Spanish Exploration GOD -711 CE: Muslims invade Europe, particularly the Spanish Provinces. -1511 CE: Spaniards take back their territory Spanish Kingdoms: Castilla, León, Asturias, Aragon and Galicia. Granada is last province to be retaken. Reconquista- Retaking of Spanish provinces from other powers. Effects: -Start of Spanish Exploration -Ended the 800 years of Muslim rule. -Belief that the Spaniards should remove all Muslim Influences. PROTECT AND SPREAD CHRISTIANITY GLORY Aims: -Find new ways to Asia -Establish new trade routes -fame, fortune and respect for the Spanish kingdoms -Territorial Expansions -Competition against Portugal Christopher Columbus- Discovered America, believed the earth was round. Started the age of exploration GOLD -Search for the Mollucas or the spice islands -Spices, Minerals, Metals, Precious stones. Spice- Precious commodity. Flavors and preserves food. Legend of El Dorado- a golden man who is the king of the city of gold. Treaties and Agreements May 4,1493 Signing of Inter Caetera -A papal bull written by Alexander VI -Divided the world into East(Portugal) and West (Spain) with an imaginary line. June 7, 1494 Signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas<City in Spain -Moved the imaginary line 370 leagues west of the original lines. -Equal territories to both countries Treaty of Zaragosa -Spain sold the Mollucas to the Portugese -Territories of Portugal will go to Spain and vice versa.

Spanish Expeditions Expedition of Magellan -First to Circumnavigate the world Boats: Concepcion, San Antonio, Victoria, Santiago and Trinidad -Documented by Antonio Pigafetta South American Route: Mutiny by the Captains –execution of Quesada Mendoza. Cartagena was left on Pantagonia 1520: Santiago was destroyed by a storm. Passed the Magellan Strait. Trinidad, Victoria and Concepcion left. 1521… March 6, reached Guam. March 16, arrived in the Leyte Gulf March 31, first mass in Limasawa- met Chief Kolambu Villalobos Expedition- led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos -Establish a settlement in the Philippines -Strengthen Spanish lands and territories in Asia -Failed: Limited resources, mutinies. Legazpi Expedition- led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi -Establish a permanent settlement in the Philippines and new trade routes from Asia from the New World. -Placed the country under Spanish rule and authority -Creation of the city of Manila -Entrance of Western Influences to the Philippines Spanish Political System Problems during colonialization -scattered settlements -insufficient number of priests -formation of a government was problematic Pueblos- towns where new converts would live in. Centralized all government institutions.

-Church -Municipal Government-executive, legislative and judicial branch

Reduccion- Settlement Policy.Transfer of inhabitants to the different pueblos to bring them closer to the church.

Soc.Science Reviewer Summarized by: Angelo Gonzalez

Gov-Gen.

Oidores/Judges

Prosecutors

Aguacil Mayor/Police

Notaries/Clerk

Insular Government -Spanish Government in the Philippines -Levels: -Insular -National -Provincial -Municipal -Appointment of councils

-The Council of Indies- Exercised judicial, legislative and executive powers

National Government -Governor-General: Highest ranking official, appointed by the king. -exercised Cumplase- approve or deny laws -Vice Royal Patron- religious authority -President of the Audencia-Highest judge or legal

authority -Captain General-Military Leader -Audencia -Created byFr. Domingo Salazar in 1584 -Served as the Judicial Branch of the Colonial Gov’t. -Investigates abuses done by the Governor Later on -Adviser of the Governor General -Court of Appeals Structure:

Provincial Government Headed by a Provincial Governor appointed by the Governor General. -Exercised Indulto de Comercio-power to trade with other

provinces. Alcaldia-Provinces that have achieved peace. -Governed by an Alcalde Mayor Corregimiento-Provinces that have not achieved peace or in disarray. -Governed by a Corregidor

Exercised judicial, legislative

General: Highest ranking official, appointed by the

approve or deny laws religious authority

Highest judge or legal

Judicial Branch of the Colonial Gov’t.

Investigates abuses done by the Governor-Gen.

appointed by the Governor

power to trade with other

achieved peace or in

Municipal Government Pueblos -headed by the Gobernadorcillo -Former Datus Barangay -headed by the Cabeza who also collected tax. Principalia- Cabinet/Council -Native Elites -Land Owners -Former Gobernadorcillos-Cabezas Political Issues Conflict of Interests i.e the Audencia investigates the GovGen. heads the Audencia

Abuse of Power Corruption Laws -Foreign to Filipinos -Written in Spanish Role of the Friars -owned haciendas -use the fear of God among the people-meddled with political agendas Early Spanish Economic System Land Ownership Recopilacion de las Indias –title of the King of Spain saying he owns all lands. Hacienda- Agricultural estates owned by the Friars given by the king. -larger than Pueblos -used as a parish and for farming and

labor Taxation Encomienda -Right of Spaniards to collect tax-collected by the Encomendero -Used for the physical(infrastructure) anof the people Tributo -Main source of income -Costs is 8 reals (later 12)-Could as be paid through products -paid by anyone age 16-60 -Uses: Salaries for Gov’t officials, Improve create infrastructures.

headed by the Cabeza who also collected tax.

Former Gobernadorcillos

i.e the Audencia investigates the Gov-Gen., but the Gov-

use the fear of God among the people

title of the King of Spain saying he

Agricultural estates owned by the Friars given by

used as a parish and for farming and

Right of Spaniards to collect tax

Used for the physical(infrastructure) and spiritual condition

Costs is 8 reals (later 12) Could as be paid through products

Uses: Salaries for Gov’t officials, Improve create

Cedula -Replaced the Encomienda System -based on a person’s income -People exempted: poor/unemployed, people with disabilities, Spaniards(often give little or none) Bandala -Forced sale of goods to the Gov’t -Provinces are given a Quota for a product -Prices were set by the gov’t -The Spaniards would often issued a promissory note instead of paying. Polo y Servicio -Rendering service or labor to the Gov’t , known as polista -Manpower needed by the gov’t -Applies to all non-Spaniards 16-60 -Payment of Falla exempts the person from Polo -1/4 real a day Monopoly (not the card or board game) Tobacco -Began in 1782 by Gov-Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas -Excess/surplus products were confiscated -Laborers were NOT allowed to use the product Basi(wine) was also monopolized in the Philippines. Trade Manila-Acapulco Trade -Trade between Philippines and Mexico -Established 1565 -used Galleons (Spanish ships) -One of the most important trade routes in the age of exploration. -Trade in Asia goes to the Philippines to be brought to Mexico -Gave the Philippines a source of income but used by the Spaniards -Boleta – a ticket or receipt that says you have reserved a compartment in the Galleon. Loans Obras Pias -the ONLY party allowed to loan money to others. -based inside the Church -Money came from the rich to be used for charity but instead went into this. -Profits would be used for parish works and/or more loans.

Early Revolts Causes -Loss of Political Power -Exclusion of Filipinos in Spanish Society -Abuses towards the Filipino -Land Grabbing -Betrayel -Excessive taxes Loss of the Datus and Rajah’s Political Power >1574-Rajahs Lakandula,Soliman and Sulayman opposed the confiscation of their lands and the encomienda tax. >Revolts of the Rajahs (1587-1588) -The Rajahs of Manila: Datu Navotas, Datu Tondo, Pandacan, Candaba and Polo. -aimed to restore power Return to the Old Religion-Babaylans denounced Christianity and wanted to return their power. >Tamblot Uprising(1621) -Called people to leave the pueblos and go back to the mountains -believed the Diwatas and spirits would help them >Revolt of Datu Bangkaw and Babaylan Pagali -Denounced Christianity and built a temple for their Diwatas -Beheaded by the Spaniards as an example. >Revolt of Canquenga (1607) -Canquenga encouraged the people of Cagayan to return to the old religion -Successfully led his people against the Spaniards and retreated to the mountains. Rejection of Filipinos Priesthood- rejected Filipinos as part of the church. -To remain superior to them. >Revolt of Apolinario Dela Cruz “Hermano Pule” -Rejected by the Spanish religious orders -Est. Cofradia de San Jose in 1832

• Excluded Spanish membership • Brotherhood of Filipinos who wanted to become

priests. • Headquarters were in Mt.Banahaw • Support and popularity threatened the position of

the friars. • Hermano Pule and his followers were Executed

Economic Policies Tributo -Rejected by Filipinos -unreasonable sanctions against their non-payment -unreasonable taxation policies -Excessive collection and corruption of the Encomendero -Famous Revolts >Diego and Gabriela Silang >Juan Dela Cruz Palaris Polo Y Servicio -Sumuroy Rebellilon 1649 >uprising against Gov-Gen. Diego Fajardo who ordered them to build Galleon ships. -Maniago & Malong Rebellion 1660 >led by Andres Malong & Francisco Maniago against the force labor of 1000 kapampangans >Gov-Gen. Diego Fajardo ordered the cutting of timber. Monopolies -Wine and tobacco were seen as a source of income and a precious commodities of the Filipinos and Spaniards -Filipinos were restricted by the Spaniards from using them. -Revolt of Lagutao 1785 >against the Tobacco monopoly -Antonio Dela Cruz “Guasing” 1788 >Against the abuses of the traders and merchants in the monopoly trade. -Pedro Mateo and Ambaristo’s Revolt 1807 >Opposed the Basi(wine) monopoly > took over provinces under the basi monopoly: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. >Spaniards hung them and imprisoned or deported the rest. Failure of the Revolts -Divide and Conquer-tactics used by the Spaniards -Negotiation - role of the Friars -Betrayal -unorganized/didn’t work together Nationalism,Propaganda Movement Nation-a community of people composed of one or more nationalities and possesses a more or less defined territory and government

Nationalism-loyalty/devotion to a nation praising it above other nations, with the desire for national advancement and independence. Patriotism- Love and/or devotion to a country. Globalism- The interest of the entire world above those of individual nations. Global Relief Reform Cavite Mutiny 1872 -Gov-Gen. Raphael Izquierdo who forced Filipinos to polo and excessive tax.

-> The Spaniards blamed GomBurZa as the leaders of the Mutiny in order to put the blame on Filipinos. They were charged with Subversion and executed by garote. Among those who attended the execution was Jose Rizal.

Ilustrados -Filipinos who studied and travelled to Europe -middle class -received good education -led the Filipinos to the call of reform Writers -Graciano Lopez Jaena – wrote “Fray Botod” and “La Hija Del Fraile” -Marcelo H.Del Pilar-wrote “Diariong Tagalog” and “Dasalan at Tocsohan” -Jose Rizal- Noli Me Tangere(Touch me not) and El filibusterismo(the Filibuster) Painters -Juan Luna- Internationally recognized painter who painted the “Spoliarium” and “El Pacto Sangre”(Blood Compact) -Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo-Painted “La Barca de Aqueronte”(the boat of Charon) and “ Laguna Estigia”(the river styx) *Painters and Writers revealed the 1.Abuse and corruption of the Spanish gov’t and friars 2.ideas of reform in the Philippines.

La Liga Filipina -org. of Ilustrados -est.July 3, 1892 -peaceful organization -aims : - Unite the whole country -Support Education -protect and assist all members -Study and implement reform-Fight violence and injustice La Solidaridad -official publication of the La Liga Filipina -First printed Nov 15,1895 -Founded by Rizal, Ponce, Jaena and Del Pilar -used pen names to hide their identities: Rizal:Laong laan Del Pilar: Plaridel Ponce: Naning,Kalipulo,Tigbalang Luna:Taga ilog Goals of the Propaganda Movement 1. Philippines as a province of Spain 2. Equal Status for both Filipinos and Spaniards3. Philippine representative in the Spanish Cortes4. Secularization of Philippine Parishes 5. Human Rights Outcome

1. Demands rejected by Spain 2. Ignored by the Friars 3. Failed to implement reform 4. No strong leader after the execution of Rizal5. Became a catalyst or jumping point for the Philippine

revolution The Katipunan Kataas taasan,Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan Founded July 7,1892 as an effect of the propaganda and reform movement by Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, Teodoro Plata and Valentin Diaz Goals: Political

1. Independance Civic

1. Defend the poor/oppressed 2. Help other Filipinos and members

Moral 1. Teach the people right conduct 2. Remove colonial mentality 3. Fatalism

Katipon

Kawal

Bayani

Support Education Study and implement reform

Ponce: Naning,Kalipulo,Tigbalang Luna:Taga ilog

2. Equal Status for both Filipinos and Spaniards representative in the Spanish Cortes

No strong leader after the execution of Rizal int for the Philippine

galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak

Founded July 7,1892 as an effect of the propaganda and reform movement by Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa,

Valentin Diaz

Structure of the KKK

Kataasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)-Highest governing body -included the President, secretary and treasurer. Sangguniang Bayan -Provincial Council -Administers the barangay Sangguniang Barangay -Represents the various barangays aand pueblos Membership of the KKK

-Used a Hierarchy with highest ranking position.

-based on the secret org. of Free Masons which Andres Bonifacio is a

member of. Free Masons criticized the church and advocated free thinking

-Each Rank had its own password to protect its members:

Katipon=Anak ng Bayan Kawal=GomBurza Bayani=Rizal

Kartilla -Teachings of the KKK written by Emilio Jacinto-Those who followed it will receive a symbolic name-It is like a rule book or guide for Katipuneros-Provinces that accepted it: Cavite(Magdalo) Noveleta(Magdiwang) Maragondon(magtagumpay) Kalayaan -Official publication of the KKK -First printed January 18,1896 -Known articles: Catuiran by Pio ValenzuelaManifesto by Emilio Jacinto Pag-ibig sa tinubang lupa by A.Bonifacio-Similar to La Solidaridad they used pen names

Kataasang Sanggunian

Sangguniang Bayan

Sangguniang Barangay

Kataasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)

included the President, secretary and treasurer.

Administers the barangay

Represents the various barangays aand pueblos

Used a Hierarchy with Bayani as the highest ranking position.

based on the secret org. of Free Masons which Andres Bonifacio is a

member of. Free Masons criticized the church and advocated free thinking

h Rank had its own password to protect its

Katipon=Anak ng Bayan Kawal=GomBurza Bayani=Rizal

Teachings of the KKK written by Emilio Jacinto Those who followed it will receive a symbolic name

k or guide for Katipuneros Provinces that accepted it: Cavite(Magdalo)

Noveleta(Magdiwang) Maragondon(magtagumpay)

Known articles: Catuiran by Pio Valenzuela

ibig sa tinubang lupa by A.Bonifacio Similar to La Solidaridad they used pen names

Kataasang Sanggunian

Sangguniang

Sangguniang

Important Figures A. Andres Bonifacio- Pres. of the KKK, known as the

Indios bravo and the father of the Katipunan B. Emilio Aguinaldo- Head of the Magdalo Faction C. Gregorio Del Pilar-the young general and hero of the

Tirad Pass D. Emilio Jacinto-brains of the KKK and writer of the

Kartilla E. Melchora Aquino – “Tandang Sora” mother of the

Katipunan F. Josefa Rizal- Pres. of the women’s branch of the

Katipunan G. Gregorio De Jesus-as vice president

Reasons of Revolts 1. End the 333 years of Spanish rule 2. Unite the Filipino 3. Start a new and independent gov’t 4. Reform and build the Philippine nation

The Start of the Philippine Revolution Teodoro Patino betrayed the Katipunan on Aug 19,1896 when he confessed and led Fr.Mariano Gil to the place where the KKK published their news paper. Bonifacio encouraged the Katipunan that it was time to start the revolution in his meeting at Kangkong. He later moved the meeting to Pasong Tamo to escape the Spanish spies and to plan the revolution. Cry of Pugadlawin -The tearing of the Cedula was the time when the Filipinos rejected the Spanish authority and started the revolution. -Considered to be the first skirmish between the Katipuneros and Guardia Civil. Bonifacio ordered the KKK to attack Manila on August 29, but due to miscommunications and other factors they didn’t push through with it but attacked Bulacan on August 30. The fighting spread to neighboring provinces. Early Failures -Bonifacio asked the ilustrados to join the revolution but most of them refused. - It went against their beliefs. -Spaniards arrested and tortured suspected Katipuneros. -The execution of the 13 martyrs of Cavite.

The Revolt of the 8 Provinces -Revolt of Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Batangas and Laguna. -The 8 rays of the sun in the Philippine flag symbolize these provinces.

Early Revolts -Early fights were focused mostly in Cavite -The uprising was led by the factions of the KKK

1. Magdalo faction led by E.Aguinaldo 2. Magdiwang faction led by A.Bonifacio

-Effects: 1. Crippled the Guardia Civil 2. Katipunan were able to gather more arms 3. Encouraged more people to join the Revolution 4. Liberated most of the provinces Spanish rule

Tejeros Convention March 22,1897 Cavite -an effect of the Split of the Katipunan(magdalo and magdiwang faction) which crippled the command structure conceived by Bonifacio. -aimed to resolve any disputes and fighting between the 2 factions; Andres Bonifacio was the mediator in the conflict -it became the first election. Aguinaldo won the election. -Results:

1. Abolition of the Katipunan 2. Removal of A.Bonifacio as Supremo of the Katipunan 3. Est. a revolutionary government

a. E.Aguinaldo as the president b. A.Bonifacio as director of the interior

-During the convention, Bonfacio was insulted by many including Aguinaldo when it was suggested that he should be the Vice President.Many people objected saying that Bonifacio lacked the education needed to attain that position. Emilio Aguinaldo President Mariano Trias Vice president Artemio Ricarte Captain-General Emiliano Riego de Dios Director of War Andres Bonifacio Director of the Interior

Governor Generals during the Revolution

1. Ramon Blanco a. Started the hostilities against the Katipunan b. Created the Battalion de Leales Voluntarios de

Manila to stop the early uprisings. c. Sought to est. peace and amnesty with the KKK

i. Considered as weak by the Spaniards

2. Camilo Polavieja a. Succeeded Blanco after he resigned due to the

Cavite revolt b. Executed many Filipinos who were suspected to

be Katipuneros c. His reign has been described as cruel and brutal d.

3. Primo De Rivera a. Replaced Polavieja in August 1897 b. Naic military agreement between him and

Bonifacio(more on this after) c. Offered amnesty and independence (pact of Biak

na Bato) d. Successfully subdued the province of Cavite;

crippling the KKK and the Revolutionary government’s base of operations.

Naic Military Agreement -Bonifacio(pissed off after the Tejeros convention) would be given an independent government by the Spanish colonial gov’t. -Hostilities between Spain and Bonifacio’s men shall cease. -Aguinaldo saw this as a threat against the already established Revolutionary Gov’t. -effects:

a. Arrest of Bonifacio and his brothers b. Continuous fighting between the Filipinos and Spain

Trial of Andres Bonifacio

1. Charges a. Sedition and Treason b. Removal of the Revolutionary Government

through rebellion. c. Planned to establish his own Government d. Conspired to assassinate Aguinaldo

2. Verdict a. Execution (later changed to exile)

i. Aguinaldo was afraid because many Filipinos supported Bonifacio.

ii. Aguinaldo thought that if he had Bonifacio executed it will start a revolt.

3. Outcome a. Aguinaldo was then persuaded to change the

Verdict back to execution. b. Aguinaldo ordered the execution of the

Bonifacio brothers c. They were brought to Mt. Maragondon on

May 10, 1987 and executed there.

Biak-na-Bato Republic -Revolutionary -> Democratic-Revolutionary Gov’t -Establishment of the Armed Forces -Biak-na-Bato Constitution

1. Written by Felix Ferrer & Isabelo Artacho 2. Signed and ratified Nov 1,1897 3. Granted freedom of…

a. Religion b. Education c. The press or “free speech” d. Profession

Pact of Biak-na-Bato December 14,1897 -Formal declaration between the new government and the Spanish Colonial gov’t -Accepted Rivera’s amnesty -Provisions

1. Exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong 2. Payment of P800 000 to the Philippines as indemnity

a. 400 000 upon Aguinaldo’s Departure b. 200 000 upon the surrender of 800 firearms c. 200 000 upon the surrender of 1000 firearms

3. Payment of P900 000 to families affected by the war. After that… We the Americans arrived. Apparently Spain “sold” us to them or something like that, were not yet there. OK GOOD LUCK WITH THE EXAMS! HOPE THIS HELPS!!! Tell me if there are an errors.