Smart Grid Communications: Research Challenges and Opportunities

1 Vehbi Cagri Gungor 1

TITOLO

TESI Assistant Prof. V. Cagri Gungor

Bahcesehir University

Istanbul,Turkey

[email protected]

November, 2011

Smart Grid Communications:

Research Challenges and Opportunities

http://www.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://ii.csusb.edu/images/mou/bahcesehir.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ii.csusb.edu/mou.aspx&usg=__UpE5NHavo03LQmX6fi3Mk0LX5yk=&h=100&w=100&sz=12&hl=tr&start=25&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0TLvzrVl_kN02M:&tbnh=82&tbnw=82&prev=/images?q=bahcesehir+university+symbol&start=20&um=1&hl=tr&sa=N&ndsp=20&tbs=isch:1

mailto:[email protected]


Background

Existing power grid does not meet the needs of

the twenty-first century anymore. There is an

increase in:

growing population and power demand

complexity in managing the power grid

generation capacity limitations



Increasingly growing world population &

Decreasing energy resources



Traditional Power Grid

Many implementation

decisions were made

100 years ago:

1. Generation

1. Transmission and

Distribution

2. Customers



Current Power Grid Segments

A. Energy generation

• Nuclear, hydro, fossil fuel (gas, coal, diesel, natural gas), biomass,

geothermal

• Not much renewable sources (solar, wind)

B. Transmission lines with substations (High Voltage > 110 KV)

C. Distribution with substations (Medium Voltage, ~ 1 – 110KV)

D. Industrial, Commercial and Business Consumers

E. Residential Consumption



History of the Power Grid

Largest machine in the world

Centralized

In the US, assumed to be natural monopoly

– Regulated up to mid 1990s

Deregulation

– Transmission and distribution still regulated but generation

and retailing become competitive and open

• Open wholesale and retail market for electricity



Traditional Power Grid Aged !!!

Existing power grid has been aged and need to be

modernized due to increased problems such as;

Lack fault diagnostics and automation

Difficulties in forecasting load growth

Equipment failures and cascading effects

Slow response times

Natural catastrophes and accidents

Major blackouts



Current Grid Deficiencies - I

Balance Demand and Supply

– No storage (consume as soon as produced)

• Over estimate demand waste

• Under estimate demand blackout

Sensing & measurement at transmission lines and substation

– But human operator at control centers, not much automation



Current Grid Deficiencies - II

Large-scale balckouts

– Blackout of 1965 (25M in US and Ontario) for 12 hours

[ maintenance error ]

– Blackout in 1978 affected 80% of France [ transmission

line breakdown ]

– Outage in Quebec, Canada, 6M without power for 9

hours [ geomagnetic storm ]

– August 2003 blackout northern US and central Canada

affected 50M [ overgrown trees and computer failures ],

$7-10B loss

– Many more in other countries



Voltage Collapse on Staten Island

SoftSwitching Technologies’ I-Grid Monitors. First Energy

Red dots indicate measured low voltage events.



The cost of blackouts

A rolling blackout across Silicon Valley totaled $75

million in losses.

In 2000, the one-hour outage that hit the Chicago Board

of Trade resulted in $20 trillion in trades delayed.

Sun Microsystems estimates that a blackout costs the

company $1 million every minute.

The Northeast blackout of 2003 resulted in a $6 billion

economic loss to the region.

http://www.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,1718431,00.html



Current Grid Deficiencies - III

Various causes for blackouts

– Generation-load imbalance

– Short circuit

– Human (in)action

– Natural causes

– Untrimmed trees

– Etc.

One factor in common: cascading failure

Grid is showing signs of aging



Cascading failures – present

Present Power Grid has some defensive techniques

against these cascading failures

– Energy Management System (EMS)

– Special Protection Schemes (SPS)

– Remedial Action Schemes (RAS)

By the time problems are detectable, it usually becomes

too late to prevent them

Not all generated data can be sent to control centers for

analysis

Also:

– Electricity demand is growing

– Deregulation



Power Grid Architecture



Problems of Traditional Power Grid

• It is not efficient (transmission losses = 20%)

• Security threats from energy suppliers or cyber attack

• Limited alternative power generation sources

• Un-interruptible electricity supply

• Poor situation awareness

• Poor control and management of distribution network

A “SMARTER” grid is needed!



What is Smart Grid?

Smart Grid is a modernized electric power transmission and distribution network

using robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and distributed computing

technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and use.

Source: PG&E



Smart Grid Functionalities

■ Smart Grid is an application of digital information technology

to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use:

• Optimize power delivery and generation

• Advanced efficient power generation

• Low loss delivery through power lines

• Self-healing

•Real-time awareness and reaction of system problems

•Consumer participation:

•Consumer can monitor and control “smart appliances” to

manage energy use and reduce energy cost



Consumer Participation

Load control and scheduling via

distributed sensor

communications and control Source: SCE



Smart Grid Functionalities (Cont.’d)

•Resist attacks

•Real time monitoring of power grids

•Identify and respond to man-made or natural

disruptions

•Isolate affected areas and redirect power flows

around damaged facilities

•High quality power:

•Reduce high losses due to outages and power

quality issues

•Those issues cost US more than $100 billion each

year!



Smart Grid

24/7 monitoring

real-time

actionable data

Smart grid is an intelligent power grid

infrastructure with the integration of

advanced communication

infrastrucutre and sensing

.

two-way high-speed

communications

advanced sensing

technology

reduce in greenhouse

gases advanced energy

management



Smart Grid Value Propositions

Utility:

– Grid efficiency and optimization

– Reliability and availability

– Meeting environmental regulations

Consumer:

– Cheaper, cleaner, and more reliable energy

Society:

– Environmental benefits (clean air, lower CO2)

– Economic benefits (Lower costs, green collar jobs,

uptime for grid, etc.)



Major Companies Move into

Smart Grid in the USA



Smart Grid Architecture



The Smart Grid Communications Physical Architecture



Smart Grid Evolution



Smart Grid Framework

Energy

Infrastructure

Information

Technology

Potential

Applications

Source: PG&E

Communication

Infrastructure



HAN Neighborhood Area Network

Distribution Area Network Core Network

Distribution Automation

Mobile Applications

Utility Core Systems

Power Quality Sensors

Outage Management

AMI Network

Demand Response

PHEV Station

Distribution Area Network

Smart Grid = Network of Networks



Smart Grid:

Applications and Services Road Map

> 2011 20xx

Cum

ula

tive B

ene

fits

2009

Time

Technology

Complexity

Today Integrate existing

services to new platform

Future Enable future services

Services:

•Interval rates

Applications:

•Remote meter reading

•Limited load control &

automation

Services:

•Time of use pricing

Applications:

•Demand response

•Load and outage mngt.

•Distribution automation

•Energy storage

•AMI deployments

•Optimization of T&D via smart

sensor nodes

Services:

•Real-time pricing and energy

trading

Applications:

•Micro-grids

•Fault prediction

•Automated energy mngt.

•Smart appliances

•PHEV/EV grid connectivity

•Distributed generation from

solar, wind, etc.

Near term Transform existing

services using advanced

computing & comm.



Smart Grid Key Technologies

Source: DoE NETL



SG Components by US DoE

1. Integrated two-way communications

• Now utility unaware of problems until notified

2. Advanced control methods

• Superconductivity, fault tolerance, energy storage

3. Sensing and measurement technologies

• Smart Meter, Phasor Measurement Units

4. Improved interface and decision support

5. Applications



Key Technologies

Integrated Communications

– Fast and reliable communications for the grid

– Allowing the grid for real-time control, information and data

– Exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization and

security

Wireless, powerline or fiber-optics can be used:

– Zigbee

– LTE / WiMAX

– WiFi

– GSM / GPRS / 3G

– Home Plug

– DSL



Customer Domain HAN - Home Area Network

BAN - Building Are Network

IAN - Industrial Area Network

NAN – Neighborhood Area Network

HAN technologies

– ZigBee, Z-Wave, HomePlug IEEE

1901, Wireles M-BUS, Wavenis, ISA

100.11, INSTEON



ZigBee

Low cost, low power, low complexity wireless mesh

network standard over unlicensed ISM spectrum

– Almost all channels overlap with IEEE 802.11

– Some studies of ZigBee and 802.11 studies exist but

under almost none for SG

IEEE 802.15.4 defines PHY and MAC

– ZigBee alliance adds network and applications layer

specifications



6LoWPAN

Low Rate WPAN LR-WPAN 6LoWPAN based on

IEEE 802.15.4 to carry IPv6

– RFC4944 by IPv6 over Low power WPAN Working Group at

IETF

The 6lowpan group has defined encapsulation and

header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6

packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE

802.15.4 based networks.

Another IETF WG: ROLL Working Group Routing

Over Low power and Lossy networks



Challenges of Wireless in Smart Grid

Probabilistic (and low) link quality

High latency

Limited bandwidth

Limited battery

QoS provisioning

Need for distributed decision and control algorithms

Huge data to sense, process, store and transmit



Power Line Communication

Wherever powers goes Power Line Communication

(PLC) can go too!

Convenient but tradeoff

– Interference and open circuits

• Interference from power equipment

– Transformers, etc.

• High transmission impairments

• Interference from other standards

– Ham radio operators not happy

» Legal issues

• And hence lower bandwidth

– Security and privacy



Key Technologies

Wireless or PLC

to monitors and

control:

– Smart relays at

substations

– Transformers,

circuit breakers

and reclosers

– Bi-directional

meters with two-

way

communication



Current Power Grid Communications

After the blackout of 1965, more computerized control

introduced

– Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) which evolved

into Energy Management System (EMS) at the Control Center

– Remote Terminal Units (RTU) at Transmission and distribution

substations to collect real-time data

• Time granularity is low (2-5 samples / sec)

– EMS uses Automatic Generation Control (AGC) for state

estimation, contingency analysis, optimal power flow, etc.



Current Power Grid Communications

After 1990s, limited real-time monitoring capabilities to

distribution and customer has been introduced

– Distributed automation

– AMR and AMI

– However, only for demo projects

Operating Constraints of traditional EMS:

– Temporal visibility

• No distribution and customer sections visibility

– Spatial visibility

• RTU cannot feed data into control centers to be acted upon

39



Smart Grid Communication

Requirements

Application Security Bandwidth Reliability Coverge Latency Back-up Power

Advanced Metering Infrastructure High 14-100 kbps per node 99.0-99.99% 20-100 % 2000 ms 0-4 hours

AMI Network Management High 56-100 kbps 99.00% 20-100% 1000-2000 ms 0-4 hours

Automated Feeder Switching High 9.6-56 kbps 99.0-99.99% 20-100% 300-2000 ms 8-24 hours

Capacitor Bank Control Medium 9.6-100 kbps 96.0-99.00% 20-90% 500-2000 ms 0 hours

Charging Plug-In Electric Vehicles Medium 9.6-56 kbps 99.0-99.90% 20-100% 2000 ms - 5 min. 0 hours

Demand Response High 56 kbps 99.00% 100% 2000 ms 0 hours

Direct Load Control High 14-100 kbps per node 99.0-99.99% 20-100 % 2000 ms 0-4 hours

Distributed Generation High 9.6-56 kbps 99.0-99.99% 90-100% 300-2000 ms 0-1 hour

Distribution Asset Management High 56 kbps 99.00% 100% 2000 ms 0 hours

Emergency Response Medium 45-250 kbps 99.99% 95% 500 ms 72 hours

Fault Current Indicator Medium 9.6 kbps 99.00-99.999% 20-90% 500-2000 ms 0 hours

In-home Displays High 9.6-56 kbps 99.0-99.99% 20-100% 300 -2000 ms 0-1 hour

Meter Data Management High 56 kbps 99.00% 100% 2000 ms 0 hours

Network Protection Monitoring Medium - High 56-100 kbps 99.00-99.999% 100% 2000-5000 ms 0 hours

Outage Management High 56 kbps 99.00% 100% 2000 ms 0 hours

Price Signaling Medium 9.6-56 kbps 99.0-99.90% 20-100% 2000 ms - 5 min. 0 hours

Real-time Pricing High 14-100 kbps per node 99.0-99.99% 20-100 % 2000 ms 0-4 hours

Remote Connect/Disconnect High 56-100 kbps 99.00% 20-100 % 2000-5000 ms 0 hours

Routine Dispatch Medium 9.6-64 kbps 99.99% 95% 500 ms 72 hours

Transformer Monitoring Medium 56 kbps 99.00-99.999% 20-90% 500-2000 ms 0 hours

Voltage and Current Monitoring Medium 56-100 kbps 99.00-99.999% 100% 2000-5000 ms 0 hours

Workforce Automation Medium 256-300 kbps 99.90% 90% 500 ms 8 hours

CURRENT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

National Broadband Plan: RFI Communications Requirements

Comments of Utilities Telecom Council, July 12, 2010



Technology Spectrum Usage Data Rate Coverage Range Applications Limitations

GPS 900 - 1800 MHz up to 14.4 Kpbs Coverage area

of host network

AMI, Demand

Response, HAN Low date rates

GPRS 900 - 1800 MHz up to 170 kbps Coverage area

of host network

AMI, Demand

Response, HAN

Higher data rates

than GPS

3G

1.92-1.98 GHz

2.11-2.17 GHz

(licensed)

384 Kbps-2

Mbps

Coverage area

of host network

AMI, Demand

Response, HAN

Costly spectrum

fees

Lack of

coverage

WiMAX 3.5 GHz Up to Mbps LOS-10-16 km

NLOS-1-2 km

AMI, Demand

Response

Practical bit rate

is up to 2 Mbps

PLC 1-30 MHz 2-3 Mbps 1-3 km Fraud Detection

with ICT

Harsh, noisy

channel

environment

ZigBee 2.4 - 868 -

915 MHz 250 Kbps 76 m AMI, HAN

Low data rate

Short range

Comparison Landscape

Communication Technologies



Key Technologies

Sensing and measurement:

– Smart meter technology, real time metering of:

• Congestion and grid stability

• Equipment health

• Energy theft (power frauds)

• Real time thermal rating

• Electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis

• Real time pricing

– Phasor measurement units (PMU)

• Real time monitor of power quality

• Use GPS as a reference for precise measurement



Advanced Sensing and Measurement

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

(AMI)

– Provide interface between the utility

and its customers: bi-direction

control

– Advanced functionality

• Real-time electricity pricing

• Accurate load characterization

• Outage detection/restoration

– California asked all the utilities to

deploy the new smart meter




Health Monitor: Phasor

measurement unit (PMU)

– Measure the electrical

waves and determine the

health of the system.

– Increase the reliability by

detecting faults early,

allowing for isolation of

operative system, and the

prevention of power

outages.



PMU vs. SCADA

SCADA PMU

1 sample / 2-5 seconds 10-60 samples per second

Latency and skew GPS & Time stamped with min latency

Legacy communication Modern communication technology

Responds to static behavior Responds to system dynamic behavior

X Ray MRI

PMU are deployed at key substations

PMU enables local correction at the substation level without sending out to

a central location

This eliminates the need for manual intervention as in the case for

EMS and enhances state estimation (Visualization of PMU data)

That in turn helps in wide area monitoring




Distributed weather

sensing

– Widely distributed solar

irradiance, wind speed,

temperature measurement

systems to improve the

predictability of renewable

energy.

– The grid control systems

can dynamically adjust the

source of power supply.



Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Grid

The challenges of wireless sensor network in smart grid

– Harsh environmental conditions.

– Reliability and latency requirements

– Packet errors and variable link capacity

– Resource constraints.

The interference will severely affect the quality of

wireless sensor network.

V.C. Gungor, B. Lu, G.P. Hancke, "Opportunities and Challenges of

Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grid," in IEEE Transactions on

Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3557-3564, October 2010.


48 Vehbi Cagri Gungor 48 48

Experiments for Noise and Interference

They measured the noise level in dbm (the

larger the worse)

The outdoor background noise level is -

105dbm



IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Sensor Nodes

used in Field Tests

Robust – USB interface

– Low power consumption

– Integrated antenna (30m-125m)

– External antenna capability (~300m)

Standard Based – IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)

– Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices

Memory Usage – 10 kB RAM, 48 kB ROM

– Faster wake up time than Mica2 (<6us)

– Hardware link-layer encryption

– 12-bit ADC and DAC

TMote Sky Module



Experiments for Noise and Interference

In door

power

control room

-88dbm

500-kV

substation

-93dbm

Underground

transformer

vault

-92dbm

In door with

microwave

oven

-90dbm



Wireless channel characterization and measurements in

underground electric distribution system

Figure. Field tests in an underground Georgia Power distribution system

Field-Tests in Smart Grid Environments-1



Wireless channel characterization and

measurements in aboveground electric

distribution system

Figure. Field tests in an aboveground Georgia Power distribution system

Field-Tests in Smart Grid Environments - 2



Channel Parameters for Different Smart

Grid Environments



Advanced Components

These power system devices apply the latest research in

materials, superconductivity, energy storage, power

electronics, and microelectronics

Produce higher power densities, greater reliability and

power quality, enhanced electrical



Advanced Components

Advanced Energy Storage

– New Battery Technologies

• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)

• Lithium-ion battery and Lithium-ion polymer battery

– Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

• Grid-to-Vehicle(G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G)

• Peak load leveling



Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V)



Key Technologies

Power system automation

– Rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to specific grid

disruptions or outages

– Distributed intelligent agents

– Analytical tools involving software algorithms and

high-speed computers

– Operational applications



Control Methods and Topologies

Traditional power system problems:

– Centralized

– No local supervisory control unit

– No fault isolation

– Relied entirely on electricity from the grid



IDAPS: Intelligent Distributed

Autonomous Power Systems Distributed

Loosely connected APSs

Autonomous – Can perform automatic control without human

intervention, such as fault isolation

Intelligent – Demand-side management

– Securing critical loads



A localized group of electricity sources and loads

– Locally utilizing natural gas or renewable energy

– Reducing the waste during transmission

• Using Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

APS: Autonomous Power System



Electricity Market

Current practice: Fixed market

– Few producers, less competition

– Regulated by government

The future : Free market

– Many producers (wind, solar, …)

– Less regulation



Goal: Trading in Smart Grid

Setup a Electricity market – Self interested (producer, buyer, grid owner)

– Free (no central regulation)



Who is Setting the Smart Grid

Standards?

IEEE Smart Grid Standard

UCAIUG (Utility Communication Architecture International Users Group)

– OpenSG (Smart Grid)

– CIMug (Common Information Model User Group)

– IEC61850 TC57*

ZigBee Alliance

– Smart Energy Profile

ZigBee+HomePlug Alliance

– Smart Energy 2.0

SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)

– J2293 (PHEV System and Communication Architecture) J1772 (PHEV Connector)

EPRI AMI / HAN Users Group – Participant

EPRI IWC (Infrastructure Working Council)

– Serves as an umbrella for all of the above standards/committees/workgroups



Smart Grid Standard Organizations

Many definitions by various players in the field

– US NIST (System of Systems)

• Mandate under Energy Independence and Security Act 0f 2007 (EISA) http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/

– US Department of Energy

– GridWise Architecture Council http://www.gridwiseac.org/

– European Technology Platform (ETP) http://www.smartgrids.eu/

– IEEE P2030 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/2030/

– EPRI IntelliGrid www.epri.com

– Open SG User Group (osgug.org)


http://www.smartgrids.eu/


Main Challenges

IEEE P2030 defined three task forces:

– TF1: Power Engineering Technology

– TF2: Information Technology

– TF3: Communications Technology



TF1: Power Engineering Technology

Energy sources

Transmission

Substation

Distribution

Consumer premise

Safety



TF2: Information Technology

Cyber security

Management protocols

Coordination with TF1

– Provide data storage requirements

– Data retrieval performance requirements

– Define data interfaces

Coordination with TF3

– Communication protocols

– Topology control



Smart Grid Cyber Security

Source: Honeywell



TF3: Communications Technology

Define communication requirements between devices

Identify existing communication standards and

definitions for use in Smart Grid



NIST Conceptual View of SG - I

Domain and Actors

70



Smart Grid (SG) of the Future

Functions at the SG of the future

Energy Generation

– Wind farms, solar farms, traditional power plant

• Monitor humidity, flow, vibration, voltage, current, frequency,

motions, emission, flame, temperature, etc.

Transmission and Distribution lines

– Sag measurements, conductor strength, temperature, galloping,

icing, wind speed, contact with animals and trees, underground

data

• Many already existing but SG to improve



Smart Grid of the Future – II

Substations

– Circuit breakers, islanding, safety hazards, surveillance against attacks,

fault tolerance

Industrial Consumers

– Safe and healthy operating environment, temperature and pressure

checking, vision sensors for quality control, dynamic pricing

Commercial consumers (businesses, office buildings, shopping malls,

etc. )

– HVAC, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) controlled charging,

Vehicle-to-Grid,

Residential consumers

– Energy management, smart home, home energy interface (dashboard

maybe another Google power meter), distributed power management,

real-time monitoring and pricing



NIST Conceptual View of SG - II



NIST Conceptual View of SG - II

Clouds of SG Networks



Potential Applications:

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)




Souce: ArchRock




PLC or RF

Communication

Residential

Customer

Commercial

Customer

Industrial

Customer

Source: CPUC Energy Division



Meter as Gateway

Source: PG&E



Evolution to Multiple Gateway Model

Source: PG&E



Evaluation of Metering Technologies

System

Element/Feature Manual

Automatic Meter

Reading

Advanced Metering

Infrastructure

Meters Electromechanical Hybrid

One-way

Hybrid or solid-state

Two-ways

Data Collection Manual, monthly Drive-by, monthly

Remote via

communications

network

Data Recording Total consumption Total consumption Time-based

Primary Applications Total consumption

billing

Total consumption

billing

Pricing,Customer options

Utility operations

Demand response

Key Software

Interfaces

Billing and customer

information system


information system


information system

Customer data display

Outage management

Additional devices

enabled None None

Smart thermostats

In-home displays

Appliance controllers



AMI Benefits



AMI Data Flow



AMI Architecture

Source: Smart Grids and Smart WaterMetering in The NetherlandsHenk Jan Top, EC – ICT for Water Management – June 11th, 2010



Smart Grid Home:

Home Area Networks (HAN) and

Open AMI



HAN Communication

Home Area Network

– Short haul in home communications

– Long haul link back to utilities through AMI or

LAN

• About 70% of households have internet

connection in the USA

• About 55% have always-on broadband

connection in the USA

– Devices include smart thermostats, outlets,

meters, appliances, lighting control, displays,

etc.

– Sub-metering and granular control

– Allows AutoDR programs, rate incentives, etc.

– Utility penetration will stop at AMI/gateway



Energy efficient

lighting

Utility demand side

management

Smart

Appliances

Smart meter

Utility

Plug-in

hybrid

electric

vehicles

Home Area Network

The Future Home …

Photovoltaic

panels



HAN Communication



HAN Adoption

HAN Standards

– OpenAMI/UtilityAMI

– OpenHAN

– OpenADR

ZigBee (with Smart Energy Profile) has stepped up to

meet HAN requirements

Companies already developing HAN-enabled common

appliances

– Whirlpool, GE, Philips, Hitachi, Maytag, Carrier, etc.



Distributed Sensor Networks for

Transmission & Distribution

(T&D) Automation



Distributed Sensor Networks for T&D Automation

Optimizing T&D and monitoring asset status is very challenging:

– Millions of assets and hundreds of thousands of miles of power lines

– Distributed geographically over millions of square miles.

Currently, the electric power grid has “minimal smartness”:

– With much of the intelligence located at major substations

– High cost of traditional sensing and communication systems.

The cost of sensing and comm. has decreased dramatically over the

last decade, allowing the possibility of „distributed sensing‟:

– Low cost sensor chip sets (around $5) are available now.

– Allowing formation of self organizing sensor networks within the T&D systems.

Explore the possible applications of distributed sensor

networks for Transmission & Distribution Automation!!!



No Potential Applications for T&D Systems

1 Overhead conductor temperature, sag and dynamic capacity

2 Overhead structure integrity, reclosers, capacitors, sectionalizers

3 Underground cable and neutral conductors, temperature and

capacity

4 Overhead and underground faulted circuit indicators

6 Wildlife and vegetation contact warning

7 Underground network transformers, switches, vaults, manholes,

Distributed Sensor Networks for Power T&D Systems

Y. Yang, F. Lambert, D. Divan, "A Survey on Technologies for Implementing Sensor Networks for Power

Delivery Systems," in Proc. of IEEE PES, 2007



Potential Smart Grid Applications

Potential

Application Focus Specifications

Communication

Technology

Integration of

Gateways and

Sensors into AMI

Advanced Metering

Infrastructure (AMI)

Two-way

communications

ZigBee, RF

Mesh,Cellular,Wi-Fi

Powerline

Demand Response

Real-Time Pricing

Demand Response

Programs

Peak Usage

Base Load

Time of Use

Critical Peak

Pricing

ZigBee,Cellular,

Wi-Fi, Powerline

Home Area

Networking

Residential Energy

Management

Wired/Wireless

connection

Customer

Interaction

ZigBee, RF

Mesh,Cellular,Wi-Fi

Fraud Detection

with ICT Sensor-based applications

Meter Vandalization

Electricity

Theft/Fraud

PowerLine



Smart Grid Applications:

Demand Response

Demand Response

– Control of the energy demand and load in critical peak

situations to balance between supply and demand of

electrical energy.

Base Load

– Predictable minimum amount of power

Peak usage

– Maximum load when many people want to use their

electrical appliances at the same time



Demand Response

Studies have shown that feedback to the customer

helpful and at least some are open to it

Price-based programs (monthly, daily, seasonal rates)

Real-time pricing (give info to the customer to choose)

Incentive-based programs (direct load control)

Metering (energy dashboards)



Customer

Response Appliance Result

Reducing electricity

usage during peak

hours

Air conditioner

Thermostat

Temporary loss of

comfort

Less energy

consumption

Shifting to off-peak

periods

Dish washer

Pool pump

No loss

Less cost

Using on side

generation

Customer owned

distribution

generation

Change in usage

pattern

Smart Grid Applications

Demand Response



Example: Demand Response Program

of Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc.

http://www.oru.com/programsandservices/incentivesandrebates/timeofuse.html

20.368¢/kWh

(peak rate)

June through September

12 noon to 7:00 p.m.

Monday through Friday, except holidays

7.288¢/kWh

(shoulder-peak rate)

June through September

10:00 a.m. to 12 noon, and 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.


1.311¢/kWh

(off-peak rate)

All Year Long

9:00 p.m. to 10:00 a.m.

Monday through Friday,

holidays and all weekend hours

(New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day,

Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day)

7.288¢/kWh

(peak rate)

October through May

10:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.




Renewable sources

Unlike the traditional sources of power, renewable

sources (wind, solar) are not accurately predictable

(intermittency)

– November 2003, in Germany, wind power generation from

4300MW to 760MW in 6 hours (10MW/min reduction)

– February 2008, In Texas, 2000MW to 300MW in 10 minutes

– Accurate forecasting is a challenge

– Remember: Supply must meet demand at all times



Smart Grid Security

Each new functionality introduces new vulnerabilities

– Use the principle of least privileged

Meter tampering and theft

Confidentiality, Integrity and availability

Spoofed electricity in distributed power generation

Privacy concerns



Smart Grid Cyber Security

Source: Honeywell



Overall: Smart Grid Applications

• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): Establish two-way communications

between advanced meters and utility business systems.

• Cyber security: Ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the electronic

information.

• Demand response and consumer energy efficiency: Provide mechanisms and

incentives for customers to cut energy use during times of peak demand.

• Distribution grid management: Maximize the performance of feeders,

transformers, and other components of distribution systems.

• Electric transportation: Enable large-scale integration of plug-in electric

vehicles.

• Energy storage: Provide the means to store energy.

• Network communications: Identify performance metrics and core operational

requirements of various Smart Grid applications.

• Wide-area situational awareness: Monitoring and display of power-system

components over large geographic areas in near real time to optimize

management of grid components and performance and respond to problems

before disruptions arise.



Smart Grid Key Players



Telecom Operators

Telecom

Operators



Partner: Echolon-Smart meter maker company

Project: T-Mobile

Solution: Embedded SIM within a cellular radio module

Objective: Sending power usage and other electrical data

back to a utility

Data Source: Echolon’s smart meters

Backhaul of smart grid system: Public wireless network

Communications infrastructure :GSM network & Power

lines

Telecom Operators: T-mobile



Telecom Operators: T-mobile

Partner View:

– Echolon : Provides advanced electronic electricity meters

System View

– Meters are connected to data concentrators

– Data concentrators send the data to utility via GSM network

Communication Technology

– GSM --> link data concantrators to bahckhaul utility system

– PLC --> provide communication between meters



Telecom Operators: AT&T

Partner: Smart Synch

Solution: IP-based,point to point smart meter solution

from Smartsynch

Objective: Data transmission between smart meters and

the utility

Data Source: Utility’s smart meters

Backhaul of smart grid system: Public wireless

network

Communications infrastructure: AT&T’s GSM network



Telecom Operators: AT&T

Patner View

– SmartSynch

• IP-based smart grid solutions utilizing public wireless networks

• Enables quicker, easier, more scalable and strategic smart meter

deployments for utilities.

System View

– SmartSynch SmartMeters-IP based+communication module

– Meters are directly connected to wireless network


– GSM --> direct connection to each individual meter



Partner: Stadtwerke Emden-Municipal Utility

Objective: Collecting consumption data from gas and

electric meters

Data Source: Communication box, smart meters

Backhaul of smart grid system: Private fixed network

Communications infrastructure: Private DSL network

Telecom Operators: Deutsche Telekom



Telecom Operators: Deutsche Telekom

System View

– Communication box is insallted at premises

– Gas and electric meters are connected to communication box

– Communication box transmites data to utility via private DSL

lines


– DSL --> Data transfer between communication box to multi

utility’s

Cost

– Utility : Monthly fixed price for data transmission

– Customer : Free of charge during the pilot phase



Partners: Huwai, Hongdian, China Mobile

Project: China Southern Power Grid

Solution: Automated metering infrastructure

Objective: Remotely collection of data from meters

Result: Lower cost, fault detection, better information

Backhaul of smart grid system: Publice cellular network

Communications infrastructure: China mobile’s GSM

network

* Fault detection: SIM prevents user to take the meter out of service

Telecom Operators: China mobile



Telecom Operators: China mobile

Partners View

– Huwai : provides the communications module (CM)

– Hongdian : mobile-to-mobile (M2M) specialist

– China Mobile : Data carrier

System View

– SIM is embedded directly into the CM's software

– CM is integrated into a data collection unit (DTU)

– DTU is connected to electricity meters via a serial interface

– Metering data is transfered to utility’s back office via public

network


– GSM --> Data transfer between meters and utility’s back office



Telecom Operators

and Smart Grid

Telecom

Company Application Techniques Pilot Project Participants Focus

T-mobile USA AMI GSM No pilot yet Echelon Embedded SIM

card for AMI

Telefonica

Spain AMI

GPRS,SMS,DSL

ZigBee,Satellite No pilot yet Endesa

World Machine for

communication of

remote devices

British

Telecom AMI

Long range radio

network

200,000 smart

meters

Arqiva, Detica,

Sensus

Multi-ware

communication

Telecom Italia Home energy

management GSM, ZigBee

Trial phase of

32 million smart

meters

Enel,Electrolux,

Indesit

Communication

between smart

appliances

DoComo

Japan

Home energy

management FOMA 3G

Testing/

communication

standards

NEC, Sekisui

House,NAMCO

BANDAI

Power monitoring

and

communication

system

China

Mobile AMR GSM No pilot yet

China Southern

Power Grid

Huawei,

Hongdian

Embeded SIM for

AMR

Mobiltel

Bulgaria AMI

Long range radio

technology No pilot yet Sensus

FlexNet network

communication

architecture.



Telecom


Vodafone

Germany Smart Metering DSL, GPRS

12,000 smart

meters

Alcatel Lucent,

DIEHL,Energy

Solutions, SIV,AG

Smart metering

management

system

Vodafone UK Network

connectivity GPRS

Over one

million trial

gas meters

British Gas, Landis

Gyr, OSIsoft, SAP

Management of

global M2M platform

Vodafone New

Zealand Smart metering GPRS

Deployment of

smart metering

AMS

SIM card technology

with GPR

AT&T-USA M2M

communicatios

Wireless

networks for

Smart Grid

800,000 smart

meters

SmartSynch,Texas-

New Mexico Power Not mentioned

Verizon

USA

Open Smart

GridComm.Arc

.

WiFi,RF,CDMA

,Zigbee,

WiMAX

No pilot yet

SmartSynch Texas-

New Mexico Power

Co Itron Ambient

Corp.SmartSynch

Qualcomm

Wireless data

transmission

Orange

UK AMI GPRS

2.000 smart

meters

deployement

National Grid Smart metering

Communication



Telecom Operators

and Smart Grid Telecom


Qwest-US OpenGrid

platform DSL,PLC,BPL

Xcel Energy’s

SmartGridCity CURRENT

Using DSL lines for

metering

communications

Telenor-

Norway AMI

GPRS, GSM,

SMS

In phase of

deployment in

Siemens, HT,

PowerAR, Landis

Gyr

Advance smart

metering

technologies

Sprint-

Canada AMI WiMax No pilot yet

Clearwire GE,

GridNet

Nextel National

Network and

Nationwide

Sprint Network

(M2M)

Telus-

Canada OSM Reclosers

Via DNP3

communication

protocol

Not pilot yet NOJA Power

TELUS software

combined with OSM

re-closers

Deutsche

Telekom

Germany

Communication

box DSL/Wireless

200 meters

deployment Stadtwerke Emden Multiware solutions



Electric Companies

11

4

Electric

Companies



Electric

Company Application Techniques Participants

Pilot Project

Electricit´ e De

France-EDF

France

AMI Not mentioned IBM Atos Origin Elster

Actaris Landis Gyr EPRI 35 million meters

Enel-Italy AMI Not mentioned Alcatel,Current,Ericsson

Espana >30 million meters

Southern Califor-

nia Edison

The Edison

SmartConnect

program

Wirleless network Itron 5,3 million meters

PG&E Enersis-

US AMI RF mesh, PLC

Silver Spring GE,Landis

Gyr Aclara 5,1 million meter

CenterPoint

Energy AMI Not mentioned Not mentioned

2.2 million smart

meters

Consumers

Energy

Smart Street

program Not mentioned

Silver

Spring Networks

1.8 million electric

meters

San Diego Gas &

Electric-US AMI ZigBee Itron,Oracle, Microsoft 1,4 million meters



Electric


Pilot Project

Duke Energy-US AMI Cellular network PUCO, Verizon Echelon 1,4 million smart meter

Baltimore Gas

& Electric-US AMI PLC

Accenture PLC Oracle

Silver Spring Networks

1.1 million smart

meters

Salt River Project AMI CDMA Elster 935,000 smart meters

deployement

Oklahoma Gas

and Electric

Company

Smart grid project

Wireless

communications

network

EnergyICT (MDMS) Corix

Utilities,Silver Spring,

Comverge

771,000 meters

PECO Energy

Company

Smarter energy

grid project

Wireless

Communication Sensus 600,000 smart meters

Austin Energy

Smart Grid 1.0

deployment

project

Combination of

fiber and wireless

GE Energy,Elster Landis

Gyr, Cellnet+Hunt’s

500.000 devices

installed

Progress

Energy

EnergyWise

program Not mentioned Not mentioned 160.000 smart meters



Electric


Pilot Project

Lake Land

Electric-US AMI

Wireless

Technologies

Sensus, Science

Applications International

Corporation

125.000 smart meters

American Electric

Power-US AMI RF Mesh network

Silver Spring S&C

Electric and Cooper

Power Systems, IBM

110.000 meters

Tenaga Nasional

Berhad-Malaysia AMI

Itron Enterprise

Edition meter-

data management

software

Itron 90.000 smart meters

Xcel Energy Smart Grid City

Dynamic

communications

network

Accenture, CurrentGroup, >50,000 smart meter

Schneider

Electric-Germany AMI Not mentioned ComEd,Pjm, Chicago BOMA Chicago Project

Elektroprivreda

Srbije-Serbia

Upgrade

the electricity

system

Not mentioned

The European Bank for

Reconstruction and

Development (EBRD)

Not mentioned



International AMI Installations

Utility Type Technology Quantity Install

Completed

ENEL (Italy) Electric Power line

carrier 30,000,000 2005

PREPA (Puerto

Rico) Electric

Distribution

line carrier 1,400,000 2006

Sweden Electric

Wireless &

power line

carrier

5,200,000 2009

Ontario (Canada) Electric RF Mesh 5,000,000 2010

Victoria

(Australia) Electric

PLC, DLC, RF

Mesh

GPRS

2,500,000 2013



AMI Vendors

Smart Meter

Vendors



Major AMI Vendors Vendor Product Communication

Method

Partnerships /

Deployments

Itron Centron resi meter

OpenWay resi meter

GPRS / ZigBee Wi-Fi,

CDMA, WiMAX

SCE, SDG&E,

CenterPoint Energy, DTE,

MidAmerican Energy, etc.

GE I-210+c resi meter

I-210+ resi meter

GSM / GPRS

ZigBee and Badger

Orion Receiver PLC

communication for AMI

AEP, FPL, PG&E

Sensus iCon resi meter

Flex AMI system

GSM / GPRS

ZigBee

Southern Company,

Alliant Energy, PGE,

Hawaiian Energy

Landis+Gyr

FOCUS™ AL and FOCUS AX

meters

E120Gi

GSM / GPRS

PLC communication

ZigBee, RF

PG&E, Oncor, Pepco

Echelon EM-502XX ANSI meter PLC communication

GSM (T-Mobile)

Duke Energy

Verizon

REX meter and REX2-EA GSM / GPRS

Arizona Public Service,



University Place Project Funding Scope Partners

Bahcesehir

University Turkey

Smart Grid

Communications and

Potential Applications

Not mentioned 2010-2012 Turk Telekom

Carnegie Mallon

University

Smart Grid

Research Center

(US)

Energy Research

Initiative (ERI)

$5 million

Incorporation of renewables

modeling, simulation and

control tools to manage

Semiconductor

Research

Corporation (SRC)

Columbia

University US

Secure Interoperable

Open Smart Grid

Demonstration Project

$45 million

(U.S DOE)

An intelligent control

mechanism to distribute

electric reliable, cheaper and

effective .

Con Edison

University of

Vermont

Complex Systems

Center

UVM-IBM partnership

$590,000

(U.S DOE)

Reduce the risk of large

blackouts caused by

cascading failure

IBM

Colorado State

University

The Grid Simulation

Laboratory

(US)

Smart grid technology

Not mentioned

completely a simulation

projects(esspecially

implementation of wind

energy within the electric

grid)

The Spirae

KTH Royal

University of

Technology

Uppsala

University

Gotland InnoEnergy

Program

Sweden

Investment

A pilot site for smart grids

Integration of users

Load balancing

Intelligent meters

Vattenfall

ABB

Technical

University of

Denmark

Palo Alto

(Denmark) EDISON $135.8 million

Electric Vehicles in a

Distributed and Integrated

Market

IBM,DONG

Energy,Siemens

Danish Energy

Association

Renault,Nissan

Universities Working on Smart Grid



EU FP7 (Seventh Framework Programme)

and SMART GRID



Project Project details

DLC+VIT4IP

Distribution Line Carrier: Verification, Integration and

Test of PLC Technologies and IP Communication for

Utilities

E-PRICE Price-based Control of Electrical Power Systems

HiPerDNO High Performance Computing Technologies for Smart

Distribution Network Operation

INTEGRIS: INTelligent Electrical Grid Sensor

communications INTelligent Electrical Grid Sensor communications

MIRACLE Micro-Request-Based Aggregation, Forecasting and

Scheduling of Energy Demand, Supply and Distribution

NOBEL Neighbourhood Oriented Brokerage ELectricity and

monitoring system

OpenNode Open Architecture for Secondary Nodes of the

Electricity SmartGrid

W2E WEB to Energy

Smart House/Smart Grids House Interacting with Smart Grids to achieve next-

generation energy efficiency and sustainability

ICT4SMARTDG* ICT for smart distribution generation

SEESGEN-ICT* Thematic Network to encourage energy efficiency in

SmartGrids


and SMART GRID



Project Project Details

AIM A novel architecture for modelling, virtualising and managing the energy consumption of

household appliances

Be Aware Boosting Energy Awareness

DEHEMS Digital Environment Home Energy Management System

E4U Electronics Enabling Efficient Energy Usage

Beywatch Building EnergY WATCHer

IntUBE Intelligent Use of Buildings' Energy Information

REEB The European strategic research Roadmap to ICT enabled Energy Efficiency in

Buildings and constructions

ENERGY WARDEN Design and real time energy sourcing decisions in buildings

ENERsip ENERgy Saving Information Platform for Generation and Consumption

EnPROVE Energy consumption prediction with building usage measurements for software-based

decision support

FIEMSER Friendly Intelligent Energy Management System for Existing Residential Buildings

PEBBLE Positive-Energy Buildings through better control decisions


and SMART GRID



Project Project Details

HESMOS ICT Platform for Holistic Energy Efficiency Simulation and Lifecycle Management Of

Public Use Facilities

ICT 4 E2B Forum

European stakeholders’ forum crossing value and innovation chains to explore needs,

challenges and opportunities in further research and integration of ICT systems for

Energy Efficiency in Buildings

SEEMPubS Smart Energy Efficient Middleware for Public Spaces

SPORTE2 Intelligent Management System to integrate and control energy generation,

consumption and exchange for European Sport and Recreation Buildings

TIBUCON Self Powered Wireless Sensor Network for HVAC System Energy Improvement -

Towards Integral Building Connectivity

Best Energy* Built Environment Sustainability and Technology in Energy

HosPilot* Efficient energy efficiency control in hospitals

Save Energy* www.ict4saveenergy.eu/

LITES* Intelligent street lighting for energy saving

3-E Houses* Energy Efficient e-Houses

E3soho* E3SoHo- ICT services for Energy Efficiency in European Social Housing

eSESH* Saving Energy in Social Housing with ICT


and SMART GRID



Opportunities vs. Challenges

Challenges Opportunities

Some solutions require scalability The smart grid communications

backbone

Difficulty in real-time data management The use of residential gateways in AMI

Testing in real life scenarios Electricity fraud detection via the state-

of-the-art ICT

Lack of standards in interoperability

between smart grid components

ICT enabled middleware solutions for

electricity, gas, water meter readings

High security: prevention of cyber

attacks

Smart grid communications simulation

platform based on field tests

Costly deployment of hybrid

communication solutions

Demand response and outage

management



Open Research Topics - I

QoS Provisioning (stringent requirements)

– Rel-time communications with guarantees

– Real-time monitoring

– Real-time decision making

Dealing with huge data for real-time monitoring

– In network processing, aggregation?

Sensor & power equipment interaction under interference

– Not much known about this

Impact of harsh environment on sensors and communications

– Corrosive conditions (solar radiation, wind, rain, humidity), substation

equipment, dust, dirt, heating, magnetic fields



Open Research Topics - II

Smart Grid testbeds and simulations

– Can Internet’s development be a model for SG efforts? (Katz, et al.)

• Dumb network, intelligence at edges

• Intelligent Power Switches (~ routers), Virtual Private Grid (~VPN)?

Still not clear what level of data required by utility companies

Energy storage

– Not directly for networking community but if becomes feasible, a whole

lot of questions will emerge



Smart Grid (SG) Communication

Simulation

Common practice is to combine a networking simulation

package with a power simulation package (co-simulation)

– But coupling may not be generated

There is no simulation package available today that was

developed for the SG communications completely

How to come up with an evaluation methodology with a

representative set of metrics for SG communication interface

– Maybe similar to Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for VoIP?



Open Research Topics - III

For energy-constrained wireless nodes, energy scavenging / harvesting

techniques

Fast distributed algorithms for decision and control to move from

centralized-manual to distributed-autonomous

Scalability issues of large number of devices on the SG

Another issue is cross-platform sensor communications among different

standards

Sensor/ actuator failures and handling redundancy

– Over-replication : less energy-efficient

– Under-replication : reliability issues



Open Research Topics - IV

IEEE 802.11s mesh networking standard is still under

development

– Is it suitable for SG?

• Not much studies done

Scalability of smart meter authentication or other security

mechanisms

With PMU data, database becomes distributed

– Middleware is needed

• One example : GridStat by Gjermundrod et al 2009



Smart Grid:

from Generation to Customer

Advanced sensing and

communications are one

of the key technologies to

realize smart grid

applications

Digital sensing and controls

Energy efficiency

Demand response

Renewable & alternative energy

Distribution automation

Energy storage devices

Outage management

Micro-grid

Smart Homes, Commercial and

Industrial Facilities,

Source: Xcel Energy



Our Vision

Internet –The World Wide Web of the Information Highway via interoperable communications

Smart Grid

–The World

Wide Web of

the Energy

Highway via

Advanced

sensing and

communication

technologies





Acknowledgments and References

V.C. Gungor, B. Lu, G.P. Hancke, "Opportunities and Challenges of

Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grid," in IEEE Trans. on

Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3557-3564, October 2010.

V.C. Gungor, et al. “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication

Technologies and Standards,” in IEEE Trans. on Industrial

Informatics, vol.7, no.4, pp. 529-539, November 2011.

S. Uludag, "Information and Networking Infrastructure of the

Smart Grid", tutorial at IEEE ICCCN 2011.



Thank You!

Questions

or

Comments???

136


Date post:	21-Dec-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ngodat
View:	230 times
Download:	1 times

Smart Grid Communications: Research Challenges and Opportunities

Documents