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Smith & Ragan Model
Presenter: Sensen Li
Definition of Instructional Design
The systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation.
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model3.htm
Organizational Strategy
Decisions about • Sequence • Content • Activities and presentation
Delivery Strategy Decisions about
• Media • Grouping
Management Strategy Decisions about
• Scheduling • Resource allocation
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
• Analysis: What are the goals of the instruction? (Where are we going?)
• Instructional strategy: What is the instructional strategy and the instructional medium? (How will we get there?)
• Evaluation: How will we evaluate and revise the instructional materials for future
improvement? (How will we know when we have arrived?)
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
A More Realistic Representation of ID Practice
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
Key Components of S & R Model
Moves away from the behavior focus and advises information processing analysis rather than just task analysis.
Iterative process that requires constant revision
Assessments are written during analysis phase
Strengths of the Model Sequentiality Linear sequence Simplify Easily applied System Oriented
Encourage advocacy of learners Support effective, efficient, and appealing instruction Support coordination among designers, developers, and
those who will implement the instruction Formative Evaluation Important when:
The designer is a novice The content area is new to designers Audience is new to designers Technology is new to the designers Slim opportunities for later revision
Limitations of the Model Not the solution to all the ills and problems
of education and training.
Have limited applicability to educational experiences in which: Learning goals cannot be identified in advance No particular goals are even identified (i.e. non-
instructional education)
Comparison with Dick and Carey Model
Link to the Smith & Ragan Model
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model1.htm
Comparison with GagneNine Events of Instruction from Gagne
Introduction Gain attention Inform learner of objective
Body Stimulate recall of prior knowledge Present the stimulus material Provide learning guidance Elicit performance Provide feedback
Conclusion Enhance retention & transfer
Assessment Conduct Assessment
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
Expanded Events from Smith & Ragan
Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
Application Settings
Industry K-12 education Higher Education Settings
People who use the S & R Model Training Designers Teachers as designers Other designers
Example: Art Smart Project
Book Review Notable for its theory-based treatment of the
instructional design process, including unusual depth in the design of instructional strategies.
Its scope applies to both K-12 and corporate settings, and it is particularly rich with examples and practice.
A helpful Learning Resources Web site accompanies the book providing feedback for chapter exercises, job aids, presentations, and other helpful materials.
Won the "Best Book" award from AECT's Division of Instructional Development in 2000.
References Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005. http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/edit226/
isdmodels/ISDmodels.pdf http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/survey.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model3.ht
m
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model1.htm
http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/docs/Skills_Chapter08.pdf