Social Development in Small States

Naren PrasadUnited Nations Research Institute for Social Development

(UNRISD)

Geneva, 15 May 2008

Literature on small states Interests in small states from 1960s-1970

many international conferences London Conference in 1962, in Barbados (in 1972 and

1974), and the Canberra conference in 1979 1960s: country size & viability 1970s: socio-economic development

1980s: geopolitical security 1990s: economic & environmental vulnerability

Barbados 1994, Barbados Plan of Action (10+) (Mauritius Strategy)

No discussion/research on social development issues in a coherent way

2000s: new regionalism, WTO conformity, Vulnerability to terror

Two quotes…. Laws are generally found to be nets of such a

texture as the little creep through, the great break through and middle-sized alone are entangled in.

William Shenstone (1714-1763), (Oxford Dictionary of Quotations). Essays on Men, Manners, and Things

“The history of economics in the real world is, after all, none other than a continual attempt to distort the free market to one’s perceived advantage”

Baldacchino (1993, p. 38) Erik Reinert (2007), Ha-Jhoo Chang (2003, 2007)

Commonwealth Secretariat Sustained Commonwealth Secretariat

scholarship Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society

(1985), A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability (1997), Small States: Meeting Challenges in the Global Economy (2000).

Pessimism…. reversed

Early titles bleak Vulnerability, viability, fragile, paradise

lost, handicap, problems, Recently

Resilience Briguglio and Kisanga (2004), Briguglio, Cordia

et al. (2006)

Resourcefulness Baldacchino

Current knowledge on small states

We know the inherent problems associated with smallness (& islandness)

Policies designed to overcome them Social and Economic policies

exchange rate regimes & stabilization, financial globalization, labour market, market reform, human capital, …

Development Strategies: OFCs, EPZs, tourism, Remittance, niche, rent

Small states performance - history

A look at 1950s to see how countries have performed overtime…..

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARGATG

AUSAUT

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFABGD

BGRBHR

BHS

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BRN

BTN

BWA

CAF

CAN CHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM

CPV

CRI

CUB

CYP

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZA

ECUEGY

ESP

FIN

FJI

FRA

GAB

GBR

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

IRQ

ISR

ITA

JAM

JOR

JPN

KEN

KHM

KNA

KOR

KWT

LAO

LBN

LBR

LBY

LCALKA

LSO

MAC

MAR

MDG

MDV

MEX

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLD

NOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PER

PHL

PNG

POL

PRI

PRK

PRT

PRY

QAT

ROM

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SWE

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCD

TGO

THA

TTO

TUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

URY

USA

VCT

VEN

VNM

YEM

ZAF

ZMB

ZWE

ATG

BHR

BHS

BLZ

BRB

BRN

BTN

COM

CPV

CYP

DJI

DMA

FJI

GAB

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRD

GUY

KNA

LCA

MAC

MDV

MLT

MUS

QAT

STP

SURSWZ

SYC

TTO

VCT

ATG

BHS

BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRD

GUY

KNA

LCAMDV

MLT

MUS

STP

SUR

SYC

TTO

VCT

67

89

10G

DP

per

cap

ita 2

001

6 7 8 9 10GDP per capita 1950

Source: Maddison 2006

GDP per capita in 1950 versus 2001

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARG

ATG

AUSAUT

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR BHR

BHSBLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BRN

BTN

BWA

CAF

CANCHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM

CPV

CRICUBCYP

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZA

ECU

EGY

ESP FIN

FJI

FRA

GAB

GBR

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISR ITA

JAM JOR

JPN

KEN

KHM

KNA

KOR

KWT

LAO

LBNLBYLCALKA

LSO

MAR

MDG

MDV

MEX

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLDNOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PERPHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRY QATROM

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SWE

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCD

TGO

THATTO

TUNTUR

TZA

UGA

URY

USA

VCT

VEN

VNM

YEM

ZAF

ZMB

ZWE

ATG

BHR

BHSBLZ

BRB

BRN

BTNCOM

CPV

CYP

DJI

DMA

FJI

GAB

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRD GUY

KNALCA

MDV

MLT

MUSQAT

STP

SUR

SWZ

SYCTTO

VCT

ATG BHSBLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRD GUY

KNALCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

STP

SUR

SYCTTO

VCT

.2.4

.6.8

1H

DI*

6 7 8 9 10GDP per capita 1950

Source: Maddison 2006; UNDP 2006

GDP per capita in 1950 versus HDI*

ARE

ARG

AUSAUT

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR

BHR

BHS

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BWA

CAF

CANCHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMRCOG

COL

COM

CRI

CYP

DEUDNK

DOM

DZA

ECU

EGY

ESPFIN

FJI

FRAGBR

GHA

GNB

GRC

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISL

ISRITA

JAM

JOR

JPN

KEN

KOR

KWT

LKA

LSO

LUX

LVA

MAR

MDG

MEX

MLI

MLT

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NGA

NIC

NLDNOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PERPHL

PNG

PRT

PRY

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLV

SWE

SWZ

SYR

TCD

TGO

THA

TTO

TUN TUR

URY

USA

VEN

ZAF

ZMB

ZWE

BHS

BLZ

BRB

COM

CYP

FJI

GUY

ISL

JAM

MLT

MUS

PNG

TTO

.2.4

.6.8

1H

DI 2

004

.2 .4 .6 .8 1HDI 1980

HDI in 1980 versus 2004

Importance of Aid

AGO

ALB

ARG

ARM

AZEBDI

BENBFA

BGD

BGR

BOL

BRA

BRB

BTN

BWACAF

CHL CHNCIV

CMR

COG COL

COM

CPV

CRI CUB

CYP

CZE

DJI

DMA

DOMDZA

ECUEGY

ERI

EST

ETH

FJI

FSM

GAB

GHA

GIN

GMBGNB

GNQGRD

GTM

GUY

HND

HTI

HUNIDN INDIRN

JAM

JOR

KAZKEN

KGZKHM

KIR

KNA

KOR

LAOLBN

LBR

LCA

LKA

LSO

LTULVA

MAR

MDAMDG

MDV

MEX

MHL

MKD

MLI

MMR

MNG

MOZMRTMUSMWI

MYS

NAM

NERNGA

NIC

NPL

PAK

PANPER

PHL

PNG

POLPRK

PRY

ROM

RWA

SDN

SEN

SLB

SLE

SLV

STP

SVKSVN

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCDTGO

THA

TJK

TKM

TMPTON

TTO

TUN

TUR

TZAUGA

URY UZB

VCT

VEN

VNM

VUT

WSM

YEM

YUG

ZAFZAR

ZMB

ZWE

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA FJI

FSM

GRD

GUYKIR

KNA

LCAMDV

MHL

MUS

SLB

STP

SYC

TMPTON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

020

040

060

080

010

00

Aid

per

cap

ita (

200

0-2

00

4 a

vera

ge

US

$)

10 15 20Population (log)

ALB

ARG ARM

AUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGRBLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BWA

CHE

CHN

CIV

CMR COG

COL

CPV

CRI

CYP

DOM

ECU

EGY

ESP

EST

ETH

FRA

GAB

GEO

GHAGIN

GMB

GNB

GRCGTM

GUY

HND

HRV

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

ITA

JAMJOR

JPNKAZ

KEN

KGZKHM

KOR

LBN

LBY

LKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MAC

MAR

MDA

MDG

MEX

MKD

MLI

MLTMMR

MNG

MOZ

MWI

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NPL

NZL

PAKPAN

PER

PHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRY

ROM

RUS

RWA

SDN SEN

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYCSYR

TGO

TJK

TON

TTO

TUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKR

URY

VENVUT

YEM

BLZ

BRB

CPV

CYP

GUY

MLT

STP

SUR

SYC

TON

TTO

VUT

ATG

BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP DMAGRD

KIR

KNA

LCA

MLT

STP

SYC

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

02

46

8R

emitt

ance

per

cap

ita (

log

)

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Brain drain 22+

Foreign-born adults arrived in the destination country after age 22 (% of skilled natives )

Source: Beine et al. 2006; WDI 2007

Brain drain and remittance

AGO

ALBARE

ARGARM

ATG

AUS

AUT

AZE

BDI BELBEN

BFA

BGDBGRBHRBHS BLR

BLZ

BOLBRA

BRB

BRN

BTN BWACAF

CANCHECHL

CHNCIV

CMRCOG

COLCOM

CPV

CRI CUB

CYPCZE DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZAECU

EGY

ERI

ESPEST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRAFSM GAB

GBR

GEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNBGNQ

GRC

GRD

GTMGUY

HKG

HNDHRV

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISL

ISRITA

JAM

JOR

JPNKAZ

KEN

KGZ

KHM

KIR

KNA

KORKWTLAO

LBN

LBR

LBY

LCA

LKA

LSO LTU

LUX

LVAMAC

MAR

MDAMDGMDV

MEX

MHLMKD

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM NER

NGA

NIC

NLD

NOR NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN PER

PHL

PLW

PNG

POLPRTPRY

QAT

ROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLB

SLE

SLV

STP

SURSVK

SVNSWE

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCD

TGO

THA

TJKTKM

TMP

TON

TTOTUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKRURY USAUZBVCT VEN

VNM

VUTWSMYEM

YUG

ZAF

ZAR

ZMB

ZWE

ATG

BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

FSM

GRD

GUYKIR

KNA

LCA

MDVMHL

MLT

MUS

PLW SLB

STP

SURSYC

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT VUTWSM0.2

.4.6

.81

Doc

tors

mig

ratio

n r

ate

%

10 15 20Population (log)

Source: Bhargava & Docquier 2007; WDI 2007

Stock of physicians abroad as % of physicians trained in their country

Country size and doctors migration rate

UNRISD research: social policy Will investigate why some small economies

are successful, while others not so Explain through

democracy (‘social pacts’ or societal corporatism)

welfare regime power of jurisdictional resourcefulness levels of social cohesion

“When all you have is a hammer, all problems start to look like nails” (M. Twain)

Social Policy in a Development Context

Series

                                     

                                     

                                     

                               

Theoretical framework

Social policy: “… is state intervention that directly affects social welfare, social institutions and social relations. It involves overarching concerns with redistribution, production, reproduction and protection and works in tandem with economic policy in pursuit of national social and economic goals” (UNRISD 2006, p. 1)

Transformative social policy: lessons from UNRISD Research

Approach comparative analytical economic

development political and economic history combine both a qualitative and a

quantitative analysis Contemporary development discourse

emphasises on putting in place institutions that are:

Developmental (high growth, structural transformation)

Socially inclusive Democratic

Countries Caribbean

Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, Dominica/St. Lucia

Pacific Vanuatu/Solomon, Fiji, Kiribati/Tuvalu,

Samoa/Tonga India Ocean/Africa

Mauritius, Seychelles, Lesotho/Swaziland Mediterranean

Cyprus/Malta

Achieve Contribute towards the empirical

literature on small states Understanding of social policies in

small states from a comparative perspective

unmask the complexities in designing social policies within different socio-economic, institutional and historic settings

Findings will provide lessons for other countries

Country studies

General development strategies Social situation Social policies Management of crisis Policy implications

The role of economist is to “advise, assist, guide, correct, flatter and cajole the rulers into doing their jobs properly” (Reinert 2007, p. 97)

Provisional Findings State-led provision of social services

Strong political leadership State capacity & infrastructure to deliver State as organizer, provider, ability to regulate &

stimulate non-state actors

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARG

ARM

ATG

AUSAUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR BHR

BHS

BLR

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BRN

BTN

BWA

CAF

CANCHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM

CPV

CRICUBCYP

CZE

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZA

ECU

EGY

ERI

ESP

EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRA

GAB

GBR

GEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HRV

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISLISRITA

JAMJOR

JPN

KAZ

KEN

KGZ

KHM

KNA

KOR

KWT

LAO

LBNLBY LCALKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MAR

MDA

MDG

MDV

MEX MKD

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLDNOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PERPHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRY QATROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLB

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCD

TGO

THA TJKTKM

TMP

TON

TTO

TUNTUR

TZA

UGA

UKR

URY

USA

UZB

VCT

VEN

VNM

VUT

WSM

YEM

ZAF

ZAR ZMB

ZWE

ATGBHS BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRDGUY

ISL

KNA LCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

PNG

SLB

STP

SUR

SYC

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

.2.4

.6.8

1H

DI*

2 3 4 5 6 7State Capacity

Source: UNDP 2007;CIFP 2008.

State capacity and HDI*

Provisional Findings Priority given to universal education & health

Literacy, basic education, primary health care A United Nations Report (1951) showed that social

factors are prerequisites for economic development in order for “progress” to happen, the “social,

economic, legal and political institutions must be favourable to it” (p. 13).

Recommendation 1 “… to remove the obstacles to free and equal opportunity…. including progressive taxation and program for mass education” (p. 93).

Spending and resources allocated to education and health sector

Democracy, ideology, free media matters

Provisional Findings

ALB

ARE

ARG

ARM

ATG

AUS

AUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR

BHRBHS

BLR

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BRN

BTN

BWA

CAN

CHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM

CPV

CRI

CUBCYPCZE

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

ECU

EGY

ESP EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRAGBR

GEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HRV

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISL

ISRITA

JAM

JOR

JPN KAZ

KEN

KGZ

KHM

KNA

KOR

KWT

LAO

LBN

LCA

LKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MAR

MDA

MDV

MEXMKD

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZMRT

MUS

MYS

NAM

NIC

NLD NOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN PER

PHL

PNG

POLPRT

PRY

ROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SEN

SGP

SLV

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

TCD

TGO

THA

TJK

TMP

TON

TTO

TUN

TUR

UGA

UKRURY

USA

VCT

VEN

VUT

WSM

ZAF

ZMB

ATG

BHRBHS

BLZ

BRB

BRN

BTN

COM

CPV

CYP

DJI

DMA

EST

FJI

GMB

GNQ

GRD

GUY

ISL

KNA

LCA

LUXMDV

MLT

MUS

SUR

SWZ

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

ATG

BHS

BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJIGRD

GUY

KNA

LCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

SUR

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

.2.4

.6.8

1E

duca

tion

inde

x

0 10 20 30Education expenditure (% of gov. exp)

Source: UNDP 2006; UNESCO 2007

Education expenditure and education outcome

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARG

ARM

ATG

AUSAUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR

BHR

BHSBLR

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRBBRN

BTN

BWACAF

CAN CHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM

CPV

CRICUB

CYP

CZE

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZA

ECU

EGY

ERI

ESP

EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRA

GAB

GBR

GEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRC

GRDGTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HRV

HTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISLISR ITA

JAM

JOR

JPN

KAZ

KEN

KGZ

KHM

KNA

KORKWT

LAO

LBNLBY LCALKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MARMDA

MDG

MDV

MEX MKD

MLI

MLT

MMR

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLDNOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PERPHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRYQAT

ROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLB

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYCSYR

TCD

TGO

THA

TJK

TKM

TMP

TONTTOTUN

TUR

TZAUGA

UKR

URY

USA

UZB

VCTVEN

VNMVUT

WSM

YEM

ZAF

ZMBZWE

ATGBHR

BHS

BLZ

BRBBRN

BTNCOM

CPV

CYP

DJI

DMA

EST

FJI

GAB

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRD

GUY

ISL

KNA

LCA

LUX

MDV

MLT

MUSQAT

SLBSTP

SUR

SWZ

SYC

TMP

TONTTO VCT

VUTWSM

ATG

BHS

BLZ

BRB

COM

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRD

GUY

KNA

LCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

SLBSTP

SUR

SYC

TMP

TONTTO VCT

VUTWSM

.2.4

.6.8

1H

ealth

inde

x

0 5 10 15 20 25Health expenditure (% of gov. exp)

Source: UNDP 2006; WHO 2007

Health expenditure and health outcome

ALB

ARG

ARM

BGD

BGR

BOL

BRA

CHL

CHN

COL

CRI

CUB

CZE

DOM

ECU

EGY

EST

ETH

FJIGHA

GTMHND

IDNIND

JAM

JOR

KEN

KGZ

KIR

KNA

KOR

LKA

LTU LVA

MDA

MDV

MEX

MNG

MUS

MYS

NAM

NIC

NPL

PAK

PAN

PHL

PNG

POL

PRY

ROM

SEN

SLV

SVK

SWZ

THA

TJK

TMP

TONTTO

TUN

TUR

UGA

URY

VEN

VUT

ZAF

EST

FJI

KIR

KNA

MDV

MUS

SWZ

TMP

TONTTO

VUT

FJI

KIR

KNA

MDV

MUS

TMP

TONTTO

VUT

020

4060

8010

0W

ater

con

nect

ion

rate

%

0 5 10 15 20Water expenditure (% of gov. exp)

Source: GFS IMF 2006; WHO/UNICEF 2006

Water expenditure and water connection

ALB

ARG

AUS

AUT

BEL

BGD

BGR

BHS

BLR

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRB

BTN

CANCHE

CHL

CHN

CMR

COL

CRI

CYP

CZE

DEU

DNK

EGY

ESP

EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRA

GBR

GEO

GMB

GNB

GRC

GTM

GUY

HRV

HUN

IDN

IRL

ISR

ITA

JAM

KGZ

KNA

LCA

LKA

LTU

LUX

LVA

MDA

MDG

MEX

MLT

MUS

NIC

NLD

NOR

PAN

PER PHL

POL

PRT

ROM

RUS

SGP

SLV

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYC

THA

TON

TTOTUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKRURY

USAVEN

VUT

BHS

BLZBRB

BTNCYP

EST

FJI

GMB

GNB

GUY

KNA

LCA

LUX

MLT

MUS

SUR

SWZ

SYC

TON

TTO

VUT

BHS

BLZBRB

CYP

FJI

GUY

KNA

LCA

MLT

MUS

SURSYC

TON

TTO

VUT

20

30

40

50

60

Gin

i

0 20 40 60 80Direct tax ( % of total tax)

Source: IMF country reports various issues; WIDER & other sources

Tax progressivity & inequality

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARG

ARM

ATG

AUS

AUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR

BHR

BHS

BLRBLZ

BOL

BRA

BRN

BTN

BWACAF

CAN CHE

CHL

CHNCIV

CMRCOG

COL

CPV

CRI

CYP

CZE

DEU

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZAECU

EGY

ESP

EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRA

GBR

GEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HRV

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRN

ISL

ISR

ITA

JAM

JOR

JPN

KAZKEN

KGZ

KHM KIR

KNA

KOR

KWT

LBN

LBY

LCALKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MAR

MDA

MDGMDV

MEXMKDMLI

MLT

MNG

MOZMRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLD

NOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PER

PHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRY

ROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYCSYR

TCDTGO

THA

TJK

TKM

TMP

TON

TTOTUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKR URYUSA

UZBVCT

VEN

VNM

VUT

WSMYEM

ZAFZAR

ZMBATG

BHR

BHSBLZ

BRN

BTN

CPV

CYP

DMA

EST

FJI

GMB

GNB GNQ

GRD

GUY

ISL

KIR

KNA

LCA

LUX

MDV

MLT

MUS

STP

SUR

SWZ

SYC

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSMATG

BHSBLZCPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRD

GUY

KIR

KNA

LCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

STP

SUR

SYC

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

010

2030

4050

Soc

ial w

elfa

re s

pend

ing

(% o

f gov

. exp

)

4 6 8 10 12GDP per capita log

Source: UNRISD 2007; WDI 2007

Social welfare spending & GDP per capita

Social cohesion

ATG

BHS

BLZ

BRB

CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRDGUY

KNA

LCA

MDV

MLT

MUS

SUR

SYC

TON

TTO

VCT

WSM

.75

.8.8

5.9

HD

I*

.6 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85Cohesion

cohesion: suicide;prisoners;gini:ethnic; life satisfaction

HDI* versus cohesion

Provisional Findings History and colonial experience matters

Social policy is a complex process, determined by the historical, political, economic and institutional context. History, especially colonial experiences shape to a

large extent the contemporary policy making and institutional process types of political regime and how power is

distributed among groups also determines how national resources (spending for example) are allocated

Parliamentary Westminster type democracy, Caribbean islands also inherited the welfare state politics of the British Labour Party after independence

Sugar plantation colonies Population wiped out, countries went to war,

cultures destroyed, trade & multinationals expanded, slavery, migration…

Sugar has shaped our culture, landscape, politics, geography, economics, race, music, health, food & drink in way that no other commodity has in human history

Sugar exports contributed to economic and social development

Provisional Findings

Caribbean, Mauritius, Seychelles doing better than Pacific islands

Most of Caribbean countries (Mauritius, Seychelles) were directly ruled, compared to indirect rule in Pacific Creating different institutions and states

More developmental like Mauritius or Barbados, political & electoral system…

major components of developmental state: a determined developmental elite relative autonomy a powerful, competent and insulated economic

bureaucracy the effective management of non-state economic

interests

Provisional Findings

Growth performance

Growth (average) 1980-2006

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1980s

1990s

2000s

HDI

HDI 2005

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

AGO

ALB

ARE

ARG

ARM

ATG

AUS

AUT

AZE

BDI

BEL

BEN

BFA

BGD

BGR

BHR

BHS

BLR

BLZ

BOL

BRA

BRN

BTN

BWACAF

CAN

CHE

CHL

CHN

CIV

CMR

COG

COL

COM CPV

CRI

CYP

CZE

DEU

DJI

DMA

DNK

DOM

DZA

ECU

EGY

ERI

ESP

EST

ETH

FIN

FJI

FRA

GAB GBRGEO

GHA

GIN

GMB

GNB

GNQ

GRC

GRD

GTM

GUY

HKG

HND

HRVHTI

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

IRNISL

ISR

ITA

JAM

JOR JPN

KAZKEN

KGZ

KHM

KNA

KOR

KWT

LAO

LBN

LBY

LCALKA

LSO

LTU

LUX

LVA

MAR

MDA

MDG

MDVMEX

MKD

MLI

MLT

MNG

MOZ

MRT

MUS

MWI

MYS

NAM

NER

NGA

NIC

NLD

NOR

NPL

NZL

OMN

PAK

PAN

PER

PHL

PNG

POL

PRT

PRY

ROM

RUS

RWA

SAU

SDN

SEN

SGP

SLB

SLE

SLV

STP

SUR

SVK

SVN

SWE

SWZ

SYC

SYR

TCD

TGO

THA

TJK

TKM

TMP

TON

TTO

TUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKR

URY

USA

UZB

VCT

VEN

VNM

VUT

WSM

YEM

ZAF

ZAR

ZMB

ZWE

ATG

BLZCOM CPV

CYP

DMA

FJI

GRD

GUY KNA

LCA

MDV MLT

MUS

SLBSTP

SURSYC

TMP

TON

TTO

VCT

VUT

WSM

2030

4050

6070

Hap

py p

lane

t ind

ex

4 6 8 10 12GDP per capita (log)

Source: Marks et al. 2006; WDI 2007

Happiness & Income