Probability) 0.011 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.146 0.828 0.016 0.01 0.007 0.035 0.019 0.142 0.15 0.905 0.812

Table 2.7.1.: Grain yield and economics of Finger millet as influenced through mechanization (mean over locations: Athiyandal, Bengaluru and Mandya)

Treatment details Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B:C ratio 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled 2018 2018 Pooled 2018 2019 Pooled

T1: S1+ W1+H1 1985 3429 2707 3686 6354 5020 30083 30083 39176 1.58 2.38 1.98 T2: S1+ W1+H2 1910 3575 2743 3779 6463 5121 32071 32071 44011 1.76 2.76 2.26 T3: S1+ W2+H1 2014 3178 2596 4206 6502 5354 34449 34449 40441 1.88 2.54 2.21 T4: S1+W2+H2 2142 3158 2650 3710 6406 5058 37998 37998 43461 2.12 2.77 2.45 T5: S2+ W1+H1 2051 3278 2665 4217 6326 5272 35409 35409 39828 1.82 2.32 2.07 T6: S2+ W1+H2 2409 3546 2978 4499 6809 5654 47393 47393 50773 2.34 2.75 2.55 T7: S2+ W2+H1 2072 3020 2546 4007 6298 5153 39122 39122 39884 2.09 2.38 2.24 T8: S2+W2+H2 2063 3052 2558 4189 6096 5143 39792 39792 42354 2.28 2.68 2.48

LOC. MEAN 2081 3279 2680 4037 6407 5222 37039 37039 42491 1.98 2.57 2.28 C.D. (5%) 625 547 1289 937 20202 20202 0.81 0.22 C.D. (1%) 868 296 1790 1301 28039 28039 1.12 0.51 C.V. (%) 17.16 5.53 18.24 8.35 31.14 31.14 23.18 8.95

F (Probability) 0.803 0.05 0.84 0.863 0.708 0.708 0.475 0.046



Table 1 : Agro climatic condition of AICRP Centres Athiyandal Bengaluru Dindori Jagadalpur Karaikal Kolhapur Mandya Ranchi Nandyal Ranichauri Vizianagaram Waghai

Agro-Climatic Zone North eastern zone

Eastern dry zone

Northern Hill Zone

Eastern plateau and hillzone

Coatal Deltaic Alluvial plain

zone

Sub-montane Zone

Southern dry zone

Southern Eastern plateau zone

Scarce rainfall zone

North western Himalayan Hill

zone

Eastern Coastal plain

Plains and hill zone

Climate Tropical climate Semi-arid tropical

Sub-tropical Tropical Humid

Semi-arid Hot moist semi-arid

Humid subtropical Semi-arid Warm humid to per humid

Hot sub-humid to semi-arid

Hot and humid climate

Latitude 12.230 130 05’N 57’ N 22.940 190 05’ 10N 0 1655’N 0 12 43’N 0 2334.3’N 0 187’N 0 30 29’N 0 18 32’N O 207’ N 0 77’ N Longitude 79.024022 E 770 34’E 81.070 810 79 57’ E 0 7449’E 0 76 14’E 0 49.8’ 85E 0 78 9’E 0 7829’E 0 83 40’E 0 73 23’E 0 50’E Altitude (m) (above MSL)

163.99 MSL 924 710 547 4 574 697 625 202 1554 61 122.11

Average /Normal Rainfall (mm) 1074 920.1 1350 1400 1312 1069.5 711.99 1348.3 771.3 1260 1209.4 2410

Gross total Rainfall 1019.8 902 1609 2313 1618 2109 622 939.6 984.2 963 1405 4264 Rainy days 46 55 86 82 72 84 72 54 49 70 71 79 Rainfall from 1st 974.5 June 79 1609 2232.70 1598 2108.5 331 851.4 913.8 642.9 1221.3 4264 Total no. of rainy days from June

42 44 86 89 70 83 53 43 42 43 64 79

Temperature max (o

25.21 C)

29.8 43.6 31.60 33.96 32.05 32.70 29.77 35.30 22.94 31.11 33.01

Temperature min (o

33.21 C)

18.2 3.1 18.90 24.86 18.85 19.75 16.14 23.70 12.3 27.3 19.69

Relative Humidity max.

87.4 87 88 85.63 84.82 87.70 55.20 78.77 80.34 83.6 77.53

Relative Humidity min.

65.55 50.7 24 50 59.60 49.57 71.53 85.42 48.57 65.33 53.4 72.02

Table 2: Physico-chemical properties of soil at AICRP centers Almora Athiyandal Bengaluru Dindori Jagadalpur Ranchi Karaikal Kolhapur Mandya Nandyal Ranichauri Vizianagaram Waghai

1.Soil type Sandy loam

Sandy clay loam Sandy Loam Sandy to

Skeletal Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loan Sandy loam Deep

Vertisols Silty Clay

Loam Deep Red

Loamy Lateritic and

Red soil 2.Bulk density (g/cc) 1.39 - 1.38 1.88 1.35 1.52 1.39 1.33 1.34 1.28 1.41 - 1.42

3.pH 6.2 8.3 5.84 7.6 5.56-6.20 5.53 7.10 7.2 6.85 8.2 5.7 8.23 7.2 4.EC (dSm-1 0.13 ) 0.1 0.14 0.14 0.14 - 0.134 0.10 0.338 0.22 0.25 0.13 0.12 5.Organic carbon (%) 0.73 0.50 0.6 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.38 0.56 0.41 0.34 0.68 0.63 0.68 6.Available N (kg ha-1

286 ) 285.0 363.77 163 210.25 142.17

27.15

192 229 180 210 188 162

7.Available P2O5 (kg ha-1 12.5 ) 11.0 92.71 7.2 12.60 18.55

89.11 9.56 20.2 48.2 21 85 42.6

8.Available K2O (kg ha-1 165 ) 89.0 119.40 310 227.6 148.21

278.3 184 145 366 412 204 411

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Small Millets : Agronomy - 2019-20

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