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Social psychology Dr. Irene Karayianni
Social
psychology
Dr. Irene Karayianni
Social Psychology…
Image sources: http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/community/images/13544300/title/1x04-social-psychology-screencap http://mostofyouareaverage.com/?tag=buzzwords
studies individuals as they interact with others
Social Psychology
• Groups & social influence – Deindividuation, helping others, working in groups, group problem solving,
conformity, obedience, social roles
• Attitudes – Persuasion, attitude change, cognitive dissonance, prejudice, stereotypes
• Forming perceptions of others – Trying to explain why others behave like they do, first impressions
• Attraction – Chemistry, friendship, love, maintaining relationships
Image source http://bostinno.streetwise.co/2013/07/17/the-crowd-loves-these-5-sourced-boston-startups/crowd-4/
Groups and social influence
Effects of being a member in a group
Deindividuation
Image sources https://thesituationist.wordpress.com/2007/06/21/deindividuation-and-seung-hui-cho/ http://theklinger.blogspot.com/2012/09/derren-brown-deindividuation-aspart-of.html http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Social/grouphome.htm http://www.legacy.socialpsychology.org//siteweek.htm
feeling of being anonymous and unidentifiable as a result of being in a group More likely to do things you typically would not do
Uninvolved bystanders
Image sources http://ontransmigration.blogspot.com/2011/07/insensitive-and-unhelpful-update.html http://medfordchurch.org/category/news/
responsibility
responsibility
responsibility
responsibility responsibility
The Bystander Effect 7
Larger group
We look to others for info
No one is doing anything no need
Working in groups
Image sources http://www.freep.com/article/20131210/NEWS06/312100157/ http://www.all-about-psychology.com/social-loafing.html http://arrogantass.wordpress.com/2011/09/12/
Social inhibition – for more difficult tasks (SNS)
Social loafing Work less hard when group performance is measured
Social facilitation
Diffusion of responsibility
Does working in groups bring out the best in us?
Solving problems in groups
Image sources http://www.tnp.no/norway/global/2848-groupthink-may-still-be-a-hazard-to-your-organization http://footage.shutterstock.com/clip-3751718-stock-footage-young-man-talking-about-his-struggles-at-support-group.html
Groupthink: faulty decision making process
occurring in groups Devil’s advocate
Polarization: group discussions make
beliefs & attitudes more extreme
Small groups solve complex problems better (except brainstorming)
Sometimes working in groups bad decisions.
(a) Tight, cohesive group. members agree with each other, consensus is important
(b) Polarization. More risky / extreme decisions in groups
(c) large group: serial monologues less constructive give n take dominant beliefs prevail
Conformity
Image sources http://koehleracademy.com/what-is-the-definition-of-an-obedient-dog/ http://blog.lib.umn.edu/wlas0006/1001/2011/12/finding-the-source-of-conformity.html http://www.keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk/p/keep-calm-and-obey-your-master-4/ http://abcwednesday-mrsnesbitt.blogspot.com/2012/05/p-is-for-people.html http://rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/how-many-people-do-we-survey-market-research-firm-upstate-ny/ http://santacruz.indymedia.org/newswire/display/17777/index.php http://zeezoey.com/blog/a-year-later-the-japan-disasters-and-the-surviving-cats-part-2-cultural-reality/
factors
Vs.
Yield to group pressure even with no direct request to comply. To gain rewards and avoid punishments
Asch conformity experiment 4
Med-to-large group Unanimous group Collectivistic culture
Elevator conformity 2
conformity 9
Social roles and social norms
Image sources http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/role http://www.counterfeitchic.com/2007/03/social_norms_in_action.php
Social roles guidelines for expected behaviors
Social norms guidelines for judging acceptable behavior
Your assignment
• Find a social norm (for example “Personal space”)
• Break it
• Observe reactions
• Come back and tell us about it! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvUPLN_eaVw
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPDk_Ogr7FA
Social roles have powerful impact
The Psychology of Evil 23
The Stanford Prison experiment 13
Stanford Prison Experiment – original footage 5
Image sources http://www.npr.org/2013/02/01/169732840/when-crime-pays-prison-can-teach-some-to-be-better-criminals
Obedience
Image sources https://www.argentaimages.com/media/image/q/modeling/page/107 http://theosophywatch.com/2012/08/17/the-angel-organ/ http://www.sott.net/article/175821-Questioning-Authority-A-Rethinking-of-the-Infamous-Milgram-Experiments
I need to borrow 10
dollars
OK!
doing what one is told to do by people in authority
How far can we go if we are told to?
Milgram Obedience Study 10
Milgram Experiment 5
Milgram films 1
Image source http://chronicle.com/blogs/percolator/files/2013/07/milgram.jpg
The positive side of groups
Image sources http://cinderitaadventures.blogspot.com/2010/11/always-look-on-bright-side-of-life.html
Can you think of any?
The positive side of groups
Image sources http://www.freud-sigmund.com/group-cognitive-interpersonal-psychotherapy http://www.alcoholic.org/research/group-alcohol-addiction-counseling/ http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/many_addicts_in_muskegon_who.html
Image sources http://www.iwillteachyoutoberich.com/blog/bj-fogg-interview-persuasion-psychology/
Attitudes
components
beliefs feelings behavior
Image sources http://www.ianbrodie.com/selling/understand-your-clients-beliefs-to-learn-how-to-sell-more/ http://biggaycloset.com/tag/university/ http://www.maniacworld.com/Arachnophobia.html
evaluations that predispose us to act and feel in certain ways
Attitudes and Persuasion
Image sources http://www.teen.com/2012/02/25/random-stuff/new-swear-words-insults/ http://elcaminodeamanda.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/fear-factor/
Origins
1st hand experience Classical conditioning Observing others
characteristics of the speaker
Image sources http://www.hdwallpapersdose.com/2013/11/alexa-chung-pictures/ http://f.eed.bz/top-10-halloween-costumes-for-2013/ http://www.awebguy.com/2011/01/how-to-make-a-blog-popular/
credibility attractiveness intent
characteristics of the message
Fear appeals likely to happen to us
Offers way of avoiding outcome
2 sided arguments Less biased source
Message framing In terms of potential loss
Image sources http://pixelgardenstudio.com/page/blog/post/getting-over-social-media-fear http://blogs.norman.com/2012/for-consumption/iphone-text-message-dangers-pc-users-can-learn http://doodlecraft.blogspot.com/2012/01/digital-frames.html http://epilepsyu.com/blog/do-you-have-a-dog-with-epilepsy/ http://nodogaboutit.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/the-burden-of-euthanizing-an-aggressive-dog/ http://dustymonkeysblog.blogspot.com/2010/04/tv-dog-training-wars-hot-up-with-bbcs.html http://tipsfordog.wordpress.com/excessive-dog-barking-stop-it-now/ http://training-dogs.biz/training/why-you-should-never-shout-at-your-dog/
characteristics of the listener
Lower intelligence need for social approval Self esteem
Large audience Social support
Image sources http://youngstapreneur.com/2012/09/25/innovation-creativity-and-intelligence/ http://www.gregsophiesangwine.org.uk/support http://http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_like_thumb.png http://mikeshanks.blogspot.com/2013_01_01_archive.html http://stonecoldmagicmagazine.com/images/no-stone-left-unturned/
Techniques
Image sources http://www.12manage.com/
Foot in the door agree to a large request by first setting them up
by having that person agree to a modest request
Low balling Initially agree to reasonable deal. Then the deal
changes yet we complete transaction
cognitive dissonance
explains the tendency of attitudes to sometimes shift to be consistent with behavior
Image sources http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20484672,00.html
Prejudice and stereotypes
Image sources http://workcharacters.wikispaces.com/Stereotypes http://www.aaroncareaga.com/category/political/ http://www.thenextgreatgeneration.com/2011/01/the-addictive-90s/
Prejudice: harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of people based on their skin color, religion, sex, age, etc Stereotype: inaccurate generalization on which the prejudice is based
Prejudice and stereotypes
• stereotypes
– reduce our ability to treat each member of a group as an individual
– lead to narrow expectations for behavior
– lead to faulty attributions
• combating prejudice:
– recognize prejudice 8
– control automatic prejudice / our reactions
– increase contact among prejudice groups:
• groups should be equal in status
• cooperative rather than competitive tasks
• contact should be informal
Person perception
Image sources http://breakingbad.wikia.com/wiki/Saul_Goodman
What influences our perception of others?
Process: 1st impression
Image sources / http://www.adriansnood.com/tag/first-impressions/
Process: 1st impression
Image sources / http://www.adriansnood.com/tag/first-impressions/
Situation, mood, place
Impact reduced with
- Prolonged exposure
- forgotten over time
- knowledge of primacy effects
Primacy effect
Process
• We evaluate others on the basis of what they do and why we think they
do it
• Attribution: the process of trying to explain why things happen
person
s i t u
a t
i
o
n
For myself
person
s i t u
a t
i
n
For others
o
Situational attribution Dispositional attribution
fundamental attribution error
Negative info on others
we assign higher weight to negative information than to positive
information
Image source http://medcitynews.com/wp-content/uploads/scale1.jpg
+ -
Interpersonal attraction
friendship & love
Image sources http://www.99hdwallpaper.com/friendship/birds-friendship-wallpaper.html
Oxytocin – the chemistry of love
Image sources http://animalhugging.blogspot.gr/
Reduces stress
Calms
Safety
Well being
friendship & love
Image sources http://feasttofamine.wordpress.com/tag/law-of-attraction/
characteristics of the other
Image sources http://www.bestfunnies.com/funny-similar-animals-4-pics/ http://chelsiavona.blogspot.com/2009/10/week-three.html http://people.howstuffworks.com/opposites-attract.htm http://realpaintbox.com/acatalog/More_Info.html http://dossing.blogspot.com/2008/01/2008-80-years-of-superman.html http://www.loveisrespect.org/shhhh%E2%80%A6-keeping-new-relationship-secret
Similar Values, interests, attitudes
complementary Opposite, but likes me flattering
Ideal self Competent people
…but not perfect confides in me attractive
Secrets of the Sexes - Episode 2: Attraction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjLDomII6No 50
characteristics of perceiver
personality
Image sources http://hyderabad.olx.in/bpo-spoken-english-personality-development-training-talent-resourze-iid-534710055 http://psych-your-mind.blogspot.com/2011/04/friday-fun-take-real-personality.html http://aknittysociety.com/category/gender/ http://www.constructionphotography.com/Details.aspx?ID=24248&TypeID=1 http://www.chacha.com/question/so-me-and-this-guy-have-had-a-mutual-liking-for-a-while,-and-have-really-wanted-to-date.-but-i'm-not-allowed-to-date-until-i'm-16,-for-another-10-months.-we've-decided-to-wait-it-out,-but-we're-both-getting-impatient.-how-do-wait%26%2347%3Bwhat-do-we-do
Positive Mood leads us to like Women pay more
attention to intelligence,
education, character,
ambition, status
Geographical proximity mutual liking. Liking someone makes you
look more attractive
Maintaining a relationship
expectation vs. reality
Image sources http://www.collegehumor.com/post/6582770/expectations-vs-reality-fast-food http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2013/01/18/anti-love-biotech-and-the-neuroenhancement-of-love/ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090213115445.htm http://www.etsy.com/listing/56954215/vintage-balance-scale-scales-of-justice
from passionate to companionate
equity
Perceived benefits
Perceived contribution
Perceived benefits
Perceived contribution
My Your
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