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Egyptian-Swiss Research for Innovations in Sustainable Sanitation (ESRISS)

Eawag: Swiss Research Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology

Philippe Reymond, Eawag/Sandec SWSSC 2012, Cairo,

3rd December 2012

philippe.reymond@eawag.ch

www.sandec.ch/esriss

Small-scale sanitation in Egypt

10 POINTS to move forward

ESRISS’ scope & methodology

Development a wide-scale replicable model

for small-scale sanitation in the Nile Delta

ESRISS Project:

- Established in 2010 in partnership with HCWW

- Financed by Seco (Swiss Secretariat for Economic Affairs)

MAIN GOAL:

Small-scale: < 5,000 cap.COST-EFFECTIVENESS

CONTEXT-APPROPRIATENESS

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WHAT HAS BEEN DONE:

1. Assessment of the challenges and success factors ofpast small-scale sanitation initiatives in Egypt:

(i) Interviews with key-stakeholders of the sector

(ii) Thorough literature review

(iii) Selection of the most prominent initiatives, field visits, assessment with evaluation questionnaire and sampling campaigns

ESRISS’ scope & methodology

CF. Report to be published soon

Examples of past initiatives

Governorate  Village (District) Technology 

FIELD VISIT WITH SAMPLING 

Gharbeya Mashal / Kom El‐Naggar (Bassyun) 

Activated sludge 

Fayoum 

Zawyat El‐Karatsah WWTP 

Compact anaerobic tower: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket + anaerobic filter + trickling filter + sand filtration 

Abdel Kareem Issa (Sanhorus) 

Upflow Septic Tank / Baffled Reactor (USBR) 

Beni Suef 

Sheikh Yacoub (Fashn)  Primary settling tanks + aeration + subflow planted gravel filter + oxidation channel 

Maimun (Markaz El Wasta) 

On‐site collective septic tank with gravel filter + aerated filter at WWTP 

Sharkiya Kafr El Hamam (next to Zagazig) 

Kimatech® (Prefabricated unit based on physico‐chemical treatment) 

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Examples of past initiatives

CASE STUDIES WITH DATA AVAILABLE 

Dakahlia 

Meet Dafr  UASB + Downflow Hanging Sponge (DHS) 

Samaha  Constructed wetland 

Meet Mazah  Waste stabilisation ponds 

Gharbeya  Senbo  Dual Biological Aerobic Filter (DBAF) 

Damietta  24 villages  Various technologies 

Kafr El Sheikh  Various ezbas (incl. El Moufty, Om Sen, El Koleea) 

Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSP) 

Giza 

Zinin WWTP  Pilot compact anaerobic tower with biological filter 

NRC  Pilot UASB + DHS Pilot Primary sed. + DHS 

     

FIELD VISIT ONLY 

Beheira Sharaf El Din (Zawayt Gazal) 

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)

Qena (visit to be done) Kom El Dabae WSP, small‐bore sewer sytem (SBS), forest 

Dandara  ABR with upflow gravel filter 

ESRISS’ scope & methodology

2. Systematic assessmentusing the EnablingEnvironment Framework

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ESRISS’ scope & methodology

3. Development of a data baseline for rural areas

Characterisation and quantification of wastewater in ezbas

Surveys and interviews in villages to assess practices

Prediction model based on material flow analysis (MFA)

… leading to lessons learnt and recommendations

To be found on WWW.SANDEC.CH/ESRISS,

with Arabic translation coming soon

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10 POINTS to move forward

10 POINTS to move forward

1. Development of a clear institutional strategy

Isolation of existing initiatives

Pivotal role of HCWW and Affiliates

Advantages of collaborating with MWRI

Ensure full-cost recovery mechanisms for small-scale systems

2. Standardisation of collection & treatment units

Adopt a mass-production strategy

Explore the concept of locally produced prefabricated units

ECONOMIES OF SCALE !

Reduce time, increase quality, reduce costs, movable

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Example of prefabricated units

… as implemented by BORDA and

partners in Indonesia, India, etc.

Prefabricated divider-weir, grease-trap, settler, ABR…

© BORDA

Example of prefabricated units

Modular prefabricated treatment plant, with 2

settlers and 8 ABRs, treating about 80 m3/day

(source: BORDA, 2012)

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May 14th 2012 Meeting Cairo

Sewer system 1

PS + WWTP2

Sewer system 2

PS + WWTP1

May 14th 2012 Meeting CairoSeveral small

treatment units

Decentralised shallowsewer systems

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A communal wastewater treatment plant serving a simplified sewer network in east Tegal, Indonesia.

A community recreational area developed over a DEWATS plant in a 2011 DAK-funded project.

10 POINTS to move forward

3. Centralised O&M management under the leadership of HCWW

Introduce a unified management scheme for all

Specialised unit in HCWW with sub-units in Affiliates or sub-contracting to service provider (PPP)

Service provider goes from unit to unit, no need for permanent skilledoperators

Ensure equal level of service in all governorates

Septage collection can be delegated to the existing service providers

REACH THE CRITICAL MASS

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LAW 481st realisticstep ??

4. Selection of appropriate collection & treatment options

Example of an effective anaerobic system

© Nanchoz Zimmermann, www.autark-engineering.ch

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5. Adaptation of laws, regulations and Codes of Practice

Go for an incremental approach

Be pragmatic !

6. Move beyond “business as usual”

Small-scale sanitation is a profitable business !

New market opportunities (construction and management), withexport perspectives

7. Development of a data baseline

Wastewater quantities and characteristics according to settlement features

Measure inflows, keep a good record of bills, analyse the availabledata

10 POINTS to move forward

8. Focus on preliminary assessment

Involvement of stakeholders

Inclusion of manure management and small-scale industrial activities

Limit planning horizon to 15 years for treatment infrastructure

9. Improvement of the project management cycle

Foster innovation

Foster an integrated approach

Improve contract management

Monitoring and evaluation must be strictly enforced

10. Transparency and dissemination of lessons learnt

Analyse and document performance

Online library on HCWW website

10 POINTS to move forward

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Conclusion

A SYSTEMATIC NATION-WIDE ASSESSMENT:

1. Provides the opportunity to collect and analyse all the available experience within a region

2. Helps to coordinate stakeholders’ efforts

3. Leads to conclusions on how to create a more enabling environment for decentralised sanitation

THE CRITICAL ISSUE IS MANAGERIAL, NOT TECHNICAL

- Solutions should be tailor-made and based on:

1. Planning

2. Management scheme

3. Economy of scale

4. Life-cycle cost analysis

- Priority is to work on the conditions which will enable small-scalesanitation

Conclusion

HOW MANY UNITS , WHO CAN PRODUCE IT,

WHO CAN MANAGE IT ?

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Questions

• How to translate these results into a national policy ?

• How should these 10 points be completed ?

ANY FURTHER DISCUSSION WELCOME !

More information

POLICY BRIEF

« Small-Scale Sanitation in Egypt:

10 POINTS to move forward »

FULL REPORT

« Small-Scale Sanitation in Egypt: Challenges and Ways Forward »

To be found on : WWW.SANDEC.CH/ESRISS

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Thanks for your attention

philippe.reymond@eawag.ch www.sandec.ch/esriss