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Smart Water treatment Solutions New Low cost options for safe water at the Point of Use World Water Forum 6 Marseille 2012 Henk Holtslag [email protected]
Smart Water treatment Solutions
New Low cost options for safe water at thePoint of Use
World Water Forum 6Marseille 2012
Henk [email protected]
1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp2 Distance > 500 meter3 Quality - Turbidity,mud, ..
- Microbial, bacteria, viruses,.. - Chemical, arsenic, fluor,..
* 84% in rural areas (UNICEF 2009)
** Failing piped systems, recontamination in transport, at the house
(IFC /world bank report, 2009)
0.7 Bln people without a safe water source* 3 Bln do not have safe water from utilities **
Problems & challenges
More water?Harvest rainwater
Aquifer recharge- Sand, contour dams- Vegetation, Vertiver- Tube recharge, $10/500m3
Rooftop harvesting- Wire cement tanks: $20/m3- Plastic lined tank
Reduce distance?
Repair existing pumps - 50% of piston pumps broken
Upgrade hand dug wells - with a recharge, cover, low cost
hand pump
New water points - with pumps, low cost drilling
Emas,Rota sludge, Baptist Jetting, $ 150 – 2000 /syst.
Safe drinking water?Treat water at Point of Use (PoU)- Re-contamination between source & use
- 50% hospitalbeds due to unsafe water,..
- Safe water most
cost-effective
action to reduce
poverty
Proposition
To reduce water borne diseases it is more cost- effective to treat water at the Point of Use than at the source, via piped systems
7
Efficiency of measures against diarrhoea (source: SIE 2009)
Point of Use treatment1 Point of Tap
2 Household Water Treatment and Safe storage (HWTS)
Point of Tap
- Water kiosks
- Chlorine dispensors A drop of chlorine at
the tap point
Local Chlorine production
WATASOLUsers; over 0.5 MillionPrice; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5
+- Extremely low costs- Local business development- Re-use of bottles- Can be used as disinfectant
-- Requires much training
Point of Use Treatment. Point of Use Treatment. HWTS HWTS Disinfectant/FlocculantUsers; 1 mln.?Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10
+- 2 functions- Small - Easy transport in emergencies- Low investment/day
-- High cost/year- Not easy in use
Twinoxide/ Aqua prove
Users; 0,2 mln.Price ; $1Cost; $2- $4
+- No taste, no smell - No health effects- “Prevents” malaria ?
-- Twinoxide (liquid) has short shelve life (Aqua prove, with tablet, has a long shelve life)
Silverdyne
Users; 9 mln.Price; $3 - $4Cost; $1 - $3
+- Very effective- No taste & smell- No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life- Long lasting effect in storage
-- Not widely known
Plation
Users; 0.5 ? mln.
Price; $20/unit/20ltr
Cost; $4 - $6
+
- Extremely simple
- Functions one year
-
- High costs
Safe storage
Silver tube, Clay barSilver impregnated ceramic
Users; 1000Price; $1 - $5 Cost; $0.2 - $1
+ - Simple - Low cost- Local production
-- More tests needed
Biosand filters
Users; 1-2 mln.Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2
+- 120 liters/day - Local production
- - Big, heavy to transport- Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops- Needs additional disinfection
Candle Filters (drip filters)
Users; 200 - 300? Mln.Price; $15 - $100Cost; $ 2 - $10
+- Includes storage- Easy to use- Widely used in Asia & S. America
-- Most models low filter capacity- Most cheap models not reliable - High volume, high transport costs- Cost in Africa > $30
Candle filters
Stefani (Brazil)
• Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100 • Production 5 million candles/year
Nazava FiltersLocal assembly
Low cost concept
Imported filter element & local containers
-Filter cap 3- 20 ltr /hr-Cost: 9 - .. US$
Pot filters
Users; 5 – 10 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3
+- Local production- Easy to use
-- Big, fragile (transport)- Less attractive for shops
Pureit As safe as boiled water
Users; 20-30 mln. Price; $35Cost; $4 - $5
+
- Attractive
- Very effective, EPA std.
-
- Expensive for poor families
- Only in India
Swach
Users; 1-2 mln?Price; $20?Cost; $2 - $3
+- Attractive (Gadget)- Effective
-- Only available in India
LifeStraw-Family
Users; 6? Mln.Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ?
+- Attractive (Gadget)- Very effective, EPA std.
-- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.- After 15.000 ltr. complete new filter needed - Expensive for poor families
Siphon filter (Tulip )
Users; 1 mln.Price; $8 - $16Cost; $1- $2
+- Small, easy transport- 7000 ltr / element- 60-120 ltr / day- Reduction bact. 99,99%
-- Relatively complicated in use - Requires additional storage container
No option is ‘the’ solution
•
SODIS
UV
Combined Chemical (PUR)
Chemicals
Filtering
Boiling
PesticidesParasitesBacteriaVirusesHeavy Metals
Turbidity
Comparison of 4 Home Water treatment options for Africa in US$
Green = good. Orange = medium Red = bad
Variable Siphon filter Family lifestraw
filter Chlorine Boiling
Price /100 litre ( no subsidy)* 0,10 0, 20 -0,25 ? 0,02 - 0,06**
0 – 4 ***
Price FOB 4,5 8 – 12 ? n.a. n.a.
Average retail price in shop ( no subsidy )
10
25 -30 ?
0,20 - 0,60* bottle for 1000 l
n.a
Cost/ family/year 4 Needs 2 containers
7,5 – 11 Needs 1 container
1,8 – 2,2 Needs 1 container
0 – 200
Bacteria removal Log 4-5 Log 5-6 Log 5 to 6 Log 5-6
Virus removal 50 – 80% 100% 100%irussesxxx
Parasites removal All All
No Giardia, Crypto- sporidium
?
Turbidity removal All All None None
Residual effect Months (Colloidal silver)
Some Few days None
Taste Some Improvement Some Improvement Strong Flat
Daily production of safe water 50-100 l 70-150 l n.a. n.a.
Operation & maintenance
- User friendly 6. - Enough for 1 family. - Backwash complicated - Immediate use - Fill up every 10 to 20 liters - Requires existing - Training needed.
- User friendly 5 - Enough for 1 family - Back wash complicated - Immediate use - Has to be filled up every 2 liters - Filling 1.8 m high - Training needed
-User friendly 7 -Difficult to dose. - Waiting 30min. before drinking. - Some training needed
User friendly 8 No training needed
Life span Change element after 7000 l Plastic parts last 5 years.
Change complete filter after 15.000 l
n.a. n.a.
Sustainability New filter element 2.5 Euro. Affordable to the poorest.
Unlikely that poor buy a new filter after 3 years.
Need to buy new bottle regulary. Some times difficult.
CO2 emission by wood. Indoor pollution
* Depends on fuel prices. Needed 1 kg/ liter. Cost in Uganda for boiling 1 liter, 0,04US$ ** Based on retail prices as indicated and 15000 liters of filtered water *** Depending which type of Chlorine, for instance Watasol produces chlorine very cheap **** In scale 1 to 5. 1 is not , 5 is very user friendly References: “Marketing safe water systems” U Heierli Aug 2008 (P. 98). Test report Water Laboratory Holland Noord. Website Family Lifestraw. Website and manuals of PSI.
Of all options, filters most Of all options, filters most effective in reducing diarhoea & effective in reducing diarhoea & preferred by userspreferred by users
Summary of EffectivenessSummary of Effectiveness——All agesAll ages
p=0.08p=0.080.58 to 0.820.58 to 0.8231%31%0.690.69Flocc/DisinfFlocc/Disinf (ex (ex DoocyDoocy))
21%21%
52%52%
31%31%
37%37%
63%63%
47%47%
27%27%
% % ΔΔ
(1(1--RR)RR)
p<0.0001p<0.00010.20 to 1.160.20 to 1.160.480.48FloccFlocc/Disinfection (7)/Disinfection (7)
n.an.a ..0.61 to 1.030.61 to 1.030.790.79Improved Storage (1)Improved Storage (1)
p=0.73p=0.730.63 to 0.740.63 to 0.740.690.69Solar Disinfection (2)Solar Disinfection (2)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.52 to 0.750.52 to 0.750.630.63Chlorination (16)Chlorination (16)
p=0.56p=0.560.28 to 0.490.28 to 0.490.370.37Filtration (6)Filtration (6)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.39 to 0.730.39 to 0.730.530.53Household (32)Household (32)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.53 to 1.010.53 to 1.010.730.73Source (6)Source (6)
Heterogeneity*Heterogeneity*
(Chi(Chi--square)square)
95% CI of 95% CI of EstimateEstimate
EstimateEstimate
(random)(random)
Intervention Type Intervention Type
(no. trials)(no. trials)
*Note that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p-value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual underlying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to chance.
PoU Treatment can solve almost
all water quality problemsClear but unsafe water from wells, .. + disinfection = safe water
Dirty water from wells, rivers, pumps, . + a filter = safe water
Salt, Arsenicum,Pesticides, … ?
Rainwater storage + a filter = safe water
Scaling up?
Social marketing. Shift message from “Water = health” to Water = wealth”. Role NGOs, Governments. Large scale action; see Hystra study
Supply chain. Increase no. of options so people have choices, support local private sector
Payment options. For those who can not pay in one time. No gifts. Use subsidies for supply chains
Information ? “Marketing Safe Water Systems”
• Compares treatment options
• Explains what went wrong with upscaling
• Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs
A must read!!! www.poverty.ch
Author: Urs Heierli
Booklet Smart Disinfection Solutions
Safe water for all, yes we can
