Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 2 History of the INTERNET
(Early 1960s) We Do NOT have World Wide Network System such as the
Internet. Early 1960s We Do NOT have World Wide Network System such
as the Internet. PAST
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 3 The Arpanet project was
started in 1962. By the end of 1969, ARPANET was able to connect to
four locations: UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, SRI, and Utah. First
Internet connection in Korea In 1982, packet communication is
succeeded between KEIT (Gumi) and SNU (Seoul). This is the Second
Internet Connection in the world. The INTERNET was born in 1969 In
1969 In 1977
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 4 Vint Cerf : The Father of the
Internet The Fathers of the Internet Who is This young Guy? Peter
T. Kirstein: The European Father of the Internet : The Korean
Father of the Internet This is ME!
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 5 In CERN Researchers shares
the experimental results, graphs, etc. through the Internet.
Problem was platform-dependency The researchers suffer from
platform-dependency Tim Berners-Lee invented WWW in 1989 Want to
create a method to share data, multimedia, etc. without any
difficulties He created hyper-text based Web and opened this
technology to public. The First World Wide Web (WWW) Tim
Berners-Lee
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 6 How was the Early WWW This
was the Second revolution of the computer science Sharing
information and data without distance limitation But!!! The
Internet was So DIFFICULT!!! Commad-line Interface Only Researchers
can use this amazing technology. Non-experts
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 7 In 1993, First mouse-click
based Interface is created Mosaic : First web browser Mosaic is the
First Web Browser From this moment, Non-experts are able to easily
use the Internet.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 8 The number of Internet users
worldwide was increasing with high rate New Internet services and
businesses are opened E-commerce : Amazon, ebay, Search engines :
Google, Yahoo, Daum, Naver, Blogs, social networks INTERNET is
getting BIGGER Source: http://www.whatgoddoes.com/?p=476
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 9 Smart phone revolution in
late-2000s INTERNET is getting BIGGER Talking with our friends
Sharing our lives through Social Networking Watching movies and
listening to music Lots.. Lots of Internet services Now, we can
access the Internet everywhere Present
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 10 Next-Generation of the
Internet Future
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 11 IDC said The Internet of
things will change everything and be a new construct in the
information and communications technology world. The IoT have a
compound annual growth rate of 7.9 percent. # of Internet-connected
Devices Source: Here's Why 'The Internet Of Things' Will Be Huge,
And Drive Tremendous Value For People And Businesses Available:
http://www.businessinsider.com/growth-in-the-internet-of-things-2013-10#ixzz2tlZJoJHe
Internet of things: $8.9 trillion market in 2020, 212 billion
connected things Available:
http://www.zdnet.com/internet-of-things-8-9-trillion-market-in-2020-212-billion-connected-things-7000021516/
The Internet of things and the technology ecosystem surrounding it
are expected to be a $8.9 trillion market in 2020, according to
IDC.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 12 Expansion of Internet
Services Information Sharing Social Networking Interconnection with
Everyday Objects & Smart IoT Services A dynamic global
infrastructure that interconnects trillions of everyday objects
together to give things intelligence via communication and
computing capabilities. Everything in the World at your Fingertips
Internet
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 13 IoT Service Example: Smart
Healthcare Service 2013 2012 2011 Real-time Monitoring Data
Historical Data Bio Optic Sensor Bio Optic Sensor Healthcare Watch
Healthcare Watch EEG biotelemetry Blood Pressure Blood Pressure
stick-on Heart Rate Sensor Virus Monitoring Virus Monitoring Foot
SensorFoot Sensor Smart SensorsSmart Sensors ECG SensorECG Sensor
EEG biotelemetry stick-on Heart Rate Sensor Machine Learning
Machine LearningBig AnalyticsBig Analytics Prediction Disease
knowledge
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 14 Tiny and Small Need to be
small to be embedded to any physical objects Battery powered High
portion of Things in IoT cannot connected to unlimited power source
due to mobility, infrastructure of power network, etc. Small
Resources General MCU spec. for things: RAM : 16 Kbytes Flash : 256
Kbytes Low network bandwidth & data rate Packet Size Ex) MTU of
IEEE 802.15.4 : 127 bytes. (Payload : 102 bytes) Data rates of 250
kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps for each of the currently defined
physical layers (2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, and 868 MHz, respectively)
Mobility Things in IoT dynamically change their location (But, Not
All things) Ex) Body sensors for IoT healthcare IoT Connectivity
Issue 1/2 : Characteristics of Physical Things
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 15
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 16 Wireless Sensor Network
Spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or
environmental conditions (temperature, sound, pressure, etc.)
Cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main
location. Traditional Wireless Sensor Networks Internet X
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 17 How to connect trillions of
physical things to the Internet IoT Connectivity Issue 2/2 :
Internet Protocol v4 vs. v6 But!! The last blocks of IPv4 Internet
addresses have been allocated. IPv4 Address Size : 32 bits # of
Addresses : 232 Source:
http://www.moxa.com/newsletter/connection/2009/06/IPv6-ready_Ethernet_Switches_for_Industrial_Networking.htm
IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation" Internet
standard and has been under development now since the mid- 1990s.
Address Size : 128 bits (written in hexadecimal) Ex)
3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf Larger Address Space : 2128
Autoconfiguration Simpler Header Next header = 6 (TCP) TCP hdr +
payload Next header = 43 (routing) TCP hdr + payloadNext header = 6
(TCP)
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 18 IP-based Wireless Sensor
Networks technologies can be a promising solution for the everyday
objects Open, long-lived, reliable standards Global accessibility
& seamless connectivity via the Internet Transparent Internet
integration and Global scalability Large Address Space are required
to address trillions of things Lightweight Internet Connection
Internet Connection of IoT Devices
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 19 Standards for IPv6-based IoT
Connectivity Application Layer PHY/LNK MAC/PHY IEEE / Bluetooth SIG
Adaptation Adaptation Layer IEEE 802.15.4 Bluetooth Low Energy
Power Line Comm. Header Compression Neighbor Discovery Transmission
Routing Auto-conf. ... IETF 6lo / 6TISCH WG NET Network Layer(IPv6)
RPL IETF 6MAN WG / ROLL WG TRN Transport Layer IETF APP DTLS TCP
UDP CoAP IETF CoRE / DICE WG
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 20 IETF 6LoWPAN WG Formed to
adapt IPv6 technology over IEEE802.15.4 networks RFC 4944:
Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks RFC 4919:
6LoWPANs: Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals RFC
6282: Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE
802.15.4-Based Networks IEEE 802.15.4 IETF 6lo Working Group This
working group has completed. A standard which specifies PHY and MAC
for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR- WPANs) CSMA,
Duty-Cycling, and Low data- rate(250 kbit/s), multi-hop comm.
Allows 127 bytes MTU Supports both star and mesh topologies PAN
Coordinator (FFD) Coordinator (FFD) Network Device (RFD) Direct
Comm. Indirect Comm.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 21 A key standard of IPv6
adaptation Header Compression in adaptation layer to allow the IPv6
transmission over constrained node networks Over IEEE 802.15.4 IPv6
MTU (1,280 bytes) vs. IEEE 802.15.4 MTU (127 bytes) IPv6 Header
Size : 40 bytes, UDP: 8 bytes, TCP : 20 bytes
Fragmentation/Reassembly: to support large-size IPv6 packets
Neighbor Discovery / Autoconfiguration IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 22 IETF 6LoWPAN WG Formed to
adapt IPv6 technology over IEEE802.15.4 networks RFC 4944:
Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks RFC 4919:
6LoWPANs: Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals RFC
6282: Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE
802.15.4-Based Networks IETF 6lo Working Group This working group
has completed. IETF 6Lo WG A successor to 6LoWPAN WG Formed to
facilitate IPv6 connectivity over constrained node networks Work
closely with the IETF 6man working group IETF 6man WG responsible
for the maintenance and advancement of the IPv6 protocol
specifications and addressing architecture. IPv6 over foo IEEE
802.15.4 TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (IETF 6tisch WG) Bluetooth Low
Energy IEEE 1901.2 (Narrowband PLC) DECT Ultra Low Energy Etc.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 23 Routing Over Low power and
Lossy networks (RPL) A IETF standard for routing in Low power and
Lossy Networks(LLNs) RPL supports three basic traffic flows :
Multipoint-to Point (MP2P) : Collection traffic Point-to-Multipoint
(P2MP) : Configuration traffic Point-to-Point (P2P) : combined
method of MP2P and P2MP Route-over routing Routing decision is
taken in the network layer DODAG(Direction-Oriented Directed
Acyclic Graph)-based Topology Different Objective Function for
special requirements Adaptive routing Traffic characteristics
Scalability Auto-configuration and management IETF ROLL Working
Group 1 1211 23 24 13 21 22 3534333231 4241 4443 45 46 LBR
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 24 CoAP is a RESTful
application protocol for use with low-power and lossy networks IETF
CoRE Working Group Image Source:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/6LoWPAN Asynchronous Request /
Response interaction method between application endpoints Small
message overhead Includes key concepts of the Web such as URIs and
Internet media types Easily interface with a generic Web protocol
(e.g. HTTP) for interaction with the Web
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 25 SNAIL (Sensor Networks for
an All-IP worLd) The lightweight IPv6 Networking Platform for the
Internet of Things Provide global IPv6 connectivity to small and
low-power embedded devices Fully compatible with IETF standards
Special Features Mobility, HTTP, Time Sync., Security, GW platforms
for easy construction, etc. History of SNAIL About SNAIL Project
2007 SNAIL Team Establishment SNAIL v0.5 (IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4)
2008 SNAIL v1.0 (L3 Mobility, Time Sync, HTTP, SSL) 2010 SNAIL 1.0
SNAIL v1.0 (L3 Mobility, Time Sync, HTTP, SSL) SNAIL v1.5 (New GW
platforms, Mobility enhancement, PaaS Cloud, RPL, CoAP) 2011 SNAIL
v2.0 (6Lo over ble, Android GW, latest 6lo standards, etc.) 2014
SNAIL 2.0 SNAIL v2.0 (6Lo over ble, Android GW, latest 6lo
standards, etc.) "SNAIL: An IP-based Wireless Sensor Network
Approach Toward the Internet of Things," IEEE Wireless
Communications, 17(6):34-42, Dec. 2010. New SNAIL 2.0 Paper is in
preparation
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 26 Three essential components
in mobility management: Movement detection to recognize movement of
the mobile node (MN) and to trigger their handoff Handoff
management to maintain ongoing connections of MNs during handoffs
Location management to keep track of location information of the
MNs Mobility Management Mobility Management Handoff
ManagementMovement Dectection Location Management
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 27 Movement Detection in
Mobility Management Without additional sensor assumption like GPS,
PIR, etc. RF transceiver / Receiver is the only clue to know its
movement. Hey! Are you there? Yes! Im here! Hey! Are you there?
Yes! Im here! Hey! Are you there? (1 time) No answer Am I out of
his boundary? I have to check it! Hey! Are you there? (2 time) Hey!
Are you there? (3 time) Oh. I moved out his boundary! I have to
find a new access point! Movement is Detected Data Req.Poll Req.
ACK MACNET Poll confirm Data Req.Poll Req. POLL Interval
Retransmissions { Poll fail # of Poll Req. Fail : 1 Retransmissions
{ Poll fail # of Poll Req. Fail : 2 Retransmissions { Poll fail #
of Poll Req. Fail : 3 Data Req. Data Req. Movement Detection Total
12 data requests are transmitted to detect MNs movement MN MR Time
t0 Time t1 Time t2 Timeline Poll Req. Poll Req. MAC
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 28 Handoff Management in
Mobility Management Im looking for a new Access Point!
Searching.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 29 Handoff Management in
Mobility Management Can I be connected to you? Yes!
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 30 Handoff Management in
Mobility Management Unified these processes into simple one
operation.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 31 Location Management in
Mobility Management Hey Everybody! Now, Im Here!! Broadcast its
location to the whole Network nodes
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 32 Not use broadcasting Simple
pointer setting to previous AP Previous AP -> new AP Unicast to
previous AP Location Management in Mobility Management This is your
stuff.
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 33 MLEq: Multi-GW Load
Balancing Scheme for Equilibrium Capacity gateway bottleneck is
dominant reason for network capacity Fairness GWs bandwidth is
shared by all 6LRs. Capacity for each 6LR is depended on the number
of 6LRs sharing the bandwidth. Reliability improper load balancing
causes more congestions on the links nearby Gws and significant
packet loss because of the lossy links MLEq: Multi-GW Load
Balancing Scheme for Equilibrium Internet ER 1 ER 2 Internet ER 1
ER 2 6LR A Links toward ER 2 Links toward ER 1 6LoWPAN Router (6LR)
Edge Router (ER) 6LR A (a) Well-balanced traffic flow (b)
Imbalanced traffic flow Overloaded ER6LoWPAN 6LoWPAN
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 34 Gateway Bottleneck MLEq:
Multi-GW Load Balancing Scheme for Equilibrium No Load Balancing
Only One Gateway? Multiple GW. But, only use one GW?
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 35 MLEq: Multi-GW Load
Balancing Scheme for Equilibrium Virtual 3D-Terrain (Water flow)
Modeled using real-time network traffic MLEq: Multi-GW Load
Balancing Scheme for Equilibrium . Capacity gateway bottleneck is
dominant reason for network capacity . Fairness GWs bandwidth is
shared by all 6LRs. Capacity for each 6LR is depended on the number
of 6LRs sharing the bandwidth. . Reliability improper load
balancing causes more congestions on the links nearby Gws and
significant packet loss because of the lossy links Internet ER 1 ER
2 Internet ER 1 ER 2 6LR A Links toward ER 2 Links toward ER 1
6LoWPAN Router (6LR) Edge Router (ER) 6LR A (a) Well-balanced
traffic flow (b) Imbalanced traffic flow Overloaded ER6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN GW MR Level: 0 Level: 1 Level: 2
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 36 The Internet of Things
reflects physical world Physical world is dynamic world Global Time
Synchronization
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 37 6LNTP: 6LoWPAN Network Time
Protocol A Global Time Synchronization protocol for IP-WSN
Server-Client Time Sync Model Multi-hop time synchronization Root
delay is accumulated and forwarded by intermediate nodes Global
Time Synchronization Internet of Things Reference Time
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 38 Browsing Architecture with
HTML5 Presentation server Manages Rich Interface comprised of HTML,
CSS, and muilti-media files JavaScript posts a message to obtain
sensor data HTML5 CDM solves the Same origin policy allows
application code from presentation server to request data to sensor
node, which is in different domain. Web server and CoAP server
embedded in a sensor node (a thing in IoT) Web Browsing
Architecture with HTML5
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 39 Security IoT(Internet Of
Things) Every Things are connected Every information can be
stolen??? CoAP over DTLS Datagram Transport Layer Security TLS is a
Security Protocol for byte-stream oriented protocol TLS cannot be
used directly in datagram environments To make only the minimal
changes to TLS required to fix this problem Attacker Message
Forgery Tampering Eavesdropping Transport Layer (UDP) DTLS Record
Protocol DTLS Handshake Protocol DTLS Alert Protocol
ChangeCipherSpe c Protocol CoAP DTLS
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 40 SNAIL Platform over
Bluetooth LE Devices such as mobile phones, notebooks, tablets and
other handheld computing devices which will include Bluetooth LE.
An example of a use case for a Bluetooth LE accessory is a heart
rate monitor that sends data via the mobile phone to a server on
the Internet. SNAIL over Bluetooth LE Internet BLE Service App
Traditional Bluetooth Low Energy IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy
End-to-End Communication Cloud Computing
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 43 Dual-mode Gateway H/W
Platform A New Type of SNAIL Gateway which supports dual wireless
access points for WiFi and 6LoWPAN Support both IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
based WiFi AP and IP-WSN gateway Implemented on the OpenWRT which
is a GNU/Linux based firmware program for embedded devices
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 44 SNAIL Adaptor H/W Platform A
New Type of IP-WSN Gateway which supports easy setup and easy
deployment of SNAIL networks in home / office SNAIL adaptor is
connected to the Internet through a common access points or
routers. No modification & no custom firmware are required
Implemented on the Raspberry Pi
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 45 Off-the-Shelf Product for
BLE platform TI CC2541 SoC : 2.4-GHz Bluetooth low energy and
Proprietary System- on-Chip Flash : 128KB RAM : 8KB Data Rate: 2000
kbps SNAIL Bluetooth LE H/W Platform Google Nexus 5 for Mobile
SNAIL Gateway 6LoWPAN over Android ble Mobile Broadband for
Internet Connection
Auto-ID Lab Korea / KAIST Slide 46 SNAIL S/W Stack CO2 Sensor
Humidity & Temperture Sensor Temperture Sensor 3-axis
accelerometer (upgradable) 2-axis Analog Giro MCU MSP430F5438 RF
transceiver CC2520 Relay RS232 USB-to-Serial JTAG SNAIL GW (Buffalo
WZR-HP-G300NH) PAN Coordinator PAN Coordinator SNAIL GW (Raspberry
Pi model B) TCP/IP NET Layer SNAILNetLayer SNAILNetServices IEEE
802.15.4 PHY/MAC Link Status Manager Mobility Management lwIPv6
Movement Detection Handoff Management Location Management Load
Balancing Pkt Forwarder One-hop Neighbor Table Virtual Level
Manager TimeSync. Neighbor DiscoverylwICMPv6 lwNEMOlwMIPv6
Route-over Routing (RPL) TRN Layer lwTCP lwUDP Applications APP
Layer lw Web Server (HTTP) CoAP Server lwSSL Default Page TCP/IP
SNAILNetLayer SNAILNetServices Link Status Manager Mobility
Management Movement Detection Handoff Management Location
Management Load Balancing Pkt Forwarder Virtual Level Manager
TimeSync. Applications APP Layer Web Server (HTTP) HTML5 WebSocket
Proxy -WSCoAP Daemon SSL TCP/IP TUN/TAP 6in46to4NET Layer IPv6
Neighbor DiscoveryICMPv6 NEMOMIPv6 Route-over Routing (RPL) TRN
Layer TCP UDP Ethernet/WiFi SNAIL Conf. Interface IPAdaptation
Autoconfiguration Bootstrapping Header Compression
Fragmenation/Reassembly Node Registration Mesh-under Routing
IPAdaptation Autoconfiguration Bootstrapping Header Compression
Fragmenation/Reassembly Node Registration Mesh-under Routing
Bluetooth Low Energy IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC Bluetooth Low Energy
DTLS