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Issue 2.0
Date 2012-07-17
Smartphone Solutions
White Paper
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Contents
Change History .................................................................................ii
1 Executive Summary ......................................................................1
2 Challenges on Networks by Mobile Internet Applications........2
2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .. 2
2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services (SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on
Networks ................. ............................................................................... 4
2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their Impact on Networks ............................ 5
2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6
2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7
2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 7
3 Challenges on Network by Mobile Internet Terminals ................8
3.1 Terminal Capabilities and Challenges on Network .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... .. 8
3.2 OS Development and Challenges on Network................................................ 10
3.3 Conclusion .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ....11
4 Solutions ......................................................................12
4.1 E2E Solutions ...........................................................................................12
4.1.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..12
4 . 1 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
4.2 PS Solutions ............................................................................................14
4.2.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .14
4 . 2 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
Issue1.0
DescriptionThis is the rst release.
Date2012-07-17
Prepared BySmartphone ecosystem R&D support team
Approved ByZhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)
Change History
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Figures
Figure 3-1 Trafc volumes for each mobile operating system ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10
Figure 4-1 Signaling load on wireless networks by different applications over iOS and Android .. .. .. .. .. 12
Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13
Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 14
Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to rewall faults ................................................. 15
Figure 4-5 PDP update Procedure Triggered by IU/RAB Release Signaling .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15
Figure 4-6 PDP update due to Service Request messages .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16
Figure 4-7 Comparison of paging volumes between CS domains and PS domains in operator M network
............................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 4-8 Small packets for smartphones ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 19
Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 19
Figure 4-10 Decreased efciency in air interface under MBB model .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20
Figure 4-11 Signaling !ow during a data transmission process before the PCH function and the Enhanced
Fast Dormancy function are enabled ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... 21
Figure 4-12 Signaling !ow during the transmission process of a big data packet after the PCH function
and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21
Figure 4-13 Signaling !ow during the transmission process of a small data packet after the PCH function
and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21
Figure 4-14 UE always-online solution in LTE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility during handovers in LTE networks .. 26
Figure 4-16 Dynamic DRX solution in LTE networks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 27
Figure 4-17 Service-based differentiated control solution in LTE Networks .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28
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Tables
Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics .................................................. 2
Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions ........................................................................................... 7
Table 3-1 3GPP capabilities for typical smartphones ...................................................................... 8
Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones ........................................ 9
Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices ............................ 11
Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy .................................................. 11
Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services................................................................ 29
Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network.......................................................................... 30
Table 5-3 Solution overview (based on 3GPP Release 8 protocol and earlier versions) ................. 30
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The quickly development of Smartphone energizes the weary mobile Internet.
The same as the innovative traditional Internet, Smartphone is blossoming
freely and have been widely used in our daily life, learning, and working.
Based on function attributes and data packet features, mobile Internet
applications are categorized into instant messaging (IM), voice over IP (VoIP),
streaming, social networking services (SNS), web browsing, cloud, email, le
transfer, gaming, and machine-to-machine (M2M) dialog. The mobile Internet
applications can also be classied in other ways.
The 3GPP protocol was defined to meet the requirements of persistent
connection and peak throughput at initial stage. However, various Internet
applications generate traffic models which are extremely different from
traditional voice services. These trafc models bring severe challenges for the
3GPP protocol.
Major changes in trafc characteristics are the increases in small packets, short
connections, signaling and data traffic, and abnormal traffic. For Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS) networks in idle status, all these
changes lead to sharp increases on signaling and other system resource load.
They also bring severe threat on network performance, and affect application
data throughput capability and network protability in the long run.
For the healthy development of mobile broadband (MBB) in the long term,
developers are all seeking methods to achieve improvements for technique
standards, existing networks, and smartphones. Developers are considering
improvements in the following aspects:
For standard design, the factors, such as small packets, bearer efciency,
network architecture, and protocol layer optimization are considered.
For existing networks, original trafc models for reference are changed,
software, hardware and parameters are recongured, and new features
are enabled.
For Smartphone and applications, a win-win situation is expected
between network resource consumption and user experience. This paper
proposed solutions and suggestions targeting at identified problems
caused by smartphones and applications in deployed UMTS and LTE
networks based on 3GPP Release 8 and earlier versions.
These solutions cannot replace network reconstructions or capacity expansion
to meet the requirements of increasingly growing subscribers, signaling and
data trafc.
1 Executive Summary
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2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics
Mobile Internet is the combination of mobile communications and
Internet. Mobile communications and Internet have gained their own great
achievements. However, their terminal modes, network architectures,
application categories, and user behaviors differ obviously. If the Internet
mainly providing data service is integrated into mobile communications
which provide voice service, great impacts are in!icted on network resource
efciency, capacity, and signaling.
With the development of mobile Internet in recent years, its service categories
and characteristics are different from traditional Internet. Table 2-1 describes
the categories of current mobile Internet and their main characteristics.
2 Challenges on Networks by
Mobile Internet Applications
Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics
Category DescriptionTypical
ApplicationCharacteristic
IM
Sending or receiving instant
messaging
Whatsapp, Wechat,
iMessage
Small packets, less
frequently
VoIP Audio and video callsViber, Skype, Tango,Face Time
Small packets,continuously
StreamingStreaming media such asHTTP audios, HTTP videos,and P2P videos
YouTube, Youku,Spotify, Pandora,PPStream
Big packets,continuously
SNS Social networking sitesFacebook, Twitter,Sina Weibo
Small packets, lessfrequently
Web BrowsingWeb browsing includingwireless access protocol(WAP) page browsing
Typical webbrowsers are Safariand UC Browser
Big packets, lessfrequently
CloudCloud computing andonline cloud applications
Siri, Evernote, iCloud Big packets
Mails including webmail,Post Ofce Protocol 3(POP3), and Simple MailTransfer Protocol (SMTP)
GmailBig packets, less
frequently
File Transfer
File transfer including P2Ple sharing, le storage,and application downloadand update
Mobile Thunder,App Store
Big packets,continuously
GamingMobile gaming such associal gaming and cardgaming
Angry Birds, DrawSomething, Wordswith Friends
Big packets, lessfrequently
M2MMachine TypeCommunication
Auto meter reading,mobile payment
Small packets
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The preceding features are dened as follows:
If packet per second (PPS) is greater than 20, the data is transmitted
continuously.
If PPS is less than 10, the data is transmitted less frequently.
A data packet larger than 1000 bytes is dened as a big packet.
A data packet less than 600 bytes is dened as a small packet.
Main traffic volume for mobile Internet is used for web browsing, and the
rest is used for streaming media and le transfer. Mobile Internet is widely
deployed and the trafc rate increases. Smartphones are equipped with more
functions. Mobile streaming media services will be widely used and the main
trafc volume will be occupied by video service. Instant communications with
text, voice, and video are more preferable, and network access becomes
more frequently. Meanwhile, the technique Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML5) becomes increasingly mature. Cloud service will replace traditional
web browsing and le transfer as the dominant player. The smartphones for
mobile Internet become small and diverse. More and more smart machine
terminals and M2M services, such as smart electrical household appliances,
auto meter reading, and mobile payment come into being.
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2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services
(SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on
Networks
Small packet services on mobile Internet consist of SNS, IM, and VoIP.
Depending on the traffic conditions, small packets are divided into
intermittent small packets and continuous small packets. Intermittent small
packets, continuous small packets and their impact on networks are analyzed
in the following.
Factors leading to intermittent small packets include the following items:
Short messages with little information, such as friends presence update,
text chatting, and IM
Periodic keep alive messages, for example, keep alive messages for
connections between servers and subscribers
For these messages with less than 2000 bytes total trafc and less than 20
packets, the transmission duration is less than 3s, and the interval is 30s to
40 minutes periodically. On one hand, these messages lead to frequent RRC
status switches. The RRC status switches from IDLE/PCH to FACH/CELL_DCH
frequently. Service requests and IU releases become more frequent, which
bring great signaling impact on RAN and PS network terminals. On the other
hand, the data transmission duration is short. Radio channels remain in the
CELL_DCH status for a long period of time due to an inactive timer, which is a
waste of radio channel resources.
Servers maintain network connections with clients. When the clients send
requests, servers send notifications to receive ends. Paging messages are
generated over the network and air interface. If emergencies occur or
timed messages are required, servers send messages to large numbers of
smartphones in the network at the same time. This in!icts severe impact on
paging.
Continuous small packets are mostly generated in audio calls and video calls
in VoIP applications.
During a call, the packet interval is 40 ms to 60 ms and the length of a packet
is smaller than 300 bytes (100 bytes for an audio packet and 300 bytes
for a video packet). The forwarding performance of a network terminal is
calculated using the packet length of 500 bytes. Too many small packets lead
to unqualied forwarding.
Packet aggregation can eliminate the impact of small packets on networks.
The following mechanisms are used to eliminate the impact of small packets
on networks.
NSRM: Requests from multiple applications are delayed for a certain
period of time and then sent together.
APNS, C2DM: One application manages notications of al l applications.
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2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their
Impact on Networks
YouTube, Netflix, and Youku provide Over the Top (OTT) services that use
HTTP to transfer video traffic. Compared with the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)-based Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) used by desktop video, HTTP
can achieve firewall traversal using a proxy server. HTTP can also facilitate
adaptation to radio network environment changes using the gateway caching
technique.
HTTP progressive steaming and HTTP adaptive streaming protocols are
typically used for video transfer. HTTP adaptive streaming protocols include
Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Microsoft HTTP Smooth Streaming (HSS),
and 3GPP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). In these protocols,
all files are downloaded using HTTP. The file size depends on a video's bit
rate and duration. The typical value ranges from a few hundred KB to tens of
MB. In the downlink, all are big IP packets with more than 1400 bytes. In the
uplink, TCP ACK and HTTP Get packets are transmitted. Large bandwidth is
required for downloading data from the server with best effort.
Subscriber experience for video services is determined by buffering
performance in clients. The download speed in the buffer area determines
the time a subscriber has to wait before a video is played and the number
of pauses during video playing. For video transmitted over UDP, UDP packetloss can prevent pauses during video playing. However, pixelation occurs. For
HTTP video transmitted over TCP, if TCP packets are lost in networks, servers
retransmit these packets. The TCP throughput decreases, and the download
rate of the client decreases. The pause duration prolongs.
Videos transmitted using HTTP contain a great deal of information, and large
bandwidths are required. The following options can be used to mitigate these
problems.
Pacing: reduces the transmission rate to an appropriate level to fulfill
the display of the video and reduces downloaded buffering capacity for
clients to prevent bandwidth waste.
Code adapting: Video transcoding based on smartphone screen size and
network bandwidth can reduce the bit rate of video signals.
Caching: caches the data at the network side to improve video delivery
rate and reduce transmission trafc.
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2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact
on Network
Cloud services include infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service
(PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). Common subscribers typically
use SaaS services. One category of SaaS is uploading data to network for
computing in the cloud, such as Siri and Google voice search. Another
category is online interaction and synchronization, such as Evernote. More
uplink trafc would be generated with the rst category of cloud service.
With telecommunications evolved from narrowband to broadband, from
wireline access to radio access, information uploading becomes more and
more convenient. Cloud computing with strong capabilities replaces local
computing. Local data is transmitted to the cloud for computing, and then
the cloud sends back the calculation results. More uplink trafc is generated
when the application transmits data to the cloud. Tests show that 10 KB to
20 KB uplink trafc is generated for every one Siri service or other voice input.
However, the downlink traffic is about 2 KB to 20 KB. With the popularity
of SaaS, the network traffic models in the future will change. Terminal
specifications and network deployment must be prepared in advance.
Abundant uplink traffic enables swift response to the information that
subscriber inputs, which fullls better subscriber experience.
For PaaS, frequent data backup and synchronization between the terminaland cloud lead to more bandwidth demand on the network. The applications
manage the subscriber contents and save them on the data center server.
When the contents are visited, applications obtain the latest data from the
data center server. Subscribers are not aware that the data is saved in local
disks or on the network. Each operation on terminals ( login, adding contents,
query, and modication) causes one time of data backup and synchronization.
For networks, these operations generate more frequent synchronizations and
more trafc volume. Local buffer and background synchronizations effectively
improve subscriber experience and network friendliness. The optimal network
can be selected to enhance data synchronization efciency and prevent the
pause during subscriber operations.
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2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and
Impact on Network
Web browsing service is most widely used on mobile Internet at present.
Most mobile phone browsers send requests with HTTP to download HTML
web pages from a web server. The HTML web pages are parsed and shown
on mobile phones. The data volume transmitted over mobile phone browsers
is equal to that over personal computer browsers, and data distortion never
occurs.
Mobile phone browsers, such as Opera Mini and UCWEB browse web pages
with a third-party agent server. A mobile phone sends a browsing request to
the third-party server. The third-party server connects the mobile phone and
the website. The website transmits data to the third-party server. The third-
party server compresses the data and generates smaller pages with less trafc
volume for the mobile phone browser. The mobile phone browser parses
the compressed data and displays it on the screen. In this mode, the data
transmission volume is smaller, but data distortion occurs.
HTML5 provides browsers with overall applications using the technologies of
Canvas, WebSocket, Storage, Audio, and Video. Most local programs function
appropriately. Web-based applications bring great impact on network trafc
volume and behaviors. Therefore, subscriber service usages and commercial
modes change, which leads to greater impact on telecommunicationsindustry.
2.6 Conclusion
Table 2-2 describes mobile Internet impact on networks and relative solutions.
Impact Cause Solutions
Signaling
Uplink small packets,
including keeping alive andstatus query messages
Qualcomm Network Socket Request
Manager (NSRM)
Checks the updates withperiodic polling
Push mechanisms in the operatingsystem, including Apple PushNotication Service (APNS) and Cloudto Device Messaging (C2DM)
Capacity andsubscriber experience
The transmission contains alarge amount data.
Compressions such as UCWEB
Adaptive content protocols, includingHTTP and Live Streaming
Local cache
Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions
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