Smart Building (Computer Systems & Architecture)

Smart Building(Control & Architecture)

Badame, YimFrom First ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings 2009

Topics of PresentationMotivationClassificationMACWiredWirelessLinkNetwork/TransportApplication1. MotivationsResidential Motivation

4Viewing Buildings as a Closed System70% of total electrical energy40% of green house gases

Buildings account for approximately 40% of the EUs energy usage, contributing about 30% of all CO2 emissions

Getting to know the problem

How much slack?Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Focus on Smart Buildings by Jan Kleissl and Yuvraj Agarwal

Looked into Energy of 60 buildings on University of San Diego Campus

Slack onIT: 60%Server Rooms: 50%Lights: 80%Mechanical Loads: 20%2. ClassificationBuilding Automation System (BAS)Control: lighting, temperature, security, blinds, *your hearts desire*For both measurement and real-time controlUnlike to feedback-based approach, focuses on transparently control and management electric devices in order to reduce the power consumption without explicit human controls and human noticeable degradation in QoS

2. Classification by OSI 7 Layer

(a) MAC LayerWired: Energy efficientPower line Phone line Ethernet Already there!

Wireless: Installation is 20 - 80% cheaper[1]

MAC Wired: (Power Line Comm.)Protocol: Home Plug 1.0 (Commercial) Achieves Ethernet class network on-site using existing electrical wiringHas been introduced in American marketMitigates unpredictable noiseSplits bandwidth into many small sub channelsMasks noisy ones & othersMaintain 76 for use in U.S. marketData rate: 1 to 14 MbpsNodes estimate each 5 sec. & adapt to optimal data rate

MAC Wired: (Power Line Comm.)Protocol: Home Plug AV (under research/development)By Home Plug AllianceGoal 100 Mb/s for in home PL networkNecessary for multimedia (e.g. HDTV)Rivals wired nw protocols (Ethernet)Accommodates new hybrid power lines & wireless networkSimple, reliable, cost-effectivePlug-and-playPLC SecurityPLC is shared channel (like WiFi)Robust security is serious issueEncryption necessary: security vs. complexityRivest: 128 bit keyHome Plug: DES - 56 bit keyIntrusion & interference from adjacent subnetse.g. Apartments - contention, degradationDecoupling filters - isolate circuits at meterCan also "separate" power line with router

Wireless MACSubstantial costs associated with wired sensorse.g., workload, time and cabling cost

(a) Installation of wireless is cheaper and faster Makes it possible to increase the number of sensors More fine-grained measurements

(b) FlexibilityTemporary infrastructure can be deployed quickly in a retrofit scenario to perform measurements during a limited timeMAC & Network Layer:Other Challenges of WirelessIndoor Wireless coverage is hard

Usual Candidates:Power ( Want to Avoid A/C for all devices)Bandwidth Standardizing the protocol (Must be efficient for all devices)

Solution?Wireless Mesh Networks! (WMNs)3 ComponentsNetwork gateway, Mesh router, Mesh clients

All nodes pass on information until one with internet is found

ZigBee wireless protocol4 out of 5 Top vendors use itJohnson Controls, Siemens, TAC and Trane

An industry standard: (ASHRAE, ANSI and ISO)Defines 49 different types of objectsBuilt in categorization of themBuilt in PID control loopCompatible with IPLevels of Priority

Building Automation and Control NETworks

LonWorksCombines Communication standard with Neuron Chip from Echelon Corp.

2 levels of priority: 1.) Fire!2.) Everything else

(1) A WSN Design Tool to Support Building Energy ManagementProblemPhysical location of sensor nodes strongly influences the performance of the networkAn inaccurate prediction of radio signal properties can increase the packet error rate, resulting in unplanned packet retransmission, unpredicted network performance and node lifetime (e.g., wall)Previous WorkOnly concentrate on signal coverage alone to ensure connectivityImportant to also include application specific metrics such as end to end latency or network lifetime. Inclusion of additional metrics adds significant complexity to the design algorithm. To use centralized heuristic and search based algorithms with focus on maximizing spatial coverage and node connectivity. Not scalable.SolutionImport Environment DescriptionCandidate Grid GenerationOptimization Module

Experiment Data

(2) Towards a Zero-Configuration WSN Architecture for Smart BuildingsProblemNowadays, the deployment of a building control system is complicated because of different communication standardsSolutionA web services-based approach to integrate resource constrained sensor and actuator nodes into IP-based networksCapability for automatic service discovery Implemented an API to access services on sensor nodes following the architectural style of representational state transferDesign and Data

Evaluation of energy-efficiency in lighting systems using sensor networks

LightWise WSN

Measures:Human activityAmbient LightingArtificial Lighting

Calculate smart energy saving techniquesSmart times to do certain tasksSuggest when to turn off devicesEvaluates efficiencyWhat LightWise is thinking

Results from LightWise

The Self-Programming Thermostat: Optimizing Setback Schedules based on Home Occupancy PatternsGoalsDetect when users are homeAutomatically develop a model Self program the thermostat

User only needs to turn the Bang for Buck knob.The self-programming thermostat: optimizing setback schedules based on home occupancy patternsEnergy star thermostats are preset from 8:00am to 6:00pm.

People dont like the hassle of programming times

People dont have constant schedules.The main idea

How the Calculation is PerformedHow the Calculation is PerformedDataUsed Handwritten logs from two people over the course of a month

KasterenLess predictable schedule: 40% reduction in miss time

TulumMore predictable schedule: 15% reduction in miss timeApplication: iSenseA WSN Based Conference Room Management SystemProblemto book meeting rooms in a corporate environmentPrevious Workthe status of meeting rooms is manually entered. Not reflected in real time and underutilization of resourcesMeasurementa test bed of motes and analyzed the occupancy and electricity consumption data to estimate the under-utilization of conference rooms, and the wastage of electricity in the process

DesignSolution

ResultsThe utilization of the conference room is increased from 67% to 90%Electricity saving is equivalent to 16000 full grown banyan trees in a year.

Application: IP-based WSNEfficient Application Integration in IP-Based Sensor NetworksProblemIntegration of sensor networks with future energy managementSolutionIP-based sensor network where nodes communicate their information using Web servicesA session-aware power-saving radio protocolThe use of the HTTP Conditional GET mechanismResults

Application: Building Automation &Control System DifficultiesMany different systemsControl theory is needed to keep systems stable.System modularity is difficult

Buildings are mix-use (People and Computers)

For instance, as a caution note that a 2% decrease in the productivity of once building occupants has the same economic impact as all building maintenance and energy expenditures[3]Standard ProtocolsGoal: A Dynamic networkConfigurationSharing resourcesMaintanenceControl - from anywhere, anytime

For building and CE devices administrationCustom in-house tools for building and system air conditionerFor CE devices, there are standardization activitiesThe NetworkThe services register their proxies with the lookup service, which is queried by the servlet for servicing the request from the client.DEVICESWWWCLIENTSERVLETThe Client clicks on the link leading to his URL requesting a serviceJini Lookup1. Ask for the service2. Get the service proxy3. Interact with deviceJini Connection TechnologyJava centric, distributed system designed for simplicity, flexibility and federationMembers of the federation agree on basic notions of trust, administration, identification and policyComponents - Services, Infrastructure and programming model

Lookup Service - Central bootstrapping mechanism for the system; helps find and resolve available services; service added to a lookup service by a pair of protocols - Discovery and JoinLeasing - Grant of guaranteed services over a time periodSecurity JDK 1.2 Security model

Service ProviderLookup ServiceLookups proxyService ProviderLookup ServiceLookups proxyService object contains the Java programming language interface for the service, including the methods that users and applications will invoke to execute the service along with any other descriptive attributes.

Service ProviderLookup ServiceLookups proxyLookups proxy1. Get Lookups proxy from the lookupDISCOVERYService Provider Service AttributesLookup Service Service ObjectService Attributes Service ObjectLookups proxy1. Get Lookups proxy from the lookup2. Register service object with lookupLookups proxyJOINService Provider Service Object Service AttributesClientLookup Service Service ObjectService Attributes3b. Interact with service2b. Gets Service Proxy1b. Query the Lookup serviceMulticast Request (Service Initiated DiscoveryDiscovererLookup Service1. Request Message (sent via UDP Multicast) IP Address - 224.0.1.85 port:4160via UDP Multicast) IP Address - 224.0.1.85 port:41602. Response Message Service Proxy sent (Sent via TCP unicast)

Discovery - Process by which Jini applications find the lookup services that serve their communities.

Two forms - Serendipitous and hard wired.

Service initiated discovery, Lookup initiated discovery and direct discovery

Lookup ServiceService Provider Service Object Service AttributesClientLookup Service Service ObjectService Attributes3. Interact with service2. Gets Service Proxy1. Query the Lookup serviceDevice Architecture AlternativesDevice with computing power, memory, full JVM

Devices with specialized JVMs - need not include security manager, code verifier, or a number of other components

Clustering of devices with a Shared Virtual Machine

Full Jini Capable DeviceNetworkProxyClientService clientJVMHardware ImplementationService ProviderCommunication via RMI protocolPrivate ProtocolClustering of devices with a Jini capable proxy on the networkNetworkClientService clientNetwork ProxyCommunication via RMI protocolProxyJVMPrivate ProtocolDev 1Dev 2Dev 3Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA): Device Class .DLNA Confidential51Home NetworkDevicesDigital Media Printer(DMPr)Digital Media Controller(DMC)Digital Media Renderer(DMR)Digital Media Player(DMP)Digital Media Server(DMS)Mobile HandheldDevicesMobile Digital MediaController (M-DMC)Mobile Digital MediaUploader (M-DMU)Mobile Digital MediaDownloader (M-DMD)Mobile Digital MediaPlayer (M-DMP)Mobile Digital MediaServer (M-DMS)HomeInfrastructureDevicesMobileInteroperabilityUnit (MIU)MobileNetworkConnectivityFunction (M-NCF)Based on these Device Classes, Device Capabilities are added

52Device CapabilityDevice Capability: A DLNA certifiable add-on that must be combined with at least one device class and which supports a new system usageHas requirements at only a subset of layers of the DLNA framework/architectureA product may support one or more device capabilities Upload / Download Controllers+UP+ - Upload Controller+DN+ - Download ControllerPush Controller+PU+ - Push ControllerPrinter Controllers+PR1+ - Printer Controller + Image Content Source+PR2+ - Printer Controller (Print Images stored in other devices)Device ClassDeviceCapabilityDLNA Confidential53Movies from Digital Media ServerAccess a Digital Media Server to send movies straight to your HDTV.

DMSDMPDLNA Confidential54Watch DVR Recordings Anywhere in your Home

No more fighting for the remote: access recorded shows on your DVR from any TV in your home

DMPDMSDMPDLNA Confidential55

Share MusicUse a mobile phone to transfer a song from the PC to the stereo and play the song

DMCDMSDMRDLNA Confidential56Show your On-the-Fly Video with DLNA Certified Devices

Record video and take pictures with your mobile phoneUsing your Blu-Ray player, watch movies and show pictures from your mobile phone on your HDTV

DMRDMS+PU+DLNA Confidential57Enjoy your Music, Photos, and Video when youre On-the-Go Copy music, pictures, or video from your PC or Digital Media Server to your mobile phone to always have the media you need.

DMS+UP+DMS+UP+DLNA Confidential58

A Multimedia Slideshow in your Living RoomPlay a photo slideshow with music on your HDTV.

Your photo slideshow and music are stored on your PC.Or on your Digital Media Server.DMSDMSDMRPlayList59DLNA is an International StandardIEC 62481-1Title: Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked device interoperability guidelines Part 1: Architecture and protocolshttp://webstore.iec.ch/Webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/038283

IEC 62481-2Title: Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked device interoperability guidelines Part 2: DLNA media formatshttp://webstore.iec.ch/Webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/038284 5960Link Protection System Usage Pulling Content from Server To Player

Digital Media Server(DMS or M-DMS)

Digital Media Player(DMP or M-DMP)ContentControlProtected linkLink Protection is for Render OnlyNo persistence of Content- that requires DRM60HNAP by CiscoHome Network Administration Protocol (HNAP)Based on HTTP-Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)very flexible and easily extensible. For advanced programmatic configuration and management by remote entitieseasy to implement inside of small cost-constrained hardware RequestPOST /HNAP1/ HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.0.1 Authorization: Basic YWMEHZY+ Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 SOAPAction: "http://purenetworks.com/HNAP1/GetFirmwareSettings" ResponseHTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 300 OK Linksys WRT150N 2.00 1.21 2005-05-31T17:23:18 HNAP_UPLOAD TFTP_UPLOAD

Sources[1] An Emerging Technology for Improved Building Automation Control by Wenqi (Wendy) Guo, Wenqi (Wendy) Guo[3] Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Focus on Smart Buildings by Jan Kleissl, Yuvraj Agarwal[4]Smart Buildings by Deborah SnoonianChart10.2640.130.1250.1160.365

Residential Energy Usage

Sheet1Residential Energy UsageSpace Heating26.4%Space Cooling13.0%Water Heating12.5%Lighting11.6%Other36.5%To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.