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SO THIS ISDEMOCRACY?State of media freedom in Southern Africa 2016
State of media
freedom in Southern Africa
2016
SO TH
IS ISD
EMO
CR
ACY?
Published byM
ed
ia In
stitu
te o
f So
uth
ern
Afric
a (M
ISA
)
Priv
ate
Bag 1
33
86
Win
dh
oek, N
am
ibia
Tele
ph
on
e: +
26
4 6
1 2
32
97
5
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site
: http
://ww
w.m
isa.o
rg
Realised w
ith the support of Frie
dric
h-E
bert-S
tiftun
g
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ed
ia A
frica
P.O
Bo
x 2
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52
Win
dh
oek
Nam
ibia
Em
ail: in
fo@
fesm
ed
ia.o
rg
Web
site
: ww
w.fe
sm
ed
ia-a
frica.o
rg
Cover design and layout
Cla
ra S
ch
nack
Em
ail: c
m@
iway.n
a
EditingR
eyh
an
a M
aste
rs
Em
ail: z
am
bezim
asala
@gm
ail.c
om
Ru
i Co
rreia
Em
ail: c
orre
ia.ru
i@gm
ail.c
om
2
01
6 T
he M
ed
ia In
stitu
te o
f So
uth
ern
Afric
a.
All rig
hts
reserv
ed
.
Un
au
tho
rised
du
plic
atio
n c
on
traven
es a
pp
licab
le
law
s.
Th
e v
iew
s e
xp
ressed
by in
dep
en
den
t co
ntrib
uto
rs
are
no
t necessarily
tho
se o
f MIS
A
Contents
Win
dhoek D
ecla
ratio
n 1
29
Afric
a C
harte
r on B
roadcastin
g 1
32
Decla
ratio
n o
f Prin
cip
les o
n F
reedom
of E
xpre
ssio
n in
Afric
a 1
35
Decla
ratio
n o
f Table
Mounta
in 1
39
Afric
an P
latfo
rm o
n A
ccess to
Info
rmatio
n 1
41
Guid
elin
es o
n M
edia
Covera
ge o
f Ele
ctio
ns in
the S
AD
C re
gio
n 1
49
Afric
an D
ecla
ratio
n o
n In
tern
et R
ights
and F
reedom
s 1
56
6 About M
isa Alerts
9 Regional Overview
13 Country Overview
s
104 About MISA
106 Appendices
Angola11
Zimbabwe
3171
SouthAfrica
79Lesotho39
Swaziland93
Mozam
bique59
Tanzania
107Zam
bia83
101
Malawi
49
BotswanaNam
ibia
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
76
DETAINED
Th
is re
fers
to a
n in
cid
en
t wh
ere
a m
ed
ia w
ork
er
is im
pris
on
ed
or
deta
ined
. It
can
b
e le
gal
or
illegal a
nd
inclu
des b
ein
g s
en
-
ten
ced
to a
gao
l term
or b
ein
g
deta
ined
w
itho
ut
ch
arg
e
or
inco
mm
un
icad
o,
held
fo
r p
re-
ven
tativ
e re
aso
ns,
or
arre
ste
d.
Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r th
e
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia w
ork
ers
in
-
vo
lved
.
CENSORED
Th
is
covers
in
cid
en
ts
wh
ere
info
rmatio
n is
p
reven
ted
fro
m
bein
g co
mm
un
icate
d.
Fo
r ex-
am
ple
, issu
ing a
gaggin
g o
rder,
forc
ing
ed
itoria
l ch
an
ges,
us-
ing
legis
latio
n
like
inte
rdic
ts
an
d co
urt
ord
ers
to
sto
p in
for-
matio
n fro
m b
ein
g p
ub
lish
ed
,
sh
uttin
g
dow
n
or
su
sp
en
din
g
production and
confiscating eq
uip
men
t o
r m
ate
rials
. Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber
of m
ed
ia w
ork
ers
or m
ed
ia o
r-
gan
isatio
ns in
vo
lved
.
BOMBED
Th
is in
clu
des in
cid
en
ts w
here
a
journalists home or the office
of a
med
ia h
ou
se/o
utle
t/org
an
i-
satio
n
is
sab
ota
ged
th
rou
gh
bo
mb
ing,
ars
on
, van
dalis
m o
r
theft.
Th
e sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r
the
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia
wo
rk-
ers
o
r m
ed
ia o
rgan
isatio
ns in
-
vo
lved
.
ASSAULTEDTh
is
inclu
des
any
incid
en
t
wh
ere
jo
urn
alis
ts
are
p
hysi-
cally
assau
lted
, to
rture
d,
or
wo
un
ded
d
urin
g th
e co
urs
e o
f
their
wo
rk.
Th
e sta
tistic
re
fers
to th
e n
um
ber
of
med
ia w
ork
-
ers
invo
lved
.
EXPELLED
Th
is in
clu
des in
cid
en
ts w
here
jou
rnalis
ts
are
exp
elle
d
from
,
pre
ven
ted
fro
m
en
terin
g
or
leavin
g
(su
ch
as
by
denyin
g
vis
as,
wo
rk p
ap
ers
o
r accre
di-
tatio
n),
an
d /
or
gen
era
lly in
-
hib
ited
fro
m m
ovin
g fre
ely
in
a co
un
try o
r certa
in are
as to
perfo
rm th
eir
wo
rk. T
he sta
tis-
tic giv
en
is
fo
r th
e n
um
ber
of
med
ia w
ork
ers
invo
lved
.
LEGISLATEDTh
is
rela
tes
to
all
asp
ects
o
f
the le
gis
lativ
e p
rocess an
d th
e
ap
plic
atio
n o
f co
mm
on
la
w.
It
inclu
des
insta
nces
wh
ere
o
f-
ficial proposals are made for
new
law
s, le
gis
latio
n is
passed
,
law
s
are
am
en
ded
o
r stru
ck
dow
n e
ither in
Parlia
men
t or b
y
the co
urts
, an
d civ
il litig
atio
n
is in
stitu
ted
again
st m
ed
ia. T
he
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber
of in
cid
en
ts re
po
rted
.
SENTENCED
Th
is
is
wh
en
a
jud
gem
en
t is
han
ded
d
ow
n again
st
a m
ed
ia
wo
rker
invo
lvin
g eith
er
a p
ris-
on term or a fine. The statistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f me-
dia
wo
rkers
invo
lved
.
THREATENED
Th
is in
vo
lves a th
reat
from
a
public official,
death threat,
vario
us
form
s
of
hara
ssm
en
t
(su
ch
as
veile
d
warn
ings,
thre
ats
o
f actio
n,
inte
rfere
nce
in
ed
itoria
l p
rocesses,
cyb
er
atta
cks,
raid
s an
d fo
rcib
ly o
c-
cupying a home or office), or
jou
rnalis
ts b
ein
g q
uestio
ned
or
inte
rrogate
d o
n th
eir
so
urc
es.
Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r th
e
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia
wo
rkers
o
r
med
ia o
rgan
isatio
ns in
vo
lved
.
VIOLATION OFPUBLIC FoE*
Th
is cate
go
ry in
clu
des in
ci-
den
ts th
at
affe
ct
freed
om
o
f
exp
ressio
n
(Fo
E)
or
sp
eech
in g
en
era
l, an
d d
o n
ot n
eces-
sarily
in
vo
lve m
ed
ia w
ork
ers
or
org
an
isatio
ns.
Fo
r exam
-
ple
, cases o
f sed
ition
again
st
mem
bers
o
f th
e p
ub
lic,
gen-
era
l cu
rbs
on
fre
e
sp
eech
an
d
access
to
info
rmatio
n,
vio
latio
ns o
f the rig
ht to
free-
do
m o
f assem
bly
an
d p
rote
st,
restric
tion
s o
n a
rtistic
or a
ca-
dem
ic
freed
om
an
d
restric
-
tion
s
on
access
to
pu
blic
med
ia.
Th
e sta
tistic
giv
en
is
for
the n
um
ber
of
incid
en
ts
rep
orte
d.
KILLED ORM
ISSINGTh
is to
ps th
e lis
t in
te
rms o
f
severity
, an
d th
ere
is
n
o n
eed
to exp
lain
w
hy.
Inclu
ded
u
n-
der
this
cate
go
ry are
in
cid
en
ts
wh
ere
jo
urn
alis
ts
have
been
kille
d,
kid
nap
ped
o
r go
ne
mis
sin
g in
circ
um
sta
nces th
at
su
ggest
a lin
k to
th
eir
wo
rk o
r
role
as a
jou
rnalis
t. Th
e s
tatis
tic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f me-
dia
wo
rkers
invo
lved
.
VICTORY
Th
is
inclu
des
imm
ed
iate
vic
-
torie
s fo
r med
ia w
ork
ers
or o
r-
gan
isatio
ns in
clu
din
g b
ein
g re
-
leased
u
nco
nd
ition
ally
, h
avin
g
ch
arg
es
dro
pp
ed
, w
inn
ing
or
avo
idin
g
civ
il litig
atio
n,
over-
turn
ing g
aggin
g o
rders
an
d b
e-
ing a
cq
uitte
d o
f crim
inal c
harg
-
es. T
his
cate
go
ry als
o in
clu
des
incid
en
ts th
at
advan
ce m
ed
ia
freed
om
, access to
info
rmatio
n
or
freed
om
o
f exp
ressio
n
in
gen
era
l. Fo
r exam
ple
, favo
ur-
ab
le p
olic
y sta
tem
en
ts,
med
ia
frien
dly
law
s o
r po
licie
s a
nd
fa-
vo
ura
ble
an
d p
reced
en
t-settin
g
co
urt
jud
gem
en
ts.T
he
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f inci-
den
ts re
po
rted
.
*Freedom of expression
Throughout the year, M
ISA issues m
edia alerts in the following 11 categories:
MISA
alerts
Regional Overview
2016 by M
ISA Regional
Secretariat
RegionalO
verview
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
10
have e
ither e
nacte
d le
gis
latio
n o
r are
ta-
blin
g it,
to re
gula
te onlin
e conte
nt
and
curb
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n.
The
onsla
ught
again
st
the
media
has
expanded a
nd e
xte
nded to
inclu
de c
iti-
zens w
ho have exerc
ised th
eir
freedom
of
expre
ssio
n
rights
in
diffe
rent
ways
and th
rough a varie
ty of
actio
ns in
a
num
ber
of
countrie
s.
This
in
cre
ase in
citiz
en a
gency h
as b
een m
et w
ith h
ars
h
and b
ruta
l repris
als
by G
overn
ments
.
A
dis
concertin
g
develo
pm
ent
is
the
shift
by jo
urn
alis
ts on w
hat
used to
be
agre
ed positio
ns in
th
e re
gio
n.
In both
Angola
and Tanzania
, jo
urn
alis
ts have
welc
om
ed c
onte
nt in
legis
latio
n th
at re
-
quire
s jo
urn
alis
ts to
be lic
ensed - a
form
of
auth
oris
atio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m
based on specific educational specifica-
tions. S
ectio
ns o
f the m
edia
secto
r in th
e
two c
ountrie
s w
elc
om
e th
is o
n th
e b
asis
that it w
ill rais
e jo
urn
alis
tic p
rofe
ssio
nal
sta
ndard
s.
Is th
e id
ea catc
hin
g on,
in a
regio
n w
here
m
edia
fre
edom
org
anis
a-
tions use to pride themselves on fight-
ing to
re
move all
obsta
cle
s to
fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n a
nd fre
edom
of th
e p
ress?
Not a
ll is lo
st, th
ough.
A c
ause fo
r cele
bra
tion is
the s
usta
ined
and vig
oro
us 12 year
cam
paig
n,
spear-
headed by MISA
Malaw
i which finally
gave birth
to
an A
ccess to
In
form
atio
n
Act
bein
g passed by Parlia
ment
at
the
end o
f 2016.
In B
ots
wana,
the 16th
of
Marc
h w
as a
his
toric
al
day fo
r th
e Lesbia
ns,
Gays &
Bis
exuals
of
Bots
wana -
LEG
AB
IBO
af-
ter th
e o
rganis
atio
n w
on a
court c
ase in
whic
h th
e S
tate
was in
stru
cte
d to
regis
-
ter and officially recognize the sexual m
inoritie
s b
ody.
The th
aw
ing of
rela
tions betw
een th
e
Sw
azi
govern
ment
and th
e m
edia
w
as
anoth
er
welc
om
e change.
This
w
as in
part, d
ue to
the e
ngagem
ent b
y th
e S
pe-
cia
l R
apporte
ur
on Fre
edom
of
Expre
s-
sio
n, P
ansy T
lakula
with
govern
ment o
n
issues re
latin
g to
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
media
fre
edom
and access to
in
form
a-
tion.
Tra
ditio
nal
media
on
the
contin
ent,
in-
deed,
the w
orld
, is
in
a state of flux as it is under
both
politic
al
and
econom
ic
sie
ge.
Dire
ctio
n is
bein
g d
es-
pera
tely
sought
in
a
world
reelin
g fro
m d
is-
ruptio
n. M
edia
houses
acro
ss th
e re
gio
n are
havin
g to
conte
nd
with
low
perfo
rmin
g e
conom
ies, s
hrin
k-
ing n
ew
sro
om
s, p
oor w
ork
ing c
onditio
ns
again
st
incre
asin
g costs
, re
duced adver-
tisin
g re
venue,
dra
stic
ally
re
duced prin
t
runs,
stiffe
r com
petitio
n,
hostile
govern
-
ments
, constric
ting m
edia
legis
latio
n a
nd
to to
p it
all,
incre
asin
g corru
ptio
n and
uneth
ical b
ehavio
ur w
ithin
the s
ecto
r it-
self.
Audie
nces are
bein
g captu
red by new
s
dow
nlo
aded off
socia
l m
edia
pla
tform
s
that
offe
r conte
nt
at
a
diz
zyin
g
pace
packaged in
a fo
rmat th
at a
ppeals
to d
i-
vers
e audie
nces and can be consum
ed
in seconds. The media is having to find
rele
vance
in
a
world
m
esm
eris
ed
by
technolo
gy
and
more
engaged
with
new
s on socia
l m
edia
pla
tform
s,
be it
real
or
fake.
New
s is
bein
g share
d at
lightn
ing s
peed a
nd b
y th
e tim
e it is
re-
fute
d,
it has cro
ssed bord
ers
and even
contin
ents
.
Build
ing,
and in
som
e cases re
viv
ing,
good
solid
in
vestig
ativ
e
journ
alis
m
to
ensure
susta
inability
and
rele
vance
is
both
a solu
tion and an obsta
cle
. O
ften
the
investig
ativ
e
sto
ries
hig
hlig
ht
cor-
ruption in the public sector, or the finger points at public officials, w
hich brings th
e m
edia
into
dire
ct c
onfro
nta
tion w
ith
govern
ing e
lites. T
he m
edia
then a
re u
n-
der
dire
ct
thre
at
from
people
w
illing to
abuse th
eir p
ow
er.
The c
onte
sta
tion b
etw
een S
tate
s a
nd th
e
media sector has intensified on the leg
-
isla
tive fro
nt w
ith g
overn
ments
in c
oun
-
tries through the SAD
C region finding
insidious ways to curtail the influence
and re
ach o
f the m
edia
.
Thro
ugh th
e guis
e of
ensurin
g pro
tec-
tion of
citiz
ens fro
m com
pute
r re
late
d
crim
es,
govern
ments
acro
ss th
e re
gio
n
National O
verview
2016 by MISA
Regional SecretariatEnglish/Portuguese
Angola
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
13
12 T
he
year
2016
was
no
diffe
rent
from
any
oth
er
year
when
it com
es
to
the
them
es
that
dom
inate
d
the
agenda
but
the
inte
nsity
certa
inly
was a fe
w notc
hes
up.
Angola
ns
saw
in th
e new
year
suffe
ring fro
m m
ajo
r
hangovers
fro
m th
e pre
vio
us year
th
e
unfinished business that seems to be
the s
taple
, with
key d
evelo
pm
ents
dra
g-
gin
g on,
over
years
befo
re a re
solu
tion
em
erg
es. C
hie
f am
ong th
ese w
as th
e o
n-
off d
ebate
over th
e s
uccessio
n o
f Pre
si-
dent Jo
s E
duard
o d
os S
anto
s, th
e e
qual-
ly on-o
ff tria
l again
st
journ
alis
ts doin
g
their job, in specific Rafael M
arques, and la
st
but
not
least
the on-o
ff-on-o
ff
regula
tion o
f the m
edia
secto
r, left h
ang-
ing in
abeyance s
ince th
e e
nactm
ent o
f
the P
ress L
aw
in 2
006.
Habem
us presidentum?
Uncerta
inty
over th
e e
ventu
al e
xit fro
m
politic
s o
f the 7
4-y
ear o
ld P
resid
ent D
os
Santo
s c
ontin
ues, d
espite
overw
helm
ing
evid
ence
that
now
it
is a done deal.
With
le
gis
lativ
e ele
ctio
ns schedule
d to
be held
in
Angola
on A
ugust
23 of
this
year,
it w
ould
appear
that
Dos Santo
s
will
indeed finally
hand over
power
afte
r alm
ost
four
decades in
pow
er.
In
term
s of
the new
constitu
tion of
2010,
the country
ceased to
have pre
sid
en-
tial
ele
ctio
ns,
optin
g fo
r th
e party
-list
pro
portio
nal
repre
senta
tion
syste
m,
with
th
e num
ber
one candid
ate
of
the
win
nin
g party
auto
matic
ally
becom
ing
pre
sid
ent. T
he c
hange o
ffere
d a
surg
ical
solu
tion to
th
e irk
som
e debate
aro
und
Dos Santoss tenure, lim
ited to two five-
year
term
s under
the 1975 and 1992
constitu
tions,
both
of
whic
h
faile
d
to
pro
vid
e a cle
ar
answ
er
on w
hen D
os
Santo
ss
pre
sid
ency
actu
ally
sta
rted,
giv
en th
at th
e s
econd ro
und o
f pre
sid
en
-
tial
ele
ctio
ns again
st
UN
ITA
le
ader
Jo-
nas S
avim
bi n
ever to
ok p
lace. L
ikew
ise,
there
w
as no cla
rity on w
heth
er
or
not
Dos S
anto
s h
ad s
erv
ed h
is tw
o te
rms, a
s
the c
ountry
was in
and o
ut o
f war, m
ak-
ing it im
possib
le to
hold
ele
ctio
ns.
There
is g
ood re
ason fo
r the u
ncerta
inty
to pers
ist.
New
s of
Dos Santo
ss
depar-
ture
have over
the years
been em
bla
-
zoned on fro
nt-p
ages on a num
ber
of
occasio
ns.
In 2016,
these pencille
d a
see-s
aw
of c
ontra
dic
ting d
evelo
pm
ents
,
sta
rting w
ith a
n a
nnouncem
ent in
Marc
h
that D
os S
anto
s w
as g
room
ing o
ne o
f his
child
ren to
take o
ver th
e re
ins. T
he n
ew
s
gain
ed m
om
entu
m w
hen a
lso in
Marc
h,
it w
as
announced
that
Dos
Santo
s
would leave office in 2018. H
owever,
this
puzzle
d a
naly
sts
, as e
lectio
ns w
ere
schedule
d fo
r 2017,
whic
h begged th
e
questio
n o
f how
Dos S
anto
s w
ould
sta
y
on a
s p
resid
ent a
nd th
en h
and o
ver to
a
sta
nd-in
candid
ate
. In
Ju
ne D
os Santo
s
announced th
at
he w
as conte
stin
g th
e
July
ele
ctio
ns fo
r th
e pre
sid
ency of
the
MPLA
. W
ith no oth
er
conte
nder,
Dos
Santo
s w
as u
nanim
ously
ele
cte
d, b
ein
g
endors
ed b
y th
e p
arty
in A
ugust.
The debate
culm
inate
d w
ith th
e new
s
in D
ecem
ber
that
a successor
to Pre
si-
dent Dos Santos had been identified in
the person of Joo Loureno. How
ever, at
no poin
t w
as it
made cle
ar
that
Dos
Santo
s w
as out
of
the pic
ture
, w
ith th
e
final list still subject to adjustments as
it moved a
long a
num
ber o
f ste
ps in
the
appro
val
pro
cess in
th
e party
s politic
al
bure
au a
nd c
entra
l com
mitte
e b
etw
een
January
and F
ebru
ary
of 2
017. F
or m
uch
of th
e re
cent p
ast, D
eputy
Pre
sid
ent M
a-
nuel V
icente
had b
een w
idely
expecte
d
to fill Dos Santoss shoes w
hen the time
cam
e, b
ut th
e o
nce p
ivota
l party
sta
lwart
has s
ince n
ot o
nly
been o
vers
hadow
ed,
but
als
o im
plic
ate
d in
in
vestig
atio
ns in
Portu
gal
into
shady dealin
gs in
volv
ing
Angolan and Portuguese citizens. H
is nam
e n
ow
appears
at N
um
ber 2
4 o
n th
e
party
list.
Als
o te
lling, is
the in
itial a
ppeara
nce fo
r
the first time on the partys electoral list
of tw
o o
f Dos S
anto
ss
lesser k
now
n c
hil-
dre
n,
Jos Filo
meno Z
enu
Dos Santo
s
and W
elw
istc
hia
T
chiz
dos
Santo
s.
How
ever, as more inform
ation on the com
positio
n o
f the lis
t em
erg
ed, F
ilom
e-
no D
os S
anto
ss
nam
e w
as n
o lo
nger o
n
the lis
t. Filo
meno D
os Santo
s has been
head o
f FSD
EA
, Angola
s s
overe
ign fu
nd
since 2013. The first lady, Ana Paula
dos S
anto
s, is
on th
e lis
t, at N
um
ber 1
7.
Meanw
hile, in April D
os Santos fired the entire
board
of
the sta
te oil
com
pany,
Sonangol,
then appoin
ted his
daughte
r
Isabel
dos Santo
s as chie
f executiv
e of
the com
pany,
a m
ove th
at
was w
idely
critic
ised b
y A
ngola
n s
ocie
ty.
How
ever, two sm
all details that seem
to have escaped m
ost
observ
ers
is
th
at
what
has
been
com
munic
ate
d
to
the
media
is
th
at
Dos
Santo
s
will
re
tire
from
activ
e p
olitic
al life
, w
ith n
o c
larity
on w
hat th
at w
ould
mean in
real te
rms;
and th
e fa
ct th
at u
ntil D
ecem
ber it w
as
reporte
d b
y a
num
ber o
f relia
ble
sourc
es
that
Dos Santo
s w
as still
on th
e party
s
ele
ctio
n lis
t, occupyin
g th
e 3
rd p
ositio
n,
behin
d
heir
appare
nt,
Joo
Loure
no
and B
orn
ito de Sousa,
toute
d fo
r th
e
positio
n of
vic
e-p
resid
ent.
By contra
st,
what
has been w
idely
com
mente
d on,
is th
e fa
ct th
at o
n th
e v
ario
us o
ccasio
ns
when D
os Santo
s has spoken th
rough
-
out
this
pro
cess,
not
once has he said
a w
ord
about
his
departu
re,
nor
about
Joo L
oure
no re
pla
cin
g h
im. N
ot to
be
om
itted fro
m any scenario
th
ough,
if-
sth
e fa
ct th
at th
e 7
4-y
ear-o
ld p
resid
ents
health
w
ill als
o be a fa
cto
r in
his
deci-
sio
n to
retire
from
public
life.
Ele
ctio
ns schedule
d fo
r A
ugust
will
be
under
the in
dire
ct
contro
l of
the N
um
-
ber
2 on th
e lis
t, B
orn
ito de Sousa,
as
pre
sent
Min
iste
r of
Territo
rial
Adm
inis
-
tratio
n,
whic
h is
th
e m
inis
try re
sponsi-
ble
fo
r th
e N
atio
nal
Ele
cto
ral
Com
mis
-
sio
n.
Oppositio
n
partie
s
have
voic
ed
their
obje
ctio
n,
askin
g fo
r his
re
moval.
Querie
d a
bout th
e in
dependence o
f the
electoral body and his personal conflict of
inte
rests
, B
orn
ito de Sousa said
th
at
constitu
tionally
and le
gally
there
was n
o
incompatibility. H
e assured that the pro-
cess w
as tra
nspare
nt
enough,
with
out
any h
um
an in
terv
entio
n.
Panama Papers
The
Angola
n
Sovere
ign
Fund
was
caught in the fine mesh of the w
orld-
wid
e
investig
atio
ns
that
follo
wed
the
revela
tions c
onta
ined in
the in
form
atio
n
leak know
n as th
e Panam
a Papers
. The
Inte
rnatio
nal
Consortiu
m
of
Investig
a-
tive Jo
urn
alis
ts lin
ked F
SD
EA
to a
num
-
ber of key figures in Angola, G
ermany,
Sw
itzerla
nd and R
ussia
, all
mentio
ned
in th
e P
anam
a P
apers
. Investig
atio
ns u
n-
covere
d a
link b
etw
een a
n A
meric
an o
il
com
pany and severa
l pow
erfu
l politi-
cia
ns in
Angola
. Accord
ing to
the le
aked
documents, approxim
ately fifteen shell com
panie
s
funnelle
d
money
thro
ugh
UB
S b
ank a
ccounts
. Oil M
inis
ter B
ote
l-
ho d
e V
asconcelo
s w
as c
ited in
the p
a-
pers
, but h
um
an rig
hts
cam
paig
ner a
nd
journ
alis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues belie
ves th
at
there
are
m
ore
, in
clu
din
g V
ice Pre
si-
dent M
anuel V
icente
. In
Marc
h, F
SD
EA
said
in a
n in
tern
al re
port th
at U
SD
486
millio
n h
ad d
isappeare
d fro
m th
e fu
nd,
an am
ount
roughly
equiv
ale
nt
to 10%
of its capital. How
ever, this information
was
made
public
only
in
Septe
mber.
A num
ber
of
investig
ativ
e re
ports
have
linked th
e Fund to
shady deals
in
volv
-
ing com
panie
s lin
ked to
FSD
EA
head
Filo
meno
Dos
Santo
s
and
associa
tes,
chie
f am
ong th
ese,
Banco K
wanza In
-
vest,
founded by Filo
meno D
os Santo
s
him
self. F
SD
EA
denie
d a
ny w
rongdoin
g
Angola
English
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
15
14
and s
aid
that its
accounts
were
audite
d
by D
elo
itte &
Touche,
with
re
gula
r re
-
ports
to
th
e N
atio
nal T
reasury
D
irecto
-
rate and the Auditor-G
enerals Office.
Repressing Law
Afte
r more
than a
decade in
limbo, A
n-
gola in Novem
ber of 2016 finally prom-
ulg
ate
d a
num
ber o
f pie
ces o
f legis
latio
n
conte
mpla
ted in
the P
ress L
aw
of 2
006.
The Pre
ss Law
its
elf
has been update
d
to ensure
com
patib
ility w
ith th
e new
constitu
tion (2
010).
The new
te
xt
was
penned by none oth
er
than Pre
sid
ent
Eduard
o D
os Santo
s him
self.
Besid
es a
new
vers
ion of
the Pre
ss Law
, th
e sud-
den im
petu
s c
am
e w
ith a
new
additio
n,
the cre
atio
n of
the Entid
ade R
egula
do-
ra
da
Com
unic
ao
Socia
l A
ngola
na
(ER
CA
) th
e n
ew
body n
ow
responsib
le
for m
edia
regula
tion, re
pla
cin
g th
e C
on
-
selh
o N
acio
nal d
e C
om
unic
ao S
ocia
l.
ER
CA
to
be cre
ate
d in
te
rms of
the
ERC
A Law
will in essence be the final
arb
iter
over
most
aspects
of
the m
edia
,
especia
lly
the
pra
ctic
e
of
journ
alis
m.
MIS
A-A
ngola
expre
ssed concern
at
the
com
positio
n
of
the
13-m
em
ber
body,
to be m
ade up of
11 re
pre
senta
tives of
politic
al p
artie
s a
nd 2
from
am
ong m
e-
dia
pro
fessio
nals
. U
nder
the
guis
e
of
offe
ring pro
fessio
nal
assis
tance to
m
e-
dia
org
anis
atio
ns to
ensure
th
ey are
in
com
plia
nce w
ith la
ws and re
gula
tions,
ER
CA
will
org
anis
e a
nd m
ain
tain
a d
a-
tabase o
n b
ehalf o
f media
org
anis
atio
ns
and com
panie
s subje
ct
to ER
CA
super-
vis
ion,
to
perm
it assessm
ent
of
their
com
plia
nce w
ith th
e la
w.
ER
CA
w
ill
have th
e p
ow
er to
enfo
rce c
om
plia
nce
with
pro
fessio
nal jo
urn
alis
tic e
thic
s a
nd
sta
ndard
s;
enfo
rce
com
plia
nce
with
any
applic
able
la
ws,
regula
tions
and
technic
al re
quire
ments
with
in th
e s
cope
of its
com
pete
nce; a
nd
verify
com
pli-
ance by ra
dio
and te
levis
ion opera
tors
with both the generic and specific aim
s and conditio
ns of
their
respectiv
e char-
ters
and activ
ities.
Furth
erm
ore
, ER
CA
will h
ave th
e rig
ht to
investig
ate
, and a
d-
judic
ate
com
pla
ints
about
pote
ntia
l or
actu
al
transgre
ssio
n o
f the le
gal o
r reg-
ula
tory
norm
s n
ot ju
st fro
m
inte
reste
d
partie
s b
ut a
lso
on its
ow
n in
itiativ
e.
It bears
rem
indin
g th
at th
is is
a b
ody th
at
will b
e g
overn
ed b
y p
olitic
al p
artie
s, in
a c
om
positio
n th
at m
irrors
natio
nal p
o-
litical
stre
ngth
, in
oth
er
word
s,
with
a
majo
rity o
f MPLA
mem
bers
.
Licensing requirem
ents are inconsistent with international law on freedom
of inform
ation. The issue is not what Article 19 says; the issue is its enforceability and the use of international law as a tool of litigation in support of prosecuted journalists when you are arguing in dom
estic courts Enrique Arm
ijo, media
lawyer, W
ashington, USA
The Pre
ss Law
of
2006 pro
vid
ed fo
r a
num
ber
of
subsid
iary
sta
tute
s and de-
cre
es to
govern
th
e m
edia
. These have
now
been e
nacte
d a
s la
ws in
ow
n rig
ht.
Chie
f am
ong th
ese are
th
e Law
on th
e
Exerc
ise
of
the
Activ
ity
of
Tele
vis
ion
Bro
adcastin
g,
Law
on
the
Exerc
ise
of
the A
ctiv
ity of
Radio
B
roadcastin
g,
the
Law
on th
e S
tatu
te o
f the Jo
urn
alis
t and
m
ost
importa
ntly
th
e C
arte
ira de
Jorn
alis
ta,
the lic
ence to
pra
ctic
e jo
ur-
nalis
m.
In th
e event
of
any jo
urn
alis
t
found w
ork
ing w
ithout
bein
g lic
enced,
the
em
plo
yin
g
media
house
can
be
punished with a fine equivalent to ten
median public service salaries. The fine
triple
s in
the c
ase o
f a re
peat v
iola
tion.
The new
la
w als
o m
akes it
illegal
for
journ
alis
ts to
w
ork
as public
re
latio
ns
pro
fessio
nals
, a c
om
mon p
ractic
e in
Lu-
anda, often with conflicting interests. In
term
s of
the new
Pre
ss Law
, jo
urn
alis
ts
can fa
ce d
iscip
linary
, civ
il and c
rimin
al
sanctions, with fines of betw
een USD
600 and U
SD
120,0
00 if
found guilty
of
vio
latin
g th
e la
w. T
he new
la
w even
crim
inalis
es th
e public
atio
n of
images,
such as carto
ons,
that
can be deem
ed
offe
nsiv
e
to
indiv
iduals
.
Once
the
new
set o
f law
s c
om
es in
to e
ffect, m
edia
pra
ctitio
ners
will h
ave 9
0 d
ays in
whic
h
to com
ply
. M
ISA
-Angola
expre
ssed its
dis
ple
asure
at th
e fa
ct th
at th
e n
ew
law
em
pow
ers
th
e
Com
munic
atio
ns
Min
-
iste
r to
sto
p any bro
adcastin
g w
ithout
any conte
sta
tion m
echanis
m or
revie
w
pro
cess.
Anoth
er
issue th
at
has ra
ised
eyebro
ws is
th
e hefty
am
ount
of
USD
210,0
00 re
quire
d to
sta
rt a n
ew
agency.
Oddly
enough, in
a re
gio
n w
here
media
freedom organisations have been fight-
ing to
re
move all
obsta
cle
s to
fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n a
nd fre
edom
of th
e p
ress,
in A
ngola
key people
am
ong jo
urn
al-
ists
are
actu
ally
in
fa
vour
of
licencin
g
journ
alis
ts,
as th
ey see in
it
the m
eans
to
rais
e
pro
fessio
n
sta
ndard
s.
Am
ong
those are
th
e Sin
dic
ato
dos Jo
rnalis
tas,
the jo
urn
alis
ts
pro
fessio
nal
unio
n.
On
pre
vio
us o
ccasio
ns s
ectio
ns o
f Angola
n
journ
alis
ts have defe
nded sta
te re
gula
-
tion of
the m
edia
, poin
ting to
Portu
gal
as a
n e
xam
ple
where
it work
s w
ell, w
ith
all
the ele
ments
th
at
the new
sw
ath
e
of
law
s seeks to
im
ple
ment,
inclu
din
g
min
imum
tertia
ry e
ducatio
n le
vels
(pos-
sib
ly a
lic
encia
tura
[M
aste
rs D
egre
e])
to b
e a
llow
ed to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m. A
t
its 4
th C
ongre
ss h
eld
in S
epte
mber, th
e
Sin
dic
ato
vote
d to
focus its
effo
rts o
n e
n-
surin
g th
e appro
val
of
Journ
alis
ts
Sta
t-
ute
, and th
e cre
atio
n of
Lic
encin
g and
Eth
ics C
om
mis
sio
n.
The Sin
dic
ato
be-
moans th
e fa
ct th
at a
fter 3
5 y
ears
of in
-
dependence, A
ngola
n jo
urn
alis
ts d
o n
ot
have a pro
fessio
nal
licencin
g re
gim
en.
By contra
st,
MIS
A-A
ngola
has decrie
d
the c
reatio
n o
f ER
CA
. A v
ete
ran A
ngola
n
journ
alis
t expre
ssed th
e vie
w th
at
jour-
nalis
ts should
pre
ssure
th
e govern
ment
to e
nact th
e fu
ll range o
f media
legis
la-
tion. He accused politicians of pointing
fingers at the work of journalists, w
hile th
ey a
re th
e o
nes w
ho a
re h
inderin
g th
e
imple
menta
tion
of
media
re
gula
tion.
At
the tim
e of
the appro
val
of
the bill
in genera
l te
rms in
A
ugust,
oppositio
n
mem
bers
vote
d a
gain
st, c
iting a
num
ber
of
vio
latio
ns of
pre
cepts
in
th
e consti-
tutio
n,
whic
h th
ey la
belle
d setb
acks to
rights
and fre
edom
s guara
nte
ed in
th
e
Constitu
tion.
They
als
o
arg
ued
that
it
had been dra
fted w
ithout
any in
volv
e-
ment from
journalists. How
ever, the Sin-
dic
ato
expre
ssed its
satis
factio
n w
ith th
e
openness to
dia
logue a
nd w
ith th
e w
ay
their c
oncern
s h
ad b
een ta
ken o
n b
oard
.
How
ever, it said it was against crim
inal lia
bility
, whic
h it b
elie
ved w
as d
esig
ned
to in
timid
ate
jo
urn
alis
ts.
It fu
rther
said
that
the bill
conta
ined pro
vis
ions th
at
were
at
odds w
ith th
e constitu
tion. T
he
MPLA
m
ain
tain
s th
at
the te
xt
is a com
-
pro
mis
e to
ensure
the re
alis
atio
n o
f citi-
zens rig
hts
, freedom
s a
nd g
uara
nte
es.
It is
im
porta
nt
not
to confu
se lic
enc-
Angola
English
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
17
16
ing
of
journ
alis
ts
with
a
ccre
dita
tion
of
journ
alis
ts.
Renow
ned in
tern
atio
nal
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n e
xpert T
oby M
en-
del
put
it th
is w
ay:
lic
ensin
g of
jour-
nalis
ts is
unders
tood to
m
ean a syste
m
where
by in
div
iduals
are
require
d to
ap-
ply
to
an exte
rnal
auth
ority
fo
r perm
is-
sio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m,
whic
h per-
mis
sio
n m
ay be re
fused or
revoked.
In
som
e countrie
s,
the la
w pla
ces certa
in
min
imum
conditio
ns o
n w
ho m
ay p
rac-
tice jo
urn
alis
m, s
uch a
s m
inim
um
age o
r
train
ing crite
ria,
or
citiz
enship
re
quire
-
ments
. Form
ally
, th
is
is
not
licensin
g
as it
does not
involv
e th
e possib
ility of
perm
issio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m b
ein
g
refused or revoked. How
ever, where the
conditio
ns g
o b
eyond th
e p
ure
ly te
chni-
cal, fo
r exam
ple
by re
movin
g th
e rig
ht to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m u
pon c
onvic
tion fo
r
crim
inal
defa
matio
n,
this
syste
m sta
rts
to reflect some of the key problem
s as-
socia
ted w
ith lic
ensin
g.
Accre
dita
tion,
on th
e o
ther h
and, is
quite
diffe
rent fro
m
licensin
g,
alth
ough th
e tw
o are
som
e-
times confu
sed.
Accre
dita
tion in
volv
es
the gra
ntin
g of
specia
l priv
ileges,
most
com
monly
access
to
restric
ted
are
as
such as le
gis
latu
res and courts
, to
jo
ur-
nalis
ts o
n th
e b
asis
that th
ey w
ill info
rm
the w
ider
public
about
these pro
ceed-
ings.
Lic
ensin
g re
quire
ments
are
in
consis
t-
ent
with
in
tern
atio
nal
law
on fre
edom
of
info
rmatio
n,
said
Enriq
ue
Arm
ijo,
a m
edia
la
wyer
with
th
e C
ovin
gto
n &
Burling law
firm in W
ashington, D.C
. The is
sue is
not
what
Artic
le 19 says;
the is
sue is
its e
nfo
rceability
and th
e u
se
of
inte
rnatio
nal
law
as a to
ol
of
litiga-
tion in
support
of
pro
secute
d jo
urn
al-
ists
w
hen you are
arg
uin
g in
dom
estic
courts
. A
lready a
s fa
r back a
s 1
985 th
e
Inter-Am
erican Court of H
uman R
ights (IA
CH
R) stated that com
pulsory licens-
ing o
f journ
alis
ts w
as in
com
patib
le w
ith
freedom
of
expre
ssio
n. W
illiam
B
ird of
Media
Monito
ring A
frica e
quate
d th
e in
-
troductio
n o
f licensin
g o
f journ
alis
ts to
a
dem
ocra
cy ta
kin
g tw
o s
teps b
ackw
ard
s.
Als
o w
ithin
th
e w
ide scope of
ER
CA
, a
dra
ft law
on th
e P
rote
ctio
n o
f Netw
ork
s
and
Info
rmatio
n
Technolo
gy
Syste
ms
was als
o appro
ved in
A
ugust.
Post
and
Tele
com
munic
atio
ns M
inis
ter
Jos C
ar-
valh
o da R
ocha said
th
e B
ill w
as a re
-
sponse to
A
frican U
nio
n guid
elin
es on
cyber
security
. It
is still
too soon to
as-
sess the full impact of the law
. How
ev-
er,
it can be said
th
at
a fe
w years
back
when A
ngola first planned to introduce le
gis
latio
n o
n c
yber-c
rimes, it ra
ted fa
ir-
ly h
igh in
a s
tudy o
n in
tern
et fre
edom
. It
now
rem
ain
s to
be s
een h
ow
it will fa
re
once th
is la
w is
fully
applie
d.
Dependence, m
ightier than the w
ord
In A
pril,
the A
ngola
n govern
ment
an
-
nounced
that
it w
ould
hold
w
eekly
briefings with journalists in Luanda to
overcome w
hat it termed the deficit
in in
form
atio
n about
the govern
ment
.
The m
eetin
gs w
ill involv
e m
inis
ters
and
oth
er m
em
bers
of th
e G
overn
ment. T
he
director of the Governm
ent Office for
the R
evita
lisatio
n a
nd E
xecutio
n o
f Insti-
tutio
nal C
om
munic
atio
n a
nd M
ark
etin
g
(GR
EC
IMA
), opera
ting fro
m w
ithin
th
e
Pre
sid
ency,
expla
ined
that
the
obje
c-
tive w
as to
foste
r a
more
pro
fessio
nal
rela
tionship
w
ith jo
urn
alis
ts,
who ro
u-
tinely
com
pla
ined about
limita
tions in
accessin
g g
overn
ment s
ourc
es a
nd d
ata
.
The Portu
guese new
s agency,
Lusa,
re-
porte
d
in
January
th
at
corp
ora
te
and
media
com
munic
atio
n
of
all
Angola
n
min
istrie
s and pro
vin
cia
l govern
ments
would be coordinated by the O
ffice of In
stitu
tional
Com
munic
atio
n and Pre
ss
(GC
II), cre
ate
d b
y p
resid
entia
l decre
e in
Decem
ber
2015.
Besid
es consolid
atin
g
the com
munic
atio
ns fu
nctio
n,
the G
CII
office will incorporate the professionals
in the service of the press offices of the
vario
us m
inis
teria
l agencie
s a
nd d
epart-
ments
, puttin
g a
n e
nd to
the p
ractic
e o
f
journalists working as press officers for
govern
ment
bodie
s,
now
again
st
the
law
. Em
plo
yees
in
the
serv
ice
of
the
GC
II are
stric
tly fo
rbid
den fro
m p
ractic
-
ing jo
urn
alis
m,
work
ing as fre
ela
ncers
,
analysts, or experts on specific subjects, and m
ay not
take part
in any debate
and pro
cessin
g of
journ
alis
tic m
ate
rial
reads th
e decre
e,
sig
ned by Pre
sid
ent
Dos S
anto
s. T
he d
ecre
e s
ays fu
rther th
at
the G
CII
will
support
min
istry
depart-
ments
and
pro
vin
cia
l govern
ments
in
the
are
as
of
institu
tional
com
munic
a-
tion a
nd th
e p
ress a
nd in
the d
raftin
g o
f
com
munic
atio
n pla
ns in
lin
e w
ith th
e
stra
tegic
dire
ctiv
es is
sued b
y th
e M
inis
-
try of
Socia
l C
om
munic
atio
n and G
RE-
CIM
A.
Pre
sentin
g cris
is m
anagem
ent
pla
ns, d
raftin
g s
peeches a
nd m
essages
for th
e m
em
bers
of th
eir re
spectiv
e b
od-
ies,
org
anis
ing
institu
tional
events
or
develo
pin
g
public
ity
cam
paig
ns,
are
am
ong oth
ers
, th
e re
sponsib
ility of
the
new
GC
II, superv
ised b
y th
e M
inis
try o
f
Socia
l Com
munic
atio
n a
nd o
vers
een b
y
GR
EC
IMA
.
Angola
English
3 May
In a sn
ap
p
oll
co
nd
ucte
d am
on
g
jou
rnalis
ts w
ork
ing fo
r Sta
te m
e-
dia
, o
n M
ay 3
, o
n th
e o
ccasio
n
of
the co
mm
em
ora
tion
o
f W
orld
Pre
ss Fre
ed
om
D
ay,
mo
st
of
the
partic
ipan
ts w
ere
o
f th
e o
pin
ion
that
there
is
p
ress fre
ed
om
in
An-
go
la. T
he p
ictu
re is
qu
ite d
iffere
nt
am
on
g
jou
rnalis
ts
in
the
priv
ate
med
ia,
wh
o,
in
Ap
ril, w
ere
ac-
cu
sed
by th
e sta
te-o
wn
ed
Jo
rnal
de A
ngo
la,
of
bein
g m
ou
thp
ieces
of th
e o
pp
ositio
n.
18 JanuaryA
re
po
rt o
n th
e m
ed
ia situ
atio
n
in A
ngo
la
wo
uld
b
e
inco
mp
lete
with
ou
t m
en
tion
ing
activ
ist,
hu-
man
rig
hts
cam
paig
ner
an
d jo
ur-
nalis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues d
e M
ora
is,
arg
uab
ly
the
An
go
lan
govern
-
men
ts lo
ng-tim
e n
em
esis
. R
afa
el
Marq
ues lo
dged
a crim
inal
co
m-
pla
int
in co
urt
again
st
the G
ov-
ern
or
of
Cu
an
za
Su
l P
rovin
ce,
Gen
era
l Eu
sb
io d
e B
rito T
eix
eira
,
for s
eiz
ing la
nd
an
d th
en
giv
ing it
to a co
mp
any ow
ned
by h
imself.
Acco
rdin
g to
the s
ub
mis
sio
n d
eliv
-
ered to the Office of the A
ttorney-G
en
era
l, G
en
era
l B
rito
Teix
eira
even
wro
te a
petitio
n to
the g
over-
no
r of C
uan
za S
ul P
rovin
ce
that
is, to
him
self
to re
qu
est th
e le
gal
righ
ts to
la
nd
fo
r th
e co
nstru
ctio
n
of a
co
nd
om
iniu
m.
8 FebruaryIn
Feb
ruary
, h
um
an
rig
hts
an
d
pro
-dem
ocra
cy
activ
ist,
Man
uel
Ch
ivo
nd
e N
ito A
lves w
as c
harg
ed
with
co
nte
mp
t o
f C
ou
rt an
d su
b-
jecte
d to
a su
mm
ary
tria
l, at
the
trial a
gain
st th
e 1
7 A
ngo
lan
activ
-
ists
, du
bb
ed
the
An
go
la 1
7. T
he
trial
reco
nven
ed
o
n
8
Feb
ruary
an
d th
e fa
ther
of
activ
ist
Man
uel
Ch
ivo
nd
e N
ito A
lves w
as o
ne o
f
the w
itnesses. D
urin
g h
is c
ross-e
x-
am
inatio
n, N
ito fe
lt his
fath
er w
as
bein
g in
timid
ate
d by th
e lin
e o
f
questioning of the prosecutor. He
then
said
o
ut
lou
d Im
n
ot
afra
id
of lo
sin
g m
y life
. Th
is tria
l is a
ch
a-
rad
e. T
he u
ttera
nce p
rom
pte
d th
e
Pu
blic
P
rosecu
tor
to re
qu
est
that
Nito
b
e
ch
arg
ed
w
ith
co
nte
mp
t
of
Co
urt. T
he ju
dge th
en
sto
pp
ed
the h
earin
g again
st
the 1
7 activ
-
ists
, su
sp
en
ded
th
e
trial
for
the
day a
nd
op
en
ed
new
pro
ceed
ings
against Nito on the sam
e day. He
was sen
ten
ced
to
six
m
on
ths in
prison and asked to pay a fine on 8
Feb
ruary
, serv
ing h
is s
en
ten
ce a
t
Via
na P
riso
n.
28 March
Th
e s
am
e w
ord
s w
ere
said
in c
ou
rt
on
2
8
Marc
h
by
an
oth
er
yo
un
g
activ
ist,
Fra
ncis
co
M
ap
an
da (a
lso
kn
ow
n as D
ago
N
vel
Inte
lecto
).
He too w
as found guilty of con-
tem
pt
of
co
urt
an
d sen
ten
ced
to
eig
ht m
on
ths in
pris
on
. On
5 Ju
ly,
the C
on
stitu
tion
al
Co
urt
rule
d o
n
ap
peal
that
the tria
l h
ad
vio
late
d
so
me
of
his
co
nstitu
tion
al
righ
ts
and ordered his release. He w
as re
leased
o
n 2
1 N
ovem
ber,
seven
days e
arlie
r than
sch
ed
ule
d.
28 March
Th
e A
ngo
la 1
7 w
ere
co
nvic
ted
of
p
rep
ara
tory
acts
o
f re
bellio
n
an
d
crim
inal
co
nsp
iracy.
Th
ey
were
sen
ten
ced
to
p
riso
n
term
s
ran
gin
g fro
m tw
o years
an
d th
ree
mo
nth
s to
eig
ht
an
d a h
alf
years
,
fined 50,000 kwanzas (U
S$300) fo
r co
urt
co
sts
an
d ja
iled
. Fifte
en
of
them
w
ere
arre
ste
d
in
Jun
e
20
15
in
Lu
an
da,
afte
r o
rgan
is-
ing a re
ad
ing o
f an
ad
ap
tatio
n o
f
Am
eric
an
acad
em
ic G
en
e S
harp
s
19
93
bo
ok,
Fro
m D
icta
tors
hip
to
Dem
ocra
cy: A
Co
ncep
tual F
ram
e-
wo
rk fo
r Lib
era
tion
.
Th
e b
oo
ks
cover
describ
es it
as a b
luep
rint
for n
onvio
len
t resis
tan
ce to
rep
res-
siv
e re
gim
es.
Tw
o m
ore
p
eo
ple
were
arre
ste
d la
ter. A
mo
ng th
e 1
7
were
ra
pp
er
Lu
aty
B
eir
o,
write
r
Do
min
go
s d
a C
ruz a
nd
Nito
Alv
es,
wh
o h
ad
alre
ady h
ad
a b
rush
with
the
syste
m
two
years
earlie
r fo
r
prin
ting 2
0 T-s
hirts
w
ith p
olitic
al
slo
gan
s. T
hey w
ere
accu
sed
of a
cts
of
reb
ellio
n,
pla
nn
ing m
ass civ
il
dis
ob
ed
ien
ce
in
the
cap
ital
an
d
pro
du
cin
g fa
ke p
assp
orts
, am
on
g
oth
er c
harg
es. T
hey w
ere
form
ally
ch
arg
ed
o
n
16
Sep
tem
ber
20
15
with
p
rep
arin
g a re
bellio
n an
d a
co
up
atte
mp
t
again
st
the
pre
si-
den
t. A
mn
esty
In
tern
atio
nal
de-
scrib
ed
th
eir
dete
ntio
n as a tra
v-
esty
of ju
stic
e. B
eir
o a
nd
severa
l
oth
ers
w
en
t o
n
hu
nger
strik
e
to
pro
test
his
d
ete
ntio
n,
with
B
eir
o
main
tain
ing h
is h
un
ger
strik
e fo
r
36
d
ays.
Lu
aty
B
eir
o w
as giv
en
a five-and-a-half year sentence for re
bellio
n a
gain
st th
e p
resid
en
t of
the re
pu
blic
, crim
inal
asso
cia
tion
an
d fa
lsify
ing d
ocu
men
ts.
Activ
-
ist D
om
ingo
s d
a C
ruz, s
ingle
d-o
ut
as th
e gro
up
s le
ad
er,
was giv
en
an
eig
ht-a
nd
-a-h
alf
year
sen
ten
ce
for
reb
ellio
n an
d fo
r crim
inal
as-
so
cia
tion
. C
harg
es o
f p
rep
arin
g a
co
up
again
st
the
pre
sid
en
t w
ere
dro
pp
ed
.
Imm
ed
iate
ly a
fter th
e c
onvic
tion
s,
the activ
ists
la
wyers
lo
dged
tw
o
ap
peals
o
ne b
efo
re th
e S
up
rem
e
Co
urt
an
d
the
oth
er
befo
re
the
Co
nstitu
tion
al
Co
urt.
Th
ey
als
o
lod
ged
a w
rit fo
r h
ab
eas co
rpu
s,
wh
ich
w
as h
eard
by th
e Su
pre
me
Co
urt
on
2
9 Ju
ne.
Th
e C
ou
rt o
r-
dere
d
the
co
nd
ition
al
rele
ase
of
the 17 activists pending a final de-
cis
ion
on
their c
ase.
20 JulyO
n 2
0 Ju
ly, th
e N
atio
nal A
ssem
bly
ap
pro
ved
an
am
nesty
la
w
rela
t-
ing to
crim
es c
om
mitte
d u
p to
11
Novem
ber
20
15
, in
clu
din
g th
ose
rela
ted
to
th
e A
ngo
la 1
7 case.
So
me o
f the 1
7 s
tate
d th
at a
s th
ey
had
co
mm
itted
no
crim
e, th
ey d
id
no
t w
an
t to
b
e gra
nte
d am
nesty
.
Tw
o y
ou
th a
ctiv
ists
were
pu
nis
hed
for
critic
isin
g p
roceed
ings d
urin
g
the tria
l.
13 March
Am
nesty
In
tern
atio
nal
Po
rtugal
deliv
ere
d a h
um
an
rig
hts
p
etitio
n
to th
e A
ngo
lan
em
bassy in
Lis
bo
n,
dem
an
din
g th
at
au
tho
rities gu
ar-
an
tee a
fair tria
l to A
ngo
lan
activ
ist
an
d jo
urn
alis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues d
e
Mo
rais
. In
M
ay
20
15
, M
arq
ues
was sen
ten
ced
to
six
year
in p
ris-
on
, su
sp
en
ded
fo
r tw
o years
, fo
r
libel
affe
ctin
g 1
2 p
eo
ple
, in
clu
d-
ing g
en
era
ls in
the A
ngo
lan
arm
ed
forc
es,
in
his
b
oo
k
Blo
od
D
ia-
mo
nd
s:
Co
rrup
tion
an
d T
ortu
re in
An
go
la. M
arq
ues a
lleged
that th
ey,
an
d d
irecto
rs o
f th
e C
uan
go
M
in-
ing C
om
pany w
ere
resp
on
sib
le fo
r
killin
gs,
tortu
re an
d la
nd
gra
bs in
the countrys diamond fields. W
e w
an
t th
e A
ngo
lan
govern
men
t to
begin
re
sp
ectin
g,
or
at
least
sh
ow
they
resp
ect
hu
man
rig
hts
. W
e
wan
t this
vis
ibility
to s
how
resp
ect
for
hu
man
rig
hts
,
said
A
mn
esty
Inte
rnatio
nal
Po
rtugal
pre
sid
en
t
Su
san
a
Gasp
ar.
Nearly
4
0,0
00
peo
ple
sig
ned
th
e A
mn
esty
p
eti-
tion
o
n b
eh
alf
of
Marq
ues.
Sin
ce
his first
brush w
ith the
law
in 1
99
9, R
afa
el M
arq
ues h
as fa
ced
a
barra
ge o
f co
urt c
ases a
gain
st h
im,
mo
st
on
ch
arg
es
of
defa
matio
n,
aris
ing fro
m exp
oss o
f in
cid
en
ts
of
co
rrup
tion
an
d re
late
d,
invo
lv-
ing senior government figures.
8 November
Am
nesty
In
tern
atio
nal
Secre
tary
-
Gen
era
l Salil
Sh
etty
d
ecla
red
in
Novem
ber
that
the
org
an
isatio
n
was
extre
mely
co
ncern
ed
w
ith
pre
ss
freed
om
an
d
the
situ
atio
n
of
jou
rnalis
ts in
A
ngo
la,
Mo
zam
-
biq
ue
an
d
Eq
uato
rial
Gu
inea.
Angola 2016 violations & victories
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
21
Sh
etty
said
Am
nesty
was k
eep
ing
a close eye on Angola, specifi
-
cally
in re
sp
ect o
f pre
ssu
re b
ein
g
applied on journalists. He added
that the organisations new office
in Jo
han
nesb
urg
w
as m
on
itorin
g
the s
ituatio
n.
December 27
Rafa
el
Marq
ues d
e M
ora
is,
wh
o
run
s th
e an
ti-co
rrup
tion
w
eb
site
Maka A
ngo
la, a
nd
Maria
no
Br
s,
of
the
weekly
, O
C
rime,
were
ch
arg
ed
w
ith
crim
en
in
juria
,
wh
ich
is s
imila
r to in
su
lt law
s, th
e
jou
rnalis
ts to
ld C
PJ.
Marq
ues d
e
Mo
rais
told
CP
J that a
pro
secu
tor
qu
estio
ned
h
im fo
r th
ree h
ou
rs
on
Decem
ber 2
7 b
efo
re c
harg
ing
him
w
ith crim
en
in
juria
over
an
artic
le
he
wro
te
an
d
pu
blis
hed
on
Maka A
ngo
la in
Octo
ber. T
he
artic
le
alle
ged
w
ron
gd
oin
g
by
An
go
las
atto
rney
gen
era
l, Jo
o
Maria
d
e So
usa,
in h
is p
urc
hase
of s
tate
-ow
ned
lan
d. A
su
mm
on
s
was
issu
ed
fo
r h
im
to
pre
sen
t
him
self
at
the In
terio
r M
inis
trys
Crim
inal
Investig
atio
n
Serv
ices
for in
terro
gatio
n a
bo
ut a
n a
lleged
in
su
lt again
st
the co
un
trys
A
t-
torn
ey G
en
era
l. Th
e in
su
lt,
an
alle
ged
sla
nd
er,
rela
ted
to
th
e
pu
blic
atio
n
of
evid
en
ce
sh
ow
-
ing
that
bu
sin
ess
dealin
gs
by
Gen
era
l Jo
o
M
aria
M
ore
ira d
e
So
usa,
An
go
las
A
ttorn
ey
Gen-
era
l, w
ere
co
ntra
ven
ing b
oth
th
e
co
nstitu
tion
an
d
the
law
. B
rs,
wh
o
rep
ub
lish
ed
th
e
artic
le
in
his
p
ap
er,
told
C
PJ
he w
as q
ues-
tion
ed
for th
ree h
ou
rs th
e fo
llow
-
ing
day,
befo
re
bein
g
ch
arg
ed
with
the s
am
e c
rime. B
rs s
aid
he
was q
uestio
ned
ab
ou
t th
e vera
c-
ity o
f the re
po
rt in h
is p
ap
er a
nd
for
deta
ils ab
ou
t w
ho
ow
ned
th
e
pu
blic
atio
n.
18 JulyO
n a m
ore
u
pb
eat
no
te, T
ere
sa
Fu
qu
iad
i o
f Jo
rnal
Nova G
aze-
ta w
as a
finalist in
the C
NN
M
ultiC
ho
ice
Afric
an
Jo
urn
al-
ist A
ward
s,
wh
ich
saw
a re
co
rd
nu
mb
er
of
ap
plic
an
ts,
16
37
,
from
38
co
un
tries.
O ano
2016
no
foi
dife
rente
de
qu
alq
ue
r
ano
no
que
diz
re
speito
a te
mas que
do
min
ara
m
dia
-a-d
ia
mas certa
mente
fo
i bem
m
ais
in
tenso.
Os a
ngola
nos d
era
m a
s b
oas v
indas a
o
novo ano com
fo
rtes re
ssacas do ano
anterior tudo aquilo que ficou por conclu
ir, com
o j
de costu
me,
com
gra
ndes quest
es que se arra
sta
m por
anos ante
s de apare
cer
um
a solu
o.
Desta
cam
-se entre
este
s,
o debate
ora
sim
, ora
no, s
obre
a s
ucesso d
o P
resi-
dente
Jo
s Eduard
o dos Santo
s,
pro
ces-
sos ig
ualm
ente
ora
sim
, ora
no, c
ontra
jorn
alis
tas por
fazere
m o seu tra
balh
o,
em especfico, R
afael Marques, e por
ltim
o,
mas no m
enos im
porta
nte
, a
regula
o o
ra s
im o
ra n
o, o
ra s
im, o
ra
no,
da com
unic
ao socia
l, que con-
tinua p
endente
desde a
pro
mulg
ao d
a
Lei d
e Im
pre
nsa e
m 2
006.
Habem
us presidentum?
A in
certe
za sobre
a eventu
al
sad
a da
poltic
a do pre
sid
ente
D
os Santo
s,
de
74
anos,
pers
iste
, apesar
da
evid
n-
cia
esm
agadora
de q
ue a
gora
a
srio
.
Com
as ele
ies le
gis
lativ
as pro
gra
ma-
das p
ara
o d
ia 2
3 d
e A
gosto
do c
orre
nte
ano, parece que Dos Santos finalm
ente entre
gar
o p
oder d
epois
de q
uase q
ua-
tro dcadas.
Em
te
rmos da nova con-
stitu
io de 2010,
o pas
deix
ou de te
r