SOCH111 History of Healing · · 2016-11-02SOCH111 –History of Healing Session 25 Psychology,...

SOCH111 – History of Healing

www.endeavour.edu.au

Session 25

Psychology, the Mind and

Emotions

Department of Social

Sciences

© Endeavour College of Natural Health www.endeavour.edu.au 2

Session Aims

o To describe the history of psychology

o To contextualise the healing

relationship

o To develop an understanding of Mind

Body

o To define mindfulness

o To understand the relationship between

spirituality and healing


Historical Ideas of the Mind

Plato (427 – 347 BCE)

o Wrote about human nature,

the mind and the soul

o Two inter-related worlds of

being and becoming

o The unknown can be

accessed through the mind

(reason)

o Archetypal forms

o The soul has significance

beyond the body By English: Copy of Silanion - Marie-Lan

Nguyen (User:Jastrow) 2009, CC BY 2.5,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.p

hp?curid=7831217

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7831217


Renè Descartes (1596 – 1650)

o Insisted on logic to find truth

o Emphasised subjectivity – one’s

own thoughts and experiences are

primary

o Consciousness is central to being

• “I think, therefore I am.”

o Believed that unconscious mental

states do not exist

o Mind and the body are separate

substances


By After Frans Hals (1582/1583–

1666) - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/

w/index.php?curid=2774313



Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

o Categories that form the basic

structure of the mind are universal

o The self is the transcendental ego

o Every aspect of the experienced

world has its place in a larger

purpose

o The world is not limited to

knowledge

o Reality exists beyond what we can

sense

• Unconscious mental states


By Anonymous -

/History/Carnegie/kant/portrait.

html, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org

/w/index.php?curid=897016



Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

“Founder of psychoanalysis”

o Austrian neurologist

o Developed theory that humans

have an unconscious

• Unconscious desires and

experiences

o Published theories of the mind

(Ego, Id and Superego)

o Acceptance of the existence of

unconscious mental states and

processes


By Max Halberstadt - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ind

ex.php?curid=5234443



Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)

o Swiss psychiatrist/psychotherapist

o Founded “Analytic Psychology”

o Development through confrontation

with unconscious

o Primary goal - achieve individuation

o Collective unconscious

o Deepest layer of the unconscious

expressed in dreams

o Archetypes - persona, animus,

anima, shadow


By unknown, upload by Adrian Michael -

Ortsmuseum Zollikon, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=35027304



Consciousness

o One’s ability to know

and perceive

o More than awareness

of our mental state

o Dynamic integration of

information

o Most commonly

described in subjective

terms

• “what it is like”By Robert Fludd - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/i

ndex.php?curid=699073



Philosophy of Mind

Dualism

o Conscious mind is

non-physical

o Can conceive of

our conscious state

without the body

o Link to belief in

immortality

o Free will

Materialism (physicalism)

o The mind is the brain

o Consciousness is

caused by neural

activity

o Mind and matter


Revision Questions

o Name three historical philosophers who theorised

on the nature of the mind.

o Compare the historical ideas of mind to the history

of European medical thought covered earlier in the

semester.

Other food for thought:o Which perspective do you align with on the

philosophy of mind: dualism or materialism?


History of Psychology

Psyche – “soul”; logos – “the study of”

1879 Germany – A “new” independent science

emerged from philosophy and physiology

o Wilhelm Wundt – established first formal research

centre in psychology

o Wundt believed:

• Psychology was a study of consciousness

• The mind should be investigated with scientific

methods (like the sciences of chemistry or physics)


Wilhelm Wundt

“Physiology informs us

about those life

phenomena that we

perceive by our external

senses. In psychology, the

person looks upon himself

as from within and tries to

explain the inter-relations

of those processes that

this internal observation

discloses.” (Weiten, 2011)

By Unknown - Weltrundschau zu Reclams

Universum 1902, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.ph

p?curid=10652603



Structuralism – 1890s Edward Titchener

o The task of psychology is to

analyse consciousness into its

basic elements and investigate

how they are related

o Identify fundamental components

of conscious experience

o Introspection – careful self-

observation of one’s own

conscious experience to build

understanding of the mind’s

structure By anonymous/unknown –

Public Domain,





Functionalism – 1890sWilliam James (1842 – 1910)

o Psychology should investigate the

function or purpose of

consciousness, rather than its

structure

o Believed that consciousness was

an important characteristic for

humans

o Consciousness is a flow of thought

– stream of consciousness

o Functionalists interested in how

people adapt behaviour By Notman Studios - Houghton Library,

Harvard University, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=16250941



Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)

o Early 1900s – development of psychoanalytic theory

o Theory of unconscious determinants of behaviour to

explain personality, motivation and mental disorders

o Unconscious contains thoughts, memories, desires

that are below the surface of conscious awareness

but which exert great influence over behaviour

o Primitive urges

o Widely known by 1920


Behaviourism

John B Watson (1878-1958)

o Early 1900s – development of

behaviourism

o Theory based on premise that

scientific psychology should only

study observable behaviour

o Proposed that psychology abandon

consciousness and focus only on

behaviours than can be observed

o Behaviour: any observable

response or activity by an organism

o Nature vs nurture – behaviour is

governed by environment

By Unknown (pre-1923 photo) Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?

curid=21212553



HumanismCarl Rogers (1902 – 1987) and

Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970)

o 1950s – opposition to behaviourism

and psychoanalytic theory lead to

the development of humanism

o Theoretical orientation that

emphasises the unique qualities of

humans (esp. freedom, potential for

growth)

o Optimistic view of human nature

o Humans are fundamentally different

from other animals

Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8639050

Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34062949

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8639050

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34062949


Cognitive Psychology

o 1950s & 1960s – renewed interest in

consciousness and physiology

o Cognitive psychology – study of mental

processes to understand behaviour

o Advanced understanding of cognitive

development, memory, language and problem

solving

o Piaget, Miller, Chomsky


Evolutionary Psychology

o Knowledge and principles from evolutionary

biology are applied in research on the structure

of the human mind

o Behavioural patterns seen in a species are

considered products of evolution

o Examines behavioural processes in terms of

their adaptive value to different environmental

circumstances over generations


Positive Psychology

o Uses theory and research

to better understand the

positive, adaptive, creative

and fulfilling aspects of

human existence

o Martin Seligman (~1997)

o 3 primary areas of interest:

• Positive subjective

emotions

• Positive individual traits

• Positive institutions and

communities

By Tesseract2 - CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/i

ndex.php?curid=12360046



Integral Psychology

Ken Wilber - 1990s

o Cross-cultural Consciousness

theory identifies five main

components of psychology

• Developmental levels of

consciousness

• Developmental lines of

consciousness

• States of consciousness

• The self

• The Four Quadrants

(culture/worldview,

neurophysiology, cognitive

science, social systems)

By Kanzeon Zen Center - [1],

CC BY 2.0,





Wilber’s Four Quadrants

http://www.integr

alhealthresource

s.com/integral-

health-2/the-

four-quadrants/

http://www.integralhealthresources.com/integral-health-2/the-four-quadrants/


Perspective and

Period

Principal

Contributors

Subject Matter Basic Premise

Behavioural (1913

– present)

John Watson

Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner

Effects of

environment on

the overt

behaviour of

humans and

animals

Only observable

events (stimulus-

response) can be

studied

scientifically.

Psychoanalytic

(1900 – present)

Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Alfred Adler

Unconscious

determinants of

behaviour

Unconscious

motives and

experiences in

early childhood

govern personality

and mental

disorders.

Overview of Western Theoretical Perspectives


Perspective and

Period

Principal

Contributors


Humanistic

(1950s – present)

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

Unique aspects of

human

experience

Humans are free,

rational beings

with the potential

for personal

growth. They are

fundamentally

different from

animals.

Cognitive (1950s

– present)

Jean Piaget

Noam Chomsky

Herbert Simon

Thoughts: mental

processes

Human behaviour

can only be fully

understood by

examining how

people acquire,

store and process

information.




Perspective and

Period

Principal

Contributors


Evolutionary

(1980s – present)

David Buss

Martin Daly

Margo Wilson

Leda Cosmides

John Tooby

Evolutionary

bases of

behaviour in

humans and

animals

Behaviour

patterns evolved

to solve adaptive

problems.

Positive

Psychology (1997

– present)

Martin Seligman

Mihaly

Csikzentmihalyi

Chirstopher

Peterson

Barbara

Fredrickson

Building positive

qualities

Psychology has

been excessively

focused on

pathology,

weakness and

damage.

(Weiten, 2011)


Revision Questions

o Compare the different major approaches to

psychology from the 1950’s to present. How are

they similar/different?

o Which of the approaches to psychology is most

compelling to you, and why?

Other food for thought:o What do you think psychology contributes to the

healing of illness, whether it be physical, mental or

emotional?


The Healing Relationship

“The rise and fall of different healing systems…is

contingent in large part on the changing nature of

the medical encounter. To understand the patterns

of this relationship, one must look beyond

physician’s organisations and motives which affect

but do not encompass the fluid historical

connection between healer and patient.”

~ Rosemary Taylor, 1984, in Di Stefano ~


The Doctor and Patient

o Doctors of the Hippocratic era turned away from

superstition towards rational medicine

o Scientific method may have distanced physicians

from human interaction and an understanding of the

nature of being

o Possible doctor-patient relationships

• Activity – passivity (patient acted upon by doctor)

• Guidance cooperation (physician leads patient

through diagnosis and treatment)

• Mutual participation (equality relationship)


Healing Partnerships

o Relational model of

care - mutuality

o Presumes partnership

and equality

o Recognises common

humanity between

practitioner and client

o The relationship is a

journey towards a goal

o Allows for a return to

the art of healing

By Jty33 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ind

ex.php?curid=25405611



History: Connecting Mind and Body

o Present in ancient civilisations

o 4,000+ years ago: Chinese

linked illness with emotions

o Hippocrates: healing requires

whole knowledge

o 600 CE India: Astangahradaya

Sustrasthana texts

o 1900s Freud: connection

between mental illness and

physical bodily effects By Unknown - Nepal, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde

x.php?curid=6447661



Descartes and Darwin

o Descartes: Body = matter; mind

= spirit

o Darwin: nervous system and

immune system were one

Koch and Virchow

o Koch: germs cause disease

o Virchow: germs play a role, but

other factors are involved

Cannon and Selye

o Cannon: showed that glands in

the body respond to stress

o Selye: fight – or – flight

History: Connecting Mind and Body

Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/

w/index.php?curid=1918592



Linking the Brain and the

Immune System

o 1964: Psychoneuroimmunology referred to as

a new science (Solomon and Moos)

o 1977: researchers showed that the immune

system released a chemical that caused a

change in the firing of hypothalamic neurons

o 1980s: immunologists began research into

links between brain, nervous system and

immune system


Mind Body Connection

o Psychoneuroimmunology

(PNI): the link between

the mind, brain, nervous

system, immune system,

endocrine system

o Many illnesses are

influenced by how we

think and feel

o Integral relationship

between the body, mind

and our psychological

experience

By Institute for preventive medicine (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia

Commons


Mind Body Techniques

Technique Technique

Biofeedback Hypnosis

Yoga Guided Imagery

Meditation Breath work

Music Therapy Mindfulness

Tai chi Qigong


Mindfulness

o A form of self-awareness

training

o A state of being attentive in the

present, accepting things for

what they are (non-judgment)

o Developed for use in treatment

of depression (regulation and

relapse)

o Mindfulness-based stress

reduction

o Uses practices such as yoga,

meditation and breathing

By ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/สง่ข้อมลูเก็บในคลงัข้อมลูเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย - Captured by uploader.,

CC BY 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php

?curid=11750153



Mindfulness

o Be fully present, here and now

o Stop busy thoughts and drop into the present

o Be aware of the body

o Be aware of what you are thinking and feeling

o Reduces periods of stress

o Helps with acceptance and letting go

o Promotes health


Mindfulness Exercise


The Role of Religion and

Spirituality in Healing

o All early civilisations dealt with

physical illness in spiritual or

religious terms (Mesopotamian,

Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek,

Roman), as did tribal cultures

o Spiritual healing methods

included: incantations, prayer,

religious pilgrimages

o Spiritual factors have a

substantial impact on health and

immunity

By Jigesh - Own work, FAL,




Spirituality

o “A broad concept that

encompasses values,

meaning, and purpose” (Dossey, 1989)

o The development of and

capacity for self-transcendence

o A person’s search for,

expression of, and connection

to a greater meaningful context

o Distinguished from all things by

its connection to the sacred

By Aljaz Zajc - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.p

hp?curid=2736489



Spirituality and Health

o Health is more than physical, mental and

emotional

o Integration of mind, body, emotion and spirit in

health

o Opens the door to understanding the

connection between the mind and the body

o Enhances positive health behaviours

o Buffers stress

o Promotes health care practices


Health Indicators – Spirituality

Increased

o Well-being (Happiness,

Hope, Optimism,

Gratefulness, Coping,

Self-esteem)

o Meaning/purpose

o Sense of control

o Immune function

o Health behaviours

o Longevity

Decreased

o Suicidality

o Cholesterol

o Heart disease

o Hypertension

o Depression

o Anxiety

o Stroke


The Next Step

o Integrated approach to

healing

o Further understanding

of spirit and the human

lived psychological

experience

o Advances in further

areas of psychology as

a discipline

o Understanding the role

of the mind in healing

By Joffers951 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.ph

p?curid=37731068



Revision Questions

o Why would germ theory have caused medicine to

separate ideas of body and mind?

o List five health indicators that can be improved by

engaging in a spiritual tradition or practice.

Other food for thought:o Have you ever had an encounter with a healthcare

practitioner that took into account your personal

spiritual or religious beliefs? What was that like?


Referenceso BBC 2014, Sigmund Freud, viewed 24 June 2016,

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/freud_sigmund.shtml>.

o BlackDogInstitute (nd), Mindfulness in everyday life, viewed 24 June 2016, <www.Blackdoginstitute.org.au>.

o Corey, G 2013, Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy, Cengage, Belmont, CA.

o Campbell, J (Ed.) 1971, The portable Jung, Penguin, New York.

o DiStefano, V 2006, Holism and complementary medicine: origins and principles, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.

o Dossey, L in O’Brien, M 2008, Spirituality in nursing, standing on holy ground, Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, MA.

o Gennaro, RJ 2015, ‘Consciousness’ Internet encyclopedia of philosophy, viewed 24 June 2016,

<http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou/>.

o Hardy, S 2015, ‘Mindfulness: enhancing physical and mental wellbeing’, Practice nursing, Vol. 5, No. 9.

o Karren, K, Smith, N, Hafen, B, & Jenkins, K 2010, Mind/body health, the effect of attitudes, emotions and

relationships, Pearson, San Francisco.

o Koenig, HG 2012, ‘Religion, spirituality and health: the research and clinical implications’, ISRN Psychiatry. Doi:

10.5402/2012/278730.

o Levin, J 2005, ‘Etiology recapitulates ontology: reflections on restoring the spiritual dimension to models of the

determinants of health’, In Consciousness and healing. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO.

o Solomon & Higgins 1997, A passion for wisdom: a very brief history of philosophy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

o Stevens Barnum, B 2003, Spirituality in nursing, Springer, New York.

o Tarnas, R 1991, The passion of the western mind: understanding the ideas that have shaped our world view,

Random House, New York.

o Weiten, W 2011, Psychology themes and variations, 8th edn, Cengage, Belmont, CA.

o Wilber, K 2006, A summary of my psychological model (or, outline of an integral psychology), viewed 24 June 2016

<http://www.kenwilber.com/Writings/PDF/SummaryofMyPsychologicalModel_GENERAL_2000_NN.pdf>.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/freud_sigmund.shtml

http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/

http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou/

http://www.kenwilber.com/Writings/PDF/SummaryofMyPsychologicalModel_GENERAL_2000_NN.pdf

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SOCH111 History of Healing · · 2016-11-02SOCH111 –History of Healing Session 25 Psychology,...

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