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SocialSocial
ChangeChangeocia cience I
UP Visayas
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Social changeSocial change
The transformation of culture and socialinstitution over time
among indiiduals, groups, cultures, andsocieties (Kameyer, Reyzer, & Kitman, 1992).
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Social changes four characteristics:Social changes four characteristics:
Social change is inevitable Some societies change faster than others Some cultural elements change faster than
others CULTURAL LAG : material culture usually
changes faster than nonmaterial culture
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Social changes four characteristics:Social changes four characteristics:
Social change is sometimes intentional
but often unplanned
Social change matter more than others
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Causes of social changeCauses of social change
Invention production of new
objects, ideas, and social patterns.
take note of certain elements orlearn to see them in a new way
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Causes of social changeCauses of social change
Diffusion creates change as trade,
migration, and mass communicationspread cultural elements throughout theworld
Cloth Asia
Clocks Europe Coins - Turkey
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Causes of social changeCauses of social change
Tension and Conflict
Karl Marx : the struggle between capitalistsand workers propels society towards asocialist system of production
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Causes of social changeCauses of social change
Ideas (emphasized by Max Weber)
Ideas can inhibit or advance social change Social movements
Change comes from the determination of people actingoge er examp e env ronmen a c ean up
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Causes of social changeCauses of social change
Natural environment
Cultural determination to master theenvironment
Demographic Change
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ModernityModernity
The progressive weakening, if not
destruction, of the concrete andrelatively cohesive communities in whichhuman bein s have found solidarit and
meaning throughout most of history
MODERNIZATION The process of social
change initiated by industrialization
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Key dimensions of modernizationKey dimensions of modernization
Decline of small, traditional communities
The expansion of personal choice
merg ng a u oo Period between adolescence and young adulthood
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Key dimensions of modernizationKey dimensions of modernization
Increasing social diversity
Modernization promotes a more rational,scientific view, in which tradition loses itsforce and morality becomes a matter of
individual attitude Increasing secularization
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Gemienschaft and Gesellschaft
by Ferdinand Toennies Modernization leads to a progressive loss of
emeinschaftor human communit
Growing population, rise in cities, increasingimpersonality European and North American societies gradually
became rootless and impersonalas people came to associate mostly on
the basis of self-interest(gesellschaft)
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Gemienschaft and Gesellschaft
Criticism on this principle: Modern life, while often impersonal, is not
com letel devoid of emeinschaft
Say little about which are causes and whichare effects
Toennies approach favored (and
romanticized) traditional societies
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Division of Labor
By Emile Durkheim Modernization is marked by an increasing
division of labor, or s ecialized economic
activity Pre-industrial societies are held together
by mechanical solidarityor shared moral
sentiments
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Division of Labor
Modern societies are organic or natural Durkheim viewed modernization not as the
loss of communit but as a chan e from
community based on bonds of likeness tocommunity based on economicinterdependence
View is more complex and positive
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Division of Labor
Durkheim feared that modern societiesmight become so diverse that they wouldcollapse into a state of anomie
A condition in which norms and values are soweak and inconsistent that society provideslittle moral guidance to individuals; people tendto be egocentric and find little purpose in life
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Division of Labor
Criticism on this principle: Even though modernization is associated
distress, shared norms and values are stillstrong enough to give the majority ofpeople a sense of meaning and purpose
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Rationalization
By Max Weber Modernity means replacing a traditional
world view with a rational wa of thinkin
In pre-industrial societies, tradition acts asa constant brake on change; what has alwaysbeen is greatly valued. In modern societies,
rational calculation isgiven importance(i.e., efficiency).
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Rationalization
for Max Weber, modern society isdisenchanted
the ca italist, the scientist, the bureaucrat
all have a rational view of the world
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Rationalization
Weber was critical of modern society :while science could produce technologicaland organizational wonders, it might carry
human beings away from more basicquestions about the meaning and purpose ofhuman existence
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Rationalization
Criticism on this principle: The alienation that Weber attributed to
inequality
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Modernization is synonymous with
Capitalism By Karl Marx
i i i i
Europe; the bourgeoisie gradually displacedthe feudal aristocracy
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Modernization is synonymous with
Capitalism Marx agreed that modernity weakened
small-scale communities, shar ened the
division of labor, and fostered a rationalview but he only viewed these factors asconditions necessary for capitalism to
flourish
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Modernization is synonymous with
Capitalism For Marx, social conflicts within capitalist
societies would sow the seeds of
revolutionary social change, leading to anegalitarian socialism
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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization
Modernization is synonymous with
CapitalismCriticism on this principle:
bureaucracy in modern societies
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Modernity and the IndividualModernity and the Individual
Mass Society : Problems of Identity
Social Character by David Reisman Refers to personality patterns common to
members of a particular society
Tradition-directedness - rigid conformity ortime-honored ways of living
Other-directedness receptiveness to thelatest trends and fashions
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Modernity and the IndividualModernity and the Individual
Class Society : Problems of
Powerlessness Individual freedom is undermined by the
ersistence of social ine ualit
According to Herbert Marcuse, society isirrational because of its failure to meet thebasic needs of many people
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Modernity and the IndividualModernity and the Individual
Modernity and Progress
Modernity does not proceed in apredictable, linear fashion, and cannotmerely be understood as progress.