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Social Influence &Atrocity
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
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Conformity: Changes in perceptions, opinions, orbehaviors in ways that are consistent with group
norms.o Behavior-change can be the result of real or imagined group
pressure
o Compliance: Conformity that involves
publicly acting or going along with others,while privately disagreeing
oAcceptance:
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Why do we conform?
o Normative influence: To be liked and accepted byother people
Factors : Often occurs when situation is not ambiguous
o Informational influence: To solve uncertaintyand get information about what is the right thing todo Factors that increase this type of influence:
Crisis (need to act immediately with little information)
When others are experts
When being accurate is important
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Informational influence & acceptance
Seeking information in an uncertain environment
(Sherif, 1935)
Participants brought into lab to judge the movementof a light
There is lots of uncertainty (no right answer)
Examined how group influence judgmentso On day 1 they make judgments alone
o On days 2 - 4 they make judgments in group
o On day 5 they make judgments alone again
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Seeking information in an uncertain environment(Sherif, 1935)
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
A
B
C
D
Alone ( In a Group ) Alone
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Seeking information in an uncertain environment(Sherif, 1935)
o Informational influence often happens during emergencies
We also conform to be liked (Asch, 1956)o Participants walk into a room with seven other people
for study about Visual perception, will be judginglengths of lines
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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We also conform to be liked (Asch, 1956)
Predict the results? (%)
Never conformed?
Conformed at least once ?
Conformed the majority of the time (7-12 trials) ?
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Going along to get along
Challenger Explosion & O-rings
Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when thedesire for harmony in a decision-making group overridesrealistic appraisals of alternatives
Characteristics of Groupthink:
feeling of invulnerability
tendency to ignore or discredit information
Stress from external threats
Self-censorship & isolation from outside influences
Influential leader
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Influence of Leaders
Leadership & Social Roles (Zimbardo, 1989) Social Role: shared expectations about how a person who
occupies a particular position is supposed to behave or act.
Stated Purpose: To examine social roles
Evidence is actually: Leadership + social roles Research:
Basement of Stanford University
Guards given Khaki uniform, whistle, police nightstick
Prisoners given prison uniforms.
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Leadership & Social Roles (Zimbardo, 1989)
Research:
Study was supposed to last for two weeks, but ended after 6
days because of harsh treatment Results: Guards became abusive and prisoners became
increasingly passive and withdrawn
Take home:
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Leadership & Obedience
Obedience: Complying with a direct command froman authority figure
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Leadership & Obedience
Prior to the experiment, scientists thought only 1% would go to the
end.
Predict the results. What % do you think obeyed to the end?
I. Other people have a strong
influence on you
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Leadership & Obedience
But, would this happen today?-CLIP
The power of the situation
What happened when participant only heard the
experimenters voice (no victim at all)?
What happened when the experiment was in an office
building in Bridgeport (not at Yale)?
What happened when the victim was in the same
room?
I. Other people have a stronginfluence on you
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Leadership & Obedience The power of the situation
What happened when participant has to physically
touch the learner to inflict the shock?
What happened when the experimenter was an
ordinary person (no lab coat or affiliated with Yale)?
What happened when the two other people in room
protested?
I. Other people have a stronginfluence on you
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Leadership & Obedience
Why did people obey? Why do people obey?
Reasons for Obedience:
We are socialized to follow orders
Informational social influence
Uncertainty often increases reliance on authorities
I. Other people have a stronginfluence on you
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II. In the name of identity and self-definition
Genocide: The deliberate and systematic destruction of anethnic, racial, religious, or national group
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II. In the name of identity and self-definition
Bystanders play a key role in enablingGenocide
Internal Bystanders: Members of the
population act as if everything is normal,ignoring the violence and often participate indiscrimination against victims.
External Bystanders:
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Doing wrong in the name of right via Identity
Five steps to inhumanity via Identity (Reicher et al., 2008)
1. Create a cohesive in-group
Goebbels: What is the first commandment of every National
Socialist?...Love Germany above all else.
2. Exclusionplace targets outside the in-group
Nazism presented as a project of cleansing
The German group defined in an exclusive way that excluded
Jews, gypsies, and others Begin to withdraw benefits of being a part of the cohesive group
Importance of identity definition
Bulgaria: No Jews were deported to the death camps
Declaration of Bulgarian leader at the time: Bulgarias Jewsspeak
and think in Bulgarian.they sing Bulgarian songs and tell Bulgarianstoriesour sufferings are their sufferings.
II. In the name of identity and self-definition
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Doing wrong in the name of right via Identity
Five steps to inhumanity via Identity (Reicher et al., 2008)
3. Threatother groups are a danger to us
Hitlers hate propaganda (on Jews): He is and remains thetypical parasitewhere ever he appears, the host peopledies out after a shorter or longer period
Other groups, by their actions or their mere presence,endanger the social being of the cohesive group
Within war and genocide, animal nicknames are often usedto dehumanize victims
Rwanda Genocide between Hutus and Tutsi-CLIP
II. In the name of identity and self-definition
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Doing wrong in the name of right via Identity
Five steps to inhumanity via Identity (Reicher et al., 2008)
4. Virtuerepresent the in-group as uniquely good
Again, Nazism presented as a moral project. Hitler: Germans were moral, pure, selfless, loyal, and
inherently better than other groups.
5.
II. In the name of identity and self-definition
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Milgram defense:
Ethics & IRB
Participants should be treated with care & respect.
Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews all
research
Researchers must tell participants before the
experiment begins what they are getting into &
allow them to decide.
Ethics & Positive Social Influence
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Potential for positive social influence?
Power of environment & health (Langer, 1979)
Participants: Men aged 75 and above
Pre-measures: Physical and Mental health
Week in 1959 resort
Post-measure results:
Social roles & health (Langer, 1989)
Participants: Elderly men and women
Independent variable: Air-force pilot role vs. No role
Results: Better eyesight in the pilot condition
Ethics & Positive Social Influence