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Small Wind Installers, Education and Case Small Wind Installers, Education and Case StudiesStudies
Trudy Forsyth Trudy Forsyth [email protected]@nrel.gov
National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory
Industry
Residential
Business
Farm
Schools
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Presentation Outline
• Power in the wind• Sensitivities of micro-siting• Certified NABCEP installers• How to find out about wind installer/windsmith education• Net metering• Turbine cost trends• Case Studies of distributed wind turbines
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Calculation of Wind PowerCalculation of Wind Power
• Power in the wind = ½ A V3
– Effect of wind speed, V
– Effect of rotor diameter on swept area, A
– Effect of elevation and temperature on air density,
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Importance of “Micro-Siting”Importance of “Micro-Siting”
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Capacity FactorCapacity Factor
Capacity Factor =
kWh produced per year/(Prated * 8760 hours/year)
• Prated – rated power of the wind turbine– Small Wind Turbines have wide variation
• Used to judge the site more than the turbine• Can be evaluated across any period of time
– Yearly, monthly or weekly• Capacity Factor – typically ranges from 10 – 40%
– Small wind 9-22%– Distributed wind 15-30%– Windfarm 28-42%
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4.4% capacity factor 4.4% capacity factor in first year of operationin first year of operation
(July 2007)(July 2007)
Estimated 7% capacity factor Estimated 7% capacity factor in first 5 months of operationin first 5 months of operation
(December, 2006 – April, 2007)(December, 2006 – April, 2007)
NWTC site NWTC site
Difference in energy resourceDifference in energy resourceNWTC – Boulder, CONWTC – Boulder, CO
49%
The zone of friction
—’ground drag’—between the earth and the
atmosphere
Congratulations to the first installers
NABCEP – Small Wind Update
NABCEP Certified Small Wind Installers™
How to become a Small Wind How to become a Small Wind Installer/Windsmith?Installer/Windsmith?
• Are you a ‘farm’ kid?
• Able to work in all types of weather, 24/7 if needed
• Can you find creative ways to solve problems?
• Are you comfortable at heights?
• Do you want to live in rural America?
• Go to www.windpoweringamerical.gov, look for education
• Colby Community College – Colby, KS
• Northeast Community College – Norfolk, NE
• Western NE Community College – Scottsbluff, NE
• Northeaster Junior College, - Sterling, CO
• Western IA Technical Community College – Esterville, IA
• Cloud County Community College – Concordia, KS
• Midwest Renewable Energy Association
• Go to www.nabcep.org
02770329
Load
Meter
InverterAC
Windturbine
On-Grid Wind System without Storage
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Net Metering of Renewable EnergyNet Metering of Renewable Energy
Energy consumedimmediately: retail rate
Excess energy used to offset consumption at another time, typically that month or billing cycle: retail rate
Net excess energy typically determined monthly and annually: retail rate, avoided cost, or granted to the utility
02770316
Net Metering
State policy
Voluntary utility program(s) only
www.dsireusa.org / October 2011
*State policy applies to certain utility types only (e.g., investor-owned utilities)
WA: 100
OR: 25/2,000*co-ops & munis:
10/25
CA: 1,000*
MT: 50*
NV: 1,000*
UT: 25/2,000*
AZ: no limit*
ND: 100*
NM: 80,000*
WY: 25*
HI: 100KIUC: 50
CO: no limitco-ops & munis:
10/25OK: 100*
MN: 40
LA: 25/300
AR: 25/300
MI: 150*WI: 20*
MO: 100
IA: 500*
IN: 1,000*
IL: 40*
FL: 2,000
KY: 30*
OH: no limit*
GA: 10/100
WV: 25/50/500/2,000
NC: 1,000*
VT: 20/250/2,200
VA: 20/500*
NH: 100MA:
60/1,000/2,000/10,000*RI: 5,000*
CT: 2,000*
NY: 10/25/500/1,000/2,000*
PA: 50/3,000/5,000*
NJ: no limit*
DE: 25/100/2,000co-ops & munis:
25/100/500 MD: 2,000
DC: 1,000
Note: Numbers indicate individual system capacity limit in kW. Some limits vary by customer type, technology and/or application. Other limits might also apply. This map generally does not address statutory changes until administrative rules have been adopted to implement such changes.
NE: 25
KS: 25/200*
ME: 660co-ops & munis:
100
PR: 25/1,000
AK: 25*
43 states + DC & PR
have adopted a net metering
policy
43 states + DC & PR
have adopted a net metering
policy
DC
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Wind Turbine Cost per kWincluding turbine, tower, and inverter
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Rated Power, kW
$2,500-$5,500/kW
Example:Example:Wind Turbine Installed CostWind Turbine Installed Cost
Red highlights = Turbine System CostRed highlights = Turbine System CostUpdated: 5-Jul-07
High Cost Low Cost
Wind turbine & inverter $27,900 $27,900 $27,900
Tower (100 ft guyed) $9,200 $31,950 $7,400
Tower Wiring Kit $1,000 $1,140 $860
Shipping $1,500 $2,000 $1,000
Installation $8,000 $18,000 $2,000
Permits/Fees $500 $6,000 $0
Sales Tax, 2% $952 9% none
Total $49,052 $94,279 $39,160
Bergey Excel-S (10 kW)
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Small Wind EconomicsSmall Wind Economics
Bergey Excel on 100ft TowerBergey Excel on 100ft Tower
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Wind Turbines at FarmsWind Turbines at Farms
• Wind turbines can be installed at farms to offset electricity purchases from the local utility
• The economics depend in large part on the availability of net metering and the use of a single part electric rate (no demand charge)
• The economics are generally not favorable for very large agricultural facilities to use wind generation due to two part rates and the lack of net metering for large facilities
• Farmer-owned 1500 kW wind turbine by Armstrong, Iowa sells all power to utility rather than using it for large nearby hog farrowing operation
Farmer-owned 1500 kW wind turbine by Armstrong, Iowa
Farmer-owned 65 kW wind turbine in Southeast Iowa used for hog CAFOs
Farmer-owned 12.5 kW wind turbine in Southern Minnesota
Localized Growth Localized Growth San Bernardino County, CASan Bernardino County, CA
• Guasti Construction – started in 2000 with first small turbine installation – ½ Full Time Equivalent (FTE)
• Worked the local zoning and interconnection issues• As of 12/07 – installed 116 turbines (114 in San Bernardino County)
– 6 ¾ FTE• As of 2Q10, installed over 160 small wind systems
Montana cattle and wheat ranchMontana cattle and wheat ranch
Bergey Excel wind turbine 10 kW, 22 ft rotor, 100 ft tower
•Turbine installed September, 2003
•Installed Cost: $36,850
•USDA & state rebates: $20,000
•Reported production: 11,000 kWh/yr
Jerome Middle School Wind TurbineJerome Middle School Wind Turbine(Jerome, ID)(Jerome, ID)
• (1) Skystream 2.4 kW turbine
• Installed November 2008
• Jerome Middle School received a Wind For Schools $4,600 grant through Boise State and the Tidwell Foundation to offset the turbine cost.
• The school solicited the following local companies to donate time & materials in order to reduce the cost of installation:Starr Corporation - Foundation kit $373, Concrete $1000, Re-bar $600, Forming material $150, Equipment for digging foundation $320, Labor for foundation $2000.
H & H Utility - Crane $3000, Pulling wires, Meter, Installation of Turbine
Portneuf Electrical - 1800 ft (3 wire 600 ft each) 4 gauge, 600 ft bare wire (no insulation) 8 gauge $1500.
Power by Jake (Jake Cutler) - Licensed Electrician $360
• In the end, Jerome Middle School paid ~ $3,720 for the turbine tower & various permits.
IBEW Local 103 – Martin Aikens IBEW Local 103 – Martin Aikens
• Fuhrlander 100 kW - Henry DuPont• $540,000 total project costs – ½ paid
by MTC• Located at IBEW training center• Wanted to showcase wind in support
of Cape Wind project – 3 years of 700 electrician jobs during installation + future O&M
• 100 kW system put in to support large projects and the jobs they represent.
• Train workers in wind technology related electrical issues.
• Project located in Boston on busiest commuter route in or out of city.
• Boston 5th largest media market in US.
Senior Housing Complex (Winter Harbor, ME)Senior Housing Complex (Winter Harbor, ME)
• Bergey Excel 10-kW turbine• Installed August 2007• Reduces energy costs for residents of a
subsidized elderly housing complex• Entirely funded by a federal Residential
Energy Assistance Challenge (REACH) grant • Wind turbine and tower cost $40,190• Installation cost $24,346• 3-year maintenance package included • Town debated: Is the wind turbine a tower
(not subject to zoning) or a structure (regulated by zoning)?
• Verdict: turbine is NOT a structure
Hyannis Country Garden (Hyannis, MA)Hyannis Country Garden (Hyannis, MA)
• (1) 100 kW Northwind 100
• Project commissioned in December 2008
• Total cost for turbine was ~ $486,000
• Project received a $225,000 grant from the Massachusetts Renewable Energy Trust
• Also received a $46,500 grant from the United States Department of Agriculture
• The turbine is projected to generate the equivalent of $30,000 to $35,000 in electricity/yr
• The remaining $214,500 is expected to be paid back within 5-7 yrs
Case Study: On-Grid Farm
• Southwestern Kansas
• Utility bill reduction
• Bergey Windpower Excel turbine10 kW, 23 ft rotor, 100 ft tower
• ~21,000 kWh/year generation, utility bill savings ~$2,800/year
• Installed in early 1983, ~$20,000, received federal tax credit
• Maintenance costs $50/year
• One lightning strike, damage was covered by farm insurance
• One blade was replaced
Byers Auto Group Wind TurbinesByers Auto Group Wind Turbines(Columbus & Delaware County, OH)(Columbus & Delaware County, OH)
• Proven Energy 15 kW – Delaware County, OH. Dedicated on November 19, 2010.
• Northern Power Systems 100 kW – Columbus, OH. Dedicated on October 22, 2010.
• Idea originated while constructing new Toyota showroom at the Delaware County location
• Partially funded through an Ohio Department of Development Grant for $200,000 and the Section 1603 of the Federal Tax Code that provided one-third of the total project cost in the form of a line item tax credit.
• Total cost of nearly $600,000 for both installations. • Columbus turbine Zoning and Permitting process -
city used existing language pertaining to cellular towers.
• Delaware County Zoning and Permitting process – group presented project to Delaware Planning Commission before receiving permission to install.
• Renier Construction and Architectural Alliance secured all building permits that were needed to begin construction
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Charles City, IA - On-Grid Farm
• Tjaden family farm – Charles City, IA
• Bonus 450 kW – bought used on internet
• O% loan from Iowa Energy Center,
• Assumed $2,500/year O&M
• Assumed 800,000 kWh
• Simple Payback of 6.5 years with $20 – 25,000 annual gross income
• USDA Farm bill grant - $49k
• 1.8 cents/kWh PTC, 1.5 cents/kWh IA tax credit
• Selling kWh to Generation Transmission Company - REC
Bent Conservation District (CO)Bent Conservation District (CO)
• Owned by (4) ag producers in Bent County
• Online Spring/Summer 2009• (2) Skystream 1.8 kW turbines
(2) Endurance 5 kW turbines• Bent County Conservation District
applied for a USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service grant in 2007
• The $75,000 was awarded in 2008• The grant allowed the district to
provide 50% of the cost to install all four turbines
• The project has saved one of the farmers ~40% on their monthly electric bill
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For More InformationFor More Information
- Wind Powering America – www.windpoweringamerica.gov - American Wind Energy Association – www.awea.org - Community Wind - Windustry - www.windustry.org - Incentives – www.dsireusa.org- Small Wind Certification Council- www.smallwindcertification.org- North American Board of Certified Energy Practioners –
www.nabcep.org- Home Power Magazine www.homepower.com
Books by Paul GipeBooks by Paul GipeAvailable from Chelsea Green Publishing Co.Available from Chelsea Green Publishing Co.
www.chelseagreen.comwww.chelseagreen.com
