Soaps, detergents conference opens Oct. 11 A lolal of 300 people had registered by early September for the AOeS Soaps and Detergents Technology Today conference and exhibit to be held OCI. 11-14 at the Doral Ocean Beach Resort in Miami Beach, Florida. Over 50 companies will be exhibit- ing and discussing their products and services. The conference will feature preen- cal and theoretical information on soaps and detergents technology in both Spanish and English. General chairperson is Luis Spitz, a consuhant in the industry who served in the same capacity for a 1989 AOCS conference on soap technology. Registration begins on Tuesday, Ocr. 11, at 5 p.m. and continues through 7 p.m. The Sur- Iactams and Detergents Division of AOeS will sponsor a reception for attendees in the Starlight Roof on the 18th floor of the hotel. Discussion ses- sions have been scheduled following morning and afternoon papers each day of the conference. The plenary technical session on Wednesday, October 12, is from 8:15 a.m. until 5 p.m. Scheduled topics are: Raw Materials and Pretreatment of Fats and Oils for Toilet and Laundry Soap Production. by Rafael A. Cone- doira of Cia BAO S.A. in Montev- ideo, Uruguay; Formulation of Toilet. Combo, Synthetic. Translu- cent, Transparent and Laundry Soaps. by Edmund D. George of the Original Brad- l ford Soap , , , , Works, West warwick, Rhode Pester presenta- Island. and Joseph Ser- tions are scheduled dakowski of Chemical Engineer- from 10 a.m. until 6:30 p.m. ing Consultants, East Greenwich. On Thursday the plenary technical Rhode Island; Quality Control and sessions are scheduled to begin at 8:30 Evaluation of Soaps, by Thomas e.m. and to end at5 p.m. The reglstra- Wood of Valley Products Company in non booth will be open from 8 a.m. Memphis,Tennessee; Processing Sys- until 5 p.m. Exhibit hours and poster terns and Economics of Glycerine presentations are scheduled from 10 Recovery from Spent Lyes and am. until 6:30 p.m. Sweetwater, by Dale Hedtke of Oils Thursday's topics are: Surfactant Division. Crown Iron Works Co. in Raw Materials. Classification, Synthe- Minneapolis, Minnesota; Kettle sis and Uses. and Formulation of Saponification. Concurrent and Household and Industrial Detergents. Countercurrent Systems. Computer both by K. Lee Matheson of Vista Modeling. by Serdakowski and Chemical Company in Milano. Italy; George; Continuous Saponification Sulfonation and Sulfation Processes by and Neutralization Systems by Clovis Norman Foster of The Chemithon Cor- Villela of PPE Plant and Process poration of Seartle. Washington; Drying Engineering in Campinas, Brazil; and Agglomeration Processes for TOOi- Soap Drying Systems by Luis Spitz tional and Concentrated Detergent of L Spitz Inc. in Skokie. Illinois, Powders by Franco Moretti and Icilio and Roberto Ferrari and Piero Verde Adami of Ballestra S.p.A. in Milano, of Mazzoni LB S.p.A. in Busto Italy; The Importance of Raw Material Arsizio, Italy; and Bar Soap Finish- Selection in Detergent Manufacture ing Lines and Equipment by Spitz by Rene Maldonado of FMC Corpora- and Euore Montanari of Mazzoni. tion in Princeton, New Jersey; Fonnu- The exhibit will be open on lation and Manufacture of Powdered, Wednesday from 10 a.m. until 6:30 Bar. Paste and Liquid Detergents by p.m., and a mixer will be held in the Juan Nahum Chavez of Colgate-Pal- exhibit halls from 5 until 6:30 p.rn. motive in Mexico City. Mexico; and Analysis of Detergent Formulations by George Battaglini of Stepan in Northfield. Illinois. B a h Friday's plenary e C technical sessions are scheduled from 8:30 a.m. until 3:45 p.m. The INFORM. VOl. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
Transcript
Soaps,detergentsconferenceopens Oct. 11
Alolal of 300people had registered by earlySeptember for the AOeS
Soaps and Detergents TechnologyToday conference and exhibit to beheld OCI. 11-14 at the Doral OceanBeach Resort in Miami Beach, Florida.
Over 50 companies will be exhibit-ing and discussing their products andservices.
The conference will feature preen-cal and theoretical information onsoaps and detergents technology inboth Spanish and English. Generalchairperson is Luis Spitz, a consuhantin the industry who served in the samecapacity for a 1989 AOCS conferenceon soap technology. Registrationbegins on Tuesday, Ocr. 11, at 5 p.m.and continues through 7 p.m. The Sur-Iactams and Detergents Division ofAOeS will sponsor a reception forattendees in the Starlight Roof on the18th floor of the hotel. Discussion ses-sions have been scheduled followingmorning and afternoon papers eachday of the conference.
The plenary technical session onWednesday, October 12, is from 8:15a.m. until 5 p.m. Scheduled topics are:Raw Materials and Pretreatment ofFats and Oils for Toilet and LaundrySoap Production. by Rafael A. Cone-doira of Cia BAO S.A. in Montev-ideo, Uruguay; Formulationof Toilet. Combo,Synthetic. Translu-cent, Transparent andLaundry Soaps. byEdmund D. Georgeof the Original Brad-
lford Soap , , , ,Works, Westwarwick, Rhode Pester presenta-Island. and Joseph Ser- tions are scheduleddakowski of Chemical Engineer- from 10 a.m. until 6:30 p.m.ing Consultants, East Greenwich. On Thursday the plenary technicalRhode Island; Quality Control and sessions are scheduled to begin at 8:30Evaluation of Soaps, by Thomas e.m. and to end at5 p.m. The reglstra-Wood of Valley Products Company in non booth will be open from 8 a.m.Memphis,Tennessee; Processing Sys- until 5 p.m. Exhibit hours and posterterns and Economics of Glycerine presentations are scheduled from 10Recovery from Spent Lyes and am. until 6:30 p.m.Sweetwater, by Dale Hedtke of Oils Thursday's topics are: SurfactantDivision. Crown Iron Works Co. in Raw Materials. Classification, Synthe-Minneapolis, Minnesota; Kettle sis and Uses. and Formulation ofSaponification. Concurrent and Household and Industrial Detergents.Countercurrent Systems. Computer both by K. Lee Matheson of VistaModeling. by Serdakowski and Chemical Company in Milano. Italy;George; Continuous Saponification Sulfonation and Sulfation Processes byand Neutralization Systems by Clovis Norman Foster of The Chemithon Cor-Villela of PPE Plant and Process poration of Seartle. Washington; DryingEngineering in Campinas, Brazil; and Agglomeration Processes for TOOi-Soap Drying Systems by Luis Spitz tional and Concentrated Detergentof L Spitz Inc. in Skokie. Illinois, Powders by Franco Moretti and Icilioand Roberto Ferrari and Piero Verde Adami of Ballestra S.p.A. in Milano,of Mazzoni LB S.p.A. in Busto Italy; The Importance of Raw MaterialArsizio, Italy; and Bar Soap Finish- Selection in Detergent Manufactureing Lines and Equipment by Spitz by Rene Maldonado of FMC Corpora-and Euore Montanari of Mazzoni. tion in Princeton, New Jersey; Fonnu-
The exhibit will be open on lation and Manufacture of Powdered,Wednesday from 10 a.m. until 6:30 Bar. Paste and Liquid Detergents byp.m., and a mixer will be held in the Juan Nahum Chavez of Colgate-Pal-exhibit halls from 5 until 6:30 p.rn. motive in Mexico City. Mexico; and
Analysis of Detergent Formulationsby George Battaglini of Stepan
in Northfield. Illinois.
B a h Friday's plenarye C technical sessions arescheduled from 8:30a.m. until 3:45 p.m. The
INFORM. VOl. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
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SURFACTANTS & DETERGENTS
scheduled from 8:30 a.m. until 3:45p.m. The exhibit hall and technicalposters are scheduled from 10 a.m.until 2 p.rn., and registration will beopen from 8 a.m, until noon.
Friday's topics are: PerformanceEvaluation of Household Detergents byArno Cahn and George Feighner ofARGEO Inc., in Pearl River. New York;Packaging of Soaps and Detergents bySpitz: Process Control and Computeri-zation by Barbara Tosco Fi1tri ofLogosystem USA Inc., in lndianapolis,Indiana, and Franco Carpignano ofLogosystem S.p.A. in Torino, Italy;Plant Maintenance by Jose LuisRodriguez. of Procter & Gamble inMexico City. Mexico; Risk Manage-ment Programs. Environmental Control.Process Safety and Energy Conserva-tion by Ernesto Castaiiada of Procter &Gamble in Mexico City, Mexico: andMarkel Trends and Fragrance 'Iechnol-ogy by Thomas McGee of Givaudan-Roure in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Technical poster chairperson isShyam Gupta of Marietta Corp.
Participating organizations for theconference are the Chemical Special-ties Manufacturers' Association(CSMA), International FragranceAssociation (IFRA), Japan OilChemists' Society (JOCS), The Soapand Detergent Association (SDA).Korea Soap and Detergent Associationand the Palm Oil Research Institute ofMnlnysia (PORIM).
For conference abst rac t s andexhibitor information. sec pages1075 through In9:!.
Off-spec sellersmust deliver qualityConsistent product quality. logistics,technical service and sales communi-cation were the four most importantfactors to companies buying ofT-specor surplus surfactants, according to arecent survey of 38 such firms.
lim Casey of The Surfactant Clear-inghouse, which markets off-spec andsurplus surfactams. and marketing con-sultant Louis Musante recently sur-
veyed 38 companies that buy off-specor surplus surtacrams 10 learn what isimportant to customer satisfaction.
"The most important thing is thatthe sample sent for evaluation trulyrepresents the surfactant you willdeliver," Musante said. "The rest ispretty much logistics."
Firms surveyed identified sill fac-tors as of "extreme importance;" thesample sent for evaluation representsthe product that will be shipped; theseller ships on time; the sellerresponds to buyers' phone callspromptly; the seller uses dependable,clean carriers to ship surfactant; theseller's employees know about theproducts; and the seller will work withbuyers on pricing.
Ranking slightly lower were twoother factors: The seller lets the buyerknow promptly if the shipment will belate or incomplete, and the seller callsbuyers about reasonable deals onavailable surfacrants.
Six factors rated of averageimportance: the price reflects thevalue of the product. service andavailability: price is the lowest: sellerinforms buyers monthly about newproducts received: seller informsbuyer exclusively about productsbuyer normally buys: seller discountsfor full payment of the net in 15days; and seller develops with buyera pre-need profile of off-spec prod-ucts of interest to buyer.
More than half of the companiessurveyed were regular customers ofCasey's finn. More than half of theindividuals responding were responsi-ble for purchasing. about a third wereowners/general managers and the restwere technical personnel. Three majoroff-spec vendors were evaluated, andsix major off-spec end-user marketswere represented among participants:industrial cleaners, janitorial. vehiclecleaners, laundry, food service. healthcare and "a highly fragmentedsegment of a dozen other ad hoc buy-ing groups." according to a newsrelease about the survey.
Musante said that the survey ccv-ered sufficient buyers to be statistical-ly significant for projecting theresults; Casey's finn serves from 90 to100 accounts. Musante said. withabout 45 of them accounting for over
half of the firm's sales. "There areprobably hundreds of small and medi-um formulators of 1&1 cleaners whobuy off-spec surfactants and alliedproducts:' he said.
The Surfactant Clearinghouseexpects to ship more than 10 millionpounds of product in 1994, mainly toIndustrial and Institutional (1&0 cleanermanufacturers. an increase of 25% over1993 shipments. The company also saidthat an increase in market share. from4% to 6%, experienced by private-labeland discount detergent products hadincreased demand for off-spec surfnc-rants that can be incorporated intocleaning products.
Musante estimated that [rom five 10six billion pounds of surfactants areproduced annually in the United States."If only 5% of it is off-spec, you have300 million pounds to rework or sell."He said thnt approximately 150 millionpounds can be reworked by the manu-facturers, used by another division ofmajor formulators or sold at discount."So there's (a potential of) about 150million pounds of off-spec surfactantsto sell," Musante said.
Amway continuesglobal expansionAmway Corporation of Ada, Michi-gan, a privately held multilevel directsales company, is continuing itsexpansion into international marketswith introduction of its products inTurkey this past July and into Slovakiathis November.
In addition, Amway has said itplans to build a manufacturing facilityin China and hopes to begin marketingthere in mid-1995, according to JimDevoss. new market developmentsenior manager for the company. Nofinn timetable for operations in Chinahas been announced.
Since June 1991 the company hasbeen selling in Eastern Europe, start-ing with activities in Hungary where25,000 distributors signed up in thefirst month and 80.000 by June 1992.De Voss said.
"We projected they would reach
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INFORM. Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 199<1)
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SURFACTANTS a DETERGENTS
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they did," he said. "The next year,sales doubled."
Sales began in Poland duringNovember 1992 and in the CzechRepublic during March 1994. Sales inthe Czech Republic are expected tototal $20 million during the first 12months, according to Devoss.
Amway expanded into other partsof the developing world earlier in the1990s. The company began market-ing in Mexico during June 1990; inSouth Korea and Brazil during Mayand November 1991, respectively;in Portugal and Indonesia duringApril and July of 1992, respectively;and in Argentina during March 1993.
Amway offers more than 400 prod-ucts for home care, personal care.health and fitness and for commercialuse. In multilevel direct sales organi-zations. customers are urged tobecome salespersons-called distribu-tors--and to solicit new customers.
"We have more than two millionindependent distributors currentlyauthorized," DeVoss said. Whenexpanding into new markets, thecompany does not use mass mediaadvertising to recruit salespersons."It's all by word of mouth, just theway our products are sold," DeVosssaid. "About four months beforelaunch, we use our newsletter to tellall current distributors about the newmarket we will be opening. and weurge them to let their friends and rel-atives in the area know aboutAmway, our sales plan, how wework. So, we have two million peo-ple getting the word out." Some cur-rent distributors go to the new mar-ket territory and begin businessesthere.
The company also provides taxand legal guidelines and informationto salespersons on business owner-ship in each new market. Amwayalso supports its new distributorswith training on the products to besold.
"In new markets the distributorshave so much to learn about multi-level direct marketing, running abusiness and our products. So wekeep the product variety low at firstand gradually introduce other prod-
ucts, .. DeVoss said.Amway was founded in 1959 by
Jay Van Andel, currently chairmanof the board, and Rich DeVos (norelation to market development man-ager Jim Devoss). DeVos' oldestson, Dick Devos, is now Amwaypresident. Amway's first product, aliquid multipurpose cleaner. was aconcentrated formulation, accordingto company literature. and most ofits cleaning and laundry productssince have been concentrates.Amway manufacturing facilities arein Ada, Michigan; Buena Park. Cali-fornia; and at an affiliate in SouthKorea.
Settsu constructsnew plant in OsakaSettsu Oil Mills Lid. in Japan. a sub-sidiary of The Nisshin Oil Mills Ltd .•has built a new facility for manufac-turing of materials for cosmetics andmedical products in Osaka, Japan.
Sensu has operated an oil refineryand a detergent facility. It expects toincrease its gross chemical sales to\1"3.3 billion (approximately $33 mil-lion) from ¥2.5 billion within a fewyears. Cost of the new plant is esti-mated at \1'400million. The firm beganoperation of a palm oil refinery duringApril 1994.
Business briefsKeep America Beautiful (KAB) hasannounced selection of Lever Broth-ers' President Charles B. Strauss asrecipient of the KAB 1994 Visions forAmerica Award. which is presentedannually to a private firm to recognizecommitment to environmentalimprovement. Lever was cited forprogress in source reduction and recy-cling in designing of packages, theannouncement said.
Kao Corporalion of Japan hasannounced that total sales during fis-cal 1993 were ¥639.5 billion (approxi-mately $6.3 billion). an increase of2.8% with net profits of ¥24.5. up
4.4%. Sales by product group were:family, \1'559.5 billion (personal care,\1'228.9 billion; household products.¥250.9 billion; sanitary products.¥79.6 billion) and industrial products.li80 billion.
Unichema North America hasnamed James E. Verner as nationalsales manager. Verner, who will bebased in Unichema's Chicago offices.will be responsible for sale of thefirm's full line of oleochemicals with-in North America. He has been withUnichema since 1988.
Biomake Co. of Okinawa, Japan, saysit has developed bacteria able tobiodegrade waste animal and veg-etable fats and oils through fermenta-tion. Spent oils are decomposed toCO2 and water; the spent product canthen be used as a fertilizer.
Producing & distributingunsoiled & pre-soiled testdoths and textile services tothe surfactant and detergentproducers and usersworldwide.
Related Materials in stock from:EMPA. C.F. T., 'wfk'. ScientificServices (New literature andcatalog on request.)
IntrodUCing New Dish WashMonitors and Industrial LaundryMonitors from C.F.T.,Vlaardingen, NL
20138 Milano, "" BrjnkmannItaly (Booths 12 and Instruments, Inc.,13). Ballestra S.p.A. offers pro- I Cantiague Rd., Westbury,cess plants and equipment for the sur- NY 11590-0207 USA (Booth 46).factants and detergents industries. Brinkmann Instruments. lnc. will be
showing new Metrohm titretors andLaude tensiometers.
ABC Engraving Ltd., PennineHouse, Garden St., Ramsbottom.Bury, Gtr Manchester BLO 9BG, Eng-land (Booth 37). ABC Engraving Ltd.specializes in soap molds and diedesign and manufacturing.
ACMA/GD, Via C. Colombo, I,40131 Bologna, Italy (Booth 15).ACMA will introduce a range ofpackaging machinery, including soapwrappers (ACMA 781, 731, 711, 791,771 [TC· THJ and 709), soap cartoners(ACMA 770 and 330) and cartonfillers for detergent powder (ACMA950 and 956).
AEC, Inc., 801 AEC Dr.• Wood Dale,IL 60 191 USA (Booth 31). AEC, Inc.will exhibit the TurboFlow tempera-ture controller with turbulence-induc-ing pump for increased heat transfer.AEC supplies water chiller units forsoap plodders and roll mills and spe-cial temperature die chillers for soappresses. In addition to standard sys-tems, AEC custom designs. manufac-tures and installs complete processhealing and cooling systems.
Ballestra S.p.A., Via P. Portaluppi. 17,
INFORM, Vol. 5, no. 10 (October 1994)
The BFGoodrich Co., 9911Brecksville Rd., Cleveland. OH 44141USA (Booth 34). BFGocxlrich will pre-sent several new application concepts inthe areas of laundry detergents. kitchenand bathroom cleaners, glass cleaners,dishwashing liquids and acid- and sol-vent-based cleaners. BFGoodrich man-ufactures and markets Carbopol andPernulen resins that are used to thicken,suspend and emulsify detergent andcleaning formulations.
Binacchi & ce., Via Gramsci, 84,21045 Gazzada (VA). Italy (Booth32). Binacchi & Co. will provideinformation on its manufacturing pro-gram, including toilet, syndet andlaundry soap plants. continuoussaponification for fatty acids or neu-tral fats, soap vacuum spray dryers,mixers. plodders. roll mills. cutters,presses. glycerine plants, liquid andpowder detergent plants, and soap-packaging machines.
Britannia Soap Machinery Co., Bat-tle Rd., Heathfield, Newton Abbot,Devon TQ 12 6RY. England (BoothII). The Britannia Soap MachineryCo. manufactures a full range ofequipment for the production of soapand related products. The latest tech-nology in saponification, drying andfinishing equipment will be presented.Sales staff will be on hand to discussthe company's hydraulic plodderdesign, new soap cutlers, anvil soappresses and many other machines andfeatures that have won a major shareof world markets.
Buss Process Technologies Corp.,200 Berkeley SI., Boston, MA 021 J6USA (Booth 4). Buss PTC is involvedin loop reactor technology, phosgeneplants, convex classification drying andthin-film evaporation technologies. Thecompany provides custom solutions
1076
SURFACTANTS a. DETERGENTS
tions using process technologies, whichcan start with bench testing for feasibil-ity, to final construction of a full-scaleproduction plant. Buss provides a com-prehensive performance guarantee forall its process technologies.
new continuous saponification sys-tems. Y.R.Y. is the producer, and Con-falonieri Soap Machinery is the soleagent for [he product.
Council for LABfLAS Environmen-tal Research (CLER), 529 14th St.NW, Suite 655, Washington. DC20045 USA (Booth 26). CLER willprovide information from the booththey will share with DJ.S. DAC Inter-national Surfactants S.p.A.
Oils Division, Crown Iron Worksce., P.O. Box 1364. Minneapolis, MN55440-1364 USA (Booth 9). Thisdivision of Crown will use a graphicdisplay system together with specialistpersonnel to demonstrate its engineer-ing knowledge in the design and sup-ply of equipment for glycerine, fattyacid and soap production.
Confalonieri Soap Machinery SNC -V.R.V., Via G. Verdi, 169,20038Seregno, Milano, Italy (Booth 49).Featured will be the Flash Reactor for D.I.S. DAC International Surrac-
The Chemilhon Corp., 5430 W.Marginal Way. SW. Seattle, WA98106 USA (Booth 6). Chemithonwill feature continuous sulfonatlon/sulfarion process equipment to pro-duce surfactants for the detergents,specialty chemicals and petroleumindustries. Emphasis will be onChemithon's falling film and impactjet reactors. Samples of sulfonic andsulfated acids from commercial plantswill be displayed.
6\es\0"" __
edge of excellence-combining the beatof new technologywith old-worldcraftamanahlp.
tants S.p.A., Viale Forlanini, 65,20134 Milano, haly (Booth 26).DAC International Surfactants isresponsible for the marketing andselling of DAC Industrie ChemicheS.p.A. 's products, including nonien-ics /anionics surfactants. sulfates,tensides. esters and intermediates forthe detergents and cosmetics indus-tries. DAC is a branch of the RWE-DEA Group, which includes VistaChemical Co., USA, among others.
Degussa Corp., 65 Challenger Rd.•Ridgefield Park. NJ 07660 USA(Booth 39). Degussa is a worldwidesupplier of hydrogen peroxide andsolid active oxygen carriers, includingsodium perborere. percarbcnate andcaroat (potassium peroxomonosulfate).
Draiswerke, Inc., 3 Pearl Ct., Allen-dale, NJ 07401 USA (Booth 21).Draiswerke will exhibit informationon saponification machinery, soap-making machinery. detergent-process-ing machinery. dispersing equipment.mixing and compounding equipment.and reactors.
Franklin T.P., Inc. (TechPak), P.O.Box 126, Franklin, OH 45005 USA(Booth 30). TechPak's booth will con-tain 10-15 sample rolls of soap wrap-pers, labels and detergent pouches thatare used in the flexible packagingindustry for soaps and detergents.
Friemark, Inc., 22 E. 12th St.,Cincinnati. OH 45210-1994 USA(Booth 10). Friemark offers soap diemanufacturing. repair and technicalassistance for the bar soap industry.
Genencor International, Inc., 4Cambridge Place, 1870 S. WintonRd., Rochester, NY 14618 USA(Booth 29). The company will intro-duce Purafect OxP 4000G. its patent-ed oxidatively stable protease. Alsofeatured will be Genencor's existingalkaline lipase and protease enzymesfor the detergents industry. Theseproducts use Genencor's patentedEnzoguard granulation technology toprovide granules that Genencorreports are vinually dust-free, exhibit
(contin~d onpage 1078)
1078
1-------Mail Order To: ------..,il'lJ@@(lIJ'jj'@IXl~@IJIJ<7@Directories175 Rock RoadGlen Rock, NJ 07452 USA
Tel.phone: 201-652-2655
1994Vol. 1: Emulsifiers
& DetergentsCovers surfactants andsurfactant intermediates inthe following industries:• Household Cleaners• I & I Cleaners• Personal Care• Food• Agriculture• Textiles• Paint and Ink• Paper• Petroleum• Metal Processing• Pharmaceutical
"""" IEtrxNitn & DIHsrpsnIs--Edirion - $66.00
InternationalEdition - $66.00CombInod_Edlfforl- S 160,00
OtdAfll 0llls'de the USAll books are sentarmailPlease remit thefollowing postageper book:
SUS15 00 IOIt boundSUS2000 hard bound
Vol. 2: FunctionalMaterials
Tile following are among thematerials listed:• Antimicrobials• Antistats• Chelating Agents• Colorants & Pearlescents• Conditioners• Corrosion Inhibitors• Coupling Agents·Defoamers• Dispersants• Lubricants• Plasticizers• Release Agents• Solubilizers• Stabilizers• Suspending Agents• Waxes... and others.
For InfOfl'Tlotion eire" 1137
S&O
(conlinuedfrompage /076)
excellent stability and dissolve in sec-onds.
Gist-brocades, P.O. Box 241068.Charlotte. NC 28224 USA (Booth 42).Gist-brocades will display its line ofdetergents and cleaning enzymes.including Lipomax. Maxapem. Max-erase. Maxacal and Maxamyl.
Global Aromatics. Inc., 4280A IowaSI.. Benicia, CA 94510 USA (Boothtbd). Global Aromatics is a full-lineformulator and manufacturer of fra-grance products for the household andpersonal products industries. Theirlaboratories can provide custom for-mulations for virtually any fragranceapplication.
GMV Oinamica S,p.A., Via Barboli-ni, 43, 42014 Castellarano RE. Italy(Booth 54). Tne company providessingle equipment or complete"turnkey" plants for the production ofgranulated detergent powders forhand washing and dishwashingmachines. Continuous plants for soapproduction produce up to eight Ionsper hour.
Guerze Marte, Via C. Prampolini.21.42048 Rubiera, Italy (Booth 22).Guerze will display information onbar soap stretch film wrappers, pleatwrappers. banders/labelers and verti-cal form-fill-seal machinery for pow-der detergents.
ret Surfuctants, 3411 Silverside Rd.,Concord Plaza, Wilmington. DE19850-5391 USA (Booth 53). ICI Sur-factants is a worldwide company withfourteen plants that sell a range ofproducts supported by R&T facilitieson several continents. Tensianol basesare syndet products designed to run onsoap machinery for the manufactureof mild toilet bar products.
IlT SRL, Via Alba. 18.21052 BustoArsizio. Italy (Booth 45). UT providescomplete pilot and industrial plants,mulrirube film reactors. integratedsystem 503 production plants. heal
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SURFACTANTS a DETERGENTS
Kleckner Packaging Machinery,5501 N. Washington Blvd., Sarasota.FL 34243-2283 USA (Booths 43 and44). The company will feature its barsoap cartoning equipment. liquid fillstand-up pouching equipment. com-puterized blending equipment andautomatic palletizing equipment.
(conlinuedjrompage 1078)
recovery steam boilers of specialdesign. electrostatic precipitators andhomogenizers.
IMA North America Inc., 418Meadow 51.. Fairfield. CT 06430USA (Booth 40). IMA North Ameri-ca/BFB will be featuring the bundlingof wrapped and cartoned soap barsand equipment for the packaging ofpowder detergents in bags and car-tons.
Lavfosa Chimica Mineraria S.p.A.,Via Leonardo da Vinci, 6, 57123Livomo, Italy (Booth 50). Laviosa pro-duces a range of bentonite-based clayagglomerates that are used as softeningagents for powder detergents.
IMSA SRL, Via Gorizin 13.21052Busto Arsizio, Italy (Booth 8). IMSAwill display its equipment for thesoaps and detergents industries includ-ing batch or continuous saponificationplants, vacuum drying systems, toiletand laundry soap finishing lines. syn-detrccmbi soap plants and liquiddetergent plants.
Littleford Day, Inc., 7451 EmpireDr., Florence, KY 41042 USA(Booth 24). Littleford Day will befeaturing processing equipment,including mixers, granulators,agglomerators, vacuum dryers, liquiddispersers, both continuous andbatch. The company also provides
lei Surtaclantsa world leader in:
Surfactant. for detergentsOriginal surfactant technologyfor an environment-consciousworld; setting new standardsfor domestic and industrialwashing products
Worldwide headquartersICI SurtactantsPO Bo,90Wi~onCentreMiddlesbroughCleveland T590 &IE, UKTel.; (0642) 454 144fax: (0642) 437 374Fat information circle 1263
INFORM, Vol. 5, no. 10 (October 1994)
SurtactantsA World Of Technology
In Every Drop.
Surfactants forpersonal care productsEmulsifiers to create high-pertormance milks andcreams and fully·formulatedbases for mild moisturizingpersonal cleansing bars
pilot-plant and laboratory equipment.Linleford Day maintains a complete-ly equipped test center to assist cus-tomers in process development andscale up,
Mazzoni LB S.p.A., Viale Trentino10/12, 21052 Busto Arsizio, lIaly(Booth 14), Mazzoni LB will exhibitinfonnation on their complete line ofsoap processing and finishing equip-ment, including the latest computer-ized plants and the new electronic cut-ter and "f1ashstamping" presses.
Meccaniche Moderne SRL, Chemi-cal Plant Division, Corso Sempione.32,21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy (Booth33). Meccaniche Moderne offers acomplete range of equipment andplants for the soaps, detergents andsulfonation industries. The company
(continued on page 1083)
Plus suriactants fortextiles, agricuHuralformulation, industrial fluids,paints and coatings,polymerizafion and manyother industrial applications
Asia PacificICI SurtactantsICI (China) lid.PO Box 107PacifIC Place 1Hong KongTel.:843 4888Fax: 868 5282
1083
SURFACTANTS • DETERGENTS
(continued/rom page 1080)
has over a century of experience andthousands of pieces of equipment andplants operating all over the world.
Neca Chemicals (1952) Ltd., P.O.Box 333. Petah Tikva 49102, Israel(Booth 5). Neca. established in 1938.is an Israeli manufacturer of rawmaterials. general household deter-gents. diverse toiletries. includingsoapless bars and liquids. shampoos.conditioners. body lotions. gels andnatural and vegetal soaps. Neca alsomanufactures SEACRETS from theDead Sea, products blended with thefamous Dead Sen black mud and puri-fying minerals.
Novo Nordisk Bioinduslrials, Inc.,33 Turner Rd .• Danbury. CT 06810USA (Booth 25). Novo is a manufac-turer and supplier of cellulases.lipases and traditional detergentenzymes.
Oil-Dri Corp. of America, 410 N.Michigan Ave" Chicago. IL 6061 IUSA (Booth 38). Oil-Dri mines andmanufactures adscrbents used in thebleaching and clarifying of edibleand inedible oils, and it marketsthem under the PURE-FLO brandname. Oils bleached with PURE·FLO adsorbents are frequently usedin soap manufacture. Oil-Dn's pro-prietary surface modification pro-cessing technology provides high-quality products and low prices, thecompany repons.
Palm Oil Research Institute ofMalaysia (PORIM), 1900 24th SI.,NW. Washington, DC 20008 USA(Booth 41).
PPG Industries, Inc., SpecialtyChemicals, 3938 Porert Dr., Gurnee,IL 60081 USA (Booth 20). PPG Spe-cialty Chemicals' Jordapon series ofsodium cocoyl isethionates is a mildsurfactant for skin-care bars. Jar-dapon products are available as high-purity powders or as low-dust flakedblends with stearic acid. JordaponACI-30, ammonium cocoyl isethion-ate. was recently introduced for liq-uid systems.
PSI Process Systems, Inc., 1790Kirby Parkway. Suite 300, Memphis.TN 38138 USA (Booth 27). PSI rep-resentatives will exhibit their experi-ence in design. engineering and con-struction of soaps and detergents pro-cessing facilities. Emphasis will be onsafety in design and construction. con-trol systems, procurement and single-source responsibility for design/buildor turnkey projects.
Quimica Sumex, S.A. de C.V., Av.Insurgenres Sur 1971. Torre Sur. 50Pisc, Mexico City. D.F. 01020. Mexico(Booth 18). Quimica Sumex willexhibit Tonsil-activated clays for puri-fying and bleaching coconut, palm ker-nel oil and tallow and Laundrosil whitebentonite in powder or granulates. asspeckles or with phorobleaching effect.
RhOne-Poulenc, 68 Culver Rd., Day-ton, NJ 08810 USA (Booth 52). Rhone-Poulenc is a global manufacturer of adiverse line of surfactants and specialtychemicals. Featured will be new prod-uets under their Geropon trade namethat are blends of sodium cocoylisethionate, also under their Miranoltrade name that are amphoterics.
SAS Mariani Tommaso SNC, P.O.Box 17, 20038 Seregno. Italy (Booth19). SAS offers cutlers, laundry. toilet.hotel soap presses and soap-packag-ing machinery.
SASIB/Paxall Packaging Machin-ery, 7515 N. Linder Ave .. Skokie. IL60077 USA (Booth 48). On displaywill be packaging and material han-dling systems for dry products.Included will be Parson's scale andweighing systems, Clyboum canoningsystems, PAK·Master case packingsystems. vertical form-fill-sealequipment, and bagging systems.
SED-TEK, 60 Honeck St .. Engle-wood, NJ 07631 USA (Booths 16 and17). SED- TEK is a manufacturer ofsoap dies. The booth will be sharedwith Sigma Engineering, Inc.
SELA Weber + Seetander, Braun-schweiger Tor 17, 38350 Helmstedt.Gennany (Booths 2 and 3). Weber +Seel1inder has been providing soap pro-
cessing plants and machinery for morethan 100 years. including equipment forlaundry soap and toilet soap, luxurysoap. translucent and transparent soap.syndet soap. and detergent laundry bars.
Sigma Engineering, Inc., 39 West-moreland Ave., White Plains. NY10606 USA (Booths 16 and 17).Sigma will exhibit its new laboratoryand pilot-plant soap refinerlplodders.in addition 10 a new soap cutter, Alsofeatured will be the patented Sigmacolloid mill with both cooled rotor andcooled stator.
SIPREC SRL, Via del Tulipani 3.20090 Pieve Emanuele. Italy (Booth35). SIPREC is an engineering compa-ny for the chemical industry with primeinterest in the field of synthetic deter-gent plants. SLPREC will introduce itsnonsulfonated surfactants "multipur-
[continued on page 1085)
WHYAre You Paying More Than
$1.95 lb.For Lemon Fragrance?
II you're stili paying up 10 $5.00 or more perpound for Ihe same fine quality temcn I ..granee. eall us now and aum iOddlng prol.
pose" plant for the production of amineoxides. coco amides, semisulphosucci-nates. sercoslnetes. potassium soaps,and more. Nonsulfated surfactant pro-cesses are characterized by the absenceof polluting effluents of any type. anasset from an environmental viewpoint.SIPREC will show posters and picturesof plants, equipment and machinery,and representatives will be available 10answer your questions.
Sotvay Enzymes, Inc., P.O. Box4859. Elkhart, IN 46514-4859 USA(Booth 23). Solvay Enzymes. Inc. willexhibit liquid and granular alkalineproreases for use in regular and highlyalkaline detergent formulations.
Stepan Co., 22 W. Frontage Rd ..Northfield, IL 60093 USA (Booth 28).Stepan pioneered the continuous sul-
fonation technology and today is aleader in the United States. With sul-fonation capacity of nearly one billionpounds and a complete surfactant linethat extends to anionics, cationics andnonionics. the company services thedetergent. personal-care and industrialmarkets worldwide, Stepan offersstate-of-the-art research laboratoriesand pilot-plant facilities for develop-ing tomorrow's technology.
TEMA Technologies & Manufactur-ing SRL, Via Cormons 7, 20[51Milano, Italy (Boom 36). TEMA repre-sentatives will be available to discusssoap and glycerine processing plantsand soap-finishing machinery. Soap-finishing equipment will be illustratedin videos and photographs. Informativeliterature will be distributed.
Unichema International, P.O. Box 2,2800 AA Gouda, The Netherlands;
Unicherna North America, 4650 S.Racine Ave., Chicago, lL 60609 USA(Booth 7). Unichema specializes inthe production of high-quality tallow,vegetable. nornar and translucent soapnoodles.
Value Fragrances, Route 17 M,Goshen. NY 10924 USA (Booth I).On display will be fragrances espe-cially formulated for use in soaps anddetergents and designed to giveenrichment to the products as well asunique stability.
Werner & Pfleiderer Corp., 663 E.Crescent Ave., Ramsey, NJ 07446-1220 USA (Booth 47). Werner &Pfleiderer manufactures, supplies andservices twin-screw extrusion equip-ment used for continuous processingof soaps and detergents. Completeturnkey system design. supply andinstallation also are available. •
A world wide supplier to the soapand synthetic detergent industry
Soaps and Detergents Technology TodayBooth #8 - October 12-14.1994
Doral Ocean Beach ResortMiami Beach, Florida, USA
Our Head Quaner ill Iwly: Our Age", ill USA:IMSA sri De Smet Process & Technology, Inc.
Via Gorizia, 13 2839 Paces Ferry Road Suite 88021052 Busto Arsizio, Italy Atlanta, GA 30339
Tel. (331) 636313 • Fax (331) 620444 Tel. (404) 4360061 • Fax (404) 4345188for Information cIrcle .209
INFORM, Vol. 5, 00. 10 (October 1994)
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Processing Systems and Economics of Glycerine Recov-ery from Spent Lyes and Sweetwater. Dale Hedtke, OilsDivision Crown Iron Works, P.O. Box 1346. Minneapolis.Minnesota 55440- J 346 USA.
Recovery of glycerine from spent soap lye and sweet-waters involves three main processing steps: chemicaltreatment. concentration through evaporation and refining10 U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) standards. Operatingdetails. the degree of recovery and the economics of eachprocess, and capital costs will be examined in detail.Proper treatment of the spent soup Iyes and sweetwater isimponant to assure good results and to avoid process dif'-Iicultles in subsequent process steps, such as reducedyield, fermentation, poor salt crystal formation, andexcess residues. Single. double and triple effect evapora-tors will be examined and compared with respect to ener-gy usages and capital costs. Also. several different corro-sion-resistant materials for evaporators will be discussed,including copper nickel. common stainless steels andduplex stainless steels. Sail recovery from spent soap Iyesusing salt boxes and centrifugal separation will bedescribed. Refining of glycerine to USP standards can beaccomplished using a process combining distillation.deodorization and bleaching steps. The residue or "foots"can be redistilled and concentrated to recover the residualglycerine and to reduce the disposal volume. Bleaching.either continuous or batch. is accomplished through theuse of activated carbons from various sources. Odor-caus-ing compounds can be controlled or eliminated by properprocess conditions.
SURfACTANTS a DETERGENTS
Abstracts
Raw Materials and Pretreatment of Fats and Oils forToilet and Laundry Soap Production. Rafael A. Corre-doira. Cia BAO S.A .• C.P. 11900. Montevideo. Uruguay.
Toilet and laundry soaps are produced from variousgrades of fats and oils of animal and vegetable origin. Afew grades of raw materials yield high-quality soap prod-ucts without the need of pretreatment. Most base stocksmust undergo pretreatment to improve the stability, odorand color of the end product. Washing, alkali refining.bleaching, deodorization, hydrogenation and distillationof fatty acids are the pretreatment methods used toupgrade the quality of the raw materials for soap manu-facture. The selection of raw materials and the cost of thechosen pretreatment method have to be balanced againstthe obtainable quality improvements of the finished soapproducts.
Formulation of Toilet, Combo, Synthetic. Translucent,Transparent and Laundry Soaps. Edmund D. George,Original Bradford Soap Works. Inc .. 200 Providence St..West Warwick, Rhode Island 02893 USA and Joseph A.Serdakowski, Chemical Engineering Consultants. 274Moosehorn Rd., East Greenwich. Rhode Island 02818-1114 USA.
During the last few years, consumers have becomeaccustomed to multifunctional, multibenefit products suchas conditioning shampoos. deodorant/antiperspirant combi-nations, sunscreens in lotions and many specialty creams.and other cosmetics. Following the same need and trend.the formulation of soap bars has become more complexdue to the need to incorporate more additives to an ever-increasing number of soap bases. The types of constituentsdiscussed are bases, colorants, fragrances, emollients.humectants, occlusive agents. dermabrasive agents, drugcomponents. anti-irritants, foam boosters, optical brighten-ers and free alkali modifiers. Fundamental formulas, typi-cal concentrations, specific matrix effects and processingconsiderations are included.
Quality Control and Evaluation of Soaps. Thomas E.Wood. Valley Products Co .. 384 E. Brooks Rd., Memphis.Tennessee 38186-0745 USA.
The principal chemical and physical methods for evalu-ating fats. oils. fatty acids, soap and key ingredients arereviewed. An overview of several instrumental methodsutilizing ultraviolet absorbance, high-performance liquidchromatography and gas chromatography is also presented.Emphasis is given to the practical application of test meth-ods and results. Methods of evaluation of performancecharacteristics and of bar and packaging quality attributesfor soap are reviewed with emphasis on practical applica-tion. References are provided to the detailed procedures.including those of the American Oil Chemists' Society, theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials, and other lit-erature sources.
Ketlle Saponification, Concurrent and CountercurrentSystems, Computer Modeling. Joseph A. Serdakowski.Chemical Engineering Consultants, 274 Moosehom Rd., EastGreenwich, Rhode Island 02818-1114 USA and Edmund D.George. Original Bradford Soap Works. Inc., 200 ProvidenceSI.. West Warwick. Rhode Island 02893 USA.
A comprehensive mathematical model for the kettlesoap batchmaking process has been developed. The modeluses a pragmatic approach that incorporates theoretical,experimental and empirical aspects. Mass and energy bal-ance calculations are used to predict composition of thekettle during charging and decanting. Phase diagram dataare incorporated in the model to predict composition ofvarious phases. Experimental and empirical data are usedto predict stability, settling rates, and efficiencies. A calcu-lation scheme is used to predict steady-state performance.Information on the traditional kettle process is presented.The two approaches to kettle processing are compared andcontrasted.
Continuous Saponification and Neutralization System.Clovis Villela. PPE Plant and Process Engineering. RuaVital Brazil 1314. Campinas. Brazil.
Continuous neutral fats saponification systems arebased upon Wigner's rule, lye absorption principle.extraction methods and different lye-to-fat ratios. Vari-
tNFORM.Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
ous raw material proportioning sys-tems, reactors, washing columnsand centrifuges are utilized in thecommercially available systems.Continuous neutralization systemsutilize basically a similar type ofraw material proportioning systemand process control with a differenttype of reactor. Detailed compari-son between the different saponifi-cation and neutralization systemswith emphasis on equipmentdesign, instrumentation, controlsand performance data will be pre-sented. The advantages and eco-nomic justification for the imple-mentation of continuous systemswill be discussed.
Soap Drying Systems. Luis Spitz.L. Spitz. Inc.. 5225 Old Orchard Rd.,Skokie. Illinois 60077-1027 USA;Roberto Ferrari and Piero Verde.Mazzoni LB. S.p.A.. P.O. Box 421.21052 Busto Arsizio. Italy.
Vacuum and combination atmo-spheric and vacuum dryers are useduniversally for the production of dif-ferent soap. soap/syndet bases andlaundry soap products. Mass balanceand heat transfer theory and calcula-tions, preheating and pre-evaporat-ing in shell-and-tube and plate-and-frame heat exchangers. operatingparameters. soap fines· recoveryequipment, instrumentation, comput-erized control systems and majordrying system compcnenrs will bereviewed.
Bar Soap Finishing Lines andEquipment. Luis Spitz, L. Spitz,Inc.. 5225 Old Orchard Rd., Skokie,Illinois 60077-1027 USA and EucreMontanari, Mazzoni LB. S.p.A., P,O.Box 421. 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy,
Mixing, refining. prerefining.extrusion, aging and recycling aredefined to assist the presentation ofdifferent bar soap finishing lines. Keyfeatures of various types of mixers.roll mills, single-worm and twin-worm plodders and the latestelectro/pneumatic and electronic cut-ters and Ilashstamping presses will beillustrated, All the new cullers andpresses will be tabulated with perti-
Full details from: HF scientific. inc.3170 Metro Parkway. R. My..... R. 33916-7597
nent specifications. Finishing lines classification and selec-lion guide completes the presentation.
Surfactant Raw Materials, Classification, Synthesis andUses. K. Lee Matheson. Vista Chemical Co" viale E. For-lanini 65, 20134 Milan. Italy.
The hydrocarbon chain portions of rcday's commer-cial surtacrants originate from four main raw materials.These include petroleum. oils and Iats from plants andanimals, ethylene and propylene. From these Taw materi-als, several key surfactant intermediates are producedincluding normal paraffins. fatty acids, fatty methylesters, fatty alcohols. alpha olefins. internal olefins andpropylene oligorners. The relative COSISof these rawmaterials will strongly influence the market prices ofsurfactanrs. A knowledge of the surfactant manufacturingprocesses and the relative prices for surfactant raw mate-rials is useful for the detergent manufacturer to guide inthe selection of surfuctants for household detergent for-mulations.
Formulation of Household and Industrial Detergents.K. Lee Matheson, Vista Chemical Co .. Viale E. Forlanini65,21034 Milan, Italy.
A variety of surfactants is available for the formulatorto use in manufacturing household and industrial deter-gents. The selection of surfactants is guided by consider-ations of cost. performance and physical properties.Major household products include laundry powders.laundry liquids and dishwashing liquids. Mixtures of sur-factants (mixed actives) are frequently employed in for-mulations to optimize cost/performance. During the lastfew years a trend has developed toward higher densityand higher concentration in both powder and liquiddetergents. Industrial and institutional cleaners are alsoproduced from commercial surfactants. Major categoriesinclude commercial laundry and dishwashing products.hard-surface cleaners. metal cleaners, food and beverageprocessing cleaners. transport vehicle cleaners. carpetcleaners and dry cleaners.
Sulfonation and Sutteuon Processes. Norman C. Foster.The Chemithon Corp .• 5430 West Marginal Way SW. Seat-tle, Washington 98106-1598 USA.
Sulfonalion and sulfation are industrial processes thatproduce anionic surfactams used in household. institutionaland industrial cleaners. Commercial sulfonation processingsystems and techniques include oleum. chlorosulfonic acid.sulfarnic acid. and film sulfonation using air/SO). Each ofthese methods will be examined in detail with specialemphasis on air/SO) film sulfonution that has become, due10 environmental. cost and process versatility reasons. themethod of choice for new sulfcnarlon facilities. New devel-opments in sulfonation technology that allow sulfonation ofhigh-viscosity products and the production of concentrateddetergent actives will be discussed. Implications for sulfone-tion equipment design of market demands for high-purity.
INFORM. Vol.5, no. 10 (October 1994)
low by-product content surfactants based on a wide varietyof petroleum or oleochemical feedstocks will be examined.
Drying and Agglomeration Processes for Traditionaland Concentrated Detergent Powders. Franco Morelliand Icilio Adami. Ballestra S.p.A .. Via G. Fantoli 21/17,21038 Milan. Italy,
Spray drying, fluid bed drying. spray drying withagglomeration and agglomeration are the most widely usedprocessing systems for the production of traditional low·density and concernrated/compeceultm high-density deter-gent powders. The low- and high-density detergents havedifferent formulations and present specific physical andperformance characteristics. A comparative study is beingdone on the four processing systems. Product characteris-tics. key mechanical features. processing variables. operat-ing parameters. utility and overall energy requirements willbe emphasized. New formulation trends are outfined,together with a selection guide for choosing the most suit-able processing system and machinery for the productionof tomorrow's detergents.
The Importance of Raw Material Selection in DetergentManufacture. Rene Maldonado. FMC Corp., P.O. Box 8.Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA.
Recent developments in the detergent industry havecaused changes in the way detergents are manufactured.In consumer products. the advent of compacts or ultradetergents has placed an emphasis on processes that pro-duce products that deliver acceptable performance at lowdosage. In industrial and institutional markets the prolif-eration of product forms that include solids. pastes. gelsand slurries extend manufacturing technology wellbeyond the level required to produce the traditional gran-ular and liquid forms. To complement the needs of thesenew manufacturing processes. raw material suppliershave developed a number of special grades of the stan-dard ingredients that are required \0 optimize these newproduction processes. These new grades often involvephysical variations. such as changes in panicle size. den-sity and surface area or chemical variations such ashydrate formation. species distribution or changes incrystalline phase. These variations result in a range ofrelated properties, such as solubility. hydration. porosityand absorptivity. We will review how grades of ingredi-ents are chosen based on the raw material properties ofselected inorganic builders to optimize examples of spe-cific detergent manufacturing processes.
Formulation and Manufacture of Powdered, Bar, Pasteand Liquid Detergents. Juan Nahum Chavez, Colgate-Palmolive S.A. de C. V.• Presa de In Angostura 225. 11500Mexico. D.F.. Mexico.
There have been more changes in our industry since1990 then during the entire 19805. The most significant
(continued on page 1091)
1091
SURFACTANTS a DElEIIGENTS
(continued from page I088J
changes were the conversion to concentrated powdered andliquid products and the evolution of paste dish washingdetergents to gels. In spite of these developments the use oflaundry bars is still prevalent in many countries. We willreview the technology of concentrated detergents and thecurrent situation of laundry bars. Efficient bleaching sys-tems for cold water conditions. enzymes, soil release ingre-dients, paste and gels formulae and manufacturing will bealso be covered.
Analysis of Detergent Formulations. George T. Battagli-ni, Stepan Chemical Co., 22 West Frontage Rd., North-field, Illinois 60093 USA.
The complete analysis of detergent formulations can be,and often is, a time-intensive undertaking. Even in laborato-ries with workers who are experienced in the field. grosscharacterization will take 20-40 h of labor, and general ana-lyricallaboratory staff can be expected to spend much longerin consultation and in selling up apparatus for the multipledeterminations required. This presentation outlines time-sav-ing strategies which may be employed for analyzing formu-lations including detergents for laundry, shampoos, hand andmachine dishwashing, hard surface cleaners, liquid handsoaps. fabric softeners, toothpastes and bar soaps. A briefdescription of the many methodologies actually used isgiven. These include so-called "wet" methods such asextraction, titration by visual, optical and potentiometrictechniques, spectroscopic approaches like near-infrared,Fourier transform mid-range infrared. ultraviolet/visible,nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Theyalso encompass separation methods such as ion exchange.thin-layer, ion, high-pressure liquid and gas-Liquid chro-matography. as well as capillary electrophoresis. A flow dia-gram is presented to give the analyst step-by-step guidelinesfor formulations analysis. Illustrated therein are the charac-terization and quantitation of the various kinds of anionic,non ionic. cationic and amphoteric surfacrants commonlyfound in formulated products.
Performance Evaluation of Household Detergents. ArnoCahn and George C. Feighner, ARGEO Inc .. 72 East Alli-son Ave .. Pearl River. New York 10965 USA.
Like other consumer products. household detergentsare used by consumers under a myriad of different condi-tions which are too complex to be described or even tobe fully understood. When these products are evaluatedby the user, if indeed they are evaluated at all, their per-formance is assessed on wholly subjective criteria. Tech-nical evaluation in the laboratory is therefore farremoved from a real-life situation. The ideal laboratorytest is: (i) responsive to changes in the test product (con-centration and composition); (il) convenient; (iii) repro-ducible ("precise"); and (iv) predictive ("accurate").Especially with respect to accuracy/predicuveness. theideal laboratory test does not exist. One approach is 10
define the experimental conditions with great care and ingreat detail. In this manner, one maximizes the chancesthat someone else at a different stage in the program willobtain identical results at a different time and in a differ-ent place. Another approach is to include a referencestandard into the test series and thus be satisfied with arelative, rather than an absolute, result. With these con-siderations in mind. currently practiced evaluation meth-ods will be discussed for the major household productcategories of laundry detergents, fabric softener prod-ucts. dishwashing liquids, hard surface cleaners andautomatic dishwashing detergents.
Packaging of Soaps and Detergents. Luis Spitz, L SpitzInc .. 5225 Old Orchard Rd.. Skokie, Illinois 60077-1027USA and John W. Heath. ACMA/GD, Vanwall Rd., Maid-enhead. Berkshire SL6 4UB, England.
Wrappers for double-point end-fold-style wrapping,stretch film and pleat wrappers, canoners. multipack bandersand bundlers are used for packaging mass marketed and spe-cialty soaps in a variety of single and multi pack styles. Pow-dered detergents are offered in an increasing variety of pack-aging styles and forms. Standard low-density powders arepacked in traditional tall rectangular cartons whereas con-centnlted/compact products are in squat cartons. There arecartons with "integral" or "riveted" handles. measuringscoops and/or shuttles. Specifications for the most importantpackaging materials will be summarized. Computerizationof soap and detergents packaging equipment and lines withhigh-speed PLCs for operation and line management areaccepted now as essential for optimum operation. Machineand line logical functions and controls, machine and person-al safety, fault finding, problem identification includingactive machine mimics, operator message control, voicealarm systems, total production control, downtime evalua-tion data and many other functions are widely used.
Process Control and Computerization. Barbara Tosco-Filtri, Logosystem USA, Inc .. 9032 Cinnebar Dr., Indi-anapolis, Indiana 46268 USA and Franco Carpignano,Logosystem S.p.A., Corso Savana 95, 10024 Moncalieri(Torino). Italy.
Computerization of soap and detergent plants andequipment has grown considerably in the last few years.Substantial cost reduction of the main components withrespect to their performance and the standardization ofmany software packages is helping the continued world-wide acceptance of computerization of the soap anddetergent industry. Consequently. the computerizationobjectives have expanded to include such topics as quali-ty enhancement, production efficiency, waste reductionand energy saving. In accordance with the recommenda-tions of the leading Institutes for Industrial Standardiza-tion, the control system is structured in layers: control ofthe individual machines and production units, their inte-gration into homogeneous areas and supervision of theentire factory. The applied technologies vary depending
INFORM, Vol. 5, no. 10 (October 1994)
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SURFACTANlS a DETERGENlS
on the type of production. either continuous or discreteoperation, involving signal processing, data base struc-lures and graphic operator interfaces. Today's trend is 10apply software packages, providing general productionmodels which can be easily configured to meet specificneeds. This operation does net require information sys-tems background and allows the direct integration of theprocess supplier and final user know-bow. Applicationsof these concepts range from the computerization ofcomplete processes, such as continuous saponification ofboth fatty acids and neutral fats and detergent productionby sutfcnatlcn. to the automatic control of finishingmachines, including high-speed presses. Recent develop-ment in the field of computer-aided training and supporttakes advantage of the latest advances in multimediatechnologies,
Plant Maintenance. Jose Luis Rodriguez. Procter & Gam-ble de Mexico, S.A. de C. V.• Talisman No.2 10. TresBsrreltas. Mexico. D.E 07820. Mexico.
In today's competitive environment systems arebecoming increasingly complex even as their perter-
mance is becoming inadequate to meet consumer satis-faction. Acquisition and operational costs are increasingwhile the consumer demands higher quality at lowerprices. The implementation of a well-integrated and cost-effective system to solve these issues is required nowmore than ever. Total productive maintenance (TPM) isan innovative approach to equipment maintenance thatcompletely eliminates equipment breakdowns throughday-to-day activities involving the total workload. TPMin the chemical industry is widely used in order to makeoperations more reliable as well as more cost-effective.TPM improves the company by improving its personneland its equipment
Risk Management Programs, Environmental Control,Process Safety and Energy Conservation. Emestc Cas-taiieda, Procter & Gamble de Mexico, S.A. de C. V.• Talis-man No. 210, Tres Estrellas, Mexico, D.E 07820, Mexico.
The implememaricn and improvement of risk manage-ment programs in the chemical industry are beingincreased as a result of a major need to protect our dam-aged ecosystems. This need has resulted in new and
stronger environmental and riskregulations. The soap industry hasnot been the exception, and has hadto implement new programs whiletrying to produce savings at thesame time. The technical, economi-cal and social benefits of someenvironmental control equipmentinstallation, energy optimizationand other process safety projectswill be explained in detail with spe-cial emphasis on a waste-watertreatment and reuse feasibility in atypical soap plant.
Thatperfectscent ...
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your phone.
~.
428) IowaBenicia, CA 94510(707) 746<i305HIOO·521·2071FAX (707) 747·5334
For Infrormatton eire.. 1259
Market Trends and FragranceTec:hnology. Thomas McGee, Givau-dan-ROUTeCorp., 1775 Windsor Rd.,Teaneck, New Jersey 07666 USA.
The socioeconomic forces ofthe 19805 have had a dramaticinfluence on the soaps and deter-gents' markets of Europe and ofNorth America. A discontinuityfrom slow evolutionary develop-ment to step change innovation isevident. and is now becomingapparent in other regions, such asSouth America. The winning oftomorrow's markets will require(hat conception to implementationbe carried out at an unprecedentedrapid speed. Fragrance creation andtechnology must anticipate thistrend.
INFORM. Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
SURFACTANTS & DETERGENTS
1095
This article on Industrial Enzymes:Another Alternative 10ConventionalCleaning Technology in AutomaticDis/nt'a.fhing Formulations wos pre-pared for INFORM by MatthrK' 1.Flynn and Peter F. Plank, both ofGenencor lnsemanonat tnc., SouthSan Francisco. Cali/ornia 94080.and Douglas H. Cater of Klun BriteLaboratories Inc .. Brockport, NewYork /4602-0408. The PO!"' describesa study undertaken 10 demonstrate theoptimization of a tow-phosphate-basedautomatic dishwashing dnngl'nl (ADD J!ormulation incorporating industrial enzymes and puox)'gen bleaching sys-tems which con compete against 'he standard brands curreruty in 'he marketplace, Statistical experimenml design(SED J methodology was used in this process 10optimize lhe base formulation and wash performance 10 pro"ilk afilial ADD formulation. Initial results indicated that in nonchlorine-comaining, high·phosphote·based ADD formula-tions which contain en:ymeg....-in particular proteases--eleaning pnformonce could be improved by 4O--8lJ% as afunction of the enzyme dosage "sed.
P.F."-Ik
Use of enzymes in dishwashing detergentsUse of automatic dish washingmachines is increasing for several rea-sons. As more individuals haveentered the workforce, they havebecome increasingly aware of theneed for more leisure time. A directconsequence of this is an increase inthe number of modern conve-niences-such as automatic dishwash-ing machines-typically found in thehome. These conveniences help facili-tate better use of limited leisure time.
World market penetration in 1992for household washing machines anddryers was quite variable dependingon the geographic location (I). In theUnited States, market penetration forwashers and dryers is 74% and 69%,respectively. In both Europe andJapan. market penetration for washersapproaches 90% and 100%, respec-tively. while dryer penetration is Jessthan 20%.
In the United States. the percentageof households with automatic dish-washing machines has risen fromabout 35% in 1973 to 50% in 1992(2).
In Europe. market penetration forautomatic dish washing machines iscurrently 26% with Germany at 32%(3). Data for Japan are not available atthis time (Figure I) (4).
As communication systems have
improved. so has consumer aware-ness and motivation to be "environ-mentally correct." Globally, con-sumers are asking, "Which newproduct(s) will promote the equiva-lent performance of existing prod-ucts and also be more environment-ally friendly?" One question directedspecifically to the cleaning industryis "Which detergent(s) can be usedwhich maintain cleaning perfor-
mance requirements. while alsoaddressing the consumers safety andenvironmental concerns regardingchlorine, merasltlcates and phos-phates?" The answer to this questionmay influence consumer buyinghabits. The cleaning industry mustconsider these issues as it looks tothe future to provide new, improvedproducts.
The U.S. Department of Energy
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(DOE) has challenged major appli-ance manufacturers to rethink theircurrent products in order to meetwater and energy conservation guide-lines. The trend is to reduce washwater volume for both washing andautomatic dishwashing machines. This
trend will subsequently reduce energyconsumption while simultaneouslyreducing water usage.
The design changes needed forappliance manufacturers to complywith these and future mandates willrequire detergent manufacturers to
reformulate their products to maintaincurrent perfonnance standards.
The cleaning industry has madetremendous strides to provide con-sumers with a nonpbospbate-based.heavy-duty laundry (HDL) product.HOL products have been reformulatedto be phosphate-free. The develop-ment of compact powders and ultraliquids has led to reduced packagingrequirements and alternate packagingconcepts. In order 10 maintain productperformance, alternate technologyalso has been developed for thesereformulations. For example. there hasbeen an increased use of polymers.e.g .• potyacrylates. and industrialenzymes. e.g .. protease, lipase, amy-lase and cellulase. in these reformulat-ed products.
Automatic dishwashing detergent(ADD) products are undergoing asimilar evolutionary process directedby consumers demanding thai manu-fecrurers replace such components aschlorine. phosphate and metasilicateswith alternate components. Prior to1992, most ADD products were for-mulated around these components.Table I provides a typical ADD for-mulation used in the industry. basedon these detergent components (5).Table 2 gives a representative ADDformulation incorporating alternativecleaning technology (5).
The key point of differentiation isthat the conventional builder compo-uem. sodium rrtpof yphosphate(STPP). is replaced by a combinationof citrate. polycarboxylate, soda ashor sodium bicarbonate. The alkalinitycontributed by the metasilicate (ratioof SiO:zfNa20 of approximately I) isbeing replaced by the addition of sodi-um silicate (ratio of SiO:z/Na20 rang-ing from 1.6 to 2.4). The bleachingcomponent. contributed by the activechlorine compounds. is being replacedby the addition of peroxygen bleaches,perborate or percarbonate. in combi-nation with tetraacetylethylenedi-amine (TAED). These overall formu-lation changes address consumers'safety and environmental concerns.but result in an unacceptable loss incleaning performance. In order tomeet consumers' expectations forADD performance. enzymes--a-amy-lase. protease and lipase-have been
INFORM. Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
1097
incorporated into these products. Pro- Table 3tease and a-amylase are very effective Machine dishwashing comparisons: machine and wash conditionswhen used in combination to removeprotein- ,nd starch-based food Parameters U.SJCanada European Communityresidues. Lipase demonstrates its ben-efit on lipid- or triglyceride-based Construction Porcelain! Stainless-steelfood residues. polypropylene
Consumers expect these ADDWater fill-wash/rinse Hol/hOi Cold/coldproducts to: (a) clean dishes; (b) pre-
vent damage to the dishes. e.g., glassMain wash temperature 120-14O"F 140-190°Fetching, corrosion of pots and pans,
removal of china overglaze: (c) func- (49-60QC) (60- 88"C)
lion in a variety of machines; and (d) Rinse temperature 120-14QOF Cold/I40--190°Ffunction under a variety of water con- (49-60°C) (60- gg0e)ditions, i.e.. either hard or soft water.
At the present time, activated Main wash cycle 10--15min 20--30minchlorine compounds have beenremoved and packaging reduced for Average water hardness 150 ppm 250--300ppma number of ADD formulations. Thisis the first step along the evolution- Buih in: water softener No y~
ary pathway and is exemplified by Wash/rinse water hardness 150 ppm <100 ppmthe commercial introduction of high-phosphate, enzyme-containing, com- ADD detergent usage 60 g/Ioad 30 glloadpact ADD formulations from ColgatePalmolive. Palmolive Ultra, and ADD concentrationBenckiser, Electrosol Ultra, in the in wash 1,000-7.000 ppm 5.000-7.000 ppmUnited Stales.
Differences between European and ADD product types Phosphate-based Mostly nil-P basedU.S. dish washing machines and the
Soil types encountered Eggs/spaghetti sauce Eggs/cheesewash conditions encountered in eacharea are shown in Table 3 (6,7). We Encrusted pots and pans Milk and chocolate
conducted a study to try to reduce the Spaghetti sauce
amount of STPP present in a conven-Encrusted pets and pans
tional U.S. ADD formulation. A pro-prietary low-P ADD base containing3% phosphorous was formulated to tinge. South San Francisco city water less-steel plate, a 2.5 N calciumcarry out further performance cpu- was used throughout the evaluation chloride solution (approximatelyrnizauon. This was achieved by the and was determined to have a hard- 20% weight by weight of the totaladdition of enzymes-protease (Puru- ness of 200 ppm based on calcium egg yolk used) was added to the eggfec t 4000G); lipase (Lumafast content. yolk. The mixture was then soft-2000G) and an c-emylase (all avail- Current test methodologies avail- boiled in a microwave oven until theable from Genencor International able throughout the industry vary internal temperature reached 62°C.Inc .• South San Francisco. Califor- widely (5,8-10); the emphasis in Approximately 5 g of this slurry wasnia, or Helsinki, Finland); and a these tests was placed on two princi- then painted onto stainless-steelperoxygen bleaching system, sodium pal methods: (a) the removal of egg plates. The plates were then air-driedperborate monohydrate (PBS I) yolk soil from stainless-steel plates overnight (minimum of 16 hours) at(from OeGussa Corporation, AlIen- and (b) the spotting and filming of room temperature. The amount ofdale, New Jersey) and TAED (from 12 oz. glass tumblers based on egg soil removal during the dish-Warwick International Ltd., Holy- ASTM test method 0 3556-85 (reap- washing cycle was determined gravi-well, England) into the low-P ADD proved 1989). The first method mea- metrically by evaluating four egg-base. sured protease efficacy and was a soiled plates per run.
The evaluations were carried out modification of the lest methods The spotting and filming method.using a Sears Kenmore Ultra Wash II described by Novo (II) and Colgate used extensively throughout the indus-dishwasher (Model #1581592) using Palmolive ( 12). Tho Novo test try, was slightly modified to include athe normal wash cycle (55°q, with no method, which used only soft-boiled mixture of margarine, lard and milkexternal heating, a hot rinse cycle egg yolk, gave greater than 90% egg powder in a ratio of 7: I :2. This(55°C), and a hot air dry cycle. The soil removal in all cases examined. method was used to measure the effi-quantity of dishes used per load was To inhibit or decrease the amount of cacy of both the protease and lipase inequivalent to 12 standard place set- the egg soil removal from the stain- the ADD formulation. A total of five
INFORM. Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
1098
SURFACTANTS a DETERGENTS
Table 4Summary of SED results: low-phosphate ADD matrix
Figure 2. Performance evaluation on glassware (filming and spotting, three-wash cycle)
glasses were monitored per disbwash-ing run.
Taguchi expenmenrat designmethodology was utilized throughoutthis formulation optimization. The sta-tistical experimental design (SED)used investigated the followingparameters at the following levels:protease. Purafect 4000G at 1 and2.5%; Lumafast 2000G at I and 2.5%;a-amylase at 1 and 2.5%; PBS I at 5and 10%; TAED at 0 and 3%: andADD detergent matrix, 20 gIIoad and30 gIIoad.
The results from the SED gave a"paper champion" which is the bestoptimized low-P formulation based onthe parameters evaluated. Based onthe two methods used to evaluateADD performance, it was determinedthat the low-P ADD Matrix I per-formed beuer. or gave lower scoresfor the spoiling and filming on glass-ware, while low-P ADD Matrix 2
gave better soil removal on egg yolk.The final ADD formulations evaluatedin this study are found in Table 4.
Both ADD Matrices I and 2 wereformulated and compared to the U.S.standard brand (USSB) locally pur-chased, which is a chlorine-based,high-phosphate-containing product.
The results of the first round ofevaluations indicate that the use ofenzymes, protease, lipase and amy-lase, and a perborare bleaching systemcould significantly improve the per-formance of a low-phosphate-contain-ing ADD matrix compared to theUSSB (Figure 2). A key point to noteis that all products were evaluated at adetergent dosage of 20 g per loadunless stated otherwise. Performanceimprovements for spotting and filmingwere normalized to 100 units for theUSSB (40 g/load). In this case thecleaning performance as detenninedby the level of spotting and filming on
the glassware led to the followingADD detergent ranking:
Low-P ADD Matrix I =Lcw-P ADD Matrix 2 >U.S. Standard Brand (40 gIload) >Low-P ADD base (30 gIIoad) =USSB (20 gIload)
The ability of ADD detergents toremove egg yolk soil from a stainless-steel plate are shown in Figure 3. Theresults indicate that both ADD Matri-ces I and 2 outperform the USSBunder the conditions used (three-wash-cycle evaluation). A 20-40%improvement in cleaning performancecan be realized in a low-phosphate-containing base matrix, in the absenceof chlorine, using one-half the typicalADD dosage level.
To further validate the perfor-mance results of the low-P ADDproduct, five wash cycles were car-ried out against the following com-mercially available ADD detergentproducts: USSB (40 gIload); ADDMatrix I (20 glload); U.S. high-PADD formulation (U.S. Brand X: 20glload); European Community nil-PADD formulation (EC Brand V: 25g/load); and a second EuropeanCommunity nil-P ADD formulation(EC Brand Z: 30 glload). All ADDproducts evaluated, except theUSSB, contained enzymes and weredosed at the detergent usage levelsindicated. Some of the characteris-tics of these products are listed inTable 5.
The results from the performancetesting are shown in Figures 4-7. InFigures 4 and 5, a total of five washcycles were completed. The filmingand spoiling results (Figure 4) werenormalized to the USSB with a scoreof 100, and indicate that the low-phos-phate product formulations are com-parable or slightly better than theUSSB, while the nonphosphate prod-uct, EC Brand V, performed signifi-cantly poorer.
The performance results achievablewith both nonphosphate (EC Brand V)and low-phosphate-containing prod-ucts on egg soil removal are compara-ble to or significantly better than,
INFORM, Vol. 5. no. 10 (October 1994)
(continued on page J 100)
70,------,
120 1===:;;;;;;;;:::::;;;::===1"'f---
soF-- 100
~ 80-a
t10 20
o o ussa ADD Matrb 1 ADD Matri)( 2 EC Brand Yusse ADD ADDMUlri.t 1 Matrix 2
II.SULFONATION EQUIPMENT
AND PLANTSCOMPLETE PILOT AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
MULTITUBES FILM REACTORSINTEGRATED SYSTEM S03 PRODUCTION PLANTS
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM BOILERS OF SPECIAL DESIGNELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Figure 5. Performance evaluation lor amount of egg soli ntmovld live-wash cycle)
100
11 80
l:20
oUSSB ADD M:uri)l I U.S. Brand X EC Brand Z
FIgure 6. Perfonnlll1Ce evaluation for g ...... nt (filming and spotting, th .... wash cycle)
(continued/rom page /098)
respectively. the USSB used in thisevaluation (Figure 5),
All products evaluated were compa-rable to, or slightly better than. theUSSB (Figure 6). EC Brand Z gavesuperior results to the USSS in thespotting and filming evaluation sectionof this study. ADD Matrix I performedsignificantly better on egg soil removal,followed by EC Brand Z, U.S. BrandX, and the USSB (Figure 7).
The results clearly indicate that onecan formulate a low-phosphate ADDproduct that contains a peroxygenbleaching system and a cleaningenzyme package composed of a pro-tease (Purafect 4000G). a lipase(Lumafast 2000G), and an a-amylase.The perfonnance results on both spot-ling and filming, as well as egg soilremoval. indicate that these refcrrnu-lated ADD products can competeagainst the standard brands in theindustry. These results corroborateearlier work which suggested that in anonchlonne-ccmatnmg. high-phos-phase-based ADD formulation thatalso contained enzymes-in panicularprcteases=-cleaning performancecould be improved by 40-80% as afunction of the enzyme dosage used.
ReferencesI.Sanders. M., Appliance. Sept.
1993, p. 43.2. Anonymous. Ibid.. Sept. 1993, p.
49.3. Anonymous. Ibid..July 1993. p. 57.4.Anonymous.lbid .. March 1994. p. 41.5. Junker. B.• Comparison of Meth-
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