SOCIAL “a positive value”,

namely an attitude or structure which cares for neighbors, either in the sense of doing good to the poor or in the sense of a just social structure

ANALYSIS the examination of

something in detail in order to understand it better or draw conclusions from it

Systematic way of understanding current realities and situations by analyzing data from all perspectives

Putting things together (by relating one issue to another) and looking at it from all possible perspectives

IN THE NARROW SENSE:

an attempt to analyze a situation or a social problem objectively

IN THE BROADER SENSE:

an attempt to change the situation or solve the analyzed problem

Personal:

family problem/s

no venue for participation

Low grades

Depression =

=

low self- confidence +

relationship problem

+

▪Society:

Child labor

= financial problem + cultural acceptance

+ poor government services +

poor law implementation + business sector

▪Society:

Prostitution

= rape victim

low perception of self- worth

+

+ high demand

+financial problem

women as object + poor justice system

For the effective involvement of social actors in social change, they should know the direction of their transforming actions

Appreciate what is being done Correct wrongdoings/ actions Further build on the strong points

Tools of Analysis

o help in understanding and allowing us to read, in a scientific approach, the concrete social realityo will illumine the factors contributing to poverty and, hence, guide development professionals where to initiate programs and focus initially their actionso help to identify how and where to start social actions

o interpreting the factso giving meaning to realityo understanding the interrelationships

using just one tool is inadequate and can

be myopic

Historical Analysis

Structural Analysis

Class AnalysisGender AnalysisEnvironmental Analysis

Tool of Analysis

Pre-Colonial

Pre-Colonial

The Spanish Period

The Spanish Period

Reform and Revolution

Reform and Revolution

The American

Period

The American

Period

The War

Years

The War

Years

The Third

Republic

The Third

Republic

20th 21st Century

Philippines

20th 21st Century

Philippines

Early Customs and PracticesSocial Classes o nobles – chiefs and their families, with influence

in the barangay and enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society

o freemen or mahadlika – free men and likewise of dependents who had earned their freedom

o dependents or alipin – acquired his/her low status in society by inheritance, by captivity in war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced

The Position of Women – customary laws gave them the right to be the equal of men, for they could own and inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male heir; they had exclusive rights to give names to their children

Government – barangay ruled by a chieftain

Laws – customary or writtenTrial by Ordeal – resorted to in order

to show that God in His infinite wisdom always took the side of the innocent

Religious Beliefs – believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death

Educational Transformation boy’s and girl’s schools and colleges subjects taught were in the 3 Rs,

Christian doctrine, morality and history (taught by the parish priest), general geography and Spanish history, agriculture, rules of courtesy, vocal music and Spanish language

pupils were forbidden to speak their own dialects

Economic Institutions – taxation, polo y servicio, galleon trade, infrastructure, telecommunications, and public utilities development

Social Transformation – adoption of Hispanic names, fiestas honoring the saints

The Campaign for Reforms – execution of the 3 Filipino priests was a turning point in Philippine history The sons of the wealthy and the well-to-do

Filipino families migrated to Europe to breathe the free atmosphere of the Old World and initiated a sustained campaign for reforms in the administration of the Philippines

In the homeland, the Filipino intellectuals secretly collaborated with those in Spain and founded nationalistic societies

Bonifacio and the Katipunan – founded on a radical platform, namely, to secure the independence and freedom of the Philippines by force of arms

The Malolos Republic – Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government and a month later the Revolutionary Government

Treaty of Paris – gave the Philippines to the US

Progress in Education American’s greatest contribution to the

Philippine civilization is the system of public education

Compelled the Filipinos to learn the English language

Public Health and Welfare Americans set to minimize the spread of

diseases and to improve, on the other hand, the health of the people

Trade, Commerce, and Industry Free trade relations

Transportation and Communication Cars, trucks, and railway cars; railroad

lines to the north and south of Luzon; interisland shipping; telephone and telegraph lines, and radio

Political Consciousness Founding of political parties, elections

Language and Literature One of the most lasting American

influences in the Philippines is the development of a Filipino literature in English and the adoption of American words and phrases in the Philippine languages, particularly in Tagalog

Negative Results American goods and services were at

first considered luxuries but after 45 years of occupation, they became necessities – this conditioning of the Filipino mind to the American standard of living has made them economically dependent on the US – this resulted to the neglect and consequent death of Filipino industries

Negative Results While the Spaniards almost killed the Filipinos by

maltreatment, the Americans, on the other hand, almost smothered the Filipinos with “kindness”

The Spaniards softened the Filipinos by inflicting physical and spiritual injuries on them; the Americans softened the Filipinos by pampering their stomach

The first became a negative factor in the development of Filipino nationalism; the second became a positive factor in the de-Filipinization of the Filipinos

Negative Results partial loss of their racial heritage the ties that bind the family have been

loosened the love of their language and culture has

been replaced by the adoration of the American language and culture

the traditional communal unity has to a certain extent been superimposed upon by the “let-well-enough-alone” philosophy

Negative Results Success is measured in terms of material

possession as purveyed by American movies He/she is successful who earns a “fast buck”;

he/she is successful who has made millions out of nothing; he/she is successful if, in spite of his illiteracy, he/she wins a congressional or municipal seat

The people as a rule have lost their sense of values Values to them are those that can be turned into

hard cash; if they are not or can’t, they are valueless

Negative Results Filipinos excel as imitators but their

imitation is usually limited to the seamy aspect of American life

Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption – all these have been brought to the Philippines through Hollywood

Japanese Occupation Civil liberties were suppressed by the

enemy The economy was geared to the demands

of the Japanese war efforts Education was revamped to re-orient

Filipino thinking along Japanese lines Political life was limited to the Japanese-

sponsored Republic Thousands upon thousands were

executed and imprisoned

Post-War Problems and the Republic The basic problem that confronted the

Commonwealth and later, the Republic, was economic – buildings, school houses, roads, bridges, livestock, sugar mills, agriculture, and banking institutions had to be rehabilitated or reconstructed

The US gave material and financial aid to the Philippines on condition that the Philippine Constitution should be amended in order to give the Americans parity rights in the exploitation of the country’s natural resources

Under Martial Law The increasing difficulties besetting the

country and the failure of the successive administration to cope with the continuing crises, especially in the socio-economic field, led to massive discontent that found eloquent expressions in student demonstrations – student power, “parliament of the streets”

The EDSA Revolution Ninoy Aquino, Jr was assassinated Demonstrations escalated Marcos called a snap election to legitimize his

presidency and was proclaimed elected together with his running mate Arturo Tolentino

The opposition LABAN candidates, Cory Aquino and running mate Salvador Laurel contested the results of the election, claiming that massive fraud and terrorism were committed by the Marcos machinery

The EDSA Revolution With the support of the influential Jaime

Cardinal Sin and strong American pressure, especially coming from Congress and the State Department, Marcos was persuaded to yield power, thus avoiding what might have been a bloody confrontation between Marcos’ military supporters and “people power”

Aquino Administration

Ramos Administration

Estrada Administration

Arroyo Administration

Tool of Analysis

Study of interrelationships and of the functions of a system

Society - a systematic whole or a set of interrelated systems

4 Structures that Make Up a Social System

EconomicSocial

PoliticalCultural

the strictly material organization or the sustaining-dynamics of society

have to do with the ways a society organizes itself for material survival Production, distribution, consumption of

goods/ services

Economic Structure

3 Main Elements of Economic Structure

the means of production as basic factor – land, capital and how they are owned

the organization of labor – may be based on collective labor, hired labor, or on individual work; technology used in the work

the distribution of the social product – the way the produce of the group is being distributed among the whole population

which kind of social groupings are existing in the society under analysis (clanic, castes, feudal, etc.)

the social position of the group is linked with their position in the economic structure: ownership or non-ownership of the means of production, place in the labor organization, and access to the social product

Social Structure

the organization of the collective life governing dynamics of societyhave to do with the ways a society

organizes itself for decision- making

Political Structure

the symbolic representation the meaning-giving dynamics of society have to do with values, dreams, and

the ideology of a society identifies which are the dominant

mediating institutions that remold, influence, control or empower a people education, mass media, family, tradition,

health, religion, sports

Cultural Structure

3 Elements of Cultural Structure

State – politics, environment, population

Mediating Institutions – media, church, school, family, associations

Person – the individual who feels, dialogues, thinks, decides a stance, and acts based on this conviction

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using the structural analysis. Use the 4 structures in analyzing the issue.

Your historical analysis may aid you in analyzing the issue using structural analysis

Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Tool of Analysis

science that determines the relation and the laws governing politics and economy

analyzing current social stratification and the relationships/ dynamics of each strata with one another

Philippine Political-Economic Structure

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists (FMC)

Big Business Bureaucrats

Landlord Workers Peasants

foreign multi-national corporations that exercise domain in economic playing field, and thus greatly influence politics

can impose its own will upon the nation (e.g. World Bank)

government and policy-makers become eventually puppets of these FMC masters

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists (FMC)

serves as conduits of foreign technology and, of course, own local capital

in the field of trading, exclusive franchise and dealership, and marketing, are also considered local capitalists

have so much influence on government and on the people

supports different candidates especially during Presidential elections, with the usual expectation that, whosoever they supported, will shower benefits on their business

Big Business

Big BusinessExamples: the people from these business

organizations become, then, members of the cabinet or political appointees in the higher echelons of government (e.g. cronies of Marcos)

Concepcion Group of Industries (RFM group) has expanded significantly during the time of President Aquino when Joe Con was DTI Secretary. Joe Con was NAMFREL head and has supported President Aquino during 1986 election

Big BusinessExamples:Mon del Rosario supported President

FVR during 1992 election and was appointed Finance Secretary. Further, the 1st EO of FVR (E01) has something to do with cement (Cement is the business line of the Del Rosario’s).

those that decide policies in government either appointed politically or have

emerged through electoral mandate have access to business establishments,

either on account of their original standing before joining government, or they are offered privileges by big business firms through stocks, profits, or shares

Bureaucrats

Bureaucrats these policy-makers become

susceptible to the whims and desire of big businesses

it is easier for them to give privileges to business interests and find it difficult to become pro-poor or even pro-labor (e.g. Labor Code BP130 and 227 which have forbidden labor strikes. But strike is a labor right)

have dominated rural economy ranging from trading, merchandising, marketing, and agricultural capital (Cojuancos-Hacienda Luisita, Dys of Isabela, Montelibanos of Negros, Durans of Cebu, Roxas of Panay, Dimaporos of Mindanao, Villafuertes of Bicol, Mitra of Palawan, Osmenas of Cebu, Imperials of Albay)

of more than 200 congresspersons in 1992, 197 are landlords

Landlord

the labor force that work in factories and establishments for production

offer labor and are paid wages 85% of the total population

Workers

farmers and agricultural producers comprise 75% of the population and

they live in the rural areas use the land, which is owned by the

landlords, and pay the rent in the form of harvest

Peasants

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists

Bureaucrats

Business Landlords

Workers

Peasants

Surplus

Privileges

Wag

e

Lab

or

Ren

t

Lan

d

Farm

in

pu

ts

Lend a technology without any obligation to

develop

Philippine Political-Economic Structure

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using class analysis and political economy. Highlight in your analysis the roles of each member of the Philippine Political-Economic Structure in the issue.

Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Tool of Analysis

clarifies the power relations between women and men

it would facilitate our understanding of women’s marginalization, subordination, multiple burden, disempowerment and the need for a fair and more gender sensitive approach to development

development programs have catered only to the male population

identifies women’s/men’s performance of roles in society particularly: reproduction – child rearing,

housework, etc. production – economic enterprise,

livelihood, income community management –

development projects, programs, organizations, policies, participation

Write down on the board all the characteristics of both men and women.

Sex – physical biological make-up (chromosomes,external and internal genitalia, hormonal statesand secondary sex characteristics); may influenceprogram development

Sex and Gender

Gender – social construct; learned through a process of socialization within the cultural context; will focus on the social roots of disempowerment, marginalization, inequality and subordination

Manifestations of Gender Bias:

Stereotyping – very feudal outlook that puts women as second-class citizens in the human order (objects of sexual satisfaction and sexual symbols, weaker sex, emotional, fickle minded, “tukso” or temptation)

Manifestations of Gender Bias:

Multiple burdens – overburdened role of women which we observe in the community, summed up in “BBBB” (bahay, bata, bana, baboy, batya, basket or even bayan)

Manifestations of Gender Bias:

Subordination – women have always been a “footnote” to the men

Marginalization/ Discrimination – women are not given the proper respect and dignity to be a member of the human race (male-generic language, employment)

Manifestations of Gender Bias:

Violence Against Women (VAW) – sexual harassment, wife beating, battered women, abused women, rape, and all sorts of criminality that revolves around violence against the female counterpart

Manifestations of Gender Bias:

Class Oppression – the degree of subordination, marginalization and the like vary according to the women’s class belonging

Dehumanization – women don’t feel that they are significant humans

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using gender analysis.

Emphasize in your analysis the roles and condition of women before, during and after the massacre.

Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Materials Economy

Extraction

Production

Distribution

Consumption

Disposal

less than4% of original forests

left

US Population5% of the world’s

population

Global Resources

US is consuming 30% of the

world’s resources

and creating 30% of the

world’s waste

Devel

opin

g

Count

ry

The people don’t own these resources even if they’ve been living there for generations, they don’t own the means of production and they’re not buying a lot of stuff. An in this system, if you don’t own or buy a lot of stuff, you don’t have value.

Toxi

c

Chem

ical

s

Natural resourc

es

Toxic Contaminat

ed Products

Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)-Chemical that make things more fireproof but they are super toxic-- neurotoxin – means toxic to the brain

Do you know what is the food at the top of the food chain with the highest levels of many toxic contaminants?

comes from “de-envelop”envelope symbolizes poverty to develop, therefore, is to “de-

envelop” it is tantamount to freedom and

liberation from poverty

Using historical analysis, we realized that our colonizers made us poor and they influenced and controlled our leaders who provided opportunity for them to exploit us and our natural resources.

Using structural analysis, we saw that whoever has the power in economic structure also has the power in social, political and cultural structures.

Using class analysis, we saw the relationship of each strata in the political-economic structure, that each strata is actually being controlled by the FMCs which makes those in the lowest strata (workers and peasants) poorer.

Using the gender analysis, we realized that women have their own struggle for development.

“Development” is for those who are few and have the power.

They violate human dignity because they subject a lot of people to sub-human conditions.

They promote selfishness because they work for the advantage of those already rich and powerful, to the detriment of the poor and powerless.

They promote wrongdoing because they provide almost unbridled power to a few who can manipulate the majority.

The gap between the rich and poor still widens--- the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer.

Growth the Philippine economy has to grow

in order for it to develop but it is not a sufficient condition for genuine development

EfficiencyThe economy must be able to utilize

resources with very minimal waste.Minimize, if not eliminate, graft and

corruption.Provision of basic services and

making it accessible to the poor Filipinos.

Equity Distribution of social product and

other resources equitably. Without equity, any form of human

resource development is meaningless. Without equity, the domestic market will not expand markedly. Without equity, there will never be economic and political stability.

People’s Participation Every stakeholders should be given a

venue to actively participate in decision making especially if the programs, projects, policies, laws, etc. would directly or indirectly affect their lives.

SustainabilityGenuine development must be

sustainable. It must improve the quality of life of the people without destroying the environment’s natural productive capacity.

Is the Philippine condition a hopeless case already?

As student, what can you recommend for the development of our country?

•CSB NSTP Module on Social Analysis• Tagasan. Social Analysis Module• Luna, et.al. Introduction to Community Development