Date post: | 19-Jan-2015 |
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CARDS AND SENSORSBY: PRATEEK AGRAWAL FINAL SEMESTER
Contents:
1) Smart cards
contact cards
contact less cards
2) Types of cards(charts)
3) Cards construction
4) Application
5) Sensor
6) Types of sensor
7) Example of sensors
SMART CARDS Smart cards (or Integrated Circuits cards or ICC) are small pocket-sized cards with
electronic processing circuits embedded in them. Some memory cards and some have
embedded microprocessor circuits.
Smart cards are divide into two:
Contact smart cards : They have gold coated pins on the chip that provide contact with
the electrical circuits of the card reader when the card is inserted in it.
Eg telephone cards in public telephones.
Contact-less smart cards: They communicate with card readers using the radio frequency
induction technology. These cards have to be held close to the reader’s antenna.
The chip embedded in a smart card is a circuit including a computer, memory and transceiver.
The chip lies in between the inner layers of the card.
Smartcards do not have batteries. The energy is provided by the card reader.
The computer in the card is activated by power (through radiation in a contact less card and
through the IC pins on the card surface in a contact card) from a nearby reader called host.
The card communicates with the host after appropriate interchanges for authentication.
Application protocol data unit(APDU) is an accepted standard for card-host communication.
TYPES OF
CARDS
Mostly all chip cards are built from layers of differing
materials, or substrates, that when brought together
properly gives the card a specific life and functionality. The
typical card today is made from PVC, Polyester or
Polycarbonate. The card layers are printed first and then
laminated in a large press. The next step in construction is
the blanking or die cutting. This is followed by embedding a
chip and then adding data to the card. In all, there may be
up to 30 steps in constructing a card. The total components,
including software and plastics, may be as many as 12
separate items; all this in a unified package that appears to
the user as a simple device.
SMART CARD CONSTUCTION
APPLICATION
Applications of smart cards:
For financial transactions as a credit or ATM / debit card.
Can store personal id or medical reports.
An employee can use it to open security locks at work and log
in.
A student uses it to get books issued from library.
SENSOR
Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environment; for eg:
there are sensors for temperature, pressure, light etc.
The sensor sends the signals to a computer or controller.
A sensor maybe a CCD(charge coupled device) camera to identify various
objects or a microphone to recognize voices. Sensors in a mobile device
facilitate interaction of the device with the surroundings.
Smart sensors have computational, communication, and networking
capabilities.
It consists of the sensing device, processor, memory, analog to digital
converter(ADC), signal processing element, wireless or infrared receiver and
transmitter, and performs communicational and computational functions.
Sensors are programmed using assembly language or C.
Typically interested in electronic sensor
• convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
• General Electronic Sensor
• primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical signal
• secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital values
• Typical Electronic Sensor
System
realworld
primarytransducer
Analog
secondarytransducer
sensor
Usablevalues
sensorinputsignal
(measurand)
microcontrollersignal processing
communication
sensor dataanalog/digital
networkdisplay
Examples of sensors:
Sensor for surrounding light can be used to control the brightness of the LCD
screen.
Sensor for measuring the strength of the signal received, controls the amplification
of received signals.
Sensor for background noise can be used to control voice amplification during a call.
Examples of sensors used in robotic systems:
Acceleration and force sensors in the right and left feet
Infrared distance sensors at the head and hands
Microphones in ears etc.
Conclusion:
There are two types of cards contact and contact less cards.
Contact cards are gold coated pins and contactless cards
communicates with radio frequency.
They are constructed from PVC polyester or polycarbonate.
Sensor are the electronic devices that sense the environment.
Sensors are programmed using assembly language or C.
Smart sensors have computational, communication, and
networking capabilities
REFERENCE: http://www.smartcardbasics.com/smart-card-types.ht
ml
Raj Kamal, Mobile Computing, Oxford University Press,
2007
Amjad Umar, Mobile Computing and Wireless
Communications,NGE Solutions,2004
Asoke Talukder,Roopa Yavagal, Mobile
Computing,McGrawhill,2006
Reza Behravanfar, Phillip Lindsay, Reza B'Far, Mobile
Computing Principles:
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