IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Dr. M. Hadid Subki
Technical Lead, SMR Technology Development
Division of Nuclear Power, Department of Nuclear Energy
Atoms for the Future 2013 – SFEN Jeune Generation,
Paris, France, 21 – 22 October 2013
Small Modular Reactors
and their use for Specific Power Grids
IAEA
Motivation – Driving Forces …
• The need for flexible power generation for wider
range of users and applications;
• Replacement of aging fossil-fired units;
• Potential for enhanced safety margin through
inherent and/or passive safety features;
• Economic consideration – better affordability;
• Potential for innovative energy systems:
• Cogeneration & non-electric applications
• Hybrid energy systems of nuclear with renewables
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IAEA
Electric Capacity additions and required
investment 2011 – 2035 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2011, New Policies Scenario
Regions Capacity addition,
GWe
Power generation
investment, billion $
Transmission &
Distribution
investment, billion $
North America 880 1,738 1,271
Europa 938 1,976 915
East Europe, Eurasia 331 588 442
Asia 2,893 4,106 3,486
Other 854 1,383 978
World total 5,986 9,791 7,092
Asia has the largest capacity addition in the next 2 decades - that
requires the largest investment for transmission and distribution
IAEA
Use of SMRs for electricity grid-stabilization
• In the EU:
• large power markets & well interconnected grid
• large power additions/subtractions could cause grid instabilities.
• future systems will have increasing shares of renewable energy sources
(mainly wind power) that will affect the electrical grid operation and require a
different and more flexible back-up approach.
• Most SMR concepts intended for generating base-load power; however
innovative concept can be operated in a load-following
• Some new concepts will have enhanced load follow capability
• If SMRs cost competitive with clean coal & natural gas, they could be
used as peak and back-up power units.
• The EU and some countries also studying a “smart grid” and energy
storage systems
• Allow greater use of decentralized sources of renewable energy which would
also enable economic operation of nuclear reactors producing base-load
electricity.
Source: D. Shropshire, EC – JRC, 2011
IAEA
Countries considering SMR technology
deployment – domestically
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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Legend / Results
Considering 20/37
Not considering 14/37
Undecided 3/37
Country technology 13/37
developer
Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Kenya
Nigeria
South Africa
Tunisia
Middle-East
Jordan
UAE
Europe
Albania
Armenia
Bulgaria
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Romania
Russia
Spain
U K
Ukraine
Asia
Bangladesh
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
America
Argentina
Canada
Chile
U S A
IAEA
Grid Characteristics
Interconnected and Regional Grids preferred
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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IAEA
Site Selection issues -
Off-grid remote power requirements, public acceptance etc.
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Distance fromapplication
centres
Space Access tocooling water
External events(EE) &
combined EE
Grid structureand potential
other
Very Important
More Important
Important
Less Important
Not Important
IAEA
Siting for NPP and/or specific for SMR
• Russia: KLT-40S FNPP construction near completion; site for
SVBR-100 construction prepared;
• China is constructing HTR-PM in Shiadowan;
• Argentina completed site excavation for CAREM-25
• US-DOE sponsors deployment of mPower for TVA in Clinch
River Site for 2022 time frame; Potential utilities identified for
NuScale, W-SMR and SMR-160
• Canada’s comprehensive study on deployment of SMRs in
remote areas in the southern and northern territories;
• Embarking countries in South East Asia with archipelago have
several candidate sites for SMRs;
• Korea: several local governments invite SMR construction
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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IAEA
SMRs for Non-Electric Application
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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54%
8%
20%
18%
Desalination
H2 production
District heating
Process heat for industry
In addition to Desalination – SMRs expected to produce process heat for
industry, and district heat in arctic sites
IAEA
Current Newcomer Countries Plan
Country Grid Capacity
in GWe
Current Deployment Plan
Bangladesh 5.8 2 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Rooppur in 2018
Vietnam 15.19 4 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #1 by 2020
4 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #2 by 2025
Jordan 2.6 2 x 1000 - 1100 MWe PWR + interest in SMR
UAE 23.25 4 x 1400 MWe PWR in Braka by 2018
Belarus 8.03 2 x 1200 MWe PWR in Ostrovets by 2018
Turkey 44.76 4 x 1200 MWe PWR in Akkuyu by 2022
4 x 1100 MWe PWR in Sinop by 2025
Malaysia 25.54 2 x 1000 MWe LWRs by 2025 + interest in SMR
Indonesia 32.8 2 x 1000 LWRs, with potential interest of deploying
Small Reactors for industrial process and non-electric
applications by 2024
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Commercial unavailability limits Newcomer
Countries in advanced SMR Technology Selection
IAEA
Status of Countries on SMR Initiatives
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Technology developer countries
(NPPs in operation)
Countries with NPPs
Newcomer countries
Asia
Europe
Africa
Latin America
Which countries deploy SMRs?
IAEA
Countries preference in particular
SMR design and technology
• Integral-PWR type SMRs with modularization are
under in Argentina, China, India, Korea, Russia
and the United States;
• RF prioritizes FNPP and LMFR-SVBR-100
• France & Russia develop marine-based SMRs
• Embarking countries undecided on designs, but
preferred proven-technology.
• Some embarking countries have started
deployment of large reactors, due to lack of
commercial availability of advanced SMRs;
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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IAEA
Countries preference in particular
SMR design and technology
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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Europe
Albania
Finland iPWR
Poland HTRs
Romania
iPWRs
Russia
FNPP, LM-
FRs, iPWRs,
SBRs
Asia
Bangladesh
China
HTR, FBR,
iPWR
India
PHWR, HTR,
FBR, LWR
Indonesia
Korea
iPWR, HTR,
LM-FBR
Malaysia
Pakistan
iPWRs, PWR
Thailand
Middle-East
Jordan iPWR
Africa
Algeria FNPP
Egypt
Kenya
Nigeria
Tunisia
America
Argentina
iPWR
Canada
iPWR, HTRs,
LM-FRs
U S A iPWR
Legend / Results
Technology Neutral
IAEA
On modularization technology
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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39%
39%
22%Capable of addingmodules within acommon building
Separate secondary sysfor additional modules
Modularization notnecessary
~80% preferred SMR with Modularization to be competitive with LRs and
NG and clean-coal plants ~ construction schedule wise
IAEA
Innovative Application of SMRs with Non-Nuclear
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Source: U.S. DOE, 2010
IAEA
Application of Hybrid Energy System of SMRs with
Cogeneration and Renewable Energy Sources
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Max Output of 1061 MWe
to the power GRID ►►
Composite
Wind Farms
Node
Dynamic
Energy
Switching
Nuclear reactor
347 MWe (755 MWth)
Reactor
Heat ►
1.000.000
t/DM/yr
Variable
Electricity ►
+Synfuel
Production
1018 MWe
Regional Biomass (80 Km radius or
~2 million hectares)
Drying and
Torrefaction
Processes
+ Pyrolysis
104 GWh
heat at 200C
1169 GWh
heat at 500C
753m3/day bio-diesel
597m3/day bio-gasoline
Torrified Product
Pyrolyzed oil + char + offgas
42.000 t H2/yr
Hydrogen
Electrolysis
Offsetting SMR ▲
Electricity
Source: J. Carlsson, D. Shropshire, EC – JRC, 2011
IAEA
Issues of Integrating SMR + Cogeneration + Wind
• Challenge in finding the optimal ratio of the wind
farm capacity to nuclear capacity, while providing
adequate heat to support biomass processing
while matching power demands
• Variability of power to grid relative to instantaneous
demand should be minimized
• If nuclear is sized too large, variability of power
production may be reduced, however, process
heat and electricity are wasted
• Biomass availability is a key constraint
Source: J. Carlsson, D. Shropshire, EC – JRC, 2011
IAEA
Economic Trade-offs
Hybrid System with RES Conventional System
with RES
Compensates variable RES Highly variable RES
Electricity price in
balancing/peaking markets
Electricity price in
base-load electricity market
Value from Synfuels Cost to remove waste heat
Additional capital and
operating costs, some loss of
thermal efficiency
Addition of grid upgrades and
energy storage for balancing,
subject to fuel price volatility
Little or no backup capacity
needed, no carbon emitted
100% backup for RES, using
natural gas, subject to C-tax
Source: J. Carlsson, D. Shropshire, EC – JRC, 2011
IAEA
Impediments on Introducing SMRS
over Large NPPs
29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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Key Impediments: operating records of advanced SMRs/proven
technology; safety concerns in post-Fukushima.
IAEA
Issues on licensing and regulation in
SMR deployment
• The need to develop legal and institutional frameworks, particularly for
deployment in foreign market;
• Lack of human resource, skills and capacity, limited operating
experience in advanced SMRs;
• Public acceptance, lack of persistent support from governments, and no
laws and regulations for both NPP and SMR in new entrants;
• The need to assure that SMR regulatory framework is applied
commensurate with attended risk, so deployment can be accomplished
in a cost-effective manner and competitive with alternative energies;
• Long lead-time to prepare for and receive regulatory review;
• The need to get sufficient regulatory credit for inherent safety and
security in the design;
• For SMR with innovative features: review code & standards that impact
licensing. Could take 2 – 5 years to develop and approve revisions.
• Embarking countries lack of infrastructure and HR to conduct
technology assessment and R&D for HR development; 29 July - 2 August 2013 6th IAEA INPRO Dialogue Forum on
Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs
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IAEA
What’s New in Global SMR Development?
mPower
NuScale
W-SMR
Hi-SMUR
EM2, GTMHR
B&W received US-DOE funding for mPower design. The total funding is
452M$/5 years for 2 out of 4 competing iPWR based-SMRs. Some have
utilities to deploy in specific sites. US-DOE also announced the second round
of SMR funding in March 2013.
SMART
On 4 July 2012, the Korean Nuclear Safety and Security Commission issued
the Standard Design Approval for the 100 MWe SMART – the first iPWR
received certification.
KLT-40s
SVBR-100
BREST-300
SHELF
Construction of 2 modules of barge-mounted KLT-40s near completion; Lead
Bismuth cooled SVBR-100 & Lead-cooled BREST-300 to deploy by 2018,
SHELF seabed-based conceptual design
Flexblue DCNS originated Flexblue capsule, 50-250 MWe, 60-100m seabed-moored,
5-15 km from the coast, off-shore and local control rooms
CAREM-25 Site excavation for CAREM-25 completed; licensed for construction, first
concrete pouring ~ November 2013
4S Toshiba had promoted the 4S for a design certification with the US NRC for
application in Alaska and newcomer countries.
PFBR-500
PHWRs: 220,
540 & 700,
AHWR300-LEU
The Prototype FBR ready for commissioning and start-up test. 4 units of
PHWR-700 under construction, 4 more units to follow. AHWR300-LEU at
final detailed design stage and ready for construction. 21
IAEA
What’s New in Global SMR Development? (cont’d)
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CEFR
HTR-PM
ACP-100
CAP-150
2 modules of HTR-PM under construction;
CNNC developing ACP-100 which will be constructed by 2018
SNPTC developing CAP-150 and CAP-S
IRIS
Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI) and universities in Croatia & Japan are
continuing the development of IRIS design - previously lead by the
Westinghouse Consortium
Recently introduced at the 2012 – 2013 IAEA SMR Meetings: ACP-100, CNNC, China
CAP-150, SNERDI, China Flexblue, DCNS, France
IAEA
Reactors Under Construction in SMR category
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Country Reactor
Model
Output
(MWe)
Designer Number
of units
Site, Plant ID, and
unit #
Commercial
Start
Argentina CAREM-25
(a prototype)
27 CNEA 1 CAREM-25 2017 ~ 2018
China HTR-PM 250 Tsinghua
Univ./Harbin
2 mods,
1 turbine
Shidaowan unit 1 2017 ~ 2018
India PFBR-500
(a prototype)
500 IGCAR 1 Kalpakkam 2013
Russian
Federation
KLT-40S
(ship-borne)
30 OKBM
Afrikantov
2
FNPP
Akademik Lomonosov units 1 & 2 2015
IAEA
SMRs for Near-term Deployment Name
Design Organization
Country of Origin
Electrical Capacity,
MWe Design Status
1 System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART)
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Republic of Korea 100 Standard Design Approval
Received 4 July 2012
2 SVBR-100 JSC AKME Engineering Russian
Federation 100
Detailed design for prototype construction
3 mPower Babcock & Wilcox United States of
America 180/module
Design Certification Application starts mid 2014
4 NuScale NuScale Power Inc. United States of
America 45/module
Design Certification Application starts mid 2014
5 Westinghouse
SMR Westinghouse
United States of America
225 Design Certification
Application starts mid 2014
6 ACP100 CNNC/NPIC China 100 Basic Design, Construction
Starts in 2016
IAEA
Advantages Challenges
Tech
no
log
ical Is
su
es
• Shorter construction period
(modularization)
• Potential for enhanced safety and
reliability
• Design simplicity
• Suitability for non-electric
application (desalination, etc.).
• Replacement for aging fossil
plants, reducing GHG emissions
• Licensability (due to innovative or
first-of-a-kind engineering structure,
systems and components)
• Non-LWR technologies
• Operability performance/record
• Human factor engineering; operator
staffing for multiple-modules plant
• Post Fukushima action items on
design and safety
No
n-T
ech
no
log
ical
Issu
es
• Fitness for smaller electricity grids
• Options to match demand growth
by incremental capacity increase
• Site flexibility
• Reduced emergency planning zone
• Lower upfront capital cost (better
affordability)
• Easier financing scheme
• Economic competitiveness
• First of a kind cost estimate
• Regulatory infrastructure (in both
expanding and newcomer countries)
• Availability of design for newcomers
• Infrastructure requirements
• Post Fukushima action items on
institutional issues and public
acceptance
Perceived Advantages and Challenges
IAEA Observation
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IAEA
Summary
• Studies needed to evaluate the potential benefits of deploying SMRs in
grid systems that contain large shares of renewable energy.
• Studies needed to assess SMR “target costs” in future cogeneration
markets, the benefits from coupling SMRs with wind turbines to
stabilize the power grid, and impacts on sustainability measures from
deployment.
• There are technical challenges in integrating nuclear with RES,
however “no solution that allows significant increases to
renewable energy penetration in the grid will be simple”
• SMR is an attractive option to enhance energy supply security in
newcomer countries with small grids and less-developed
infrastructure and in advanced countries requiring power supplies in
remote areas and/or specific purpose;
• Innovative SMR concepts have common technology development
challenges, including regulatory and licensing frameworks
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IAEA
For inquiries, please contact:
Dr. M. Hadid Subki <[email protected]> 27
… Thank you for your attention.