Small Ruminant Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan Zoonotic...

Small Ruminant Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and

Eradication Plan

Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa

Prof Dr Osman ERGANİŞ

Selcuk University,

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Depatment of Microbiology

Konya-Turkey


Eradication Plan


Goat milk marketing in Malta (Nicoletti 2002)


Eradication Plan

1. Introduction2. Organisational Structure 3. Definition of The Disease4. Epidemiology of Small Animals Brucellosis5. Determination of Control and Eradiaction Strategies6. Selection of The Strategy7. Implementation of The Strategy8. Contribution of Regional/National Economy9. Budget10. Economic analysis of The plan 11. Management of The plan12. Monitoring and Evalauation of The plan13. Recommendation14. Assumptions and risks 15. References


This plan is consisted of 15 sections. These are:


Eradication Plan

1.1. Aim of the Plan To control and eradication the infection in the

sheep and goat population in NC within 5 years.

First Selected Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa


Eradication Plan

1.2. Scope of Work

To determine of the brucellosis prevalence in

sheep and goats population To determine of a control and eradication strategy

for the disease based on data obtained from the survey

Base on developed strategy implementation of necessary activities in the form of annual programmes to achieve the set targets



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1.3. Legal Basis

EU and Local legislations



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Project Implementation Area


EU, SANCO/10339/2005


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Livestock Population and Farming Structure

The majority of the livestock farms are small family enterprises.


Years Cattle Sheep Goat

2004x 47,970 194,500 51,266

2005 56,647 239,026 60,780

2006 60,493 234,362 60,245

2007 57,528 236,026 61,425

2008xx 50,928 206,610 57,902

Table 1 - Number of Cattle, Sheep and Goat in Northern Cyprus (2004 - 2008)

(x): 2004-2008 CCA data, (xx):2008 VD data


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Table 2 – Distribution of Sheep Population


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Table 3 - Distribution of Goat Population


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DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE


Eradication Plan

Ovine and caprine brucellosis infection is generally caused by Brucella melitensis biotype 1.

It is reported that B. melitensis causes infection in cattle population as well because cattle, sheep and goats are handled together as part of the animal husbandry practices in many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region.




Eradication Plan




Eradication Plan

Brucellosis is also endemic in some Mediterranean countries, namely Spain, Italy, Egypt, Portugal, Syria, Turkey, and Greece.

Considering the public health risk, among all Brucella ssp, B. melitensis is the most pathogenic for humans and the most commonly isolated from human brucellosis




Eradication Plan


Epidemiolgical data for Northen Part of Cyprus*

(*) : VD

Year

Tested Positive (%)

Sheep Goat Dog Sheep Goat Dog

2001 158,725 48,594 279 0.86 2.38 0

2002 103,867 29,766 0 0.95 1.54 0

2003 73,869 20,581 0 2.47 1.91 0

2004 74,491 19,811 0 0.99 2.91 0

2005 57,109 16,318 16 1.47 1.27 12.5

2006 69,873 16,133 31 1.48 2.38 38.7


Eradication Plan

• The treatment of brucellosis is strictly prohibited in animal population.




Eradication Plan

Where the B.melitensis prevalence (<%2) is low, the most appropriate method for eradication is test and culling.

In countries where the prevalence (>%2) is high, Vaccination with Rev. 1 vaccine is the most cost effective way to control and eradicate the disease.


CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES


Eradication Plan




Eradication Plan

Vaccination for the control of transmission of the diseases among the susceptible animals.

When the disease prevalence comes to a moderate level for the country/regions, the strategy must be towards eradication of the disease through test and culling application.




Eradication Plan

Basic principles for a succesfull control and eradiaction plan are as follows:

1-Determining diseases status -Survey studies -Efficient recoding2- Determining the Eradication Strategy - Vaccination - Movement Control and Quarantine

-Test and Slaughtering - Monitoring diseases status - Depopulation infected animal / flock - Animal waste and side product control - Diseases free certified farms - Public awareness campains




Eradication Plan

2. Identification of Reactors The golden standard for diagnosing animals with active

brucellosis is the reproduction of B. melitensis and/or diagnosis with the PCR.

As a part of the testing and culling strategy, all animals older than six months old are tested with appropriate serological assays (e.g. RBPT, CFT and c-ELISA).

Suspected cases are tested once again in one or two months. Positive animals are culled in no later than one month in registered slaughterhouses.

Tissue samples (e.g. lymph nodes) are sent to a microbiology laboratory for bacteriological verification of the serological diagnosis.




Eradication Plan 2. Identification of Reactors and Culling (Cont.) Lambs and goat kids of the reactors are separated from the

flock. The flock is tested at regular intervals (30 to 60 days). The testing and culling process is continued until the flock is

found negative in the last two consecutive tests. Negative flocks are monitored through serological tests

performed initially once in every six months, and then one in every 12 months (surveillance).

Approximately 5 per cent of the infected but seronegative lambs may stay seronegative until the later stages of their first pregnancy. Thus, eradication efforts based merely on testing and culling may not be sufficient.




Eradication Plan

3. Control of the Animal Movements and Quarantine Quarantine measures should be applied immediately when there is a

suspected brucellosis case. The quarantine may be partial or total in large enterprises practicing in various areas, depending on the flock management and prevalence of the infection.

Even so, serosurveillance should be performed for different flocks of the same enterprise until infection-free status is achieved. The enterprises should take necessary measures to prevent contact with dogs and even birds that can assist in moving contaminated materials.

Strict sanitation and disinfection measures should be applied for isolated animals. Suspected and risky animals should be dispatched for culling. All applications should be performed in compliance with the recommendations of the official veterinary surgeon.

Declaration of the prohibition of animal movements by cordoning off will help the eradication efforts.




Eradication Plan

4. Animal Waste and Side Products Control Aborted materials: Aborted foetuses, placenta of the infected

animals, and other contaminating materials should be incinerated. These should be packed hygienically in plastics bags to prevent transmission to the personnel and other animals, and destroyed in rendering facilities.

Disinfectans: Brucellas are sensitive to formalin of 0.03 %, phenol of 1 %, beta propiolactone of 0.01 %, sodium hypochoride, sodium hydroxide, iodines, disinfectants containing quarterner ammonium, ether and chloroform. Necessary amount of disinfectant should be available in the region.

Acut brucellosis: Rapid response should be given to acute brucellosis cases, and disinfection process is performed under the supervision of the official veterinary surgeon.




Eradication Plan

4.5. VaccinationAttenuated B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine is used

since whole-killed (‘dead’) vaccines cannot stimulate the cellular immunity and live vaccines are better in preventing ovine and caprine brucellosis.


4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES


Eradication Plan

5. Vaccination B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine Brucella melitensis Rev.1 vaccine is the most widely used vaccine

for the prevention of sheep and goats brucellosis Antibodies: Antibodies disappear within four to six months in those

animals subcutaneously vaccinated, while a resistance grows against the disease that will last three to five years.

Vaccination time: It should be normally given to lambs and kids aged between 3 and 6 months as a single subcutaneous or conjunctival inoculation.

Dose: The standard dose is between 0.5 × 109 and 2.0 × 109 Rev.

1 bacteria.




Eradication Plan

5. Vaccination B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine

conjuctival vaccination




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4.5. Vaccination

The subcutaneous vaccination induces strong antibody responses It is possible to separate between vaccinated and infected with c-ELISA.

Instead, when this vaccine is administered conjunctively, it produces a similar protection without forming a persistent antibody response.

Care must be taken when using Rev.1 vaccine (e.g. masks, gloves, antiseptics) since it is more pathogenic than the other vaccine strains.

Rev.1 vaccine may cause abortion when animals are vaccinated during pregnancy.

Therefore, adult animals should be vaccinated before mating or during the last month of pregnancy.

If a mass vaccination is concerned, it is recommended to use the standard dose of Rev.1 administered conjunctively when the animals are not pregnant or during the lambing season (OIE, 2008).


4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES


Eradication Plan

Depopulation of Infected Flocks The most efficient way to eradicate ovine and caprine brucellosis is to quarantine

the infected animals (M+) and all susceptible animals with high transmission risk (M1 and M2), and to cull them in a registered slaughterhouse. Disease-free (M3 or M4) enterprises should be created, and certified accordingly (78/52/EEC)

Certified flocks will also be protected by biological safety measures. Their disease-free status will be monitored through serological tests to be performed once or twice in a year.

Public Awareness and Media

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection The information should be provided via simple announcements, posters, internet

pages, radio, TV, contact telephone numbers, forms, etc.,




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7. Vector Control

Although transmission via vectors is not important in the epidemiology of brucellosis, it is possible that cats, dogs, foxes, flies and ticks act as mechanical carriers and transmit the disease




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8. Establishment of Disease-Free Flocks

Breeders of healthy flocks should be encouraged through provision of a “Certificate for Disease-Free Status for the Brucellosis” to all brucellosis-free flocks.




Eradication Plan

1-Surveillance Studies

There shall be survey studies as well as aetiological and serological surveys in order to identify the status of the disease.

Aetiological survey Serological survey


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan

2. Control of Breeding Rams and Male Goats

Breeding rams and male goats will additionally be checked against B. ovis.

Rams and male goats with orchitis that are slaughtered.

Collect blood sera from rams with orchitis during the slaughterhouse and flock screenings.

The serums will be checked with S99 for B. abortus as well as with RBPT antigens for B. ovis.


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan

3. Aetiological Surveillance In recent years, There is no any data of

comprehensive surveillance studies in Northen part of Cyprus. But, there are some random passive survey.

Test for 100 discharge samples and 100 vaginal secretion samples for the epidemiological surveillance.

Bacteriological and PCR


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan

4. Serosurvey Studies

Active serosurveillance will be performed in the seroprevalance studies.

Two-phase random sampling (RS) method (10 % estimated prevalance, 95 % confidence interval and 1 % error)will be used for the selection of samples.

- First phase: the villages located in five regions will be selected as primary sampling unit, numbered and listed. Then,

- Second phase: Animals in each village will be sampled by the systematic random sampling technique. Sampling process will be held in March and April after lambing season.


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan

4. Serosurvey Studies

Among the sheep and goat flocks in the selected villages, sampling will be performed from 5.38% of each flock for sheep flocks, and 14.78% of each goat flock in accordance with the flock size.


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan


EPIDEMIOLOGY Distribution of villages selected from five regions for sampling


Eradication Plan


5. EPIDEMIOLOGY

Nicosai / Lefkoşa

Morphou / Güzelyurt

Kyrenia / Girne

Trikomo / İskele

Famagusta / G.Magusa

Akıncılar Bostancı Akdeniz Adaçay Aslanköy

Alayköy Cengizköy Aşağıdikmen Altınova Beyarmudu

Balıkesir Gayretköy Esentepe Ergazi Boğaziçi

Değirmenlik Güneşköy Karşıyaka Kumyalı G.Mağusa

Düzova Serhatköy Pınarbaşı Topçuköy Güvercinlik

Gönyeli Yeşilırmak Y.Taşkent Yedikonak Korkuteli

Haspolat Yeşilyurt Çatalköy Zeybekköy Mormenekşe

Table 11 – Villages Selected from Each Region


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5. EPIDEMIOLOGY

Table 12 – Flock survey planinig for sheep population

Region

All NC Selected To be sampled

Sampling %

# of village

s

# of sheep

# of villages

# of sheep # of sheep **

1.Nicosia / Lefkoşa 26 29631 7 16617 894 5.38

1.Famagusta/G. Mağusa 42 58043 7 18084 973 5.38

1.Kyrenia / Girne 33 33940 7 11630 625 5.37

1.Morphou / Güzelyurt 26 29631 7 7505 404 5.38

1.Trikomo / İskele 43 49763 7 9257 499 5.39

Total 170 206443 35 63093 3395 5.38


Eradication Plan


5. EPIDEMIOLOGY

Table 13 – Flock survey planinig for goat population

Region

All NC Selected To be sampled

Sampling %

# of village

s

# of goats

# of villages

# of goats # of goats **

1.Nicosia / Lefkoşa 26 10.328 7 5725 846 14.78

1.Famagusta/G.Mağusa 42 13.237 7 2980 441 14.78

1.Kyrenia / Girne 33 17.851 7 9162 1354 14.78

1.Morphou / Güzelyurt 26 7870 7 1954 289 14.78

1.Trikomo / İskele 43 8109 7 2190 324 14.78

Total 170 57395 35 22011 3254 14.78


Eradication Plan 5.2. Sampling Methodology Determination of the sample size and sampling. Data from the Serology Laboratory of the Office of Veterinary

has been taken as basis for the prevalence estimate. Prevalence of the population of the study (170 villages, 3,105 flocks, N = 206,443 sheep and N = 57,021 goats in 1,689 flocks) has been assumed 10 per cent. On the basis of this assumption, the calculation for sheep population has been made using the formula with 95 % confidence interval and 1 % error.

Number of samples required has been calculated using the formula ‘1/n = 1/n + 1/N’, and found 1/n = 1/3,452 + 1/206,442 = n = 3,395. Using the same calculations, number of samples required for the goat population has been found 3,254.


EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan

5.2.1. Laboratory Studies Collected blood serum samples will be tested with RBPT. CFT and c-ELISA tests will be applied to those samples that

are found positive with RBPT. For microbiological samples, on the other hand, classical

(isolation and identification of bacteria) and molecular methods (PCR with various primers) will be used for diagnosis on the basis of species and type. Detailed definition of the tests is given in Section 3.


5. EPIDEMIOLOGY


Eradication Plan


6. ALTERNATIVE STARTEGIES

(EU (2001) SANCO.C.2/AH/R23/2001)


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6. SELECTION OF THE STRATEGYSTRATEGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Mass Vaccination

It decreases human transmission risk. Flock immunisation is ensured in a short time. Disease is controlled in an efficient way, and

disease-driven losses decrease. It is easily accepted by the producers. It is easy to organise and cost effective. Flock immunisation can be ensured with vaccination

of young animals.

It may cause abortion in pregnant animals. It is not possible to separate infected animals from vaccinated

animals in the short term. Infected animals stay within the flock for some time more.

Vaccination of Young Animals & Testing and Culling of Adult Animals

It minimises the abortions caused by vaccination. Serological response of the healthy vaccinated

animals helps separation of infected animals from vaccinated animals through testing.

Flock immunisation is slow. Serological tests used to separate between vaccinated and

infected animals are not optimum. They do not form a basis for accurate diagnosis of the disease in a single animal.

Testing and Culling without Vaccination

If successful, it results in elimination of the disease in the region.

Diagnostic tests are more efficient, yet not optimal for unvaccinated animals.

There is a risk for epidemic, followed by human infection. It is very costly. It requires effectively functioning Veterinary Services (animal

identification and registry, laboratory support, control of animal movements)

It is suitable only for places with low disease prevalence. Removal of the protection caused by vaccination may result

in an increase in the prevalence of the disease. It may be necessary to cut all animals in a flock in order to

have an effective strategy.


Eradication Plan


IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

The strategy for the control and eradication of ovine and caprine brucellosis in NC will be implemented on the basis of CA (competetive authority) approved plan in parallel with the following scenarios to be chosen according to the aetiological and serological prevalence studies.


Eradication Plan


Scenario A Vaccination shall not be performed if the flock prevalence is

found below 5 % and individual prevalence is found below 2 %. The eradication efforts shall then include biological safety,

disinfection, control and animal movements as well as testing and culling for a duration of five years.

A compansation scheme is suggested to be developed by CA. for the culling of infected sheep.

Based on a calculation for 5 % flock prevalence and 1.0 % individual prevalence, it is anticipated that around 4,317 sheep and 1,180 goats (total 5,497) shall be culled.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY


Eradication Plan


7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

7.1.2. Scenario B If the flock prevalence is found 5 % to 20 % and the individual

prevalence is found between 2% and 5%, lambs and goat kids shall be vaccinated conjunctively with Rev. 1 vaccine when they are four to six months old (between June and August) for three years.

This scenario targets to achieve a population immunisation of 80 % for the young animals. The vaccination campaign will continue for all lambs and goat kids (females and males) until the disease prevalence decreases down to 1 %. For the purposes of monitoring the vaccination activities, blood serums will be taken in third to fifth weeks after the vaccination, and measured for titration. It is anticipated that the flock owners, who permits vaccination of their animals, will be paid a compensation for their culled animals at a rate to be determined by the MANR (50 % - 75 %).


Eradication Plan



7.1.3. Scenario C If the flock prevalence is found higher than 20 % and the individual

prevalence is higher than 5 %, all lambs and goat kids and adult sheep and goats shall be vaccinated for five years with Rev. 1 and Adult Rev. 1 since the transmission risk will be high in the country.

Lambs and goat kids shall be vaccinated when they are three to six months old, while the adult animals shall be vaccinated 45 days after the birth or latest within one month prior to the ram / male goat addition. With this scenario, it is targeted to achieve a widespread

immunisation (75 % and above) for females.


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7.1.3. Work Plan

7.1.3. Work Plan


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8. CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL/ NATIONAL ECONOMY

Assuming 5 % flock prevalence and 1.0 % individual prevalence, ovine and caprine brucellosis causes a total of TL 3,195,480 financial loss in one year, calculated as below on the basis of basic financial losses (culling of infected sheep and goats, compensation for aborted foetuses, and destruction of milk in positive flocks).

It is estimated that the annual loss will be TL 22,427,338 adding chances of sales / exportation of brood animals to the neighbouring countries in case of disease-free status (meaning an increase in the value of animals).


Eradication Plan


8. CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL/ NATIONAL ECONOMY Calculation Model Assumptions:

Average individual prevalence for cattle, sheep and goats in NC is 1 per cent. Each animal with abortus infects five healthy animals. Average milk production is 150 litres per year for sheep and goats. Economic loss caused by abortus is TL 100 for sheep and goats. Milk price is TL 1.5 / litre for sheep and goat milk. Butchery value of normal (reactor / infected) animal is (TL … per animal): TL 350 per breeding sheep / goat TL 200 per butchery lamb

With the assumption of 5 % flock prevalence: 3,105 dairy sheep flock – 190,229 sheep – flock average 61.3 1,689 dairy goat flock – 51,989 goats – flock average 30.8


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Total amount of gains

will be

TL 22,427,338

when sheep and goat breeding sectors.


Eradication Plan




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Eradication Plan

Cost of Epidemiological Prevalence Study

1. Serological Prevalence

A total of 6,649 blood serum samples shall be collected from the sheep and goats for the purposes of serosurveillance study.


9. BUDGET


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9. BUDGET


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ESTIMATED COSTS

Plan A = TL 5.719.886

Plan B = TL 7,735,588

Plan C= TL 14,420,079


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10. COST / BENEFITS OF THE PLANS

When Plan A is implemented,

Estimated cost is TL 5.719.886 (within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs).

Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 22,427,338.

Cost / Benefit Ratio:

TL 22,427,338 / 5.719.886 = 3.92) = ~ 1:4


Eradication Plan


10. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLANS

When Plan B is implemented, it is anticipated to spend a total of TL 7,735,588 within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs.

Based on Plan B, the annual loss caused by the disease is estimated as TL 25,717,860. These losses will turn into gains when disease-free status is achieved. Benefit / cost analysis shows that this five-year cost will return 3.32 times more benefits within one year (TL 25,717,860 / 7,735,588 = 3,32 = ~ 1:3,3


Eradication Plan


10. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLANS

When Plan C is implemented, it is anticipated to spend a total of TL 14,408,079 within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs.

Based on Plan C, the annual loss caused by the disease is estimated as TL 33,697,965.

These losses will turn into gains when disease-free status is achieved. Benefit / cost analysis shows that this five-year cost will return 2.34 times more benefits within one year (TL 33,697,965 / 14,408,079 = 2.34).= ~ 1:2,3


Eradication Plan


11. MANAGEMENT OF THE PLAN

The control and eradication plan should be managed by a technically and scientifically competent “Ovine and Caprine Brucellosis Plan Implementation Committee” (PIC). The Committee, under the secretariat of the OoV, should comprise of ovine and caprine brucellosis epidemiology, microbiology and serology experts as well as one representative from the central organisation of the Ministries of Health and Agriculture in terms of efficiency of the legal actions.

The committee should meet frequently to review the progress of the project, to identify deficiencies and problems, to develop solutions for these problems, and to make decisions and act as fast as possible.


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12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE PLAN


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13. RECOMMENDATIONS

13.1. Training

13.2. Equipment

13.3. Legislation and Implementation


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14. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS

14.1. Assumptions 14.1.1. Human Resources The existing personnel should be supported through service procurement from

freelance veterinaries because all 632 enterprises in seven districts of NC will be visited at least twice a year for the purposes of the project.

14.1.2. Culling / Slaughtering The necessary legal and technical infrastructure should be established for

culling a high number of animals in appropriate facilities as a result of the intensive screening.

14.1.3. Milk Produced by Suspected Animals There should be necessary legal infrastructure and private sector collaboration

to collect the milk from animals in suspected flocks using appropriate methods, and to market after treating with heat.

14.1.4. Sufficient and Continuous Financial Resources Sufficient financial resources should be allocated during the implementation of

the plan in order to ensure continuous and active participation by the farmers

and to obtain efficient outcomes.


Eradication Plan


14. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 14.2. Risks 14.2.1. Human Resources Unless the eradication plan is implemented by qualified and properly trained

personnel in sufficient numbers, there may be delays in implementation as well as difficulties in control processes.

14.2.2. Culling and Slaughtering If the LVS cannot have the infected animals slaughtered on time due to the lack

of slaughterhouses controlled by official public veterinaries, the eradication will delay

14.2.3. Failure to Apply Heat Treatment to Suspected Milk Usage of any milk produced in dairies with a brucellosis risk without being

applied heat treatment means continuation of infection risk both for human beings and for animals.

14.2.4. Funding Regular funding is critical for efficient implementation and successful

completion of the plan. Particularly, compensations to the farmers should be

paid in a timely manner.


Eradication Plan

So many thanks for your attentions and patience


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Small Ruminant Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan Zoonotic...

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