Small Scale Water Provider. Indonesian Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. April 2006

Editorial 1

Readers' Voice 2

Headlines

Small Scale Water Provider

A drop of water in the barren land 3

Drink Water Provision in Ho Chi Minh City

Considering Small Scale Water Providers 7

Reportage

SMU 34 Jakarta, the Winner of National UKS Competition

UKS, not a symbol of Healthy School 9

Telescope

WSS Working group of Banten Province,

going with spirit and commitment 11

Story

Lost Water, scarce drops 13

Interview

Director of Multilateral Foreign Financing of Bappenas,

Delthy S. Simatupang, SH: Project Preparation is a key to success 15

Around AMPL 18

Around WASPOLA 22

Abstract

Community Empowerment in Rural Water Provision 24

Innovation

Water Treatment Plant (IPA) of Air Mandiri 26

Insight

Water for the Poor in Jakarta 27

Water Infrastructure and Poverty Alleviation Policy 30

AMPL Role for Sustainable Facility 33

Toward Independent, Transparent and

Professional PDAM (Water Supply Enterprise) 36

Book Info 46

CD Info 47

Website Info 47

IATPI Clinic 50

Agenda 51

AMPL Literature 52

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

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Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

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Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

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Dear readers, welcome again inPercik edition one of 2006.Issued last year, Percik is co-

ming to see you all, the loyal readers,around the country. We are always pre-sent beside you though with unfixedschedule. What do you think of waterand sanitation in your place? Is it betteror worse than last year?

In general, we're being exposed towater service issues. Not all people getappropriate service and this is ourhomework left unsolved. On the otherside, the competent parties expected tomeet such demand are also encoun-tering many problems. As result, allhave to go with market rule.

People must therefore meet waterdemand from alternative sources. Oneof them is small scale water provider.Although more expensive than PDAMand uncontrolled quality, people referchoosing them as their water sources.Water is an irreplaceable basic need.

Economically, the ongoing process isreasonable. Where there is demand,there is supply. However, seen fromcharacters of water buyers, which arecommonly from the poor level, it is lessadvantageous for poverty alleviation.The poor have to pay more. When wouldthey improve their living standard ifthey spend money just to meet basicneeds that should be obtained withlower price?

On the other side, many problemsare still encountered to access to them.BUMD (Local Owned Companies) orprivate ones are reluctant to serve themfor some reasons, for example, some ofthe poor live in the illegal settlement orthey are unable to pay water connectionin advance. Therefore, there should be abreakthrough in discretion and ideas onhow to provide them with cheap water.Small scale water providers can bebridge for this purpose, but they neednurture. Cooperation with large scale

water providers is thus possible. This iswhat we will present in the headlines ofthis edition.

Dear readers, relating to drink waterand sanitation issues, we'll establishinterview with Director of MultilateralForeign Financing of Bappenas. This isimportant to give clear description ofour position in relation to foreign loanand how we can manage the loan inorder to avoid people from sustainingincreased loan without optimum out-comes.

In this edition, we will also presentnew columns, namely regulation andabstract columns. Regulation columncontains recently issued regulationsserving as socialization, while abstractcolumn contains abstracts of disserta-

tion, thesis or other research findings.We hope this presentation will brightand increase your knowledge.

In reportage column, you will seehow SMU 34 Jakarta wins 2005National UKS (School Health Program)competition. Imagine if each school im-plements the UKS program, it will bringgreat outcome. In the story column, wepresent WSLIC 2 Project damage due tonatural disaster. This will be valuablelessons for us, how to deal with publicfacilities under serious problems.

Finally, we hope Percik will serve asyour reference in the water supply andsanitation issues. We are looking for-ward to your feedbacks in the form ofarticles or other contributions.

Regards.

EDITORIAL

Percik April 2006 1

SOURCE: WWS WORKING GROUP

Exhibition: Pokja AMPL Working Group and WASPOLA participated onICE-FTUI exhibition in March.

WSLIC 2 vs CLTS

The two programs are different.

However, let's see what makes these two

different programs a useful thing.

WSLIC 2 is water and sanitation for

low income community program, espe-

cially those living in the village. This

program runs with community partici-

patory approach in the decision making,

planning, implementation, operational

and maintenance. All is driven by com-

munity. It has four main components,

namely increased institutional and com-

munity capacity; increased hygiene and

sanitation; water and sanitation deve-

lopment; and project management.

This program is granted by World

Bank, AusAID, the Government of

Indonesia, and beneficiaries through

incash and inkind.

CLTS (community-led total sanita-

tion) is sanitation program focusing on

community awareness of latrine impor-

tance for personal hygiene and sanita-

tion, which is implemented by conside-

ring mapping, transect, contamination

route, and simulation. This program is

awarded to community by referring to

their language and understanding.

Women's role is therefore important in

the respect since they have sense of

humility.

If we look into both programs, they

are not contradictive each other. They

can even be integrated into an advanta-

geous package because they all use

demand-responsive approach.

For example, in the preparation of

Community Working group in WSLIC 2,

in addition to chairman and deputy

chairman, treasurer, secretary, techni-

cal team, health team, there should be

special persons-in-charge of CLTS. They

may be part of health team called

'Sanitation Coordinator'. They are

responsible for collecting data of people

who always move in the exposed places

and recording change in their behavior

without subsidy or fund from anyone.

Certainly the people should be informed

that latrine is not identical with septic

tank.

We have been doing this in Pono-

rogo for WSLIC 2 during 2006. Al-

though CLTS training is not provided

yet and we only learn from the guide-

book, we find this program applicable

and welcomed by the local people.

Bambang Apriyanto, ST

PMC of Ponorogo Regency

We never receive Percik

I, representing Subdin Teknik

Penyehatan Lingkungan (Sanitary

Engineering Sub-service) of Urban

Development Plan Service of Cianjur

Regency, inform you that delivery of

Percik magazine never arrives in subdin

so far, which is directly related to water

and sanitation service. So, to avoid

missing in disposition considering

importance of this magazine as commu-

nication and information media, we ho-

pe you will send the Percik magazine to

Head of Settlement and Regional Infra-

structure Service of Cianjur Regency

via:

Dinas Cipta Karya Kab. Cianjur

Cq. Subdin Teknik Penyehatan Lingkungan

Jl. Prof. Moch. Yamin No. 131

CIANJUR 43213

Titih Titisari

([email protected])

In every publication, we always

send one exemplar to all relevant ser-

vices. We find your service has been

listed in our record. But if you need the

same, we're pleased to send it to you

via abovementioned address.

Thank you.

SANIMAS Info

My friends and I are interesting in

SANIMAS program, which is now being

developed. We also propose to make

such a Community Sewerage Course.

We think that what we propose will be

in line with SANIMAS program. We

hope you will give us information and

technical concept on SANIMAS imple-

mentation and, if you're favorable,

please send us Proceedings of 2004

SANIMAS National Seminar held in

Bali. Also, we'd like to know how to

establish cooperation with WASPOLA.

Thank you for kindly assistance.

Nurul Ichsan

Sanitary Engineering of

UNDIP

For more information on compre-

hensive SANIMAS program, including

seminar proceedings, please contact

BORDA, Jl. Kaliurang Km.6 Yogya-

karta 55283, Phone: 0274.888273. To

establish cooperation with WASPOLA,

please contact Jl. Cianjur No. 4,

Menteng, Jakarta Pusat, Phone:

(021)3142046 .

READERS' VOICE

Percik April 2006 2

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 3

Small Scale Water Provider

A DROP OF WATER INTHE BARREN LAND

More than 100 million Indonesian people

do not have access to water and sanitation.

In accordance with Millennium Development Goals,

Indonesia should have been capable of reducing

half of such amount in 2015 later.

Could it come true? How could we pursue the goals?

Are there any alternative services?

Water cannot be viewed associal property. It also haseconomic value and both

cannot be separated each other.Treating water as economic propertywill eliminate its social function andundermine needs of the poor. In thisregard, government is required toincrease water access and qualitythroughout community since it cons-titutes their basic needs. This is anunanswerable challenge, not only byIndonesia but also other countries.

Experiences found in several coun-tries show that government tends to

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

apply low price for water managementso that they cannot increase quality ofthe service or even maintain the existingone. Though low price is said to givebenefit to the poor, not all can access tothe service and they will in turn seekalternative water source with high cost.

This condition emerges ideas of pri-vate involvement in the water provision.On other side, water has become fasci-nating 'blue gold' for the private compa-nies to make profit. They invest largecapital into this sector. There are twopatterns of this large scale water supply,namely state owned companies and pri-vate ones.

They serve water supply for decades.Unfortunately, the result is still unsatis-fied. Many people cannot access to theirservice, especially the poor. It is mostlikely due to tariff and management li-mitations. There are reasons why peoplecannot access to water service providedby the company, such as (i) high costand advance pay of connection preventthe poor from water subscription; (2)water cannot always satisfy their needs,especially the poor; (iii) tariff structureand low consumption by the poor makethe water company reluctant to servethem; (iv) people living in the illegalsettlement are not eligible to public service.

On the other side, water companyare less informed of the poor so that (i)service is unsuitable with demand andonly focusing on unachievable technicalstandard; (ii) on-time payment isunsuitable with irregular income of thepoor; (iii) lack of good communicationbetween water company and the poor.

In such a condition, Small ScaleWater Providers are thriving. They arethere to meet water need of the poor,especially those living in the urban area,which are inaccessible by large scalewater company or otherwise having dis-continuous water supply. This businessis potential service for the poor with lowinvestment.

Based on purposes of some empiri-

cal studies, the small scale waterproviders are divided into several cate-gories:

Providers having fixed relation withwater company, from which theydistribute water via stalls or hy-drants. For example, water stalls inNairobi (Kenya), Lilongwe (Malawi),Batam (Indonesia); public hydrantsin Dakar (Senegal), Mopti (Mali),Dhaka (Bangladesh); and publichydrants are managed by small-holders association in Segou (Mali). Community that sell pipeline waterto those who haven't accessed tofacility. For example, water plantbuilt by community of Buenos Aires(Argentine); water plant built byentrepreneurs of Guatemala City(Guatemala) and water selling cen-ter in Manila (Philippines) producedfrom river water solar treatment;tank truck and cart which take waterfrom pipeline water from whichwater company cannot do service.For example: Dakar (Senegal), Por-tau-Prince (Haiti), Jakarta (Indo-nesia).

Community scale water plant inDhulikel (Nepal) (Snell, 1998 andMcIntosh, 2003).These small providers have distinc-

tive characters, namely individual ini-tiative, flexible, market-adaptable in thecontext of financial regulation and tech-nical selection. Besides, such businesshas operational efficiency in terms of (i)cost recovery, (ii) leakage free, (iii) notrequiring public subsidy and loan.

"Small Scale Water Provider" studyfunded by ADB showed that communityscale water service has some characters:(i) flexible strategy and management.Investment and operating cost limita-tions are addressed by choosing com-munity based technology. Communityunder service is mostly casual workersso that invoicing is not conductedmonthly but as frequent as possibleaccording to their financial ability; (ii)Water company is as standard of ser-vice. Small scale providers considerwater company their competitor so thatthey always improve service quality asequal as competitor's; (iii) less apprecia-tion from local government and water

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 4

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

a.

b.

c.

company. Investment is difficult as theyare alleged illegal, unprofitable, andtheir asset cannot be audited. As result,access to credit is limited with highinterest and thus investment risk is alsohigh; (iv) close relationship betweenvalidity and service level.

Type of water service varies, such asusing cart, pipeline to home (water ter-minal), tank truck, water stall, etc.Water stall is a rapid growing business,especially I cities, for the following rea-sons: (i) consumers can buy water in theadequate amount and time; (ii) capitalexpense per house is low; (iii) bettercost recovery for water company be-cause these small scale providers makepayment as per quantity.

Furthermore, small scale water pro-viders can upgrade themselves as perprevailing condition. Some cases indica-te that water cart can be converted totank truck and even underground wa-terline. In Indonesia however, there isnever small scale water providers con-verted to large water company.

Therefore, their existence can pro-mote MDGs achievement in 2015. Theyare eligible to be incorporated intowater investment strategy for theirimportant role in accelerating servicecoverage. Nevertheless, there should bespecial attention to them, especially interms of expensive rate as well as lack ofinvestment and legality.

Condition in IndonesiaSmall scale water providers are easi-

ly found in the cities of Indonesia.However, there is no complete data onsuch business, either from quantity orservice coverage. This is well under-stood since the business is commonlyillegal.

General description of this businesscan be seen from the result of surveyconducted by Settlement Research andDevelopment Center of Public Work Mi-nistry and Hydroconsell in five cities ofIndonesia (Bandung, Subang, Jakarta,Palembang and Makassar). This busi-

ness can make 2% contribution to ser-vice coverage.

a. Distribution and ServiceDistribution adopted by small scale

water service has distinctive characters.Some of them use tiered distributionand some of them distribute directly toconsumers.

Most of them are private and inde-pendent. Some come from foundation,self-support community or individual.

This independency is seen from its inde-pendent management. Everything isarranged by themselves, including lossand profit, while relationship with otherdistributors, such as mobile sellers,serves only as provider (See table).

b. PriceAccording to characters, small scale

water providers use their own ways tofix water price. This depends on sourcesof standard water, access distance to

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 5

Service and Service Area of Private Water CompanyNO SERVICE TYPE OF SERVICE SERVICE AREA

1 House connection - Continuous/shift

service

- Daily supply

- Runoff/bore well

- Crowd housing

- Mid level housing

- 40 Families range

- Economic scale

connection

2 Pipeline and fleet - Water purchase using

tank truck in the fleet

base

- Tank truck

3 Tank truck - Custom-based service

- Minimum 4 m3

- Downtown and off

town coverage

- Housing with

underground

reservoir, 6 m

distance from road

- Industries

- Office

- Stores

- Refill depot

4 Cart - Custom-based service

- Service for retailer

- Urban service, about

1 RT coverage

- 20 liter gallon

- Housing with

undrinkable well

water

- Relatively plain

housing and easily

accessed by cart

- Water for drinking

and cooking

5 Refill - Standard water

treatment

- Custom-based service

or on-site purchase

- Custom-based service

- 1-2 km coverage

distance (driving

range, motorcycle

delivery, direct carry

within 200km

distance)

consumer, and facility used. In general,small scale water providers fix muchhigher price than formal ones, in thisrespect, PDAM. Comparison of waterprice is presented in the following table:

People cannot do anything to facesuch a high price. This is because wateris basic need that should be met evenwhen in the outlandish price. Word'must' is the only answer since there areno other alternatives.

c. Legal BaseGovernment has issued Government

Regulation No. 16 of 2005 regardingWater Provision System (SPAM). Thisregulation deals with water provision,standard water protection, authorityand responsibility, supporting entity,financing and pricing, development andsupervision, and administrative penalty.From articles contained therein, nonerelates to small scale water providers.

Article 10 of PP, for example, says"Distribution unit shall confirm fixedquantity, quality, and continuity of dis-tribution" (paragraph 2), and the nextparagraph says "24 hours guaranteedservice". Besides, article 6 provides thatdrink water supplied by SPAM shallmeet quality standard (paragraph 1) andsubstandard drink water shall not bedistributed to the people. Both articleswill certainly be difficult to be imple-mented by small scale water providers.

It should be recognized that articlesin this government regulation just pro-vide large scale water providers. Article

1(9) pronounces that provider includesstate/local owned company, coopera-tive, private company and/or communi-ty group which undertake drink waterprovision system. It does not pertain tosmall scale water providers at all.

Indeed, existence of small scalewater providers can be incorporatedinto private company or communitygroup, but it only regards institutionwhile their activities have no legality.

Accordingly, there should be spacefor them in the form of permit/contract

to give them equal opportunity.International experience showed thatauthorized small scale water providerscan render continuous service withequal quality as the formal ones butwith lower price than their illegal coun-terparts.

For sure, the existing small scalewater provider can deal with issues thatlarge scale water company cannot. Theiroperation is like 'a drop of water in thebarren land'.

(MJ)

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 6

Distribution of Small Scale Water Supply

TYPOLOGY SUPPLIER DISTRIBUTOR

TKT 1 DISTRIBUTOR

TKT 2 CONSUMER

CART

TANK TRUCK

PIPELINE

Cart

Tank Truck

Pipeline

Artesian well

House well

Small Terminal House well Cart

PDAM water

treatment Bulk Terminal

Refill Depot

Industry

House well

Office

No WATER VENDOR SELLING / M 3 (Rp)

1. PDAM 4.250

2. Small Terminal 17.500 – 15.000

3. Bulk Terminal 10.000 – 15.000

4. Electric Pump 20.000/month (40 KK)=2.222/m3

5. Refill Mineral Water 184.210

6. Sealed Mineral Water 447.368

It should be recognized that articles inthis government regulation just provide large scale

water providers. Article 1(9) pronouncesthat provider includes state/local owned company,cooperative, private company and/or community

group which undertake drink water provision system.It does not pertain to

small scale water providers at all.

Level 1 Level 2

Ho Chi Minh City is the largestcity in the Socialist Republic ofVietnam, larger than Hanoi

capital of Vietnam. In 2004, populationof Ho Chi Minh City was 6.1 million withan area of 2,094 km2, while populationof Hanoi City was 2.9 million with anarea of 921 km2. As with large cities inthe developing countries, Ho Chi MinhCity is constrained in the basic infra-structure provision for its people,including water provision.

In the water sector, this city isexposed to (i) lack of water due to rapiddomestic and industrial needs alongwith economic growth, (ii) significantnon-revenue water, and (iii) limitedgovernment fund to improve water ser-vice as people demand. Such factorsmake public water service called SaigonWater Supply Corporation (SAWACO,formerly Ho Chi Minh City WaterCompany) lies below target.

In the 2001-2005 master plan, thegovernment of Ho Chi Minh City tar-geted 90% people will have wateraccess; however until end of 2001,SAWACO service coverage was only50% with 40% leakage. This conditionencouraged government of Ho Chi MinhCity to abstain from relying only onSAWACO. Accordingly, on December2001, government of Ho Chi Minh Citydecided to establish policy frameworkfor promoting involvement of privatecompanies, including small scale waterproviders as SAWACO's partner to pur-sue the given target.

Socialization ProgramPolitical will of the government of

Ho Chi Minh City to give water access tothe people was materialized into policyframework called Socialization Pro-gram, namely a program to promoteinvolvement of local private companiesto invest in the water business. This pro-gram was materialized into regulationsdeveloped by and between the govern-ment of Ho Chi Minh City and SAWACOin 2002. The regulations have been rati-fied and announced by People's Com-mittee of Ho Chi Minh City on August2003. Commencing with tryout of oneof small scale water providers, Hiep AnCo. Ltd, and then implemented in thebroader extent.

In addition to creating favorablewater investment climate for privatecompanies, regulation on the socializa-

tion program is also developed (i) toincrease water production, (ii) toimprove quality and service coveragemainly in the inaccessible area, and (iii)to reduce leakage level through repair ofwater distribution network, especially inthe area with high leakage. To achievethe goals, these regulations offer sixcooperation schemes:

Scheme 1: Investment for Compre-hensive system; investors are to investtheir capital for comprehensive systemdevelopment, from production unit todistribution network and home connec-tion. This investment is conducted inthe area having no access to urban waterdistribution network.

Scheme 2: Investment for Produc-tion unit; investors are to invest their

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 7

Water Supply in Ho Chi Minh CityConsidering Small Scale Water

Providers

Small scale water provider (the Hiep An Co. Ltd) that become SAWACO partner.

SOURCE: LINA DAMAYANTI

capital for production unitdevelopment. Water productionis sold to urban water company.This investment is conducted inthe area having access to SAWA-CO but always exposed to lack ofwater and low pressure.

Scheme 3: Investment fornetwork improvement;investors are to invest their cap-ital to improve and developoverall distribution network inthe certain area. This invest-ment is conducted in the areahaving access to SAWACO dis-tribution with high leakagelevel.

Scheme 4: Investment forwater transport; investors are to investtheir capital to supply water in theremote area by taking water from urbanwater company. Transport cost is partlyborne by SAWACO.

Scheme 5: Investment for perform-ance development in the productionunit; investors are to invest their capitalto improve and develop performance inthe production unit. Sales profit will beshared proportionally between urbanwater company and investors.

Scheme 6: Investment for distribu-tion network; investors are to investtheir capital to develop new distributionnetwork and distribute the water fromSAWACO main meters.

Until today, investors are interestingin most schemes except scheme 6, somehave been in operation and some otherare still in negotiation or contract. Inaddition to those schemes, regulationsalso provide other aspects such as joint-operation/investment procedure anddelivery mechanism in the end of con-tract term or when service area has beencovered by urban water company. An-other interesting thing to investors is in-centives, from easy access to land use,tax exemption, even for imported goodsor equipments, investors are free ofimport duty. However, small scale waterproviders shall meet standard service

adopted by urban water company,either technical or quality standard. Forthe reason, the government of Ho ChiMinh City requires SAWACO to providetechnical assistance for the small scalewater providers.

Benefits of the innovative underta-kings are not only received by small

scale water providers andcommunity, but also bygovernment of Ho ChiMinh City and urban watercompany. Besides increas-ing water access for thecommunity, this programalso encourages SAWACOto improve its performancein giving public service.Today, its service coverageis growing. According toSAWACO, communityserved by pipeline systemis 74%, and since 2005,SAWAC has successfullymade profit.

Water Supply to the PoorIn general, small scale water pro-

viders supply water to the area inacces-sible by formal provider, which is com-monly inhabited by the poor. In Ho ChiMinh City, water supply to the poor isnot only conducted by small scale waterproviders but also public serviceproviders such as SAWACO, includingfor the poor living in the illegal settle-ment. This policy is just made by go-vernment of Ho Chi Minh City, while inthe previous time public serviceproviders are not allowed to give serviceto the people living in the illegal settle-ment.

This policy is made upon considera-tion that water is the basic need for allpeople including the poor and having noland title. However, according to DeputyDirector of Urban Transportation &Public Work, provision of this basicneed doesn't mean to legalize land use,thus if city government will use the land,illegal inhabitants should leave the area.In order for low incomers to access thewater service, public service providersshould apply rate block or progressiverate, in which the lowest consumptionblock will be charged below productioncost. (Lina Damayanti)

Visit to Vietnam Report

HEADLINES

Percik April 2006 8

P eople's Committee is executiveagency that holds central role inSocialist Republic of Vietnam.

This agency is available in all govern-mental levels from central to ward(equivalent to village/kelurahan inIndonesia).

People's Committee is elected byPeople's Council (legislatives), andPeople's Council is elected directly bypeople through general election.People's Committee in Ho Chi Minh Cityconsists of 1 Chairman, 4 Deputies, and7 members, which represent city go-vernmental agencies such as police de-partment, army, and all departments ofthe city level (equivalent to service).Members of People's Committee areusually heads of the departments.

Ho Chi Minh CityPeople's Committee

SOURCE: LINA DAMAYANTI

Breeze is blowing to welcome everyguest in the school. A big shadytree is swinging its leaves. Just in

the portal, a terraced water pool makessplattering sound. The green plantsadorn each corner of the school. Suchnuance is harmonized with light greenpaint of the wall and sports field.

Any corner of the school displaysnotices of keeping cleanliness, say no todrugs, no smoking in school area, andbeware of dengue fever. Dustbin, fororganic and inorganic waste, is postedin front of the classroom. In the outerwall, flower vases are hanging withstems creeping downward. Every class-room is equipped with AC and wash-basin. Model classroom is equippedwith two washbasins.

In the school having 8,747 m2 area,we find none derelict room. Behind this3-floor school, students plant homeherbal crops. In the other corner of theschool, students raise birds in the giantcage. There is also recycle house to con-vert waste into useful things.

That is condition of State SeniorHigh School (SMU) 34 Jakarta.Established on 13 September 1978, thisschool bears mission to increase studentinvolvement in the environmental-friendly school program. Target of beingenvironmental-friendly school has cometrue.

This is more remarkable upon suc-cess of the school to win the 2005National UKS (School Health Program)Competition. Not surprisingly to saythat the school is reference for other

schools in Indonesia in the UKS andenvironmental program.

Long ProcessRealizing a healthy school is not

easy. It needs long time and hard work.In 2000 ago, the school had been reno-vated. Spirit shown by headmaster andteachers to realize vision and mission isconsiderable. This all brings the schoolas one of the top best in Jakarta.

Outcome of this success is that UKSis placed in a special attention, which inthe past it was less important for someschools even left unattended."Previously UKS was integrated withyouth Red Cross (PMR) in the smallroom," said Septina Wibarini, SPd,teacher and UKS SMU 34 coordinator.

As with growing demand however,

UKS should stand independently. "Fewstudents are always unconscious duringceremony. That's why we consider toprepare a special treatment room," sheremembered again. From the time, UKSis revived by using a room in the cornerof the school.

In the early phase, this room justcontained one simple table and sleepingbed. However, upon motivation andfund subsidized by school in coopera-tion with relevant institutions such asHealth Service, National EducationService and Puskesmas (Local Clinic),the school succeeded in the UKS devel-opment. These institutions gave hand inthe form of medicines, cupboards, andsleeping beds. Since then UKS has quitecomplete facilities. Now, the UKS hasfour permanent sleeping beds and one

REPORTAGE

Percik April 2006 9

SMU 34 Jakarta, the Winner of National UKS Competition

UKS, not a symbol ofHealthy School

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

School’s environment always clean and green.

emergency beds and one dental chair.There are also medicine case and otherhealth extension equipments. This UKSoccupies 6 x 8 m room. "A good UKSshould have at least four sleeping bedsfor one thousand students, physicians,and dental clinic," explained Septina.

ActivitiesUKS is open every school hour. One

picket or more is standby every resthour. They are Youth Health Cadres(KKR) serving any students that want toget treatment, or assisting physician oncall. From Monday to Thursday, there isa physician on call, namely dentist andgeneral practitioner, in shift. "The KKRmember can immediately give minortreatment to their friend. If physician inon call, they serve as nurses," saidSeptina.

Every year, UKS workgroup of thisschool recruits new cadres. About 30students are recruited as KKR memberevery year or every generation. They getspecial training on handling minor acci-dent, sexology, narcotics, and AIDS.This training involves relevant institu-tions and NGOs. Sometime, KKR mem-bers involve in extension program in thePuskesmas. "They are core cadres ofschool health program," Septina con-firmed.

About physicians, this teacher ofbiology explained that they come fromstudents' parents. "They work here vo-luntarily. Especially dentists, they workunder agreement," she said andexplained that these dentists are hiredbased on parents and teachers duringregistration of new students, while forprescribed medicines, the school, viaschool committee, has established spe-cial budget every year.

Every Friday, UKS and itscadres initiate mosquito control pro-gram (PSN) in the school. This activityinvolves al students for half an hour.UKS cadres serve as health team whenSMU 34 students arrange outbound

activities such as sport match andothers.

EffectsSeptina explained that UKS helps

increasing students' understanding ofhealth and the relevant issues. Forexample, AIDS issues. Programsdesigned by UKS make students AIDSliterate. Besides, students can makedirect consultation with school physi-cian in case they have a disease. "Forsure, they are more care for healthy life.And an important thing is that they caneasily get medicine when they get ill,free of charge," she said in a smile.

UKS existence will inevitably moti-vate all school persons to success theprogram. "Almost every subject should

be associated with health," said theteacher and UKS pioneer. Meanwhile,KKR members serve as change agent forother students to pursue healthy life.

School facilities and infrastructuresare also conditioned to support the pro-gram. Today, there are 36 special wash-rooms for 24 classrooms. Drainage alsogets attention, including waste manage-ment. "So, school health doesn't alwaysmean UKS," Septina affirmed.

ChallengesMaintaining is more difficult than

acquiring. This phrase also applies toUKS SMU 34. The problem lies on theKKR recruitment, not because it is diffi-cult to recruit the KKR cadre, but how toimpart a spirit of the winning team asthey performed last year. "Their spirit isdifferent from the predecessors'. It islikely that they're less forged," saidSeptina while explaining that first ge-neration of UKS has remarkable spirit.

Besides maintaining UKS, the work-group still has another obsession, name-ly they will build a public clinic for thepoor. The obsession is to realize school'ssocial awareness. "This is our dream,"concluded Septina waiting the dreamcome true. Good luck. (MJ)

REPORTAGE

Percik April 2006 10

UKS is open everyschool hour. One picket

or more is standbyevery rest hour. Theyare member of YouthHealth Cadres (KKR)

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

No money, no program. This is acommon myth always encoun-tered by Indonesian bureau-

crats. It is most likely that money is thekey. Is this myth eliminated? The ans-wer is: Yes.

Water Supply and sanitationworking group of Banten Province isone that can make it true. This team wasestablished in 2003. Although no mo-ney and incorporation legality, thisworking group went forward until Go-vernor Decision was issued two years la-ter (2005).

Incorporation of WSES workinggroup of Banten Province was triggeredby activities of National Working groupand WASPOLA held in Yogyakarta in2003. Banten participants then estab-lished a Provincial working group. Onthe other side, provincial governmentitself was committed to support thiseffort since water and sanitation cover-age in this province was still low. Watercoverage was 64.35% and sanitationcoverage was 53.64% of total populationof 8,939,946 individuals. Another trig-gering factor was frequent visit byNational Working Group.

Therefore, this activity runs al-though without money. A lack of budgetto fuel this Working group is due toadministrative problem of the local go-vernment. It is required that budgetshould be allocated clearly whereas thiscannot be realized since incorporationlegality is not issued yet.

Since its establishment, the workinggroup with membership being represen-tatives of Bapeda, BPM, Bapedal, He-

alth Service, Educational Service andPublic Work Service arranged monthlycoordination meeting, sometimes heldat the beginning of the month. Fur-thermore, additional meeting wassometimes held in a month. Budget forall working group's activities, eithermeeting or outbound activities, ischarged to the relevant parties in shift.In other words, they subsidize theworking group.

Existence of the working group with-out legality is not apart from concern ofthe Working group Leader, which is alsothe then Head of Bappeda, Ir. H.Hilman Nitiamidjaya. He was the onlyechelon one official actively involved inthe organization. Besides, role ofGovernor and Provincial Secretaryshould not be undermined as well. Thetriumvirate officials always served asinviters in the working group activities.As result, spirit and commitment ofthose officials were transmitted amongworking group members.

Activity of Pokja AMPL Banten isprominent among others'. From 20working group available, it is likely thatPokja AMPL is the one with frequentand continuous activities. It is then a"trade mark" for other sectors as well ascities/regencies in Banten Province todo the same.

In 2005, the Pokja AMPL was legal-ized upon the issuance of Governor ofBanten Province Decision No. 618/-Kep.173-Huk/2005v dated 2 May 2005regarding incorporation of Pokja AMPLBanten. The team has 20 members con-sisting of 10 members from echelon IV,

7 members from echelon III, 2 membersfrom echelon II and 1 member from ech-elon I. The relevant institutions areBapeda, Bapedal, BPM, Health Service,Educational Service and Public WorkService. Since then, Pokja has its ownoperational budget. In 2005, budgetallocated to BPM was Rp. 127,500,000.-. In 2006, budget allocated to BPM,Bapeda and Health Service increasedRp. 215 million.

SocializationSocialization plays important role

for the successful program, includingAMPL. Socialization is directed towardall stakeholders including DPRD (LocalHouse of Representative). The processhas been conducted so far althoughindividually, but the outcome is not bad.New Leader of Pokja AMPL of BantenProvince, Ir. Harmin Lanjumin, advisedthat DPRD (Local House of Representa-tive) support is great. According to him,the DPRD agrees to allocate budget tothis sector provided that there should bereal activities that touch lower levelcommunity.

For bureaucrats, NGO, and universi-ty, the existence of this Pokja is wellknown. This is because they alwaysinvolve in the activities held by PokjaAMPL. Regency/city government in theprovince has also recognized Pokja.Even, three of six regency governmentshave acknowledged community-basedprogram of AMPL, namely LebakRegency, Pandeglang Regency andTangerang City, while Serang Regency,Tangerang Regency and Cilegon City

TELESCOPE


Water Supply and Sanitation Working Group(Pokja AMPL) of Banten ProvinceGoing with Spirit and Commitment

will follow the same this year.

RestrictionsAs a new working group using the

new approach, it is reasonable if PokjaAMPL is facing restrictions in the imple-mentation of the work program. Thedata shows that restrictions availableare as follows:

Lack of valid data on water and sani-tation coverage Less attention from local governmentto water and sanitation (AMPL)development, which implies to limi-ted fundInadequate people's awareness ofclean and healthy life behaviorWork program in local level has notbeen implemented yet Lack of concrete cooperation betweenlocal government, NGO and commu-

nity in the AMPL development.Today, stakeholders, especially DPRD

(Local House of Representative), arewaiting for the implementation of the pro-gram. They find that it takes too long tomake dissemination and socialization.Thus, it is possible that DPRD will cut offbudget allocation to the sector.

Pokja ActivitiesDuring 2005, Pokja AMPL Banten

has facilitated establishment of PokjaAMPL in Lebak Regency, PandeglangRegency and Tangerang City. All 2005work program has been implementedexcept one, namely Public Dialog, whichwill be realized this year. Pokja also pro-vides CLTS training and development inthree villages, namely Parigi, Kertasanaand Rahayu Villages of PandeglangRegency. Besides, the Pokja facilitates

socialization of Pamsimas and SANI-MAS programs.

This year, Pokja AMPL Banten willarrange 15 activities such as road showin regencies/cities that have notinvolved in AMPL program; public dia-log with regency/city; finalization ofdraft AMPL strategic plan to make it de-finitive and looking forward to Go-vernor Decision; regular coordinationmeeting in provincial, regency andnational levels; hearing with Pokjanas(National Working group), WASPOLAand foreign donors; following trainingheld by Pokjanas; organizing national,provincial and regency workshops'accomplishing APML data; assistanceand work visit to regency/city; synchro-nization of 2007 Pokja AMPL pro-gram/implementation; and monitoringand evaluation.

TELESCOPE


Ir. Harmin Lanjumin, Leader of Pokja AMPL of Banten Province

Ir. H. Nuryanto, MM, member of Pokja AMPLBanten

P reviously I was confusing of how to build Pokja(working group) without money. But I could remove

such confusion. We then made action without money andlegality. Accordingly, I use the same way to encourage

regency/city working group. I always say, "Never confusing about money." Infact, we could make action without money. Now Pokja AMPL is a model forother institutions and Pokja. Even some foreign donors visit Pokja AMPLBanten to see our condition, which they consider successful.

Existence of Pokja can eliminate sector-centric because Pokja itselfinvolves in the activities. It means that Pokja also makes control. The rele-vant institutions also involve and even request to be controlled by Pokja. Theyare not offended if we give them ideas.

We hope Pokja will go forward in the future along with fact that formerLeader of Pokja, Ir. H. Nitiamidjaya, MM is appointed as Secretary LocalGovernment. We hope he will give more attention to Pokja. I think thatBanten people will not be healthy and get substandard life if they alwaysdrink inappropriate water.

Saprudin, Pokja member from BPM

A ctually empowerment model has been established before Pokja AMPLexists. However, it is sectoral and scattered. With Pokja, those activities

will be directed well. There will be agreement and meeting to determinedirection of AMPL development.

Rustiantoko, anggota Pokja AMPL dari BapedalPreviously clean water and sanitation project (APBL) was available. Each

sector has its own program. Now, the relevant institutions may involve in theprogram by using the same data. It means that all components will move inone point. Pokja will ensure success, togetherness, and sustainability. (MJ)

T H E I R C O M M E N T S

P okja AMPL Banten has been over two years. What canwe expect now for the implementation? We have allo-

cated budget to Health Service and BPM; now, what willwe do with the budget? About preparation, ProvincialWorking group is ready, and it should be followed byregency/city working group because they will be in directcontact with the people.

DPRD (Local House of Representative) has afforded financial support to thissector. All they expect is implementation of the program. They don't want toknow that the budget is expended only for holding numbers of meeting. So thereis no much time by focusing only to community empowerment. AMPL has beentwo years old; the DPRD likes to see reality other than strategic plan. If result isclear, they will increase budget. That is their commitment. So, socializationshould not take too much time to do. I think water and sanitation (AMPL) deve-lopment is very effective for the people, especially relating to health.

People never think that their wa-ter has gone away. They live atthe foot of Mountain Anjasmoro

for tens of years without lacking waterfrom Kali Sekopek. Therefore, whenWSLIC 2 project existed in this area in2003, Kali Sekopek is one of threesources, Luh and Benda Putih sources,for people of Banaran Village, Kan-dangan Sub-district, Kediri Regency ofEast Java Province.

Until one morning, 24 January2006, large flood swept away Kandang-an area and the vicinity, which was avai-lable in slope of Mountain Anjasmoro.Sungai River, the so-called river, as themain of Kali Sekopek overflowed. Theflood brought large mass of water,woods, mud and rocks. The flood takingsix tolls dead and destroying teens ofhouses in Medowo River, 1 km fromBanaran Village, blocked upstream ofKali Sekopek. Ongoing flow from the bigriver never drops anymore at SekopekRiver. Upstream of the river is now onlya bulk of irremovable boulders.

Sekopek River is but a monument,waterless river. People of RW 1, PutukHamlet of Banaran Village which usual-ly rely on this river are now desperate.Water flow to houses stopped for twodays. Hadi Suwito, Head of BanaranVillage and Chairman of HIPAM (WaterConsumers Association) Margorukunexplained that such condition has forcedHIPAM board to find the way to runwater back to their homes. As emer-gency alternative, people run the creek

to collection tank provided before. "Theimportant thing, we have water," hesaid.

This creek's water debit is small.Therefore they block the flow using sandsacks. Tens of sand sacks were put inrows. And water intake from SekopekRiver was removed to this source. Theresult is not bad. Water flows again. But,people should be patient. Water is givenin shift, yet it is dirty and odor. "In thepast water of Kali Sekopek was clean,"Hadi said.

WSLIC 2 plant delivered in 2005was serving 3133 families or 1,800 indi-

viduals available in one hamlet or 17RTs. In addition to water lost, a maincollection tank of 7 m3 capacity does notoperate anymore.

Hadi explained that his people donot have any alternatives so far toreplace water of Kali Sekopek. If therewere any adequate alternatives how-ever, his people would be ready to givecontribution. "People have no problemto collect money because they fully relyon the board," Hadi confirmed.

Hendra CF that ever assisted WSLIC2 in the village contended that there aretwo alternatives available, namely to

HISTORY

Percik April 2006

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Dried off: Sekopek River spring is bone-dry

13

Lost Water Source,Scarce Course

maintain the existing emergency watersource or to take water from MedowoRiver through pipe. Limitation of theformer is that water contains mud,small debit and often dried during dryseason. However, it is cost saving.Limitation of the latter is that it needslarge cost to procure pipe of over 1,200m long. However, the water runs along

the year. "I think the latter is appropri-ate but it depends on people and fundavailability," Hendra said.

Hendra valuated that pipe procure-ment requires about Rp. 25 million. Itexcludes installation and intake basecost. "This is rough valuation. We havenot considered pipe safety and otherfactors," he said and added that pipe

theft ever occurred in the source loca-tion, while it was close to the village.

Hadi Suwito admitted that he neverthinks so far. Moreover, his side has noidea where to find such fund that heever got from the WSLIC 2 project.Since disaster, people have never ar-ranged meeting to discuss their waterfate in the future. All to be done is totake emergency response to damagedinstallation. "People can actually makecontribution, but it is surely not impo-sed on them, isn't it?" he said.

People contribution of Rp. 1,500 perfamily per month, which has been collectedso far was expended for maintenance cost.Even HIPAM board is not paid for thework. Today, since water is clogged, peopledo not pay contribution anymore, exceptthose continuously receiving water fromBendo Putih source (51 families) and Luhsource (50 families).

Water installation in Bandaran isdifferent from that in Medowo. InMedowo, whole water installations fromWSLIC 2 project is totally defect. Asresult, local government of Kediri re-gency allocates fund for settlement re-pair, including water facility. Mean-while, Banaran as affected village, is outof attention. (MJ)

HISTORY

Percik April 2006

Banaran village is situated in thefoot of Mountain Anjasmoro. Topo-

graphically, it lies in the hillside,northeast of Kediri Regency. It is bor-dered by Jombang Regency. Populationtotaled 2,200 individuals. They livefrom agriculture and plantation.

Water is the main problem for thepeople. Previously, they took waterfrom the creek crossing in the PerumPerhutani area. Water managementwas self-supported by people. Thoseliving in the downstream can get wa-ter by digging wells.

When WSLIC 2 project entered in2003, people welcomed them enthusi-astically. They gave contribution asrequired to get the project. In the ti-

me being, every person was willing topay in cash.

With MPA/PHAST process, peopledetermined themselves what to bebuilt. There were three options, na-mely pipeline, manual well and pumpwell. Second alternative was difficultto meet because well depth varies,some might reach 50 m deep, whilethird alternative was not chosen dueto high maintenance cost. Finally, first

alternative was chosen. People flowed three water sources

available in the village. The three so-urces were situated in Perum Per-hutani area. Each of them was alloca-ted for different people as per dis-tance, house location and water ca-pacity.

Therefore, fund collected was alsodifferent. For those getting waterfrom Bendo Putih should contributeRp. 20,000/month; from Luh was Rp.18,000/month and from Sekopek wasRp. 26,000/month.

Before disaster, all goes smoothly.People's contribution was also ade-quate. But since the incident, waterflow is sluggish. (MJ)

Banaranat Glance

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Emergency: Residents make emergency dam to catch water

14

Is it likely that we don't rely onforeign loan in water and sa-nitation sector?

We don't need to rely on foreign loanas long as our APBN is adequate. How-ever, water and sanitation sector hasbeen included into World MDGs. If wesee, to achieve the 2015 Millennium De-velopment Goals (MDGs), we will be leftbehind when only relying on our Na-tional Budget (APBN), while we cannoteven make investment for water sector.Mr. Basah ever stated that we need Rp.15 trillion to meet only clean water, notdrink water. Until today, our APBN can-not subsidize such amount. Therefore, ifwe only rely on APBN, we'll need toolong to realize the MDGs, maybe until2030. So, foreign loan is one financing

source to accelerate MDGs in this sec-tor. I think we still need foreign loan.

Is there guarantee that usingforeign loan, we will achieve thegoals?

At least we will approach theexpected condition in 2015.

How's the trend of this sectorfinancing in the future?

If our APBN tends to recovery, wewill use APBN and PHLN (Foreign Lo-an) to finance this sector. This is a rea-sonable choice although it will changefinancing composition. If APBN gets re-covered, the portion will be better aswell. We hope that PHLN portion will bereduced. This certainly applies to all

sectors. Provided water and sanitationsector is priority for the government, itshould always be financed from both so-urces.

Where do we get financing so-urces come so far?

We divide the sources into three:first, bilateral countries; second, multi-lateral agencies (ADB, World Bank,European Community, etc.); and third,commercially. Meanwhile, credit itself isdivided into three, namely grant, softcredit and commercial credit, and fromsoft and commercial credits, we knowsuch a mix credit.

What characteristics of thecredit?

Characteristics of one credit toanother are different. Bilateral credit iscommonly soft credit with 25-40 yearsinstallment period and 0.75-2.5% inte-rest. There is usually grace period of 5-7years. Credits differ based on their cha-racteristics, namely tied and untied.Tied means that goods and services sho-uld be procured by creditors. Unitedmeans that goods and services may beprocured through international compe-tition. There is also exception, for exam-ple Japan, where 30% goods should beprocured from Japan and the remainingmay be done through internationalcompetition. Multilateral credit is usu-ally general untied.

Which is cheaper, bilateral ormultilateral?

INTERVIEW


Director of Multilateral Foreign Financing of Bappenas, Delthy S. Simatupang, SH.

Project Preparationis a Decisive Factor

N ational Budget is not ade-quate to meet the deve-

lopment demand. The govern-ment should inevitably bor-row from foreign creditors.Until December 2005, Go-vernment of Indonesia's debtto foreign creditors totaledUS$ 61.048 billion. Suchamount was 45% of Gross Do-mestic Product (GDP).

Government proposes toreduce credit amount by set-tling the credit that has been already allocated,clearance of the credit in progress, and takinginto full consideration when establishing newcredit proposal. On the other side, the govern-ment will take necessary efforts to increase GDPgrowth through an increase in investment andimproved economic foundation as well as main-taining stability of macro economy. In 2009, fo-reign loan will expectedly reduce to 31.8% of GDP.

Today, Bappenas is establish-ing Government Borrowing Stra-tegy to improve foreign loanmanagement. From macro econo-my, the strategy includes demandand usage plan of the foreignloan for 2006-2009. From microeconomy, the strategy includesstrict evaluation on project pro-posal through three screeningdevices, namely focus on priori-ty, criteria of project implemen-tation and preparation, and

improved and evaluation quality. The only well-prepared and qualified project will get foreignloan, while the unprepared ones will be removedaway.

To know more about foreign loan and itsrelation to the new strategy, the following is pre-sented interview between Percik and Director ofMultilateral Foreign Financing, Delthy S.Simatupang, SH.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

There are two opinions based onproject operators' experiences. Con-ventional bilateral is cheaper based oncost of borrowing. However it is muchmore expensive based on cost projectsince it is tied. On the other hand, theInternational Competitive Bidding(ICB) has high cost of borrowing butlower cost of project since it is obtainedfrom international competitive bidding.The bilateral one is LCB (Limited Com-petitive Bidding), meaning that it is onlytendered in the donor country. We canimagine how could it be if companies inthe relevant country regulate the pricingand bear higher cost from the set ten-der. The price will not as competitive asin ICB. We just choose which one weprefer.

How far does the bidder/pro-ject owner involve in project quo-tation during preparation phase?

The important thing is that ownerestimate should be well supported. Thisis what the project owner must take intoaccount. In determining price unit, theyshould know in detail. Experiences indi-cated so far that owner estimate is do-minantly worked on by external techni-cal assistance so that the price is moreexpensive. Therefore, to avoid highercost, government should provide moneyfor preparation of the project. Whyshould the project be expensive? Becausewe usually get the price from PPTA orTA of the creditor. This makes larger si-ze of the project and this relates to port-folio of their credit. Just make sense.Consultant is paid by them other thanby our government in providing us tech-nical assistance. It is reasonable thattheir ownership is in the donor country,not in ours. The design is therefore mo-re expensive. The problem now is thatthe government does not provide moneyfor preparation of the project. If any, itis not sufficient so that preparation istaken over by the foreign consultant.

If this is not fixed, the ownershipwill be highly insufficient. This occursduring pre-design phase, then how ifthis occurs during negotiation phase. Ioften find that during negotiation,donors or their consultants talk more.This indicates that their ownership issmall. We cannot expect that projectruns well if the ownership issue emergessince in the design phase.

So, the projects do not run welljust because of ownership issue?

Ownership is not large because it alldepends on consultant. The projectownership is under question.

Does it mean that project pre-paration crucial?

Preparation of the project is crucial.We in Bappenas will be strict in makingpreparation of the project, from pre-paratory work, negotiation, until moni-toring. It means that we should havequality since presentation of the idea.This is called quality at entry. This willbe in the bluebook. So it has been select-ed from national priority, budget andsuitability with Mid-Term DevelopmentPlan. When the project enters into thebluebook, it means that project is readyto be funded through foreign loan. Afterthat, the project will compete again inour proposal to donor country. And wewill see again selection of priorityamong sectors. Timeframe between pro-

posal and negotiation is the most criticalone. We will consider it carefully and wewill apply the so-called readiness crite-ria.

Why should we be stringent inthe readiness criteria?

Because complying with all criteriawill reduce issues available in the pro-ject implementation. We have evaluatedthe project for the recent 10 years of whythe projects are not on time, projectextension does not run, etc. We find, forexample, issues of land provision, assis-tance fund, and other minor issues suchPMU and PMG that should be esta-blished from the beginning. We wantthat all issues have been fixed from thebeginning. So far, the issues are notclear. We used to go for negotiation withunclear issues. As result, as we executenegotiation, the project does not run.And as consequence, we should pay theso-called unnecessary commitmentcharge, which means government loss.The project will take longer time andthis also bears cost and benefit willchange. For example, we would like tobuild water facility in a city. It should becompleted in 2012 but it is in fact com-pleted in 2012. This is beyond theschedule. And service coverage will besmaller because of increase in popula-tion. We do not pay attention to this sofar and we tend to work out of proce-dure. Creditors do not care becauseupon execution of contract, they receive1%. Bank remains a bank although it is adevelopment bank. They do not knowfree charge. Therefore, we should take itseriously into account regarding thereadiness criteria.

Does it mean there is a changein paradigm in relation to projectpreparation?

Our previous experiences showedthat when we want to make negotiation,they (creditors) set out such criteria. But

INTERVIEW


Therefore, to avoid higher cost,government should provide

money for preparation of theproject. Why should the project

be expensive? Because weusually get the price from PPTA

or TA of the creditor. Thismakes larger size of the project

and this relates to portfolioof their credit.

it is not negotiation criteria but post-negotiation criteria. What happenedthen? After negotiation we cannot meetthe criteria. Now we reverse, we will notmake negotiation if not meeting the cri-teria. They got shocked because therewas no one stepping forward for negoti-ation. From creditor side, they'll losemarket. Finally, all portfolios werereduced. World Bank's reduced. Justimagine, from US$1.2 billion it reducedto US$100-200 million. ADB's even gotzero. Now, project with good prepara-tion will result in good implementation.Therefore, readiness criteria should beconsidered either local government orthe relevant ministry.

How to make effective and effi-cient foreign loan?

Project preparation is so crucial.Now Bappenas is establishing the borro-wing strategy, which provides our bor-rowing capacity and the projects fundedfrom foreign loan should be derivativeof projects under Mid-Term Deve-lopment Plan. The project is no morestanding alone. We're looking forwardthat the strategy will reduce governmentloan to 31.8% in 2009. And we can con-trol our loan stock. Thus we can allocatethe loan to each priority sector and eachsector will have ceiling value. With fixedborrowing capacity, creditors will com-pete to finance the projects. For exam-ple, our borrowing capacity is US$2.5billion per annum. With large numberof creditors, the value offered may bethree folds larger. However, we can onlyborrow such extent so that they willcompete to fund the projects. Thus,project preparation will be better andput in priority. Besides, we also have tobe discipline against foreign budget. It isdifferent now. Each ministry wants toborrow according to its demand. Forexample, if US$2.5 billion were to beborrowed by Ministry of Public Work, itmight be all for the Ministry of Public

Work. Now it must be shared. This isexactly for ready and priority project.And this is not only for the project ha-ving cost recovery but also for socialprojects. This never occurs before.

With the project preparation,will it not delay implementation ofthe project?

Actually the project should not bedelayed. On the other hand, betterpreparation of the project will accelerateproject implementation. Project prepa-ration is inadequate so far and thusimplementation is delayed. Therefore,preparation should require longer time.

What would be challenges inthe future encountered by AMPLsector in relation to foreign loan?

AMPL sector has its own challenges.These relate to application of Law No.33 regarding decentralization. It meansthat with this Law, AMPL issue has beenauthorized to local government. Inter-vention of central government should beeliminated. In fact, capacity of local go-vernment is limited. And central go-vernment will finally make intervention.No problem if the funding sources arefrom APBN (National Budget). But ifthe fund is originating from foreignloan, it will bring about the problembecause the financing should be for local

government. Loan for local governmenthas its own criteria. One of them ismeasured from their fiscal capacity.Many local governments do not meetsuch given criteria. It means that localgovernment is not eligible for the loan,whereas water is the basic need. This isa dilemma. On the other side, eligiblelocal government may borrow throughcentral government; this is calledonlanding. This also bears problem be-cause they're not willing to do so. Theyonly want the fund is used for costrecovery project so that they can settlethe loan. Meanwhile, water and sanita-tion, especially for the poor, are inclu-ded into non cost recovery. Local go-vernment will not take the loan for suchpurpose.

How to solve the problem?Today, Ministry of Finance is pro-

cessing KMK 35 for revision. There isalso revision of Ministry of FinanceRegulation for on granting. We hopethis will give contribution to problemsolution.

Is it likely that we cannotexpect grant?

Grant is always available but theamount is not large, so that we cannotexpect them as development fund. Theamount is not significant. Grant given tous is more related to preparation of theproject. We even call them foreder.Therefore, we should be careful whenreceiving such grant because it couldundercover loan. This is important forus to identify and anticipate. PPTA(Project Preparation Technical Assis-tance) could in turn undercover theloan, except IDTA from ADB, which issoft loan. To be or not, it doesn't matter.So that, relevant ministries and localgovernment should take necessary carewhen receiving any grants becausePPTA is tied although it does not men-tion the same. (MJ)

INTERVIEW


READINESS CRITERIA:Project organization Financing plan and provision of assistancefund Preparation of goods and services procure-ment document in the first yearLand relinquishment and people relocation(for physical project)Establishment of project achievement indi-cators as basis for monitoring and evalua-tion Project implementation directive

Small Scale Water Providers is aninevitable issue. This is becausethere is an urgent need by people

and, on the other side, water companycannot cover all community levels. Toknow more about their role of waterprovision, a Small Scale Water Provi-ders Workshop was held on 23 February2006 ago in North Jakarta.

This workshop was attended by re-presentative of relevant institutions(Bappenas, PU, Depdagri, BPPSPAM),relevant services of DKI Jakarta Pro-vince, sub-districts and villages in theNorth Jakarta, water operators (PAMJaya, TPJ, and Regulatory Body),Settlement Research and DevelopmentCenter of PU, Hydroconseil Consultant,NGO, WASPOLA and Pokja AMPL. Theworkshop was opened by Director ofHousing and Settlement of Bappenas,Basah Hernowo.

He stated that limited access to ade-quate and safe water facility remainsunsolved. According to him, some peo-ple have not obtained service from for-mal providers and most of them are thepoor. This group of people will be thenconsumers of Small Scale Water Provi-ders (SSWPs). Therefore, we shouldconsider the role SSWPs will play in thefuture.

The workshop was filled with pre-sentation being divided in two sessions.First session discussed about results ofthe study on Small Scale Water Pro-viders.

The presentation produced someimportant results as follows:

Results of study in five cities (Ban-dung, Subang, North Jakarta, Pa-lembang and Makassar) showed that

Small Scale Water Providers givecontribution to approximately 2% ofservice coverage. This study alsoshowed second potential of 8% ofthe people using other alternativessuch as public well, river and rain-water.

In general, SSWPs service is dividedinto three: (i) pipeline to house, (ii)tank truck and (iii) cart. Besides,service pattern also varies per city;the most variable is Bandung witheight patterns and the least variableis Makassar with three patterns.This variation is considered relatingto availability of standard water; themore limited standard water, theless service pattern can be estab-lished. For further SSWPs service, this stu-dy showed that pipeline service is inthe top rank followed by tank truckand cart.Study conducted in North Jakartashowed that only 50% North Jakartapeople obtain service from FormalScale Water Providers, while the

remaining depend on other sourcesincluding SSWPs. There are four SSWPs service pat-terns in the North Jakarta area: (i)cart vendor, (ii) tank truck vendor,(iii) small terminal vendor and (iv)pipelining. The dominant pattern iscart vendor. For North Jakarta case, SSWPs ge-nerally depends highly on formalones. Until today, however, waterresale right to the areas uncoveredby formal providers or illegal settle-ment has not been stipulated by go-vernment. Besides, the governmenthas not issued any regulations onsmall scale water providers re-garding permit, service area, qualityand standard pricing. International experience showedthat authorized small scale waterproviders can render continuousservice with equal quality as the for-mal ones but with lower price thantheir illegal counterparts.For development of SSWPs regula-tory body in Indonesia, recommen-dations are made, for example, plan-ning and regulation should involveSSWPs, formal agreement/permitwith key SSWPs for definitive termuntil formal providers can cover theservice. Discussion is aimed at making

SSWPs partner of formal providers inexpanding their service coverage asalternative solution until the formalprovider can serve the coverage area.Service offered by formal providersremains the best alternative because itcan give better and coverable servicethan SSWPs'.

AROUND AMPL


Small Scale Water Providers Workshopin North Jakarta

The workshopwas filled with

presentation beingdivided in two sessions.First session discussed

about results of thestudy on Small Scale

Water Providers.

In order to disseminate alternativewater management using simple andcheap technology at the community

level, Indonesian Communication Forumfor Water Quality Management (FORKA-MI) and USAID Environmental ServicesProgram (ESP) held seminar on WaterManagement at the consumer level at on27 February 2005 in Jakarta.

The seminar was opened by Chair-man of FORKAMI, Abdul Mutholib. Ac-cording to him, people are less aware ofdrink water quality they use. On theother side, water policy is more directedto pipeline use other than water mana-gement at the consumer level. "Another

way is then required to obtain safe andhealthy water," he said.

He considers that this measure isimportant because PDAM service cover-age is still low, about 23%. Beyond this,community consume runoff or well astheir drink water. Process by communi-ty is sometimes less hygienic so thatdiarrhea is easily found everywhere asresult of unhygienic water.

This seminar was attended threekeynote speakers, namely Aman Tirtawith Air Rahmat program, Yayasan Di-an Desa with Solar Water Disinfectant(SODIS) and PUR, and BPLDH DKIJakarta with Plered ceramic filter. Air

Rahmat is water purifier containing1.25% sodium hypochlorite. This sub-stance is simply mixed with unboiledwater as per given dose. SODIS is to ex-pose unboiled water in the transparentmedia under direct sunlight for severalhours so that heat produced will syner-gize with ultraviolet killing bacteria inwater. 4-5 hours heating under tem-perature of 50oC will be able to kill E.coli in the water. Meanwhile, PUR is awater purifier that produces clean andready-to-drink water, and Plered ce-ramic filter layered with silver colloid,from study result, is able to kill bacteriaand produce ready-to-drink water.

AROUND AMPL


Seminar on Water Managementat the Consumer Level

T his year, the government will issuenational water and sanitation pro-

gram. The program is called Commu-nity-Based Water and Sanitation Pro-gram (PAMSIMAS). As preparation ofthe program, a workshop was held on18-19 January 2006 in Jakarta, whichaimed at creating community-basedwater and sanitation model. With themodel, the program can be replicatedwidely into various similar activitiesthroughout Indonesia.

This workshop was attended by re-presentatives of 15 provinces consistingincluding representatives of BAPPEDAand Pubic Work Service. The sessionwas opened by Director General of Ur-ban Development Plan of Public WorkMinistry, Ir. Agoes Widjanarko, MIP.He outlined PAMSIMAS program andexpected goals of the PAMSIMAS Work-shop I.

The workshop was filled with pre-sentation by Bappenas, CPMU WSLICK2, DJCK and Bappeda Lumajang. First

presentation was entitled "Nilai Strate-gis Proyek PAMSIMAS dalam Penca-paian Tujuan Air minum dan Sanitasi" byDirector of Housing and Settlement ofBappenas, Basah Hernowo. The fol-lowing paper was presented by D WanAlkhadri and Zaenal I. Nampira ofCPMU WSLIC 2 regarding experiencesof WSLIC 2 management.On the daytwo, Director of DJCK Program Deve-lopment, Djoko Muryanto, explainedabout Community-Based Water and Sa-nitation National Program (PAMSI-MAS).

The workshop produced several in-puts and agreements such as:

There should be coordination, defi-nite reporting mechanism, integratedplanning and management for pro-gram monitoring and evaluation inthe local levelThere should be extension and hardwork by provincial government forprogram socialization, especially fordisadvantaged people

Selection of regency/city that is eligi-ble to participate in the PAMSIMASprogram using BPS (Central Bureauof Statistics) data, except West Sula-wesi Province that has no such data.They will use data of disadvantage re-gency/city.There should be additional selectioncriteria with the statement of willing-ness to pay operating and manage-ment costs and community's contri-bution.Result of the workshop will be fol-lowed by similar workshop in theprovincial level to choose regency/citythat is eligible to follow PAMSIMASprogram as per indicative schedule ofthe provincial workshop.National PAMSIMAS Workshop II byinviting the selected regency/city,which will be held on 1 March 2006.There should be regular meeting atleast quarterly to discuss the data.

(Mat)

PAMSIMAS Workshop I

World Water Day was commemorat-

ed on 22 March 2006 ago. The topic for

this year is 'Water and Culture.' The

topic described a fact that many ways

can be taken to see and use water as cul-

ture of world community. Water also

has sacred value and an important part

in the ritual ceremonies. Besides, water

is an inspiration of arts, either music,

painting, writing and film. Water is an

important part of science. Each part in

the world has its own way to treat and

manage water. Each area knows water

as the key to human life. Unsurprisingly

that people maintain water in their cul-

ture.

World Water Day was pronounced

in 1992 in the United Nations

Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) or Earth

Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Every

year, the topic presented varies.

Nevertheless, there is common topic for

2005-2014 decade (Water for Life). This

topic reminds everyone in the world to

hold responsibility for clean, fresh, com-

fortable and healthy water for the pre-

sent and future life. Besides, there sho-

uld be full awareness that water is not

only divided based on sources, but also

divided based on scope of responsibility.

Similar to previous years, comme-

moration of World Water Day doesn't

speak loudly. People don't care. Even

government and private agencies direct-

ly relating to water are just calm down,

no special move in this event. Only few

care for water. As result, World Water

Day runs as it is, like water.

AROUND AMPL


World Water Day 2006

Water and Culture

S o far just few PDAM make contribution

to World Water Day. PDAM Tirta

Kahuripan of Bogor Regency is one who

uses this opportunity. The Local owned compa-

ny uses the moment through small ceremony,

revegetation, and open house field trip for SD-

SMU students. "This is in accordance with PDAM

Tirta Kahuripan concept of action, education,

and reward," said President Director of PDAM

Tirta Kahuripan, Ina Gustina Agoes.

He stated that commemoration of World

Water Day is a right moment for PDAM to make

people aware of improving their water manage-

ment habit. He mentioned that such bad habits

include disposal of waste to the river, illegal

logging, and inefficient water consumption.

"Disposing of waste to the river will hamper

PDAM to conduct water management. High

complexity will bring impact to high cost of

management and operational," she said in the

moment of World Water Day held in Cibinong

Bogor, West Java Province.

Therefore, Ina invited all people to active-

ly involve in securing wise effort in the use and

conservation of water resources. According to

her, each individual should review water impor-

tance as the source of life.

(MJ)

PDAM Tirta Kahuripan andWorld Water Day

SOURCES:MUJIYANTO

Open House: Director of PDAM Tirta Kahuripan, Kab. Bogor gives explainationabout water treatment to students in open house program.

In order to know condition of Waterand Sanitation for Low IncomeCommunity (WSLIC) 2 Project,

World Bank together with relevant ins-titutions conducted supervision to tworegencies, namely Ponorogo and Kediriin East Java Province on 14-17 February2006. In the meantime, the mission alsowas also held in Jember-Lumajang(East Java), West Nusatenggara (NTB),West Sulawesi, and South Sulawesi.

PonorogoThe team visited Mrican Village of

Jenangan Sub-district and PomahanVillage of Pulung Sub-district. Both vil-lages were selected based on projectphase they have passed. Mrican is stillin the process, and Pomahan hasentered post project phase.

Mrican village received WSLIC 2Project in 2005 and today is in thefourth phase. People build pipelinefacility and take water from the spring.The water is taken from the groundusing water pump. All facilities havebeen built and under operation. Mainpipeline is embedded in the groundalong village road. In the phase, peoplewill build pipeline connection to houses.This water installation will serve 397families or 1,985 individuals of 1,209families (4,163 individuals).

Before the project, some local people(mid and upper level) have receivedwater from PDAM. However, it is notrunning well and even always runs out.Some other people, especially the poor,

receive water from the ditch/small riverthat flows to the village. Before con-sumed, the water is usually let settleovernight since it is very turbid andbrown in color.

Although having entered final, peo-ple do not have planning that who willbe in charge of management and howmuch people should contribute but ithas been proposed to use water meter.

The standing issue is legality of theland for water resources. The landbelongs to PT. Perhutani. People everrequested Perhutani to grant them per-mit to use the area but it was not in thearea on which pump facility is beingbuilt.

Meanwhile in Pomahan village, theWSLIC 2 Project has been delivered.Building condition is good. Water facili-ty by using gravitational pipeline stillworks and water overwhelms.

Every family is charged Rp. 2,500.Water facility is managed by BUMDTirto Aji. This management is integra-ted with rural mosque management.BUMD board is not paid alias they workvoluntarily. According to the board,people contribution is expended formaintenance cost. During rainy season,people contribution is even not ade-quate because the water is turbid duringthe season. However, people activelyinvolve in maintaining the facility. Theyare willing to work together as required.

KediriAs in Ponorogo, two villages were

selected to represent under process andpost project villages. Banaran village ofKandangan Sub-district representedpost project village and Wonorejo Tri-sulo Village of Plosoklaten Sub-districtrepresented under process village.

WSLIC 2 Project entered BanaranVillage in 2003. Upon project delivery,building condition is still good and wellmaintained until disaster hit one of wa-ter resources on 24 January 2006. Nowpeople consume emergency water facili-ty with small debit and dirty water.(Read the Story Column for detail).

Meanwhile in Wonorejo Trisulo vil-lage, people build pipeline facility. Wa-ter is taken from river of more than 2km distance from village. The facility isgood. Even the pipeline is built to crossthe hill. All is done cooperatively. Wo-men also involve in the excavation of pi-peline route. Now heavy-duty facilityhas been completed. The next phase ispipe connection to houses.

Water s the serious problem for thisvillage. Since the location is quite dis-tant, people should finally buy waterwith higher price and well is quite deepto reach water. Today, people can getclean water from public hydrant built inthe some areas of the village.

People's concern in the future is con-dition of water sources. This watercomes from the river of lava flow fromMountain Kelud. If the mountain wereto explode sometime, water sourceswould say goodbye.

(MJ)

AROUND AMPL


Mission of WSLIC 2Supervision in Ponorogo

and Kediri

National Workshop on WorkPlan Consolidation and Mar-keting of Local Pokja AMPL

was held on 13-15 March 2005 in Bali.This workshop was attended by delega-tion of 7 provinces and 25 regen-cies/cities as areas of implementation ofCommunity-Based Water and Sani-tation Program.

The workshop was opened byNugroho Tri Utomo of Bappenas andRussel Abram of WASPOLA. Nugrohoexplained that achievement of the pro-gram implementation in the local levelresult in valuable experiences. Theprocess will continue with preparationof work plan 2006 and expansion toother regions. Meanwhile Russelexplained that WASPOLA 1, for first fiveyears, will focus on policy formulationwhich results in Community-BasedAMPL Program. Furthermore, WASPO-LA 2 will focus on implementation ofAMPL-BM program in the local level.Today, such activity is conducted in 7provinces and 25 regencies/cities.

In the meantime, Basah Hernowo,Director of Housing and Settlement ofBappenas in his acknowledgementexplained that AMPL-BM NationalProgram is formulated as government'sawareness of improved people welfarethrough sustainable AMPL service. Thisprogram consists of 11 principles asimplementation reference in order torealize sustainability and optimum out-come of the APML facility.

According to him, many experiencescan be taken from the activities alreadyconducted by each province and regencyaccompanied by WASPOLA in 2005. Hehoped that such experiences will be use-

ful in the formulation of work plan in2006. Another proudly outcome is thatlocal government is in fact able to for-mulate AMPL strategic plan in the locallevel. Some areas have even conductedbudget calculation in the APML sectortoward MDGs.

He explained that achievement ofMDGs, namely to serve half of unco-vered people, requires huge cost, aboutRp. 43 trillion until 2015 or Rp 4.3 tri-

llion per annum. Such a huge cost willnot be covered by the government itself.Therefore, Basah continued, variousresources should empowered such asconsumers, private sector, and even fo-reign donors.

The workshop was filled with pre-sentation of the result of activities 2005and work plan 2006 in the local level.From evaluation on the activities, it isconcluded that each region is aware ofimportance of AMPL data collection.The discussion also found importance ofregular data collection. Pokja AMPLitself has coordinated with BPS to inputvariables into Susenas 2007.

Besides, most regions have put inpriority AMPL sector in the regionaldevelopment even with small propor-tion of budget. Therefore, we shouldcommit to increase AMPL in view of lowservice coverage of AMPL. (Mat)

AROUND WASPOLA


National Workshop on Work PlanConsolidation and Marketing of Local

Pokja AMPL

Various resourcesshould empoweredsuch as consumers,private sector, andeven foreign donors

SOURCE:HARDIYANTO

Training on Total Sanitation Cam-

paign (TSC) took place on 1-4

February 2006 in Kebumen of

Central Java Province. This training was

facilitated by Plan Indonesia and

WASPOLA. The event was followed by 42

participants from NGO, Local POKJA

AMPL, National POKJA AMPL (Dep.PU,

Depkes, Depdagri and Bappenas) and

Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS).

The training was opened by Oswar

Mungkasa from Directorate of Housing

and Settlement of Bappenas. He asserted

importance of sanitation and water facili-

ties development in achieving Millen-

nium Development Goals (MDGs).

The training was aimed at introduc-

ing approaches and techniques adopted

by Plan Indonesia to implement com-

munity-based sanitation and hygiene. It

is provided in the form of class discus-

sion and field visit.

Approaches adopted in this TSC are:

(i) sanitation and hygiene through social

marketing technique; (ii) establishing

moral agreement between government

and community on sanitation and water

protection, (iii) assisting skill develop-

ment of local government, community

group and individuals to support con-

struction of latrine and other water pro-

tection system, (iv) introducing sanita-

tion practice and will support improved

sanitation, and (v) supporting commu-

nity in the system supervision for sus-

tainable sanitation and hygiene pro-

gram.

Participants visited two villages,

namely Balorejo village that is still

untouched by TSC program and Se-

lotumpeng village that has adopted

healthy life practice, namely to go the

latrine provided by Plan Indonesia and

community self-support.

With this training, participants can

see, analyze, improve and implement

better sanitation and hygiene in their

respective work area. (GUS/Riz)

AROUND WASPOLA


Training on Total Sanitation Campaign

In order to agree with imple-

mentation of community-

based water and sanitation

program, a workshop was held on 25

January 2006 in Jakarta. The event

was followed by 33 participants from

relevant institutions such as

Bappenas, Dep. PU, Depdagri,

Depkes, National Pokja AMPL and

WASPOLA.

The workshop for development

of monitoring and evaluation frame-

work was opened by Director of Ho-

using and Settlement of Bappenas,

Basah Hernowo.

Outcomes of the workshop included

nine provinces being places for imple-

mentation of program 2006, namely

West Sumatera, Banten, Central Java,

NTB, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, South-

east Sulawesi and NTT. Meanwhile for

facilitation will be adjusted with deve-

lopment strategy and taskforce of pro-

vincial AMPL.

In this event, WASPOLA and Natio-

nal Pokja AMPL presented their work

agenda for program implementation.

The agenda included consolidated na-

tional workshop as result of 2005 pro-

gram implementation, workshop on

program dissemination for new region

in the context of adhering to implemen-

tation of 2006 program, evaluation of

provincial/regional demand for

program implementation, capacity

building through training and

workshop packages which will be

facilitated by WASPOLA, technical

assistance in the provincial and

regency level upon request, moni-

toring and evaluation, and coordi-

nation meeting for review of pro-

gram implementation in the

regional level, in which one of the

meeting will be held in the national

level in the form of Water Day

Forum by inviting all stakeholders.

As follow up of the workshop, moni-

toring framework was accomplished

based on participants' input complete

with performance indicators, synchro-

nization of WASPOLA action plan with

Pokja AMPL's regarding other activities,

and all ministries, including WASPOLA

are to make proposal of activities to be

funded by Plan International. (GUS)

Workshop on the Development of Policy StrategySOURCE: WSS

ABSTRACT


Community Empowermenton Water Supply

in Rural AreaW

ater is a basic need forhuman being. Unfortu-nately, it is not distributed

evenly as per demand. Today, thereare more than 100 million Indonesianpeople who do not have access towater. Most of them are disadvan-taged people and living in the village.

Government has made efforts tobuild water and sanitation facilities inthe era of 1970s until 1990s. Howeverbecause of low participation of thecommunity, the facilities did not con-tinue. Therefore, demand responseapproach is being developed byinvolving community in all aspects ofplanning, implementation and main-tenance.

This study is aimed at improvingsustainable water supply in the villageand used effectively by people as wellas formulating community empower-ment model in the water supply. Thestudy took place in RT 06 and 07 RWO6 Cijayanti Village, BabakanMadang Sub-district of BogorRegency, West Java Province. Thestudy was conducted in three phases,namely fieldwork I (5-18 June 2003),fieldwork II (8-20 September 2003),and fieldwork III (1-17 November2004). Participatory approach usedwas MPA/PHAST.

Both RTs are exposed to waterdeficit during dry season. A total of51.68% of 567 people were the poor.The village was situated on the mas-sive rocks and sand so that it was notsuitable for groundwater deposit in

the long period. On the other side,progressive exploitation of upstreamsoil, illegal logging and undergroundwater exploitation for real estatedevelopers, which were in excess of

soil absorbability. People get waterfrom "kobakan", namely a pond builtby local people in 1988 with contribu-tion per family of Rp. 10,000 - Rp.15,000. The water is less clean. Incase of rainless, the kobakan con-tained less water so that peopleshould find water in Cikeas River.

Facing this condition, people werethen facilitated to deal with the pro-blem. They consisted of influentialfigures in both RTs, either men orwomen. This activity was conductedthrough workshop or musyawarah(people's term) as a forum to presenttheir work in the form of identifica-tion and work plan. People proposedto build clean water facility in theform of filtration and use of river.

Government has madeefforts to build water andsanitation facilities in theera of 1970s until 1990s.However because of low

participation ofthe community,

the facilities did notcontinue

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

They have also established details ofworking group and cost demand theplanning and maintenance. People'sproposal was then approved by Village

Head and Sub-district Head and thendelivered to Local Government ofBogor Regency and relevant institu-tions.

The study established communityempowerment model in the rural watersupply as presented in the following:

ABSTRACT


PREPARATION1. Preparing issues

2. Permit3. Community overview (location, population, local resources,

community structure, institutional)4. Review on community development in the water supply

5. Establishing field work and preparation

REVIEW1. Selection of candidate together with community leaders

2. Participatory identification of circumstances (identification of community welfare,water consumption, water resource condition, understanding of facility and

healthy life behavior, time usage)3. Analysis of circumstances

(PARTICIPATORY) PLANNING1. Selection of water facility

2. Establishment of Working group (Pokja)3. Establishment of water facility sitemap

4. Establishment of budget plan5. Establishment of Pokja's work plan

FORMULATION OF ACTION PLAN1. Preparation of Proposal2. (Participatory) Workshop

3. Delivery of Proposal to financier

(PARTICIPATORY) IMPLEMENTATIONTo implement Pokja's work plan

Termination Phase Monitoring and evaluation (participative)

Sumerized from “Community Empowerment in Water Provision in Rural”.By: Pipip Rif'ah. Post Graduate Program, IPB. 2004

Only with media and sand, watercan be treated into clean waterand free from pathogen? Why

not? This has been proven by Ir. IrmanDjaya, Dipl.SE, M.Eng, official of Mi-nistry of Public Work. This water purifi-er is called Air Mandiri. This innovationhas been adopted in Perumahan CitraRaya Tangerang since 1997 and stillworks until today.

This system uses Slow Sand Fil-tration (SSF). They key to successfulsystem is: (1) net turbidity unit (NTU) ofstandard water of about 50 NTU; (2)flow rate through sand of 0.03-0.1mm/sec; and (3) sand granule of lessthan 0.5 mm.

In general, the process occurring inthe sand filtration media is physical se-paration, deposition, absorption, oxida-tion (biochemical), and bacteriologicalactivities. In specific, this SSF is a mediafor microorganism activity which is con-ditioned as such to live dominantly inthe media. The bacteria will kill patho-genic bacteria, developing on the sandsubstrate and forming layer calledSchmutz-decke, name of the founder.

This equipment uses reliable, cheap,operable and sustainable principles.Thus, it is suitable for rural areas havinghigh fluctuation of turbidity as com-monly found in typical runoff.

The SSF system consists of infiltra-tion galleries, oxidizing tank, RSF(Rapid Sand Filtration), SSF, and reser-voir. Infiltration galleries serve to re-duce turbidity (over 100 NTU). The sys-tem does not take water directly fromthe water column but through galleriesbuilt near the water column. From theinfiltration galleries, water is pumped orby using gravitational force toward oxi-

dizing tank. RSF serves to increasewater quality to hygienically potablewater.

This purifier has been prepared byIrman using knock down system, so it isready to install. The material used isfiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), easi-ly installed and taking less than 10 days.The design is also aimed at anticipatinglong-term demand, namely Water Puri-fier is removable as required.

Result of lab analysis showed thatwater produced from IPA Air Mandirihas satisfied water standard as coveredunder Minister of Health RI RegulationNo. 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002. This isshown from the following test result seetable below).

Price of this simple purifier is 40%cheaper than Large-Scale Water Treat-ment Plant, while production cost ofstandard water toward potable water isin fact cheap, only Rp. 37 per m3 (in-cluding wage, contingency cost, etc.).This is much lower than production costof PDAM of about Rp. 1000 per m3 ormineralized water of Rp. 125,000 perm3. Additionally, it is easy to manage,requiring only two personnel withoutany skill specification.

IPA Air Mandiri can be designed as

per desired production capacity, from0.25; 0.5; 1; 2.5; 5 and 10 liter per se-cond. It depends on fund allocation andsources of standard water available(river, swamp, lake, pond/condensedwater). Capacity of 1 liter per secondrequires an area of 40 m2. This capacityis able to serve 1,000 individuals withconsumption rate of 60 liter per indivi-dual per day. The water produced isdrinkable instantly without boiling.Would you like to try? (MJ)

INNOVATION


Water Purifier (IPA) ofAir Mandiri

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD WATER PRODUCT DEPKES STANDARD

Net Turbidity Unit (NTU) : 28.5 0.78 5

Fe Content : 2.55 0.05 0.3

Coliform Content : positive negative negative

Escherichia Coli : 88 0 0

Germ / mm : 159 0 0

Groundwater issues are promi-nent along with InternationalEcohydrology Symposium held

in Bali last November. Two monthsbefore, a national workshop on Ground-water Salvation was held in associationwith National Save Water Day an-nounced by President Yudhoyono. Itmeans that groundwater is a complexissue in line with 'scarce' of water supplyto meet daily needs as well as supportother activities (irrigation, industry,etc.).

Water issue does not on its avai-lability. Earth provides water of the sa-me proportion since dinosaur era. A to-tal of 97% comes as seawater and onlyone third does as freshwater and the re-mainder is in the form of ice (NationalGeographic Special Edition, November1993). However, water availability isthought much insufficient.

The following is a variety of waterresources used by community accordingto BPS data.

The abovementioned table showsthat water mostly comes from theground. Consumption year by yeartends to increase.

People's advantages of using gro-undwater:

Groundwater is better in qualitythan runoff, such as river, at leastthe former is more clean Low operation costGroundwater needs water pump to

operate it, thus people only pay elec-tric cost, although the existing regu-lations require groundwater retribu-tion. Whereas investment in thegroundwater supply is relativelysimilar to pipeline system de-pending on well depth being used.On-site, meaning that groundwateris easily found everywhere Administrative practicality and wai-ting list is thus not necessaryThese all are opportunity for MDG's

achievement to increase communityaccess to clean water supply in fast, effi-cient, and effective manners in terms ofnatural resources allocation. However,as with change in environment anddemographical pressure (more thannumber of population), groundwater

resources decrease in quantity, qualityand continuity.

Nature of groundwaterIncreasing groundwater consump-

tion will cause decrease in groundwaterlevel. Groundwater level in DKI Jakartais 48 meter below MSL, Bandung area is95 meter below MSL and Semarang is28 meter below MSL.

Meanwhile, seawater intrusion inCikampek area reaches 26 km, Ciasemand Subang is until 15km, Indramayu isuntil 6km, whereas Cirebon is until2km. Seawater intrusion in Jakartaincreases in chloride content, eitherquantity or quality. Almost along 1 kmfrom coast edge, well of less than 40mdeep contains saltwater. The next wellsof 2 km long area contain undrinkablebrine water.

Another issue is contamination of

INSIGHT

Percik April 2006 a

Groundwater:The Miserable Resources

By:Gustomi R*

* Runoff : tapwater & river** Ground Water : mineralized water, pump

water, well, spring

Year Runoff *) (%) Groundwater** (%) Rainwater (%)

2000 No data 61.32 No data

2002 21.64 75.17 2.79

2004 21.49 76.04 2.66

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

domestic waste such as poor safety tankdrainage (should be 10 m distance fromlatrine or other domestic waste area).Survey of Ministry of Health in year2000 suggested that almost 45% non-plumbing water resources (mostly origi-nating from groundwater) are contami-nated by E. coli.

Further result is frequent land subsi-dence as occurred in some area of Pa-dalarang - Cileunyi toll road (Padaleu-nyi Bandung). This is due to decrease insoil bearing capacity since interstitialpores formerly occupied by water is nowsubstituted by air.

Causes In simple way, all issues above are

caused by excessive groundwaterexploitation resulting in decrease ingroundwater level. Entering regionalautonomy, provincial government hasno right to limit or grant exploitationpermit. For the sake of local revenuegeneration, city/regency governmentsometimes ignores environmentalaspects. In Jakarta area during past1998-2003, there was an increase ingroundwater exploitation until 38%,from 16.8 million-23.2 million m3/year.The same occurs in other big cities suchas Bandung, reaching 21%. The data wastaken from well registered in local mi-ning ministry excluding illegal well con-structed by household or industry.

If tracked further, the main cause ofthe issues is an increase in populationnumber, urbanization, and socialchange (poverty and lifestyle). Theincrease in population number willautomatically encourage 'demand' forbasic needs. Urbanization causes pres-sure on land exploitation and triggersurban poverty and overexploitation oflimited natural resources. In the mean-time, poverty issue itself restricts thepeople from access to appropriate livingresources (drink water, housing andfood) so that distressing the naturalresources. Another social issue is thechange in lifestyle due to improved edu-

cation and economy. As comparison,water consumption in cities reaches 132liter/individual/day whereas in ruralareas the amount is 25 liter/indivi-dual/day. Such difference is 5 times lar-ger, which means that 1% increase in ur-banization rate equals 5% increase inwater consumption. Therefore, thereshould be more effective approach forany policy to this lifestyle issue.

'Key' cause of the water overexploi-tation is mass policy of the living re-sources such as industrialization (inclu-ding agriculture, plantation, mining andtourism), which ignores environmentalaspects. This process is interpretation ofthe previous demographic quantity. Forexample, rice, energy (oil and gas), palmplantation, supporting industry, et ce-tera. Those are like an invisible linkagainst demographic change. Water asthe main support of those activities willbe distressed.

What should be done?Before further discussing on precau-

tionary measures for groundwater con-servation, let us look around influentialvariables to groundwater condition.

Water-containing soil is called aqui-

fer; soil with poor water (even lack of it)is called aquicklude, such as clay androck; and transitional category is calledaquitard. In each discussion on ground-water, aquifer is the most frequentlyhighlighted. There are 3 types ofaquifer:

Pressurized aquifer. This type is con-fined by impermeable layer in theupper and lower parts. Thus, it isidentical to water flow in the pi-peline. It is 40m to hundreds ofmeter deep. This type of aquifer runsbased on difference in intersegmen-tal pizomtric pressure.Non-pressurized aquifer. This typehas free water flow following soilcontour. This flow is identical toopen profile (river, canal). It is notmore than 40m deep from ground-water level. This aquifer flows basedon difference in water level (follo-wing soil contour).Semi pressurized aquifer. It is simi-lar to pressurized one. The dif-ference is that the confining layer ofthe latter is impermeable. This aqui-fer is identical to pipeline withporous wall. If the aquifer is illustrated in two-

INSIGHT

Percik April 2006 b

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

dimensional section, it reveals water inthe pipeline running by pressure dif-ference. However, if illustrated in three-dimensional section, this reveals a largelake beneath the wide ground (especial-ly pressurized and semi pressurizedones). It is then called basin, for exam-ple, Bandung Basin, the famous basin inIndonesia. This basin has 1,730 km2 wi-de. With average rainfall of 2,478 mm/-year, rainwater penetrating into groundis about 8.6% (213 mm/year) and therecharge will be about 368.5 millionm3/year.

There are three key parameters tomeasure capacity of an aquifer:

Coefficient of permeability (K),namely capacity of an aquifer to passthrough a 1m2 section beneath100% hydrological slope (vertical)Specific capacity (Qs), namely waterdebit obtained by the decrease ingroundwater level as long as lengthunit in a pump well until end ofpumping periodAquifer depth (D) against cross sec-tionThese parameters determine pro-

ductivity of an aquifer naturally. How-ever, the three parameters are actualizedby morphology, stratigraphy and struc-tural geology in the form of hydrogeo-logical contour. Meanwhile, generalstandard to determine the existing con-dition of an aquifer lies on groundwaterlevel.

Human intervention affecting con-dition of an aquifer is in the form of:

Land use that will determine re-charge to groundwater. Change inland layout such as soil tamping andblocking will reduce the recharge.Non-pressurized aquifer is relativelyinfluenced by land and rainfall,while pressurized aquifer is deter-mined by recharge area with highertopography (mountains, hills andthe like) where pizomtric pressuremay be higher to form the pressu-rized groundwater flow. BandungBasin for example, recharge area in-

cludes Lembang (southern area ofMountain Tangkubanparahu),North Bandung, Jarian, Majalayaand Soreang Hills. Land change inthese areas will automatically influ-ence availability of pressurizedaquifer of Bandung area and the vi-cinity. Debit of consumed groundwater iswater volume exploited in one unitof time. As known, groundwater

exploitation in the cities is conduct-ed massively, mainly by industrialsector. Duration of exploitation. Exploi-tation will degrade the groundwaterlevel. The longer consumption time,the faster degradation rate. Con-tinuous exploitation does not allowrecovery of a well. Furthermore,energy used for continuous exploita-tion will be higher. Well density in an area. This willstrongly affect degradation rate ofgroundwater level and aquifer in onearea unit for recovery.Well depth within an aquifer. Themore well consuming water in oneaquifer layer, the faster degradationwill be.Technical design of pump filter pla-cement in the aquifer and pump typeused (capacity of pump head anddebit)With the abovementioned defini-

tions, technical management of thegroundwater can be determined toensure its continuity. There are three

INSIGHT

Percik April 2006 c

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

However, if illustrated inthree-dimensional

section, this revealsa large lake beneath

the wide ground(especially pressurizedand semi pressurized

ones).

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

factors to be undertaken in the contextof land conservation (Decree of Ministerof Energy and Mineral Resources No.1451-K-10-MEM-200):

Recharge maximization (by con-structing absorption well and deter-mination of conservation area forrecharge area)Exploitation permit (restricting issueof new permit on groundwater exploi-tation; exploitation permit includesvalidity, debit quantity, and welldepth; stipulating taxes; and givingtechnical recommendation on per-missible depth of groundwater con-sumption)Groundwater protection (reliablesafety tank design, industrial wastemanagement)

However, implementation of thepolicy should be taken into account. Forexample, in the issue of groundwater ex-ploitation permit. This permit shouldcontain optimum permissible quantityof water debit determined from pum-ping test. By seeing the 6 human inter-ventions as aforementioned, eachchange in those factors 'should' auto-matically affect the water exploitation.In the common sense, well quantity willincrease and recharge capacity remainsconstant (even decreasing in the reali-ty), optimum debit of each well in onebasin will certainly change in volume.Unfortunately, in the process of permitextension, pumping test is not under-taken anymore to determine new debitof the altered condition. This will betechnically a susceptible point.

Non-technical measuresThe abovementioned policy should

be complemented by real implementati-on together with profound research aswell as integral and valid data. Edu-cation for stakeholders as well as aware-ness and persuasive campaigns shouldbe conducted. If necessary, it should beincluded into curriculum for primaryand secondary schools (although not inthe form of special subject). Another

issue to be accomplished is law enforce-ment. Media release commonly high-lights complaint on difficult access togroundwater and legal proceedingsagainst groundwater abuse.

By seeing such condition, big strate-gy should be taken in relation to MDGsachievement. We cannot rely ongroundwater to achieve the MDGs ifthere is no significant change in the ma-nagement. Meanwhile pipeline systemwill be cost consuming. This big strategyrequires holistic and integral frameworkother than relying on command andcontrol mechanism as apparent so far.

On the other side, there is lack of goodgovernance. In this case, communityparticipation should be encouraged inthe policymaking and implementationprocess. Community participation willprovide easy control and effective edu-cation for environmental awareness.Besides, creative process is required inthe incentive and disincentive creationfor industries involving in environmen-tal conservation.

Land, water, flora and fauna will re-act against any change. Pollution, land-slide, flood, drought and climatologicchange are logic process of natural evo-lution to react against any change. Theyare not 'hurt' for what human being hasmade because survive and perish are thesame state as the human taking foodand drink. They are only sad to witness'idiot' destruction made by human thatwill in turn bring disaster to humanhimself. They cry when seeing humancompete to change their lifestyle coinci-dentally with destructive pace they willsuffer. They cry for our bad fate. Howdeep their solidarity to us is.

*Staff of AMPL Working groupSecretariat and activist of Komunitas Periuk

Nasi,

INSIGHT

Percik April 2006 d

Land, water, flora and fauna willreact against any change.

Pollution, landslide, flood, droughtand climatologic change are logicprocess of natural evolution to

react against any change. They arenot 'hurt' for what human being has

made because survive and perishare the same state as the human

taking food and drink.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Until to date, most of DKI Ja-karta low income people (here-inafter referred to as "Jakarta")

living in the slum area, especially inNorth and West Jakarta, are exposed toclean water supply issues. There arethree combinations of clean waterissues. First, there is a lack of drinkwater supply by PAM Jaya so that theywill have dark future in terms of cleanwater access. Second, substitution ofgroundwater is unavailable becausethose areas are degrading in water qua-lity (water sources exposed to sea intru-sion and resulting in brine and likelysalty water). Third, high cost of cleanwater, until Rp. 20,000 per m3, moreexpensive than that of the highest costcustomer in DKI Jakarta, only Rp.12,000 per m3.

These issues exacerbate condition ofthe poor in Jakarta and create public hy-gienic problem, which will in turnincrease the public cost to be borneeither by individuals or local govern-ment, in the form of subsidy.

The existing approaches are to pro-vide water tank facility, which is evidentto be expensive, highly exhausted, andprone to abuse. There should be otherapproaches to resolve the problem ba-sed on the following characteristics:cheap, self-support, powerful and part-nership. The model offered is tempora-rily called PENGELOLA AIR MINUMMANDIRI (SELF-SUPPORT WATERSUPPLY) or "PAM2".

PAM2 model is based on the factthat there is a total of 1,196 publichydrants mostly owned by individuals.

These are initially intended to meetpublic needs, which the PAM (water-works) cannot access to (usually theslum areas). In the following progress,owners of these hydrants make watercommercialization by means of sellingthe water to the poor with expensiveprice, while PAM offers 5A (low) rate.Thus, there has been 'public crime' com-mitted by "hydrant owners". Firstly,'individual ownership' of the publicasset (hydrant). Secondly, social prod-uct (hydrant water sold with social

price) is commercialized beyond rea-sonable price by using water lack amongthe poor. Thirdly, consumption of largevolume of water by using large debitfrom hydrant (flowing from secondarypipeline) will bring loss to adjacent con-sumers that receive water supply fromtertiary pipelines. Fourthly, this createsa kind of 'water mafia' that interfereswith social economy in the area.

The model offered is to build PAM2by changing hydrant ownership statusand establish new 'hydrant'.

INSIGHT


Water for the Poorin Jakarta

By: Riant Nugroho Dwidjowijoto*)

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Nine NotesPAM2 model can be visualized as

follows:

The abovementioned visualizationcan be elaborated as follows: Firstly,there are (existing) hydrants runningfrom tertiary pipelines toward slumareas. These hydrants were owned andmanaged by individuals and for individ-uals' interest other than common use.The hydrants will be managed underpublic assets.

Secondly, ownership status of the(existing) hydrants is changed to publicstatus (controlled by RT, and maximallyRW).

Thirdly, to build collection tank tomeet people demand. For example, ifthe area is occupied by 100 poor fami-lies and each family needs 10 m3/monthof water, then maximum volume to besupplied to the collection tank will be1,000 m3 per month. This is to preventneo commercialization of drink water inthe area. Water meter will be theninstalled between hydrant and collec-tion tank with maximum demand.

Fourthly, from the collection tank,pipeline is installed and distributed toeach family upon self-support fund orgrant (in the form of IBRAD/ADBgrant) through Output Based Aid.

Fifthly, each household is given vol-

ume limiter to provide the same propor-tion of water.

Sixthly, "drink water management"is established in the area, which is calledSELF-SUPPORT WATER MANAGE-MENT (PAM2) Unit, Agency orInstitution.

Seventhly, PAM2 is led by a mana-ger, which will undertake water dis-tribution to each household and invoi-ces. This simple water management isillustrated as follows:

Eighthly, selling price to PAM2should be above social (5A) rate ena-bling operators to increase their incomebut selling price to the people remainscoverable (below the highest rate).Thus, PAM2 management will get rea-sonable profit. Operating profit will beused for "manager" fee and maintenan-ce cost, while rate of investment will beused for public interest, for example,educational subsidy (scholarship) or he-alth aid (for the sick) so that PAM2 willbuild social trust and independent so-cial security within the PAM2 location.

Ninthly, project finance will be ob-tained from local government in coo-peration with donors (World Bank) anddrink water providers, especially privatepartners holding concession to distri-

bute water in DKI Jakarta. Cooperationand financing are undertaken by usingtwo models.

Two development modelsIn the model 1, PAM development

fund is regarded "loan" to be reimbur-sed by PAM2 to the project. The projectwill 'roll' the reimbursed fund to financeother PAM2. Thus, while in the firstphase, 10 PAM2 can be realized with 5-year reimbursement, other PAM2 canbe developed in the following five yearswithout any subsidy or new financingbecause they obtain fund from the rateon investment of first phase PAM2. Thismodel can be illustrated as follows:

Model 2 is "pure grant" where pro-ject financing (from donors, local go-vernment and private) is regarded puregrant and thus PAM2 does not need tomake reimbursement. Managementmodel is presented as follows:

From both models it is seen thatbanks (see rightmost box) are 'allowed'to finance the project as long as they aregiven political support and/or guaran-tee by the government. If these modelsare adequate, banks may consider gi-ving the loan. Of course the relevantbank will be Bank DKI Jakarta.

INSIGHT


Operator

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

PAM2

PAM2

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

Operator

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

PAM2

PAM2

Operator

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

hidran

Bak penampungan

Rumah penduduk

PAM2

PAM2

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

Jaringan pipa

PAM Jaya

Air MinumPAM2

Rumah tangga

Air bersih

Air bersih

tarif kepada operator(> Tarif 5A)

Lebih besar dari tarif yang dibayarkan kepada operator

Selisih harga dipergunakan untuk honor manajer/ pengelola, pengelolaan/ pemeliharaan, dan bagi hasil untuk seluruh warga peserta

PAM Jaya

Air MinumPAM2

Rumah tanggaRumah tangga

Air bersih

Air bersih

tarif kepada operator(> Tarif 5A)

Lebih besar dari tarif yang dibayarkan kepada operator

Selisih harga dipergunakan untuk honor manajer/ pengelola, pengelolaan/ pemeliharaan, dan bagi hasil untuk seluruh warga peserta

Grant dari donor Dana Pemda(APBD)

Dana KemitraanPengelola Air Minum(PAM, Palyja, TPJ)

Kelembagaan Proyek PAM2

PAM2 “A” PAM2 “B” PAM 2 “C" PAM2 “D”

Pemda-Donor-OperatorWakil Masyarakat

Tahap Pertama Tahap kedua

Dana masyarakat Dana masyarakat Dana masyarakat Dana masyarakat

Proses bisnis

Donor Pemerintah Swasta

Pinjaman Perbankan

Swasta

•Administrasi proyek•Administrasi pengguliran dana•Pelatihan/capacity building•Pemandirian•Monitoring & Evaluasi

•Pembangunan jaringan pipa•Pembangunan bak penampungan

•Pemasangan meter khusus






Tahap Pertama Tahap kedua


Proses bisnis


Pinjaman Perbankan

Swasta




Community Settlement

Community Settlement

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

PipelineCollection

tank

CleanWater

CleanWater Bigger than

operator tariff

DrinkWater

Donor Government PrivateSector

PrivateSector

BankLoan

Partnership Fundof Drinking WaterM a n a g e m e n t(PAM, Palyja, TPJ)

Local Government-Donor-OperatorC o m m u n i t yRepresentative

Pipeline Construction Project Administration

Fund distribution

Independency

Collection tank Construction

Meter equipment Construction

GrantfromDonor

Grantfrom Local

Government

Tariff toOperator

(Tariff 5 A)

Household

Operating profit will beused for "manager" feeand maintenance cost,

while rate of investmentwill be used for public

interest

Collectiontank

Hydrant

Capasity Building

Monitoring & Evaluation

First Stage Second Stage

PAM2 “A” PAM2 “B” PAM2 “C” PAM2 “D”

CommunityFund

CommunityFund

CommunityFund

CommunityFund

Business Circle

Institutionalof PAM2 Project

Hydrant

The existing modelIt is to be noted here that, firstly,

such models have ever been developedwith different name. Under Ministry ofMarine and Fisheries RI, similar pro-gram was developed what so called "Ba-dan Usaha Milik Rakyat/Smallholders'enterprise (BUMR)". The program wasimplemented in Lumajang Regency,Tangerang Regency and Bengkalis Re-gency. The same model was "Unit Ke-uangan Mikro/Micro Finance Unit" de-veloped by Bappenas and the programwas developed by German Governmentin Indonesia through Promis Pro-gram/GTZ in Nusatenggara.

Secondly, in case of hydrant, thereshould be local government regulationor Decision of DKI Jakarta Governor onlocal government (PAM) ownedhydrant to be lent to people via PAM2,and restriction of individual own hy-drant.

Thirdly, prerequisite for PAM2 de-velopment, namely (1) infrastructurepreparation including collection tankpipeline in the area of PAM2 partici-pants; (2) capacity building including

management training and socializationof the policy; (3) support of public poli-cy in provincial level (Local Govern-ment/Governor Regulation) and villagelevel.

Management ModelCommon sense of the PAM2

approach is to apply micro business ma-nagement in the community level. Indetail, there are four characters ofPAM2 approach: Firstly, to establishcommercial and independent water ma-nagement in the poor community level.Secondly, to establish "business mana-gement" other than "bureaucratic pro-ject: so that the value will be sustain-ability. Thirdly, "output" and "outcome"other than "input". Fourthly, to prioriti-ze social capital in the form of trust bu-ilding in the development of clean waterinstallation within the slum areas.

Management model for PAM2 is re-commendable to include supervisors ta-ken from three local figures, that is, He-ad of Village, Head of RW and Head ofRT, unless stipulated otherwise; a ma-nager ("former owner" may act as ma-nager) and three staffs: financial (and

administrative at once) staff, distri-bution staff (to check any problem inwater distribution, including preventtheft) and maintenance (includingsecurity).

ConclusionName of "PAM2" may constitute

"the second PAM institution", that is,self-support waterworks in cooperationwith PAM (Jaya). This model is suggest-ed to respond issues of clean wateravailability and access for the poor inJakarta as well as to build independentand sustainable institution in the poorcommunity level.

Today, Jakarta receives aid from theUK Government via World Bank, whichis called Output Based Aid (OBA) Pro-gram. A total of US$ 5 million aid is de-signed to build clean water installationfor the poor in Jakarta, especially thoseliving in the North Jakarta area. Whilethe conventional program, direct to ho-me, may get only 20,000 customers, thePAM2 program will get 10 x 20,000customers. It is Hope that this approachcan be applied as alternative.

*) Member of Clean Water RegulatoryBoard of DKI Jakarta (This paper does not

represent opinion of BR PAM Jaya).

INSIGHT


Manajer

Keuangan Distribusi Pemeliharaan

Pengawas

Manajer

Keuangan Distribusi Pemeliharaan

PengawasGrant dari donor Dana Pemda

(APBD)






Proses bisnis



Pinjaman Perbankan

Swasta









Proses bisnis



Pinjaman Perbankan

Swasta



Common sense of the PAM2 approachis to apply micro business manage-ment in the community level. In

detail, there are four characters ofPAM2 approach: Firstly, to establishcommercial and independent watermanagement in the poor community

level. Secondly, to establish "businessmanagement" other than "bureaucra-tic project: so that the value will besustainability. Thirdly, "output" and

"outcome" other than "input".Fourthly, to prioritize social capital in

the form of trust building in thedevelopment of clean water

installation within the slum areas.Donor Government

PrivateSector

PrivateSector

BankLoan

Partnership Fundof Drinking WaterM a n a g e m e n t(PAM, Palyja, TPJ)

LocalGovernment-Donor-OperatorC o m m u n i t yRepresentative

Pipeline ConstructionProject Administration

Fund distribution

Independency

Collection tank Construction

Meter equipment Construction

GrantfromDonor

Grantfrom Local

Government

Capasity Building

Monitoring & Evaluation

Supervisor

Manager

Finance Distribution Maintenance

PAM2 “A” PAM2 “B” PAM2 “C” PAM2 “D”

CommunityFund

CommunityFundCommunity

FundCommunityFund

Business Circle

Institutionalof PAM2 Project

Infrastructure development is oneof crucial agenda in these days. Itis fact through Infrastructure

Summit II held this year. In general,infrastructure is divided into economicand social infrastructures. Economicinfrastructure covers physical facilitiessuch as road, harbor, airport, powerplant, water supply, and outputs of thefacilities such as clean water and sanita-tion, electricity, transportation, etc.Whereas social infrastructure coverssocial facilities such as school, culturecenter, hospital, etc.

In the context of infrastructuredevelopment, there are two significantaspects; first, infrastructure develop-ment is currently not dominated bypublic sector but also by private one.This is caused by three changes, namelychange in ideology, advanced technolo-gy and financial crisis. Second, infra-structure development is not merelyintended to achieve technical objectivessuch as operational efficiency, but alsoin relation to social group or income,especially to the poor group. In the con-text of economic liberalization, infra-structure availability will contribute inimproving household productivity andin the broad extent, will improve econo-my and reduce the poverty level.Contribution of available infrastructureto reduced poverty due to work oppor-tunity through infrastructure develop-ment and improved services accessibleby the poor.

In the developing countries, inclu-ding Indonesia, infrastructure conditionis miserable mainly after economic cri-sis. Such deterioration takes place inline with limited finance owned by the

government for infrastructure develop-ment. In addition to finance, infrastruc-ture management and maintenance alsodegrade due to reduced capacity of pu-blic institutions, either in central orlocal level. This will put the poor to mar-ginal group.

Inefficient service, bad mainte-nance, much debts, and economicrestructuring emerge the change in pro-vision, management and financing ofinfrastructure, which is not dominatedby the public sector. Therefore, infra-structure development has beenrenewed from provision basis todemand one. In the context ofIndonesia, the change is then imple-mented into regulation reforms inclu-ding delivery of commercially viable

infrastructure to private sector and thegovernment only focuses on basic infra-structures, non-commercially but eco-nomically viable ones, decentralization,minimizing public sector monopoly,corporate-oriented, establishment ofregulatory board, cost recovery andunbundling.

Clean water infrastructure policyAs mentioned above, infrastructure

condition in Indonesia is still miserable,including clean water infrastructure.For example, from about 306 PDAM(waterworks) in Indonesia, they serveonly 33 million (39%) urban people and9 million (8%) rural people with sub-standard quality, low consumption(14m3/month/household) and averagepipeline leakage of 40%. From theamount of PDAM, only 9% exist in thesound condition, while the remaindersare less sound (31%), unsound (32%),critical (28%), and PDAM debt untiltoday is Rp. 4.032 trillion.

Associating with issues encounteredand changes in infrastructure policy,clean water infrastructure developmentis not apart from two significant aspects,namely poverty alleviation and incre-ased participation of private sector inthe clean water supply. Both aspects arestrongly interrelated and this can beseen from government efforts to achieveMDGs target in 2015. To achieve theMDGs target, there should be anincrease in the production capacity of155,000 liter/second with service cove-rage of 80% for urban people and 40%for rural one, and this requires invest-ment amounting to Rp. 25 trillion whilethe RI government can only provide Rp.

INSIGHT


Clean Water InfrastructurePolicy and Poverty

By: Hamong Santono *)

Associating with issuesencountered and

changes in infrastructurepolicy, clean water

infrastructuredevelopment is not apart

from two significantaspects, namely povertyalleviation and increasedparticipation of private

sector in the cleanwater supply.

600 billion/year resulting in capitalexpenditure gap of about Rp.19 trillion.Thus, participation of private sector isexpected to compensate this gap. Thepolicy for increased participation of pri-vate sector in the clean water infrastruc-ture development is explicitly coveredunder Law No. 7/2004 regarding waterresources and Government RegulationNo. 16/2005 regarding PAM resources.

Poor Problems on Clean Water In-frastructure and PSP Problems onPoverty Alleviation Agenda

In the context of poverty, essentialinfrastructure problems encountered bythe poor are (1) access to limited evennull resources, (2) poor's capability topay compensation against lowest oreven null service. For example, to obtainclean water, the poor pay more expen-sive other than the haves; besides, a lackof access will cause they waste time tovisit water sources. With the problems,infrastructure policy should be able toensure the poor's access to facilities thatcontribute to their income generation.

In relation to infrastructure policy,especially basic infrastructures suchclean water, it is seen that government,with limited infrastructure finance, istrying to seek other financing resources,especially from private sector participa-tion. Debate on either public or privatesector to manage the clean water infra-structure is still in progress until today.Support to public sector in the cleanwater supply is based on the perspectivethat water is public goods and the ma-nagement is done by nature, while sup-port to private sector is based on theperspective that water is commodityand government has failed to conductgood management. In the perspective ofpublic goods, water includes essentialservices and center of social contractbetween government and community.The social contract promotes fairnessand uniformity through redistributionmechanism to ensure minimum access

to essential goods and services. On the other side, public utility in

the clean water sector has failed to pro-vide sufficient service and coverage.This failure is due to government dis-ability and public utility is sometimesused as subject of political interventionand corruption. Upon the reasons, pri-vate sector is considered efficient ratherthan public sector and such efficiency

will bring benefit to all consumersincluding the poor.

From this context, PSP role and be-nefit remains under debate. EricGuiterezz et al in their study suggestedthat:

"PSP does not comprehensivelytackles these admittedly difficult under-lying causes of water utilities failure toserve the poor. For example, privatizingthe operation of an urban water utilitywill not necessarily resolve efficiencyproblems if the underlying cause is cor-ruption".

Furthermore, the study opposeddonors to put pressure on the develop-ing countries while they receiving PSPin the clean water service as aid require-ment, trade or debt cut off. Besides, iturged PSP as the main reform policy tolimit government and public to improveand find innovation for best regulation.Nevertheless, the study did not rejectPSP in the clean water service andtherefore the PSP policy should be ba-lanced by increased capacity and insti-

INSIGHT


In relation to infrastructurepolicy, especially basic

infrastructures such cleanwater, it is seen that

government, with limitedinfrastructure finance,is trying to seek otherfinancing resources,

especially from privatesector participation.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

tutional reforms. According to Beecherand Gleick, privatization profit isachieved only if it is accompanied bythan integrated regulation, competitiveoffer, performance assessment, conflictresolution mechanism and reliablenegotiator.

Another opinion was suggested byKessler through his study on water pri-vatization rationality. Kessler arguedthat private sector will avoid cherrypicking such as slum or rural areas withcomplex topography, low consumptionper capita and of course low incomegeneration. This argument is supportedby the fact that the poor group pays 4 to100 folds, even study conducted byAsian Development Bank (ADB) inDelhi found that the poor in Delhishould pay up to 479 folds to havepipeline connection. ADB admitted thatprivate sector will not or cannot tackleservice in the slum areas, and if could,its performance will not be better thanthe public sector. Public sector partici-pation has monopolistic characteristicsso that in theory and practice, the pri-vate sector is most unlikely to provideclean water to the poor with low incomegeneration.

Alternative to Clean Water Infra-structure Policy

From the foregoing, it is no doubtthat infrastructure development, inclu-ding clean water, will contribute to po-verty alleviation; however the infra-structure policy undertaken by invitingprivate sector will worriedly put awaythe poor from clean water access.

Therefore, pro-poor approach isrequired in the clean water infrastruc-ture development in Indonesia. In thiscontext, there are several factors to beconsidered, namely (1) clean water isnon-substitutable goods so that lack ofclean water as access is unavailable, forexample, will be miserable, (2) infra-structure availability cannot be under-stood only as effort to improve econo-

my; it should be understood as publicgoods to be met by each country andthus social contract between govern-ment and community, (3) as a socialcontract, availability of clean waterinfrastructure requires further govern-ment role rather than regulator or faci-litator, and (4) private sector cannotsubstitute the government in providingbasic coverable infrastructure, especial-ly for the poor.

Therefore, to encourage pro-poorclean water policy, it should be followedby change in macro economic policyfrom Market-led Development to State-led Development where basic infra-structure such as clean water and sani-tation is the basic needs for every citizento be met by State and the state should

therefore allocate the fund. With limitedbudget, government should make politi-cal decision to allocate larger expendi-ture in the basic infrastructure develop-ment. The government should alsoredefine role of public sector. This isbased on the fact that private sector can-not substitute the public sector to pro-vide the coverable infrastructure espe-

cially for the poor. It should be under-stood that the main difference betweenprivate and public sectors lies on invest-ment goal.

Public sector investment is to gainnot only profit but also larger social goalwhile private sector investment is togain return on investment without con-sidering fairness and distribution. Thisdifference causes performance of publicsector being lower than private one.Redefinition of private sector roleshould be initiated by redefining staterole in providing basic infrastructurewhere government is not only regulatorand facilitator but also ensures infra-structure availability for the poor.Alternative financing through APBN(National Budget) restructuring andmobilization of state revenue shouldalso be conducted.

In addition to change in macro poli-cy, sectoral improvement of clean watersupply should also be conducted. If werefer to study undertaken by EricGuiterez (2004) where PSP incomeneeds special requirement, the samealso applies to public sector. In generalthere are two main issues in the cleanwater supply, namely governance andfinance. To deal with the issues, thereshould be public infrastructure manage-ment by confirming relationshipbetween government and public utilityas well as promoting transparency,accountability, community participa-tion and independent management.Besides, there should be poor-basedplan to prevent centralized service aswell as improve quality public service(in this context, public to public part-nership should be introduced as alter-native to the existing policy). From fi-nancial side, bail out and cut off ofPDAM debts should become priority.

People Coalition for Water Rights(KRuHA) Coordinator and now member of

Infrastructure Watch, a civil societyalliance established to criticize infrastruc-

ture development policy in Indonesia.

INSIGHT


Redefinition of privatesector role should beinitiated by redefiningstate role in providing

basic infrastructurewhere government is not

only regulator andfacilitator but also

ensures infrastructureavailability

for the poor.

Experiences found when follow-ing evaluation on AMPL deve-lopment and facilitation of

AMPL-BM implementation has led meto conclusion that institution of waterprovider plays important role for sus-tainable facility and service. Evaluationby WASPOLA in cooperation with Ya-yasan Pradipta Paramitha (Flores Re-visited: 2002) found that there is a po-sitive correlation between institutionalfunction and water contribution andbetween water contribution and sus-tainable AMPL facility (spearman rhocorrelation).

Similarly, experiences during facili-tation of AMPL-BM implementation inCentral Java and Gorontalo Provincesfound the same correlation. Field studyon success and failure of AMPL develop-ment was conducted in several villagesnamely Talumelito, Molintogupo andTangga Jaya, which explicitly indicatedimportant role of AMPL institution forsustainable facility. In the three villages,all water facilities were severely da-maged, while water institution did notwork at all.

In Kebumen Regency, informationon sustainable water facility wasobtained either from field visit or se-condary data. Some data clearly showedthat functionality of AMPL institutionhighly determines sustainable waterfacility. From 28 pipeline facilities, 14worked well, while the remaining wasout of order. From 14 good facilities, 12had active institutions and two other

had inactive institutions. On the otherside, from 14 inactive facilities, theirinstitutions were inactive as well.

The abovementioned informationclearly explained important role ofAMPL institution. This paper willdescribe complex issues in water ma-nagement on empirical basis duringevaluation and field study.

Many ProblemsManagement of APML facility, espe-

cially the pipeline, is not as simple as wethink. Several cases are even complex. Itis not only because of wide and diversedimension of the problem, but also its

specific location so that a problememerging in one area, even between onevillage and another, may be highly dif-ferent. Water issue may divert to issuesof environment, technology, financial,social culture, and institution. Becauseof wide and complex issues, it is highlyrecommended that AMPL facilityshould be managed by those who have cou-rage, wisdom and wide perspective.Strong institution is able to deal withproblems in the recoverable extent. Theissues are:

EnvironmentIn various regions, environmental

issue highly determines sustainableAMPL facility. In Lewolaga village ofLarantuka Regency and Wonda Villageof Ende Regency, and Adiwarno Villageof Kebumen Regency, water facility isalways cut off during landslides or rock-slides. In Lewolaga Village, flood andbig tree fall associated with landslideswere found to cut off water pipeline. Bigflood in the river drifted away iron pipeas the pipe was not hanging across theriver. In Adiwarno, water collectiontank was collapsed by landslides, whilein Wonda Village of Ende Regency,pipeline along road in hillside was col-lapsed due to falling cliffs.

In East Sumab, environmental-related APML issue is different fromother regions. In this regency with largeflock of cow, pipeline may be cut off bythe flock. Environmental issues inGorontalo were about to emerge recent-

INSIGHT


Implication of AMPLInstitution for Sustainable

FacilityBy: Alma Arief *)

In various regions,environmental issue highly

determines sustainable AMPLfacility. In Lewolaga village ofLarantuka Regency and WondaVillage of Ende Regency, andAdiwarno Village of Kebumen

Regency, water facility isalways cut off during landslides

or rockslides. In LewolagaVillage, flood and big tree fall

associated with landslideswere found to cut off water

pipeline.

ly such as Talumelito case. In this area,water facility was out of order due toinsufficient debit in the collection tank.This occurred because catchmentsforest has been replaced with corn planta-tion, while in Molintogupo, pipeline andcollection tank amid the river were drift-ed away by flood.

In Bangka Belitung Province, forestswere damaged due to illegal mine. Sinceillegal miners use hazardous chemicalsin their process, water source in the areais dangerous to be consumed.

TechnologyTechnological issues, in many res-

pects, relate to environmental issues.Type of technology is highly determinedby environment. In Kelurahan Dembe Iof Gorontalo Province and KelurahanWonokromo of Kebumen Regency, wa-ter pipeline was sometimes broken es-pecially in the nighttime due to insuffi-cient consumption. This was due to highpressure onto the pipe, thus it requirespressure release tank or pressure regu-lating valve.

In East Sumba Regency, as intensesunlight, various water facilities werebuilt by combining solar panel as powergenerator and water pump. However,because it adopted high technology andcomplicated maintenance, the facilitywas damaged without repair, besidesthe solar panel was lost. In East Sumba,solar panel was associated with wind-mill as power generator to water pumpand ice making. The 10 windmills wereall damaged.

In several villages of Kebumen withturbid water, people should filter it firstbefore consumption (using convention-al filter or Slow Sand Filtration).

Social cultureSocial culture seems more compli-

cated and locally than other variables,which may root to social cultural valueof local people, conflict among villages,conflict among hamlets, internal con-flict, etc.

In East Solor Sub-district of La-rantuka Regency, sustainable watersupply highly depends on regularity andcontribution of Rp. 1,250,000/year tothe water owner. Meanwhile in WondaVillage of Ende Regency, NTT, sincewater source was in another village, tra-ditional agreement/ negotiation shouldbe established prior to access to thewater source. In Lewolaga village ofLarantuka, as water source was in ano-ther village of over 10 km distance, tra-ditional marriage should be conductedby people from the two villages prior toaccess to water source.

Social cultural issues also relate toconflict among villages when pipelinepasses through another village. Forexample, Lewolaga case, since pipelinepassed through forest and farm field of

the people from another village, the pipe(PVC) was frequently destroyed by theneighboring people. From the informa-tion, people of the village on whichpipeline passed through, request theirportion. The same occurred in Hai-katapu Village of East Sumba Regency.In this village, many pipes got lost andthus disrupted people activity. This wasbecause the pipeline passed their fieldand they did not receive water portion.

In Banyumudal Village of Kebumen,social culture associated with environ-mental issue. It commenced from watersources which depleted drastically du-ring dry season due to illegal logging inthe catchments. This caused people thearea, especially in the upstream, whichnever lack of water previously got angryand damaged the catchments plant.

INSIGHT


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Technological issues, in many respects,relate to environmental issues. Type of technology is

highly determined by environment.

Furthermore, water facility manage-ment unit resigned because they wereintimidated by people and until nowfacility management boar has not beenappointed. In the previous time, thefacility was managed appropriatelyincluding contribution bookkeeping,connection request procedure, penaltyin case of delay, etc.

In Talumelito Gorontalo, facilitymanagement unit (UPS) did not work atall after water supply depleted and peo-ple in the upstream consumed waterinappropriately. This act was then follo-wed by disobedience of some people (inthe downstream) to not paying watercontribution. UPS was automaticallyinactive. Depleted debit in Talumelitowas due to illegal logging for corn plan-tation.

Financial Water contribution is absolutely

necessary for maintenance and develop-ment cost. Field study showed that notall villages having pipeline facility madecontribution, or they didn't make con-tribution anymore due to irregular sup-ply. As result, water contribution wasunavailable and facility managementunit was automatically inactive. Itshould be noted that water contributionis highly inadequate. In Lonuo village ofGorontalo for example, monthly contri-bution was Rp 500, while in Balawelingof East Solor Regency, monthly contri-bution was Rp. 200/person. Of coursethis was inadequate for maintenanceand development cost.

InstitutionalInstitutional issues in principle

relate to norms and human. Role ofwater facility management unit as afore-mentioned is very important and requir-ing personnel who have courage, wis-dom, wide perspective, and legitimate.

Policymaking should involve the sta-keholders. The prevailing condition sofar is that there is standardized manage-ment. Facility institution uses the same

name (even I all regions). Besides, theexisting regulations and institutionalstructure are also similar. It means thatexistence of the water institution is hie-rarchial other than community initia-tives. It is much better that determina-tion of institutional aspect shouldinvolve community.

An interesting case is in East Sumba.In Tamburi village with well managedfacility and seems to be sustainable forlong term (the best facility in EastSumba I've ever found), NGO was esta-blished to facilitate development andinstitutional formulation. Organizati-onal composition and regulations wereall established by people through ameeting. Although the regulations werestill inadequate, all people comply withthem as those are established uponmutual decision.

Why does institution fail?Institutional failure is due to many

factors. To know right answer aboutthis, deep study should be made. Waterfacility institution is not only playingimportant role for sustainable facility,

but the result can be utilized to makeintervention for problem solution andidentifying what institution ideal basedon the result of the study. For tempora-rily, we just rely on assumptionsalthough it is likely clear in some villa-ges.

In Banyu Mudal Village for example,facility management unit is dissolvedand no replacement. The managementdissolved because they couldn't settleconflict among village regarding waterconsumption. In Lonuo Village ofGorontalo, UPS was inactive due to peo-ple disobedience of paying contribution.Precedence of village head election, inwhich one of the candidates promised"free water contribution" and UPS leantto one political side was the main causeof UPS dissolution.

In other regions, UPS was inactivesoon after operation of the water serviceand afterward facility was damaged.This occurred in Molinto Gupo andTangga Jaya Villages of Gorontalo,while in Talumelito, UPS was inactivedue to inappropriate and irregular dis-tribution of water so that people didn'twant to pay contribution anymore.There may be other causes of institu-tional failure occurring in other places.Deep study should therefore be made.

SolutionsThe following are solutions given

against the issues of unsustainablefacility:

Facility management unit should beelected by people based on candidatecompetency to solve various complexproblems.Immediate replacement/election ofnew management in case the existingone fails to meet their responsibility. Immediate problem solution throughdeliberations.Establishment of organizational com-position and regulations on rights andobligations of consumers, which areadjusted to local demand.

*)WASPOLA Consultant.

INSIGHT


1.

2.

3.

4.

Institutional failure is due tomany factors. To know right

answer about this, deepstudy should be made. Waterfacility institution is not only

playing important role forsustainable facility, but the

result can be utilized tomake intervention forproblem solution and

identifying what institutionideal based on the result ofthe study. For temporarily,we just rely on assumptions

although it is likely clearin some villages.

Water Supply Enterprise (PDAM)

as public water provider is

entering new era in the water

management system. Service given

should be transparent, qualified, ac-

countable and environmental friendly.

Internal/external condition of

PDAM has changed rapidly especially in

the last 8 years (1997-2005). Globali-

zation and reformation era significantly

influences community behavior in res-

ponse of public service, especially water

service.

Factually, central government has

positively responded to changes in

water service with the establishment of

Community-Based Water and Sanita-

tion Development Program, which is a

new community-based approach.

If we refer to the national program,

this approach is urgent and crucial with

complex issues available, especially

relating to water facility and infrastruc-

ture procurement. The issues include:

Less effective and efficient investment

for water and sanitation facilities

development.

The existing paradigm says that water

is social assets obtained freely. This is

based on poor knowledge and aware-

ness of "water scarcity".

Limited government capacity. Deve-

lopment financing depends on go-

vernment budget, especially national

budget.

Lack of policy and regulations on uti-

lization of hidden potentials among

the people.

Starting from national program,

PDAM plays significant role as water

provider. This is due to total quantity of

PDAM throughout the country of not

less than 316 institutions. Therefore, it

is not an exaggeration to focus on pro-

moting PDAM performance in In-

donesia. Discourse and ideas to create

PDAM professionalism, transparency

and accountability are unavoidable.

Creating perception and commit-

ment

We recognize that water is vital for

human being and not substitutable and

we recognize that adequate water in-

INSIGHT


Toward Independent,Transparent and Professional

PDAMBy: Abdul Gani *)

Factually, central government has positivelyresponded to changes in water service with

the establishment of Community-Based Water andSanitation Development Program,

which is a new community-based approach.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

fluences health level. Ironically, water

sector in Indonesia is factually overrid-

den by other sectors.

The fundamental thing to be con-

sidered by all stakeholders is how to cre-

ate similar perception and commitment

that water fulfillment is joint responsi-

bility of government (central and local),

providers and community.

Pragmatically, concrete understand-

ing on role, responsibility and commit-

ment is necessary, including:

PDAM Actual Condition

PDAM as main water provider is

responsible for social and commercial

mission as policymaker as well as ope-

rator.

From formal juridical view, PDAM is

an extremity of local government that is

authorized to implement water service

for the people. Its organization compo-

sition by virtue of Joint Decision of

Minister of Home Affairs and Minister

of Public Work No. 28/KPTS/1984 sta-

ted that PDAM constitutes equipment of

regional autonomy and implemented

based on corporate economy for

improved community welfare. PDAM

is run by board of directors under con-

trol of Supervisory Board (Chapter II

Article 2).

Issues commonly encountered in

PDAM management are:

Unsound financial, which brings

impact to difficulty to settle due date

payment.

Low pricing, resulting in imbalanced

revenue and expense that will affect

operational performance.

High loss of water resulting in less

revenue.

Low coverage due to inability to allo-

cate investment cost.

Low productivity. Less efficiency of

water invoicing resulting in affected

cash flow.

In addition to the issues, several

actual conditions occur upon effective-

ness of regional autonomy such as i)

area expansion resulting in PDAM

movement; ii) conflict of interest for

standard water between local govern-

ment and/or institution.

Challenges

By recognizing actual issues and

challenges encountered by PDAM in the

future, the strategic plan can be esta-

blished easily. The challenges encoun-

tered by PDAM in the future are:

Actualization and implementation of

Good Corporate Governance

Quality Assurance (impact of PP No.

16/2005 regarding PDAM)

Water sources competition

Free access to service information and

transparency

Strategic Plan

Based on identification of actual

issues and challenges encountered by

PDAM in the future, the strategic plan

should focus on capacity building in

order to achieve independent, profes-

sional, transparent and accountable

PDAM. Simple concepts of strategic

plans to be focused on by the govern-

ment, providers or community are:

a. Reinforced institution

INSIGHT


Element Role Responsibility Commitment

Central Government Issuing regulations

on national water

supply system

Coordination,

synchronization and

facilitation of

implementation of

water program

Facilitator,

supervisor, but not

operator

Local Government

(Including DPRD)

Referring to central

government to issue

PERDA

Regulate and

supervise

implementation as

per local demand

and complying with

national policy

Regulator, supervisor

but not operator

Provider (PDAM) Implement water

supply based on

given procedure

To meet water

supply for the

people as per given

standard

Independent,

professional and

accountable

operator

Community/NGO Support and

supervise the

implementation

To comply with

regulations regarding

water management

system

Actively involving in

water development

program

From formal juridical view,PDAM is an extremity of localgovernment that is authorizedto implement water service for

the people. Its organizationcomposition by virtue of JointDecision of Minister of HomeAffairs and Minister of Public

Work No. 28/KPTS/1984 statedthat PDAM constitutes

equipment of regional autonomyand implemented based on

corporate economy forimproved community welfare.

Redefinition and restructuring of

PDAM into PT (Limited Company)

Strategic plan to be implemented by

the government is to ratify RUU

BUMD to become Law to enable clear

and definite legality of PDAM

Formal legality on documents of the

water development plan in the local

level which is materialized into

PERDA (Local Regulations)

Legality on work mechanism and

structural relationship between

PDAM, owners, supervisory board

and legislatives (implementation of

GCG Concept)

b. Financial Performance

Change in financial management po-

licy focusing on Cost Based On

Revenue. It means that each corpo-

rate operation is conducted upon Cost

and Benefit Basis

Standard regional pricing (normal

range) should be established. Format

of standard pricing based on similar

study group with characteristics of

each PDAM using Full Cost Recovery.

Pricing adjustment based on inflation

rate and should be listed in the corpo-

rate plan document.

c. System and Organization

SOP should be available in the PDAM

workplace as strategic plan of opera-

tional activities as per role and

responsibility of work unit

Performance-based reporting, i.e.

PDAM management based on achie-

vement of results which is measur-

able, comparable and oriented to sta-

keholders' information demand

Functional and horizontal model of

organizational composition to keep

abreast of present and future demand.

d. Human Resources Develop-

ment

Strategic plan documentation is avai-

lable for staff development

SOP on Directors and Staff Recruit-

ment

Outcome-based evaluation

Conclusion

To realize independent, professio-

nal, transparent, and accountable

PDAM, strategic plan is required invol-

ving government, community and

PDAM management based on mutual

perception, action plan and followed by

concrete commitment. Comprehensive

capacity building approach is a strategic

action plan for development of profes-

sional PDAM in carrying out realistic

vision and mission based on stake-

holders and environmental demand.

*) Team Leader of PDAM DevelopmentStudy Based on Stakeholders Reinforcement

and PERPAMSI Benchmarking Team

INSIGHT


Comprehensive capacity building approach is a strategicaction plan for development of professional PDAMin carrying out realistic vision and mission based

on stakeholders and environmentaldemand.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

The case of public rejec-

tion upon TPST (Inte-

grated Waste Proces-

sing Point) Bojong, Bogor Regency,

West Java, and landslide of IPS (Waste

Processing Plant) Leuwigajah in Ban-

dung is the proof of such weak waste

management system in Indonesia. In

various big cities in Indonesia, garbage

accumulated everywhere, garbage col-

lecting time by garbage cart and waste

haulage by dump truck are not regularly

operated, trickle of water dump in road

passed through by dump truck until

waste management which is not well-

operated are some blurred portraits of

exacerbated waste management in this

country.

It actually can be solved whether it is

found waste management system. The

system will be profitable for public as

waste producer in chain system. Besides

environment quality that is still main-

tained due to high education level, pub-

lic life quality will be increasingly

encouraged as well whether it is found a

factor that is possibly rare to be

emerged into surface namely a matter of

creating job field. Upon good waste

management system, some workers will

be absorbed to the procurement for

garbage cart, garbage cart and dump

truck operators, and Waste Processing

Plant operator. It is exacerbated with

the impact of waste processed product

utilization in form of compost that may

be turned into organic fertilizer, biogas

that its caloric content can be utilized,

and incineration ash that can be

employed as concrete brick aggregate, it

will directly or indirectly open several

new business opportunities for public.

Waste collecting system is defined as

waste disposal system from waste

source (residence, trade zone, industry

area, and others) to TPS (Temporary

Waste Disposal Point). In Indonesia, it

is commonly conducted by using

garbage cart.

Garbage cart usage, either made of

wood and steel, will indirectly increase

job field absorption within such manu-

facturing sector and various support

industry products. Each garbage cart is

able to collect garbage for 100 houses in

each day. It is required time ranges

around 3-4 hours/day. This duration is

actually still under minimum work hour

standard of 8 hours/day. Such

low efficiency in waste col-

lecting system causes collectible

garbage cannot achieve 200 houses-

/day. It is finally compensated with pro-

vision for extra garbage cart investment

assuming that garbage cart will only col-

lect totals to 1 rotation/day.

According to economic review, it is

such an extravagance in view of garbage

cart officer is paid for 8-hours/day-work

hour. Meanwhile, demand for waste col-

lecting system which is until 100 per-

cent each day leads to requisite provi-

sion for extra cart investment that its

total doubles from its ideal amount.

Again due to such double investment,

operation and maintenance cost of the

garbage cart will be doubled as well.

However, another economic impact

that is actually required is additional

INSIGHT


Creating Job Field withWaste Management System

By:Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc.*

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

garbage officer that also means creating

several job fields. Provisions for garbage

cart will also create one additional busi-

ness opportunity for manufacturing and

industry sector, particularly engaged as

provider for wood material, steel mate-

rial, wood paint, wall paint and provider

for glove, harrow, open garbage basket,

and tailor for garbage cart uniform.

These are things that should be an

evaluation for government as well. Effi-

ciency in handling infrastructure

(including waste matters) in Indonesia

is frequently quite low though it is quite

effective. According to investment

aspect, it can be said as an extravagance,

likewise according from the aspect of

operation and maintenance. However,

according to its social impact, there are

so many work opportunities among peo-

ple, which is eventually contributive in

increasing economic standard and other

public livelihood.

Waste Haulage System

Waste haulage system is defined as

waste disposal system from TPS

(Temporary Waste Disposal Point) to

IPS (Waste Processing Plant). In In-

donesia, it is commonly conducted with

dump truck.

Dump truck is commonly selected

by using steel material as its haulage

container material. It will also open

business opportunity for manufacturing

and industry sector related with dump

truck. Upon provision for dump truck,

there will be several economic chain

impacts, such as total absorbed man-

power into dump truck manufacturing

industry and even until total absorbed

manpower into standing garbage cart

officer. Once again, by considering such

total standing dump truck officer, which

is in reality in field it is found "unofficial

dump truck officer" that works part time

with official dump truck officer. It is de-

finitely increasingly reduces waste

haulage system because such minimum

work standard quality that these "unof-

ficial dump truck officers" will apply.

They of course are not trained to trans-

port waste according to the stipulated

procedure nor trained to remove waste

in Waste Processing Plant referring to

the stipulated procedure, and they even

less responsible upon garbage container

quality within such damaged and perfo-

rated truck. However, it frequently

occurs in field and its supervisory is dif-

ficult. Realized or not, it also opens new

job field for these "unofficial dump

truck officers". There will be some man-

power employed there to turn their eco-

nomic wheel, and ultimately increase

their prosperity as well.

Once again, efficiency in handling

infrastructure (including waste matters)

in Indonesia is frequently quite low

though it is quite effective. Extra-

vagance of investment cost, or operation

and maintenance costs will increase as

well.

Waste Processing System

Waste processing system is defined

as waste processing system to be turned

into a product which has lower environ-

ment impact whether disposed to envi-

ronment. It can be performed through

garbage conversion into a much more

profitable product and having economic

value, and should provide limited nega-

tive environment impact.

Garbage that is processed into com-

post of course will provide economic

value for the garbage itself. Thing that

must be done immediately is that public

can be taught about how the way to

make compost in simple manner and

reliable marketing strategy to be able to

INSIGHT


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Waste processing system is defined as waste processing system to beturned into a product which has lower environment impact whether

disposed to environment. It can be performed through garbage conver-sion into a much more profitable product and having economic value, and

should provide limited negative environment impact.

sell the compost. Increasing current

trend in organic agricultural product

usage may also boost compost usage

rather than chemical fertilizer. In this

case, garbage that is initially considered

non-economic may create new job field

for public to be able to sell compost.

Under lower compost price than chemi-

cal fertilizer, and supported by organic

agricultural product marketing, and the

farmers that begins to switch from

chemical fertilizer into compost will

ultimately a positive synergy to turn

economic wheel of this waste processing

product. Indirectly, simplicity within

compost process, also supported by

tough compost marketing will bear a lot

of entrepreneurship souls among peo-

ple. People aspire to be able to learn

about compost making process. It will

open some opportunities for trainers to

provide elucidation about compost

making, there will be some manpower

absorbed to market Waste Processing

Plant that uses composting process, and

also to market compost to farmers or

local Gardening Agency to use compost,

and manpower will be absorbed as well

to operate Waste Processing Plant that

uses composting process, until finally it

will produce a lot of manpower namely

vegetable product and organic fruit sel-

lers in various areas. It is an example of

such job field creation relies upon

garbage processing product in form of

compost. Other processing processes

also open new job field, which is specific

against each waste processing type of

process.

Government Participation

In perspective of micro economic

sector, job field creation aspect is some-

thing which is very crucial. Usage and

utilization of economic value of infra-

structure product, inclusive in this mat-

ter, will provide significant added value

of the investment. Likewise within

waste collecting system and waste

haulage system in Indonesia as above-

mentioned, it is frequently found that

the system does not run efficiently, not

subject to procedure, but effective. It is

definitely must be reduced in gradual

and eventually erased to increase effi-

ciency in available budget spending. Job

field increment in fact occurs but such

efficiency is also very low. Government

should anticipate the same by providing

good elucidation to garbage officers,

while keep considering job field creation

that can be switched from waste collec-

ting system and waste haulage system

into waste processing system. Within

waste processing system, there will be

greater opportunity in case of manpo-

wer absorption. Waste processing pro-

ducts commonly have good sale price,

whether government also provides

appropriate institutional management

and law umbrella to market them.

Under marketing technique supported

by government, it will open some new

opportunities among people in which

people may actively involved there,

which is eventually will create various

wide entrepreneurship chances. Thro-

ugh such matter, it is expected that

waste paradigm as product which has

no economic value in fact can be modi-

fied into a product which has economic

value and sale price, which eventually

will create job field to increase living

standard and public prosperity.

*) Author is a practitioner in waste sec-tor; alumnae of post-graduate program at

School of Civil and EnvironmentEngineering, UNSW, Australia; member of

InSWA (Indonesian Solid Waste Association)and IATPI (Association of Indonesian

Sanitation Engineering Expert andEnvironment Engineering)

INSIGHT


In perspective of micro economic sector, job field creation aspect issomething which is very crucial. Usage and utilization of economic value

of infrastructure product, inclusive in this matter, will providesignificant added value of the investment. Likewise within waste

collecting system and waste haulage system in Indonesia asabove-mentioned, it is frequently found that the system does not run

efficiently, not subject to procedure, but effective.SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Water is essential element

for human being. He can

die just in several days

without water. In the modern econo-

mic sector, water also acts as essential

element, from agriculture, industry,

power plant to transportation.

Therefore, water should be treated

wisely and avoided from contamina-

tion other than mistreatment to cause

water deficiency or contamination

diseases.

Many people understand environ-

mental pollution but not aware of fur-

ther implication of it. Industry uses

much less water than irrigation. How-

ever, it may bring severe impact seeing

for two aspects. First, water use for in-

dustry is not covered under national

water resources policy so that it is

exaggerated and inefficient. Second,

untreated industrial effluent causes

runoff or underground water danger-

ous for consumption. Industrial ef-

fluent is always drained without un-

dergoing any treatment.

In some part of Indonesia, the big-

gest issue on clean water supply does

not lie on water scarcity comparable to

population quantity; it lies on mislead-

ing water policy. Government and

community have been about to recog-

nize the issue long after emergence of

the issue. Although increased invest-

ment in this sector is required, such an

increase should be accompanied by the

change.

Resources conservation, efficient

use and sustainable, coverable and ac-

ceptable services should be taken into

account as well as use of technology

should be improved. Any technology

meeting the criteria should be re-

garded suitable.

It means that if radical change in

water utility is not taken, it is possible

that water will not be consumed with-

out special treatment, which costs be-

yond economic resources owned by the

country. Therefore there should be

long-term consideration on environ-

mental integration into comprehensive

INSIGHT


Refocusing Clean Water Management Mechanismin Indonesia:

From Technocracy toParticipatory

By: I Gede Arya Sunantara *)

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

water, sanitation, drainage and solid

waste management.

Improvement and efficiency

Improved and efficient water reso-

urces operation and recovery are much

better and giving real outcomes than

costly end-product treatment since

many issues strongly relate to operation

and maintenance and the lack of good

will for water conservation and reco-

very. The problem devel-

ops to mistreatment and

uneven distribution other

than insufficiency.

For example, lost

water due to excessive

leakage. This may due to

person's unauthorized

act, sabotage, or ad-

ministrative failure,

which will in turn result

in inadequate service.

Very often, most water

available is used only by

small quantity of large-

scale consumers. It

means that water is

dominated by industry

rather than household; on the other

side, industry does not implement

appropriate waste management system.

Besides, industrial consumers pay less

for the water service so that government

should give continuous subsidy for this

and service quality becomes insuffi-

cient. This will then make other groups

use an expensive alternative. House-

holds should buy two to six folds expen-

sive water from the peddlers in compar-

ison to monthly payment, one tenth, of

those who have direct connection to

water supply.

"Small and Local" Thought

As problem arises, water competent

authority, in this case government with

fix fund support, will be more easy to

develop new supply mechanism than

use the existing fund to repair nearly

broken facilities. Focus on extensive

supply and lack of efficient water utility

strategy will lead to severe groundwater

overexploitation. These will result in

water scarcity, degradation of ground-

water level, and saltwater intrusion.

There should be comprehensive ma-

nagement, other than constructing new

expensive facilities, including 1) leakage

detection and repair, 2) meter detection

and repair, 3) repair and modification of

old design stock in the residential area;

household is offered water efficient

installation complete with leakage

detector, 4) industry should undergo

commercial and institutional audit

(combining energy and water) and audit

result disseminated. Modification of

equipment and maintenance will save

about 10% to 25% water consumption,

5) modification of public facilities, such

as installation of water save toilet in the

public areas. 6) information to commu-

nity on purpose of outcome of the pro-

gram.

The abovementioned program is

intended to understand that many peo-

ple groups in Indonesia have adequate

natural resources but they lack of skill

and import equipment/ technology. The

viable project should therefore focus on

local industrial development in the form

of manufacturing and construction. Re-

silience should be preferable to reliance.

This reveals fast repair of damaged

thing by using local

potential. The key

is development of

local potentials as

basis for public

water supply. The

planner should

think "small and

local" things. Cen-

tralized and large-

scale plan requires

control over the

oncoming urbani-

zation. Indonesia

has not got this

control and the

large-scale and

centralized projects

are not significant anymore. Decision-

making process should be at least based

on lifecycle cost including all cost

required to keep investment viable.

Another significant consideration is that

there should be locally designed and la-

bor-intensive resolution to create

employment opportunity. Such resolu-

tion has big chance to long-term sur-

vive.

Water hygiene and sanitation are

specific examples of long-term cost and

benefit frequently ignored. Dispropor-

tional development (increase in supply

quantity without drainage or sanitation)

is popular but it cannot improve health

quality due to contaminated environ-

INSIGHT


Water hygiene andsanitation are specific examples of long-term

cost and benefitfrequently ignored. Disproportional

development (increase in supply quantitywithout drainage or sanitation)

is popular but it cannot improve health qual-ity due to contaminated

environment. Untreated industrial effluentwill raise health problem

in the future.

ment. Untreated industrial effluent will

raise health problem in the future.

From the foregoing, it is said that al-

most all people are aware of 'water' but

almost none of them are aware of sani-

tation, whereas there is strong relation-

ship between water supply and sani-

tation.

Three Pillars

In essence, water supply should be

integrated into other urban environ-

mental management, especially in

terms of sanitation. Both aspects should

be developed proportionally. However,

sanitation without drainage means va-

nity. Sewerage will not run without solid

waste management. Optimum benefit

and protection of the environment can

be obtained only from integrated and

well-designed services. The following is

presented water resources management

measures in Indonesia:

Conservation; conservation program

should include activities designed to

complement one another. In some deve-

loping countries with miserable mana-

gement mechanism, first priority should

focus on reducing lost water. Regular

leakage detection is the most simple

conservation method. Second priority

should focus on efficient water installa-

tion. Besides, water distribution should

be improved and modification of old

stock implemented. Third priority

should focus on reasonable tariff. In prin-

ciple, water tariff increases with water

consumption so that water supply for

basic needs is got in reasonable price

and large consumption (garden wa-

tering, car washing and swimming pool)

will increase the price progressively.

Such conservatory activities usually cre-

ate better condition for water supply

and require consumers' participation in

the other parts of this program.

Better options in industry and in-

dustrialization; possible water saving

can be achieved by instructing indus-

tries to use water efficient and recycling

plants. Strict supervision on water

exploitation, including imposing realis-

tic charge upon industries for the use of

water resources.

Community education and partici-

pation; this is important mainly in the

area of poor water supply or elsewhere,

which rises gap between tariff and ser-

vice; thus improvement should be taken

such as a) water management techno-

logy; nowadays there is tendency to

adopt simple technology other than

complicated and auto control filtering

one to enable installation and supervi-

sion by people themselves, b) water sup-

ply standard; old mechanism adopted in

many developing countries is inherited

from colonialism. Although it has good

INSIGHT


Conservation program should includeactivities designed to complement one another.

In some developing countries with miserablemanagement mechanism, first priority should focuson reducing lost water. Regular leakage detection

is the most simple conservation method.Second priority should focus on

efficient water installation.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

design, this regulation tends to be exag-

gerative because it was used to different

situation. Deep review on the existing

standard indicates that much more pe-

ople can obtain service with similar cost.

Computerized system used to review

and determine exact method is now

available in replacement of imported

criteria. This program enables the de-

signer make cost efficient distribution

line rather than conventional one. c)

Community involvement essential deve-

lopment element for long-term survival.

In urban areas, similar approaches re-

sult in NGO and community groups' in-

volvement, d) Reasonable pricing and

cost recovery. Waterworks often adopt

average or historical cost as basis for

water pricing. As result, the pricing will

be too low for two reasons. First, cost in-

flation exists since development of the

system. Second, increased water con-

sumption urges the companies to ex-

pand their production capacity and they

should then develop new resources and

the new resources will be progressively

more expensive than the existing ones.

Therefore, the companies are exposed to

long-term increasing marginal cost to

be included into pricing scheme in order

to minimize overexploitation and delay

new expensive resources. The pricing

uses marginal cost to reflect actual reso-

urces cost, which will increase with wa-

ter consumption so that people will not

trigger to consume water in excessive

amount. In the meantime, there is 'sal-

vation' tariff to help the disadvantaged

access to their basic needs. Such tariff

will enable the companies suffice their

operation and maintenance cost with-

out relying on external subsidy.

Conclusion and Recommendation

"To do business as usual" is not an

acceptable trend anymore so that refo-

cusing or evolution is an alternative so-

lution. Technical, financial and institu-

tional approaches are necessary to

adapt with social economy of the people

and improved as applicable.

Indonesia should not adopt water

supply and liquid waste management

system as offered by developed coun-

tries. It is better to create self-support

system based on lessons learnt in order

to respond the current condition and

avoid system failures and environmen-

tal deterioration.

As conclusion and recommendation,

there are three principles to support the

healthy future development in the water

supply, namely: 1) Conservation; 2) Sus-

tainability; 3) Circular System. With an

increase in pressure of population

against limited resources, we should ta-

ke circular system into account. Urban

areas that dispose of their pollution into

drainage and harmful to another is not

tolerated. On the other hand, treated ef-

fluent should be considered valuable

resources.

*) Alumnus of Master Program on StateAdministration FISIPOL UGM and Master of

Peace and Conflict Resolution - MPRK UGM.Water security observer, having domicile

in Yogyakarta.

INSIGHT


Indonesia should not adoptwater supply and liquid waste

management system asoffered by developed coun-tries. It is better to create

self-support system based onlessons learnt in order to

respond the current conditionand avoid

system failures andenvironmentaldeterioration.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Indonesian natural condition is inemergency condition. If rainy sea-son comes, flood and landslide hit

several areas like currently happened.Thousands of people become innocentvictims. Assets and agricultural landdestroyed. If dry season comes, droughtspread out. Water is scarce though onlyfor drinking and household necessity.This irony keeps ongoing. The manage-ment that has been conducted seemsnothing.

There is concept mistake in handlingthis problem. Partial method of purecivil infrastructure engineering is prio-ritized. Though this concept in factbrings a lot of negative impact anddepletes big amount of fund. Thereforeit is required a new concept and notionwhich is more relevant, comprehensiveand systemically having significantadded value compared to ongoing par-tial concept.

This book offers integral eco hydrau-

lic concept, which mixed ecology, physi-cal-hydraulic, hydrology and morpholo-gy components. This concept has beenapplied in various countries in theworld, such as Japan, German, UnitedKingdom, USA, and Canada. The resultis very good and sustainable.

According to the concept, solutionkey upon flood is namely that watershed(DAS), river area (WS), river boundary

(SS), and river body (BS) should beviewed as a unit of integrated eco-sys-tem and hydraulic-ecology system.Resolution upon flood should be con-ducted in integrated way from upstreamto downstream. The method is on hold-ing or retention of water in upstream,middle and downstream watershed, andhold water along river area, riverboundary, and river body in upstream,middle and downstream. It is concur-rently the way to cope drought of thearea or watershed. Upon the concept,river normalization which means riverstraightening, river cliff hardening con-stitutes inappropriate action.

This book offers eco-drainagemethod to solve flood and concurrentlydrought. This method namely conserva-tion pond, absorption water, riversidepolder, and expanded soil water protec-tion area. Thus, this book deserved toread by region planner and decisionmakers. (MJ)

Health promotion is deter-mined by two main factorsnamely behavior and non-

behavior (environment and service).Improvement on physical environmentand social cultural and health serviceconstitutes intervention against non-behavior factor. Meanwhile, the ap-proach into behavior factor is promo-tion or health education. Health promo-tion is the approach to improve publicwillingness and ability to maintain andimprove health. Final objective of healthpromotion is not merely people's will-ingness to live healthy but also theirability to afford living healthy.

Health promotion in theory and art(application) covers other science sec-tors. Health promotion can be catego-rized into two sectors: (a) behavior sci-ence, namely science which lays basis in

shaping human behavior, particularlypsychology, anthropology and sociolo-gy; (b) required sciences to behavior sci-ence inter alia education, communica-tion, management, leadership and soforth. While, based upon its dimensionand operation place, health promotionis divided into two dimensions namelythe aspect of health service target andits operation place.

Eventually, scope of health promo-tion is so broad. This book is quite re-presentative describing in detail aboutthis. Starting from basic theories untilfoolproof application for comprehen-sion. (MJ)

BOOK INFO


TITLE :RESOLVING FLOODAND DROUGHTCONCURRENTLYAUTHOR:Agus Maryono

PUBLISHER : Gadjah

Mada University Press

2005

WIDTH : xvii + 162 halaman

TITLE:

HEALTH PROMOTION,THEORY ANDAPPLICATIONAUTHOR :

Prof. Dr. Soekidjo Noto-

atmodjo, SKM, M.Com.H

PUBLISHER : Rineka Cipta

WIDTH : viii + 389 halaman

Health Promotion

Resolving Flood and DroughtConcurrently

Along these days data aboutdrinking water and environ-ment sanitation (AMPL) is

distributed in many places. Besidesdistributed, such displayed data isalso different depend on theagency that issues the same, andwhat standard that is used. Onthe other sides, establishmentplanners definitely require stan-dard data that can be used forsubsequent development plan-ning.

Such condition encouragesAMPL Task Group (Pokja) to produceCD on AMPL data. This CD containsAMPL data from various agencies/insti-tution. Existing data is compiled basedon general criteria. So, the data is still asis but becomes more organized.

Through the existence of this dataCD, it is expected that the stakeholders

will be easier to search AMPL data.Behind that, AMPL Task Group expects

that relevant agency/institution mayjointly prepare data standard in

simultaneous way with the samepreference so that such outputdata is not scattered again anddifferent one to another.

The displayed data is cate-gorized into drinking water,waste water, garbage and

drainage.The data is taken out among

other things from Statistics CentralBureau, Ministry of Health, Ministry

of Public Affairs, and State Ministry ofEnvironment and other sources such asWHO, World Bank and research books.This CD can be obtained for free inAMPL Task Group. (MJ)

Perhaps a lot of people have beenfamiliar with or at least haveheard about Water and Sani-

tation for Low Income Communityproject (WSLIC) 2, however theydo not know precisely what is per-formed in the field. This Video CDgives success description onWSLIC-2 project including entireprocesses happened within sincethe beginning of the project and itscontinuation.

This VCD begins with generaldescription on low-income ruralcommunity in anticipating cleanwater problem. Clean water scarci-ty has consumed their time so thatthey becomes unproductive. Thisproject attempts to resolve theproblem under public empower-ment model with MPA-PHASTmethod.

From this VCD, the viewers may seeabout how such method is appliedamong public. People is directly

involved since planning process, deve-lopment and maintenance of drinkingwater facility. Through facilitator, peo-

ple are facilitated to be able tohandle their problem with theircapacity. People provide contri-bution namely a few fund andenergy, while local government,central government, and WorldBank support its required fund.

Visualization that took objecton WSLIC project in LumajangRegency is probably able todescribe about project perfor-mance that is almost ideal. Ofcourse, success of the projectdoes not only depend on suchapplied method, but also otherfactors such as people tradition,intensity, accompaniment, andso forth. (MJ)

CD INFO

Percik April 2006

WSLIC-2 Project Experience

47

Compilation On AMPL Data

Water for Children

http://www.epa.gov/water/kids.html

T his website provides various infor-

mation regarding different things

relating to water for children. There are

games, activity and interesting tours,

and well-understandable guidelines

book for teachers and students. This

website made by Environment Pro-

tection Bureau of America divides les-

son about environment according to

group age, for instance, 4-10 years, 5-8

years, and 9-12 years.

The learning is accompanied with

well-understandable pictures by chil-

dren. For instance, any harmful things

exist within housing environment in

order not pollute environment. In this

website it is found theme about 'Recycle

City' that gives description about urban

environment that can be saved by the

residents including children.

In one of its part, this website pre-

sents about water education. Such exis-

ting information is addressed to educa-

tors. There are various topics, such as

acid water, children's position within

environment, children and drinking

water standard, protection upon chil-

dren health, and so forth. The presented

method is quite unique and can be

adopted by educators in Indonesia

which is definitely in view of modifica-

tion refers to the condition.

Teaching Teen aboutWater

http://www.uwex.edu/erc/eypaw/

T his website provides teaching gui-

dance for teenagers/youth regar-

ding waster and curriculum data basis

to people-based development. Through

this data, it is expected that teen and

educators may be the key to build part-

nership to achieve objective of water

education. The data source contains a

lot of ideas, references, list of partners,

and material on public education activi-

ty.

There are about 150 topics on educa-

tion curriculum that has been displayed.

Visitors just search according to the

required topics. For example, there are

topics about drinking water, compre-

hensive water education book, earth as

water planet, and other water science

either particularly or in specific. This

curriculum can be selected as well refer-

ring to grade and topic.

This website also describes about

several successes of water program edu-

cation for people either in form of

after=school lesson, summer program,

festival and campaign. Some audio-

visuals can be viewed through this web-

site.

Using Water Wisely

http://www.wateruseitwisely.com

H ow far your family has protected

water? This site provides gui-

dance on how the family may perform

self-evaluation into water usage and

whether daily behavior has reflected

efforts to conserve water in well man-

ner. Besides that, this site explains

about low consuming water plants and

how long and how many frequency to

shower plants for optimum growth.

This site is equipped with

learning tool in form of downloadable

game. This tool is specifically purposed

for children and teen. Through this

game, children/teen is introduced to

various wise behaviors in consuming

water. (MJ)

WEBSITE INFO


Each region is minimally obligedto provide basic service for theresidents. Such concerning ba-

sic service is fundamental and absolutetype of public service to satisfy publicrequirement in social, economic andgovernment affairs.

Therefore each region is required tohave minimum service standard (SPM).This SPM contains achievement indica-tor either quantitative and qualitativeemployed to describe target to be ful-filled in certain SPM in form of input,process, output and/or service benefit.

SPM has simple, concrete, easilyreliable, open, responsible and account-able in nature and having achievementtime limit. Besides that SPM is adjustedto necessity development, national andregional financial priority and capacityand regional institution and personnelwithin relevant sector.

This standard will be prepared byeach minister/head of state non-depart-ment institution through consultationcoordinated by Minister of Home Af-fairs. The result will be stipulated underRegulation of Minister and equippedwith technical guidance.

For regional government, such SPMis the reference to prepare planning andbudgeting of local government opera-tion. In this case, local government isdemanded to prepare SPM achievementthat contains annual target. Thisachievement plan is expressed intoRegional Middle Term DevelopmentPlan (RPJMD) and Strategic Plan in

Regional Task Force Apparatus(Renstra SKPD). Meanwhile, annualtarget is expressed into Work Plan ofRegional Government (RKPD), WorkPlan of Regional Task Force Apparatus(Renja SKPD), Budget General Policy(KUA) and Budget of Regional TaskForce Apparatus (RKA-SKPD) accord-ing to regional budget capacity. Annualtarget on SPM achievement plan andthe realization is required to beinformed to the public.

In relation with public affairs con-cerning cross- region, region is requiredto manage public service collectivelywith its surrounding region to createefficiency. Therefore SPM achievementplan must be jointly approved includingcontribution from each region. Regionis also provided opportunity to coope-rate with private.

SPM achievement result will bemonitored by government in multi-levelway. In case of any region that is notable yet to develop its capacity in givingSPM, government may delegate suchdevelopment to the governor as govern-ment representative in region. In orderto support capacity development ofregional government, government mayperform facilitation, general orientationgranting, technical guidance, technicalcounseling, education and training orother technical aids.

Government may provide award toregional government that is success-fully achieve SPM with good mannerin determined time. Otherwise, go-vernment may also punished regionalgovernment that is failed to achieveSPM.

The objective of government regula-tion performance stipulated on 28December 2005 is the guaranteed pu-blic rights to receive basic service fromregional government under certainquality; functioning as the tool to deter-mine total required budget in providingbasic service; being a basis in determin-ing financial balance and/or other aidswhich is fairer and more transparent;being the basis in determining budget ofperformance-management based per-formance; to make clear of regional go-vernment major tasks and encouragingthe realization of effective check andbalance; and encouraging transparencyand public transparency in operatingregional government. (MJ)

REGULATION


Government Regulation No. 65 of 2005

Guidelines for Preparation andApplication on Minimum Service

Standard (SPM)

For regional government,such SPM is the

reference to prepareplanning and budgeting

of local governmentoperation. In this case,

local government isdemanded to prepareSPM achievement thatcontains annual target.

WHITE SEDIMENT WITHINWATER

Question:

I live in a district in Jakarta. My

family and I use soil water for our

daily needs. I found problem that the

emergence of white sediment when

water is boiled. Besides that, soap

becomes faster depleted (it becomes

faster depleted when it is in contact

with water). How come did it hap-

pen? What is within the water and

does it have any negative impact for

health?

Wulan, Jakarta

Answer:

Soil water that passes through

lime stone (karst or dolina) com-

monly owns high-level content of

Ca2+ and Mg2+. This ions presence

emerges water hardness within

water. Water hardness caused by

bicarbonate ion presence is com-

monly called by temporary hard-

ness. This hardness can be elimina-

ted by heating process that results in

CaCO3 sediment. While permanent

hardness is hardness due to com-

bined Ca2+ and Mg2+ with non-

bicarbonate ion (sulfate or chloride).

This hardness can be eliminated

with chemical process, such as by

adding ash soda.

Damage incurred by hard water

namely soap extravagance because it

produces precipitate or sediment

when reacting with soap, producing

crust within pipeline or heater pan

(reducing heating process efficien-

cy), and is able to emerge distur-

bance upon kidney function (deposit

in kidney). However, it is all very

determined by consumption level

and water hardness level.

ELIMINATINGDITCH ODOR

Question:

Ditch in front of my house is fre-

quently plugged emerging incon-

venient odor which is very stingy.

Simultaneously with ditch cleaning,

is there any practical way that we can

perform to eliminate the odor?

Reza, Ambon

Answer:

Inundated water contaminated

with domestic waste and mixed with

garbage usually will produce stingy

odor. It is because decreasing dis-

solved oxygen within water followed

with anaerobic water in that water.

The product of such anaerobic reac-

tion is stingy gas, such as NH3 and

H2S. The best way that can be per-

formed to eliminate the odor namely

through regular cleaning of

drainage. Besides that, odor is also

can be eliminated with showering

chlorine solution into the drainage

(with dosage of 5-10 mg/l) to oxidize

organic compounds which are possi-

bly decomposed into stingy gases.

DRAININGSEPTIC TANK

Question:

Almost once in a year, we call for

sewage service truck to drain exist-

ing septic tank within our house. Is

there any technique to extend septic

tank usage duration so that we are

not too often draining the tank?

Cahyo, Banjarmasin

Answer:

According to construction as-

pect, septic tank should use absorp-

tion field so that water within septic

tank can be absorbed after experi-

encing stabilization process in septic

tank. Concrete making in entire

walls will cause septic tank is quick-

ly full. Excessive chemicals (disinfec-

tant) in latrine will also increasingly

reduce septic tank usage duration.

This disinfectant will kill decompos-

er microorganism that should play

role in decomposing wastewater

(including feces). Besides that, spare

feces mud in sufficient volume when

sucking feces mud (do not do full

suction). The mud will play as pio-

neer bacteria to accelerate growth of

new decomposer microorganism in

quick period.

IATPI CLINIC


Percik magazine in cooperation with Association of Indonesian Sanitation Engineering Expert and Environment Engineeringopens Clinic column. The column contains dialog about drinking water and environment sanitation.

Questions can be conveyed through PERCIK magazine editors.Contributor: Sandhi Eko Bramono ([email protected]),

Lina Damayanti ([email protected])

DATE MONTH ACTIVITY

11 January Discussion Meeting on Activity Performance Plan on AMPL Task Force 2006

12-14 January WASPOLA facilitator meeting

16 January Preparation meeting for annual work plan in cooperation with Indonesian government - UNICEF

Presentation of Study Review of Financing for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Indonesia

17 January Preparatory meeting for small data team

Preparation for Guideline Guidance Concept for Performance and Guideline of Operation Performance

18-19 January Workshop I for National Program of Drinking Water and Community-based Sanitation

23 January Coordination Meeting on performance plan establishment for joint operation of government of the Republic of

Indonesia - Plan International

24 January Workshop on Regulation, Policy and Strategy within Waste Water, Waste and Drainage Sector

Advanced meeting on Study Review of Financing for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Indonesia

25 January Workshop on Strategic Development for National Policy on Drinking Water and Environment Sanitation 2006

26 January Study Small Scale Independent Provider meeting

Discussion on performance instrument of SANIMAS Outcome Monitoring Study (SOMS)

27 January Workshop on WASPOLA Work Plan

Advanced meeting on Development for National Policy on Drinking Water and Environment Sanitation 2006

1-4 February Training on Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Plan International -AMPL Task Force in Kebumen

1-2 February Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of Gorontalo Province

2 February SSIP Workshop, Subang

6-7 February Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of NTB Province

13 February AMPL Task Force-Plan international meeting about activity TOR of 2006

14-15 February Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of Banten Province

20-21 February Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of Bangka Belitung

21 February SSWPs Urban Workshop, Jakarta

22-23 February Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of West Sumatera Province

24 February Task Force Meeting of PSP Review for Indonesia

27 February Monitoring on SANIMAS Outcome Monitoring Study (SOMS)

Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of East Java Province

27 February One-day water treatment seminar in user level

3 March Presentation on Study on Drinking Water Investment Impact Upon Economic Growth

7 March Coordination Meeting on AMPL National Policy Implementation

12-18 March SSWP Vietnam Study Visit

13-15 March Final Workshop on Community-based AMPL Implementation of Bali Province 2005

29 March Meeting of AMPL Task Force - Plan International Indonesia on Laws and Regulation Discussion

AGENDA


B O O KEMERGENCY SANITATIONPublisher: Water, Engineering and Development Centre,Loughborough University, UK, 2002

CONTROLING AND PREVENTING DISEASEPublisher: Water, Engineering and Development Centre,Loughborough University, UK, 2002

NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT ECONOMYPublisher: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL

STATISTIC 2000-2003Penerbit: Statistics Central Bureau, 2004

C D

PERCIK CLIPPING ANDMAGAZINE 2005

AMPL LITERATURE


G U I D A N C E

A GU I D E F O R PR O J E C T M&EPublisher: IFAD, 2002

MPA GU I D A N C EPublisher: Directorate General for Publicand Rural Empowerment, Ministry ofHome Affairs, 2005

PHAST GU I D A N C EPublisher: Directorate General for Public andRural Empowerment, Ministry of Home Affairs,2005

R E G U L A T I O N

COMPILATION ON ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT REGULATION 2002-2004Publisher: CV Eka Jaya, Jakarta, 2004

R E P O R T

SYNERGY OF DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL POLICYPERFORMANCE MEETING WITH ACTIVITY IN CHARGEPublisher: Directorate General for Regional DevelopmentFosterage, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2005

PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT ON THE CAPACITY BUILDINGPROJECT IN THE WATER RESOURCES SECTOR IN INDONESIAPublisher: Asian Development Bank, 2005

M A G A Z I N E

DRINKING WATEREdition 124/January 2006Edition 125/February 2006Edition 126/March 2006

LAND & WATEREdition December 2005Publisher: WALHI

P R O C E E D I N G S

WORKSHOP ON DATA MANAGE-MENT REVIEW OF DRINKINGWATER AND ENVIRONMENTSANITATION IN INDONESIAIN FRAMEWORK OF NATIONALHEALTH SURVEY 2006-2007Publisher: Directorate of Settlementand Housing, NationalDevelopment Planning Agency,2005

Most Probable Number (MPN)Amount that states total coli bacteri water sample through multi-tubular experiment technique

Municipal waste waterUrban waste water-Combination of all waste water resulted by a municipality, starting from household waste, social facili-ty and public facility, industry, infiltration and run-off from rainfall

Natural treatment systemWaste treatment system using natural potential for the process, such as porous soil for screening, etc.

Negative residual head (negative pressure residue)Condition where total headloss along stream line (processed water) in treatment units or along transmission line/waterdistribution that exceeds available pressure potential.

NegligenceOfficial issue or action upon failure to satisfy sufficient chemical material provision or immediate revision upon a treat-ment installation or distribution system or its failure to satisfy outlined rules within EPA standard (an agency handlesenvironment impact problem in USA)

Net Population DensityPopulation density within an area counted based upon total population divided by such established area width

Night SoilHuman feces that have been processed (relatively safe) and collected to fertilize soil.

NipplePipeline auxiliary material functions as connection device on shrink tip part (included into pipe tip part top be connec-ted), and equipped with/without thread.

NitrificationBiological process in which conversion from ammonia (NH3) into nitrite takes palce and then becomes nitrate by nitro-somonas and nitrobacter species.

Nocardia foamThick foam type and brown color that usually covers aeration or clarifier container that frequently emerge problem uponactive mud performance. Producing odor and resulting in bad effluent quality.

No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC)Highest measured concentration from effluent (output) or toxic material which having no effect based upon observationthrough chronic test.

Ocean disposal of effluentFunctioning ocean as final disposal place/location of waste

Odor Aroma emerged out waste or waste treatment unit due to gas emergence, which constitute by-product of organic substancedecomposition or due to material addition into waste.

Off-site sanitation systemCentered sanitation system (not local)- Handling/management system of human waste (feces) that still requiresactivity/collection process/accumulation or haulage into processing or disposal system.

GLOSSARY

Quoted from Kamus Istilah & Singkatan Asing Teknik Penyehatan dan Lingkungan(Foreign Word & Abbreviation on Sanitation Technique and Environment)

Publisher: Trisakti University

Date post:	01-Nov-2014
Category:	Technology
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