Date post: | 20-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Social Considerations in Motor Development
PED 390 Perceptual Motor
Development
What role has socialization in a motor context had for these individuals?
Intro: Childhood experiences (especially successes) play large role in
who we are most are centered around the physical experience of play.
Self-concept is strongly developed through movement activity and play
What is Self-Concept? Is the sense of “who I am.” Self-Concept-
Is how one views himself; no judgment value placed on it Self-Esteem –
Is our personal evaluation of how we see ourselves Self-Confidence –
One’s belief in the ability to carry out a mental, physical task Competence –
One’s ability to meet particular achievement demands Children’s perceived competence is a predictor of motivation and achievement in
movement settings Obese children show lower actual and perceived competence for many domains
The Structure of The Self-Concept
E n g lish H is to ry M ath S c ien ce
A cad em icS e lf-con cep t
P eers S ig n ifican t O th ers
S oc ia lS e lf-C on cep t
P articu la rE m otion a l S ta tes
E m otion a lS e lf-C on cep t
P h ys ica l A b ility P h ys ica lA p p earan ce
P h ys ica lS e lf-con cep t
G en era l S e lf C on cep t
The Structure of The Physical Self-Concept
Physical SelfConcept
Body Attractiveness
Sport Competence
Physical Conditioning
Physical Strength
How Does Activity Change Self-Esteem?
Self-esteem change is caused by changes in mastery of skills associated with exercise; changes in specific competencies lead to changes in broader self-constructs
Physical Activity and Self-Esteem:
Self-esteem is tied to differences between ideal and actual self
> discrepancy = > negative affect Children need to have early accurate sources of
feedback / info for movement competence or else they will develop poor esteem in this area.
Program factors that build self-esteem: Sense of accomplishment Goal achievement Somatic well-being Social experiences reinforcement by others
Physical Activity and Self-Esteem:
Competence and Acceptance are two major dimensions of self-esteem
Sonstroem’s Model: Self-esteem change is caused by changes in perceived
competence and mastering skills Most specific focus of self-perception is physical self-
efficacies Model proposes that increasing physical self-efficacies will
increase physical self-esteem 4 Major ways to increase Self-efficacy (Social learning -
Bandura)
1. Successful performance2. Vicarious experience3. Verbal persuasion4. Emotional feedback
Self-Esteem in Children and Youth - Role of Sport and Physical Education:
Deci and Ryan’s (1985) Self-Determination Theory - Events that increase child’s sense of competence will
increase intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation differs from extrinsic motivation on degree of autonomy (“I do it b/c I want to):
External Regulation - behaviors are externally controlled Introjected Regulation - motivation comes from
internalized controlling factors - (I “have to” do it) Idenitified Regulation - Behaviors are chosen b/c child
values outcomes Integrated Regulation - behaviors are motivated by a
sense of self
Gender differences on Physical Self-Esteem
Consequences of Poor Self-Concept:
Children who feel bad about themselves – not likely to feel better about parts of themselves they do not know
Are fearful of attempting new skills
Are more likely negatively affected about what others think of them
This may limit movement experiences into adolescence
Teachers are important socializing agents:
Teachers emphasizing positive self-concept have students who develop a positive self-concept
Achievement Goal Theory Indicates 3 sociopsychological factors in
determining how motivated students are:1. Goal Orientation Performance/ego-centered goals
Show superior ability to peers Mastery/Task-centered goals
Self-improvement; master task• A person’s goal perspective is usually determined by:
1. Situational factors (emphasis on learning process or public evaluation and normative feedback)
2. Dispositional factors (how is the child socialized by parents, teachers, and coaches?).
Ego-oriented children seek competence through comparison
Ego orientation may undermine the value attached to fairness and justice.
Achievement Goal Theory
2. Motivational Climate
What does the teacher, coach, parent focus on in terms of development?
1. Performance Climate – Focus is very competitive; on results/outcome; “outdoing others”; winning “at all cost”
2. Mastery Climate – Focus is on emphasizing cooperative learning, skill building, individual improvements
Achievement Goal Theory
3. Perceived ability: High ability – fosters sense of pride, competence, self-
efficacy, and desire for persistence Low ability – leads to lowered skill-appraisal, less self-
esteem
Attribution Theory Attributions – the explanation given
for successes and failures (performances)
Categories of attributions: Stability – stable or unstable Locus of causality – internal or external Locus of control – you can or cannot
control
A ttib u tion s fo r S tu d en t S u ccess an d F a ilu re
s tab le u n s tab le
S tab ility
in te rn a l exte rn a l
L ocu s o f C au s lity
In on e 's con tro l O u t o f on e 's con tro l
L ocu s o f C on tro l
B as ic A ttrib u tion C a teg ories
Common Attributions: Ability (stable, internal, can’t control) Luck (unstable, external, can’t control) Effort (unstable, can control) Task (stable? External, can’t control?) Others: strategies, weather, instructor
Making correct Attributions is a DEVELOPMENTAL process:
< 10 years of age, most children view effort as capacity: Child reasons that greater effort leads to more success
10-14; children have a differentiated view of ability and effort:
Children understand effort yields success Also know that some have more ability than others
regardless of effort Child understands that if 2 people perform to same level –
person who works less hard has more ability. Children make attributional errors; more likely if:
The motor learning situation is perceived as stressful The child has low movement competence
Stable – you have high ability
Internal – high effort
Control – tried different strategy
Unstable – I got lucky
External – Easy task
Can’t Control – classmates all worse than me
You do well in PE class because … (success)
You do poorly in PE class because … (failure)
Stable -low ability ability
Internal – low effort
Control – poor strategy
Unstable – low effort
External – cold gym
Can’t control – poor teacher
To Enhance Motivation… Monitor your feedback
Attribute successes to internal factors (ability, effort)
Avoid unrealistic attributions Attribute failures to type of strategy
Assess and correct student attributions Replace lack of ability attributions with lack of
effort/type of strategy/practices Incorrect, negative attributions need to be
corrected – or will develop into dysfunctional motivation in movement settings
Recommendations for Self-Esteem Enhancement in Physical Activity - Motor Settings
1. Do emphasize task mastery2. Don’t overemphasize peer comparison and competition3. Do promote self-determination4. Don’t make support contingent on performance5. Do give appropriate encouragement / technical
feedback6. Don’t become reliant on extrinsic rewards or pressures7. Do promote intrinsic fun and excitement8. Don’t turn a “playout” into a workout9. Do promote a sense of purpose by teaching value of PA
to health and wellness10. Don’t create amotivation by using poor practice or
spreading misinformation
Exercise and Self –Esteem:Other fitness-related factors may also
improve self-esteem: Increased sense of competence Goal attainment Feelings of physical well-being Social interaction Reinforcement by significant others Kids with physical / learning disabilities
may rely on the movement setting for increases in competence than other children
Social Influences and Moral Development:
During adolescence, changes in thoughts, feelings, behavior about right and wrong enhances the strength of the conscience.
Kohlberg’s Multistage Model:1. Preconventional stage- preschool age and early grade school; very
egocentric; Whatever feels good is OK.2. Conventional stage – mid-grade school age; stronger desire to please
others; It’s OK as long as I don’t get caught.3. Awards Stage – being liked and conforming to norms is concern; I’ll do it if I
can get approval.4. Law and Order Stage – Child recognizes that good behavior is governed by
rules. I’ll do the right thing because I have to.5. Social Contract – Adolescent’s personal behavior is guided by personal sense
of right / wrong. I’ll do the right thing because my Self tells me it is the right thing.
6. Universal ethical principles stage – The youth knows right/wrong within logical, universal framework. I’ll do the right thing because my Self and society tells me.