SOCIAL SCIENCE - Delhi Directorate of...

Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi

SUPPORTING MATERIAL

FOR

CLASS X

SA-I

SOCIAL SCIENCE

(Hindi Medium)

SESSION - 2016 - 17

COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X

Time : 3 Hrs. Marks : 90

Units Term I Term III India and the Contemporary World - II 23 23II Contemporary India - II 23 23III Democratic Politics - II 22 22IV Understanding Economic Development 22 22V Disaster Management only through project work

and assignments. - -TOTAL 90 90

The formative assessment will comprise of projects, assignments, activities and

class Tests / periodic tests for which Board has already issued guidelines to

the schools. The Summative assessment will comprise of Theory paper as

per the prescribed design of the Question paper.

Unit 1 : India and the Contemporary World - II 45 Periods

Themes

Term I

S u b - u n i t 1 . 2 L i v e l i h o o d s ,

Economies and Societies :

4. The making of Global World :

(a) Contract between the

form of industrialization in

Britain and India (b)

R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

handicrafts and industrial

production, format and

informal sectors. (c)

Livelihood of workers. Case

studies : Britain and India

(Chapter 4)

5. The Age of Industrialization :

(a) Patterns of urbanization (b)

Objectives

* Discus two different patterns of

industrialization, one in the imperial

country and another within a colony.

* Show the relationship between

different sectors of production.

* Show the difference between

urbanization in two different

contexts. A focus on Bombay and

London will allow the discussions on

urbanization and industrialization to

complement each other.

* Show that globalization has a

long history and point to the shifts

within the process.

* Analyze the implication of

globalization for local economies.

Migration and the growth of towns.

(c) Social change and urban life. (d)

Merchants, middle classes, workers

and urban poor (Chapter 5)

Case Studies : London and

Bombay in the nineteenth and

twentieth century.

5. Work, Life and Leisure : (a)

Expansion and integration of the

world market in the nineteenth and

early twentieth century (b) Trade and

economy between the two Wars (c)

Shi f ts af ter the 1950s. (d)

Implications of globalization for

livelihood patterns. Case Study :

The post war international Economic

order, 1945 to 1960s. (Chapter 6)

Sub-Unit 1.3 : Everyday Life, Culture

and politics and one of the following

themes :

7. Print Culture and the Modern

World :

(a) The history of print in Europe. (b)

The growth of press in nineteenth

century India (c) Relationship

between print culture, public debate

and politics (Chapter 7).

8. Novels, Society and History :

(a) Emergence of the novel as a

genre in the west. (b) the

relationship between the novel and

changes in modern society. (c) Early

novels in nineteenth century India.

(d) A study of two or three major

* Discuss how globalization is

experienced differently by differently

social groups.

* Discuss the link between print

culture and the circulation of ideas.

* Familiarize students with

pictures, cartoons, extracts from

p r o p a g a n d a l i t e r a t u r e a n d

newspaper debates on important

events and issues in the past.

* Show that forms of writing have

a specific history and that they reflect

historical changes within society and

shape the forces of change.

* Familiarize students with some

of the ideas of writers who have had

a powerful impact on society.

writers. (Chapter 8).

Term II

In Sub-unit 1.1 students are required

to choose any two themes. In that

sub-unit, theme 3 is compulsory and

for second theme students are

required to choose any one from the

first two themes. In sub-units 1.2.

and 1.3 students are required to

choose any one theme from each.

Thus all students are required to

study four themes in all.

Sub-unit 1.1 : Events and processes:

Any two of the following themes:

1. The rise of Nationalism in

Europe:

(a) The growth of nationalism in

Europe after the 1830s. (b) The

ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, etc. (c)

General Characteristics of the

movements in Poland, Hungary,

I taly, Germany and Greece.

(Chapter 1)

2. The Nationalist Movement in

Indo China : Factors Leading to

Growth of Nationalism in Indo-

China.

(a) French colonialism in Indo-

China. (b) Phases of struggle

against, the French. (c) The ideas of

Phan Dinh Phun, Phan Boi Chau,

Nguyen Ac Quoc (d) The second

world war and the liberation struggle.

(e) America and the second Indo-

* The theme will discuss the

forms in which nat ional ism

developed along with the formation

of nation states in Europe in the post-

1830 period.

* Discuss the relationship/

difference between nationalism and

anti-colonial nationalisms.

* Point to the way the idea of the

nation states became generalized in

Europe and elsewhere.

* D iscuss the d i f f e rence

between French colonialism in Indo-

China and British colonialism in

India.

* Outline the different stages of

the anti-imperialist struggle in Indi-

China.

* Familiarize the students with

the differences between nationalist

movements in Indo China and India.

* Discuss the characteristics of

Indian nationalism through a case

study of Civi l Disobedience

Movements.

* Analyze the nature of the

diverse social movements of the

time.

* Familiarize students with the

writings and ideals of different

political groups and individuals,

notably Mahatama Gandhi.

Unit 2 : Contemporary India - II 45 Periods

Chgina war (Chapter 2)

3. Nationalism in India :

(a) First world war, Khilafat,

Non -Coope ra t i on and C i v i l

Disobedience Movement (b) Selt

Satyagraha. (c) Movements of

peasants, workers, tribals. (d)

Activities of different political groups.

(Chapter 3)

Map Work based on theme 3 only.

(3 Marks)

Themes

Term I

1. Resources and

Development : Types natural and

human; Need for resource

planning, natural resources, land

as a resource, soil types and

distribution; changing land-use

pattern; land degradation and

conservation measures. (Chapter

1)

2. Forest and Wild Life

Resource : Types and distribution

depletion of flora and fauna;

conservation and protection of

forest and wild life. (Chapter 2)

3. Water Resources : Sources,

distribution, util isation, multi-

Objectives

* Understand the value of

resources and the need for their

j u d i c i o u s u t i l i s a t i o n a n d

conservation.

* Identify various types of

farming and discuss the various

farming methods; Describe the

spatial distribution of major crops as

well as understand the relationship

between rainfall regimes and

cropping pattern.

* Explain various government

policies for institutional as well as

techno l ig ica l re fo rms s ince

independence.

purpose projects, water scarcity,

need fo r conserva t ion and

management, rainwater harvesting.

(One case study to be introduced)

(Chapter 3).

4. Agriculture : Types of

farming, Major crops, cropping

p a t t e r n , t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d

institutional reforms; their impact;

contribution of Agriculture to national

economy-employment and output.

(Chapter 4)

Map Work (3 marks)

Term II

5. M i n e r a l s a n d E n e r g y

Resources : Types of minerals,

distribution, use and economic

i m p o r t a n c e o f m i n e r a l s ,

conservation, types of power

resources: conventional and non-

conventional, distribution and

util ization, and conservation.

(Chapter 5).

6. Manufacturing Industries :

Types, spatial distribution,

contribution of industries to the

nat ional economy, industr ial

pollution and degradation of

environment, measures to control

degrdation. (one case study to be

introduced). (Chapter 6).

7. Li fe Lines of National

Economy (Chapter 7)

Map Work (3 marks)

5. M i n e r a l s a n d E n e r g y

Resources : Types of minerals,

* Understand the importance of

forest and wi ld l i fe in our

environment as well as develop

concept towards depletion of

resources.


agriculture in national economy.


agriculture in national economy.


water as a resource as well as

develop awareness towards its

judicious use and conservation.

* Discuss various types of

minerals as well as their uneven

nature of distribution and explain the

need for their judicious utilization.

* Discuss various types of

conventional and non-conventional

resources and their utilization.

* Discuss the importance of

industries in the national economy

as well as understand the regional

disparities which resulted due to

concentration of industries in some

areas.

* Discuss the need for a planned

industrial development and debate

over the role of government towards

sustainable development.

distribution, use and economic

i m p o r t a n c e o f m i n e r a l s ,

conservation, types of power

resources : conventional and non-

conventional, distribution and

util ization, and conservation.

(Chapter 5).

6. Manufacturing Industries :

Types, spatial distribution,

contribution of industries to the

nat ional economy, industr ial

pollution and degradation of

environment, measures to control

degradation. (One case study to be

i n t r o d u c e d ) ( C h a p t e r 6 )

7. Li fe Lines of National

Economy (Chapter 7)

Map Work ( 3 marks)

* To explain the importance of

transport and communication in the

ever shrinking world.

* To understand the role of trade

in the economic development of a

country.

Project/ Activity :

* Learner may collect photographs of typical rural houses, and

clothing of people from different regions of India and examine

whether they reflect any relationship with climatic conditions and

relief of the area.

* Learners may write a brief report on various irrigation

practices in the village and the change in cropping pattern the last

decade.

Posters :

* Pollution of water in the locality.

* Depletion of forests and the greenhouse effect.

Note : Any similar activities may be taken up.

Unit 3 : Democratic Politics - II 45 Periods

Themes

Term-I

1&2. Power Sharing & Federation :

Why and how is power shared in

democracies? How has federal

division of power in India helped

national unity? To what extent has

decentralization achieved this

objective? How does democracy

accommodate different social

groups? (Chapter 1 & 2)

3&4. Democracy and Diversity &

Gender Religion and Caste :

Are division inherent to the working

of democracy? What has been the

effect of caste on politics and of

politics on caste? How has the

gender division shaped politics?

How do communal divisions affect

democracy? (Chapter 3&4).

Term II

5 &6. Popular Struggles and

Movements & Political Parties :

How do struggles shape democracy

in favour of ordinary people? What

role do political parties play i n

competition and contestation?

Which are the major national and

regional parties in India? Why have

social movements come to occupy

large role in politics? (Chapter 5&6)

Objectives

* Analyse the relationship

between social cleavages and

political competition with reference

to Indian situation.

* Understand and analyse the

challenges posed by communalism

to Indian democracy.

* Understand the enabling and

disabling effects of caste and

ethnicity in politics.

* D e v e l o p a g e n d e r

perspective on politics.

* Introduce students to the

centrality of power sharing in

democracy.

* Understand the working of

spatial and social power sharing

mechanisms.

* Analyse federal provisions

and institutions.

* U n d e r s t a n d t h e n e w

Panchayati Raj institutions in rural

and urban areas.

* Understand the vital role of

struggle in the expansion of

democracy.

* Analyse party systems in

democracies.

* Analyse party systems in

democracies.

* Introduction to major political

parties in the country.

* Analyse the role of social

movements and non-party political

7. Outcomes of Democracy:

Can or should democracy be

judged by its outcomes? What

outcomes can one reasonably

expect of democracies? Does

democracy in India meet these

expectations? Has democracy led

to development, security and dignity

for the people? What sustains

democracy in India? (Chapter 7)

8. Challenges to Democracy:

Is the idea of democracy

shrinking? What are the major

challenges to democracy in India?

How can democracy be reformed

and deepened? What role can an

ordinary citizen play in deepening

democracy? (Chapter 8)

formations.

* Introduction to the difficult

ques t ion o f eva lua t ion the

functioning of democracies.

* Deve lop the sk i l l s o f

evaluation Indian democracy on

s o m e k e y d i m e n s i o n s :

development, security and dignity

for the people.

* Understand the causes for

continuation of democracy in India.

* Distinguish between sources

of strength and weaknesses of

Indian democracy.

* Reflect on the different kinds

of measures possible to deepen

democracy.

* Promote an active and

participatory citizenship.

Unit 4 : Understanding Economic Development 45 Periods

Themes

Term I

1. Deve lopment : The

traditional notion of development;

National income and Per-capita

income. Growth of NI- Critical

appraisal of existing development

indicators (PC), IMR, SR and other

income and health indicators) The

need for health and educational

development; Human development

Indicators (in simple and brief as a

holistic measure of development).

Objectives

* Familiarization of some

macroeconomic concepts.

* Sensitizing the child about

the rationale for overall human

development in our country, which

include the r ise of income,

improvements in health and

education rather than income.

* It is necessary to raise

question in minds of the children

whether the increase in income

alone is sufficient for a nation.

The approach to hthis theme:

Use case study of three states

(Kerela, Punjab and Bihar) or take a

few countries (India, China, Sri

Lanka and one developed country)

(Chapter 1)

2. Sectors of the Indian

Economy: Sectors of Economic

Activities; Historical change in

sectors; Rising importance of

ter t iary sector ; Employment

Generation; Division of Sectors -

Organised and Unorganised;

P r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s f o r

unorganised sector workers.

(Chapter 2)

Term II

3. Money and Credit : Role of

money in an economy : Historical

origin; Formal and informal financial

institutions for Savings and Credit -

General Introduction; Select one

formal institution such as a

nationalized commercial bank and a

few informal institutions: Local

money lenders, landlords, self help

groups, chit funds and private

finance companies. (Chapter 3)

4. Globalisation and the

Indian Economy: What is

Globalisation (through some simple

examples); How India is being

globalised and why; Development

Strategy prior to 1991 State Control

of industries : Textile goods as an

* How and why people should

be healthy and provided with

education.

* Familiarize the concept of

money as an economic concept.

* Create awareness of the role

of financial institutions from the point

of view of day-to-day life.

* To make aware of a major

employment generating sector.

* Sensitise the learner of how

and why governments invest in such

an important sector.

e x a m p l e f o r e l a b o r a t i o n ;

Economics Reforms.

1991 : Strategies adopted in Reform

measures (easing of capital flows;

migration, investment flows);

D i f f e r e n t p e r s p e c t i v e s o n

globalisation and its impact on

different sectors; Political impact of

globalisation. (Chapter 4)

5. Consumer Rights : How

consumer is exploited (one or two

simple case studies) factors

causing exploitation of consumers;

Rise of consumer awareness; how

a consumer should be in a market;

role of government in consumer

protection. (Chapter 5).

* Provide children with some

idea about how a particular

e c o n o m i c p h e n o m e n o n i s

influencing their surroundings and

day to day life.

* Making the child aware of her

rights and duties as a consumer.

* Famil iar iz ing the legal

measures available to protect from

being exploited in markets.

Suggested Activities / Instructions :

Theme 2*: Visit to banks and money lenders / pawnbrokers and

discuss various activities that you have observed in banks in the

classroom.

Participate in the meetings of self help groups, which are engaged in

micro credit schemes in the locality of learners and observe issues

discussed.

Theme 4**: Provide many examples of service sector activities.

Use numerical examples, charts and photographs.

Theme 555***: Collect logos of standards available for various

goods and services. Visit a consumer court nearby and discuss in

the class the proceedings; Collect stories of consumer exploitation

and grievances from newspapers and consumer courts.

Unit 5: Disaster Management (Through Formative Assessment

Only) (10 Periods)

* Tsunami

* Safer Construction Practices

* Survival Skills

* Alternate Communication systems during disasters

* Sharing Responsibility

Note : Project, activities and other exercises in Unit 5 should

encourage students to place 'disasters' and 'disaster management

in:

(i) The wider context fo Social Science knowledge as covered

through history, geography, political science and economics

textbooks of class IX / X.

(ii) Other problems faced by our country and the world from time

to time.

Prescribed Books :

1. India and the Contemporary world-II (History) - published by

NCERT

2. Contemporary India II (Geography) - published by NCERT

3. Democratic Politics II (Pol. Sci) - published by NCERT

4. Understanding Economic Development - published by

NCERT.

5. Together Towards a Safer India - Part III, a textbook on

Disaster Management - Published by CBSE.

CLASS X - MAP WORK FOR SA-I

GEOGRAPHY

Chapter 1 : Resources and Development

Identification only : Major Soil Types.

Chapter 3 : Water Resources - Locating and Labelling - Dams:

* Salal

* Bhakra Nangal

* Tehri

* Rana Pratap Sagar

* Sardar Sarovar

* Hirakund

* Nagarjuna Sagar

* Tungabhadra (Along with rivers)

Chapter 4 : Agriculture - Identification only

(a) Major areas of rice and wheat.

(b) Largest / Major producer states of sugarcane; tea; coffee;

rubber; cotton and jute. (Location and labelling).

History - No Map

LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE (2016-2017)

CLASS X - MAP WORK FOR SA-II

HISTORY

Cutline Political Map of India

Nationalism in India - (1918-1930) - (For locating and labelling/ identification)

1. Indian National Congress Sessions:-

* Calcutta (Sep. 1920)

* Nagpur (Dec. 1920)

* Madras (1927)

* Lahore (1929)

2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement

(Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)

* Champaran (Bihar) Movement of Indigo Planters.

* Kheda (Gujrat) Peasant Satyagrah

* Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Collon Mill Workers Satyagraha

* Chauri Chaura (U.P.) Calling off the NCM.

* Bardoli (Gujarat) no tax campaign

* Dandi (Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement.

GEOGRAPHY

Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources.

Minerals : (Identification only)

(i) Iron are mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh.

(ii) Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh.

(iii) Coal Mines : Raniganj, Jhajria, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Neyvali

(iv) Oil Fields : Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar

Power Plants :- (Locating and Labelling Only)

(a) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Ramagundam, Tuticorin.

(b) Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhatia, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam.

Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries

Locating and Labelling Only

(1) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Madurai.

(2) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur, Jamnagar.

(3) Silk Industry : Anatnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad, Mysore.

(4) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem

(5) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, Noida, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Triruvanantapuram.

Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy.

Identification Only :

* Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor.

* National Highways : NH-1, NH-2, NH-7

Locating and Labelling :

Major Ports - Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Paradip, Haldia.

International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International), Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose), Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi).

Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.

Team Members of Review of Support Material

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Class X (Hindi Medium)

Group Leader - Mrs. Anju Kumari

Vice Principal (HOS)

GGSSS, Pataudi House, Darya Ganj, New Delhi

Team Members

S.No. Name & Designation Name of School

1. Mrs. Kamal Grover (TGT SSc.) GGSSS No.1 East of Kailash

2. Mr. Gopal Prasad Shahi (TGT S.Sc.) RPVV Raj Niwas Marg

3. Mr. Ravinder Singh (TGT S.Sc.) GBSSS, Begumpur

4. Mrs. Vandana Gautam (S.Sc.) Kishani SKV, G-Block Saket.

5. Mrs. Seema Sharma (S.Sc.) SKV, Prashant Vihar

6. Mrs. Nirmal Kikran (S.Sc.) RPVV Link Road, Karol Bagh

7. Ms. Ranjeeta Kakkar (S.Sc.) RPVV Link Road Karol Bagh

8. Mrs. Urmila Devi (S.Sc.) GGSSS, Ram Ngr., Pahar Ganj

9. Ms. Shabana (S.Sc.) GGSSS Pataudi House Darya

Ganj.

10. Mr. Nooruddin (S.Sc. Urdu) Anglo Arabic Sr. Sec. School

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2- 19oha lnh esa gtkjksa yksxksa }kjk ;wjksi ls Hkkxdj vesfjdk tkus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\

3- lwrh oL= m|ksxksa ds vkS|ksfxdj.k dk fczVsu esa D;k izHkko iM+k\

4- ;wjksih; yksxksa ds vÝhdk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksus ds D;k djk.k Fks\

5- O;kikj vf/k'ks"k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ Hkkjr ds lkFk fczVsu O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dh

vO;oLFkk esa D;ksa jgk\

6- fczVsu dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij izFke fo'o ;q) ds D;k izHkko iM+s\

7- vkfFkZd egkeanh ds dkj.k crkb;s\

8- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij egkeUnh dk D;k izHkko iM+k\

9- 19oha lnh dh vuqca/k O;oLFkk dks u;h nkl O;oLFkk ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k gSA

mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,\

2

10- oS'ohdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd fofue; esa rhu izdkj ds izokgksa dk

o.kZu dhft,\

11- czsVu &oqM~l le>kSrs dk D;k vFkZ gS\

12- vQhe ;q) dk D;k vFkZ gSA phu ij vQhe ;q) ds izHkkoksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- fczVsu] Ýk¡l vkSj :lA

2- fdaonafr;ksa dh cnkSyr lksus dk 'kgjA

3- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkA

4- vkywA

5- 1 ½ Hkki batu 2½ jsyos

6- egkeanh ds dkj.k

7- fØLVksQj dksyaclA

8- Lisu

3 vad @ 5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- 1½ vkyw dk bLrseky 'kq: djus ij ;wjksi ds xjhcksa dh ftUnxh esa cnyko

vk;kA mudk Hkkstu csgrj gks x;k vkSj vkSlr mez c<+us yxhA

2½ xqykeksa dk O;kikj 'kq: gks x;kA

3½ ;wjksi esa /kkfeZd Vdjko gksrs jgrs Fks blfy, gtkjksa yksx ;wjksi ls Hkkxdj

vesfjdk pys x,A

2- 1½ dkuZ&yk dkuwu dks lekIr djus ds ckn de dherksa esa lkeku dk vk;krA

2½ Hk;kud chekfj;ksa dk QSyuk

3½ /kkfeZd VdjkoA

3- 1½ vk;kr 'kqYd ds dkj.k fczVsu esa Hkkjrh; dikl ds vk;kr esa rsth ls deh

vkbZA

2½ Hkkjrh; oL=ksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa Hkkjh izfrLi/kkZ dk lkeuk djuk

3

iM+kA

3½ ckn esa fuekZ.k fd, x, lwrh mRiknksa ds fu;kZr esa deh vkus ds i'pkr~

fczfV'k fuekZrkvksa us cgqr gh lLrh dher ij Hkkjr ls dikl dk vk;kr

vkjEHk dj fn;kA

3@5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

5- 1½ tc fu;kZr ewY; vk;kr ewY; ls vf/kd gksrk gS rks bls O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dgk

tkrk gSA

2½ 19oha 'krkCnh esa cktkjksa esa fczVsu ds cus eky dh vf/kdrk gks xbZ FkhA Hkkjr

ls fczVsu vkSj 'ks"k fo'o dks Hksts tkus okys [kk|kUUk o dPps ekyksa ds fu;kZr

esa btkQk gqvkA

3½ ysfdu tks eky Hkkjr Hkstk tkrk Fkk mldh dher dkQh vf/kd vf/kd gksrh

Fkh vkSj tks Hkkjr ls baXyS.M Hkstk tkrk Fkk mldh dher dkQh de gksrh Fkh

blfy, fczVsu ges'kk O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dh voLFkk esa jgrk FkkA

6- 1½ ;q) ds ckn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa viuh opZLo okyh fLFkfr dks izkIr djuk

fczVsu ds fy, dfBu gks x;kA

2½ fczVsu dks fo'o Lrj ij vc tkiku ls Hkh eqdkcyk djuk FkkA

3½ vesfjdk ls fy, x, dtsZ dh otg ls fczVsu ;q) ds ckn Hkkjh fons'kh dtsZ esa

Mwc x;kA

4½ ;q) ds dkj.k vk;k vkfFkZd mNky tc 'kkUr gksus yxk rks mRiknu fxjus

yxk vkSj csjkstxkjh c<+us yxhA

5½ blh le; ljdkj us Hkkjh Hkjde 'kkafrdkyhu djksa ds lgkjs mudh HkjikbZ

djus dh dksf”k”k dhA bu iz;klksa ls jkstxkj Hkkjh ek=k esa lekIr gks x,A

7- 1½ egkeanh dh 'kq:vkr 1929 ls gqbZ vkSj ;g ladV 30 ds n'kd ds e/; rd

cuk jgkA bl nkSjku fo'o ds T;knkrj fgLlksa esa mRiknu] jkstxkj] vk;

vkSj O;kikj esa cgqr cM+h fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZA

2½ ;q)ksrj vFkZO;oLFkk cgqr detksj gks xbZ FkhA dhers fxjh rks fdlkuksa dh

vk; ?kVus yxh vkSj vkenuh c<+kus ds fy, fdlku vf/kd ek=k esa mRiknu

4

djus yxsA

3½ cgqr lkjs ns'kksa us vesfjdk ls dtZ fy;kA

4½ vesfjdh m|ksxifr;ksaa us eanh dh vk'kadk dks ns[krs gq, ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks

dtZ nsuk cUn dj fn;kA

5½ gtkjksa cSad nhokfy;k gks x;sA

8- 1½ 1928 ls 1934 ds chp ns'k dk vk;kr&fu;kZr ?kV dj vk/kk jg x;kA

2½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa dhersa fxjus ls Hkkjr esa xsgw¡ dh dher 50 izfr'kr rd

fxj xbZA

3½ fdlkuksa vkSj dk'rdkjksa dks T;knk uqdlku gqvkA

4½ egkeanh 'kgjh turk ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjdA

5½ 1931 esa eanh pje lhek ij Fkh ftlds dkj.k xzkeh.k Hkkjr vlarks"k o

mFky&iqFky ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk FkkA

9- 1½ ,tsaV etnwjksa dks Qqlykus ds fy, >wBh tkudkfj;k¡ nsrs FksA

2½ ,tsaVksa }kjk etnwjksa dk vigj.k Hkh dj fy;k tkrk FkkA

3½ u;h txg dh thou ,oa dk;Z fLFkfr;k¡ dBksj FkhA

4½ osru cgqr de FkkA dke Bhd ls u dj ikus ds dkj.k osru dkV fy;k tkrk

FkkA

5½ etnwjksa ds ikl dkuwuh vf/kdkj u ds cjkcj FksA

10- 1½ fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh vU; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk tqM+h gksrh

gSA

2½ igyk izokg O;kikj dk gksrk gS tks eq[;r% diM+ks ,oa xsgw¡ ds O;kikj rd

lhfer FkkA

3½ nwljk izokg Je dk gS ftlesa yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa ,d txg ls nwljh

txg tkrs gSA

4½ rhljk izokg iw¡th dk gksrk gS ftls vYi ;k nh?kZ vof/k ds fy, nwj&njkt

ds bykdksa esa fuos'k dj fn;k tkrk gSA

5

11- 1½ 1944 esa vesfjdk fLFkr U;w gSEi'kj ds czsVu oqM~l uked LFkku ij la;qDr

jk"V ekSfnzd ,oa foÙkh; lEesyu esa lgefr cuh FkhA

2½ varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

3½ czsVu oqM~l O;oLFkk fuf'pr fofue; njksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh FkhA

12- vQhe ;q) dk vFkZ & tc baXySaM us phfu;ksa ij vQhe vk;kr djus dk ncko

Mkyk rks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp la?k"kZ mRiUu gks x;k ftldks vQhe ;q) dgk tkrk

gSA

1½ phfu;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd o uSfrd iru gqvkA

2½ phu dks gtkZus ds :i esa 5 cUnjxkg fczfV'k O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, [kksyus iM+sA

3½ fcuk fdlh vof/k ds gk¡xdk¡x dks fczVsu dks lkSai fn;k x;kA

6

ikB & 5

vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ;qx


1- izkP; & ;g 'kCn mu ns'kksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks ;wjksi ds iwoZ esa fLFkr

gSA

2- iw¡th & ;g eqnzk dh cM+h ek=k gS ftldk fuos'k fd;k tkrk gS ;k O;kikj ;k

m|ksx esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA

3- lektoknh & ftlesa ns'k ds izR;sd O;fDr dk leku fgLlk gksrk gS rFkk eq[;

m|ksxksa ij LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=.k ljdkj dk gksrk gSA

4- fLifuax tSuh & ,d lwr dkruss dh e'khuA tks tsEl gjxzhCt }kjk 1764 esa cukbZ

xbZ FkhA

5- LVsiy & ,d O;fDr tks js'kksa ds fglkc ls Åu dks LVsiy djrk gS ;k mls NkaVrk

gSA

6- QqytZ & pqUuVksa ds lgkjs diM+s dks lesVrk gSA

7- dkfMZx & og izfØ;k ftlls dikl ;k Åu vkfn dks js'kksa dks drkbZ ds fy,

rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

8- QykbZ 'kVy & jfLl;ksa vkSj iqfy;ksa ds tfj, pyus okyk ,d ;kaf=d vkStkj gS

ftldk cqukbZ ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA

9- Hkkjr esa lcls igyh twV fey dydÙkk esa yxhA

10- Hkki ds batu dk vkfo"dkj tsElokV us fd;kA

11- Hkkjr esa igyh diM+k fey 1854 esa yxhA

12- Hkkjr esa lcls igys vkus okys ;wjksih; iqRkZxkyh FksA

7

1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- 19oha lnh esa fdl ns'k esa m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\

2- dkSu ls n'kd esa bXyS.M esa dkj[kkus [kqys\

3- xqek'rk dkSu Fks ftudks Hkkjr esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us rSukr fd;k Fkk\

4- u, miHkksDrk rS;kj djus ds fy, dkSu lk rjhdk gS\

5- vkS|ksxhdj.k ds lcls igys pj.k esa baXySaM ds eq[; m|ksx dkSu ls Fks\

6- fLifuax tSuh us fdl izfØ;k esa o`f) dh\

7- ;wjksih; izcU/kd ,tsfUl;ksa dh Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj ds m|ksxksa esa :fp Fkh\

8- lalkj esa oLrqvksa dh ek¡x esa o`f) ds nks dkj.k crkvks\

9- 'kgjh mRiknd mRiknu dks dSls fu;af=r djrs Fks\

10- m|ksxifr e'khu dk iz;ksx D;ksa ugha djuk pkgrs Fks\

3@5 vad okys iz'u %&

1- eSupsLVj ds vkxeu ls Hkkjrh; cqudjksa ds lkeus D;k leL;k Fkh\

2- izFke fo'o ;q) ds le; Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd mRiknu c<+us ds D;k dkj.k Fks\

3- 1930 dh egkeUnh ds dkj.k fy[kks\

4- u, lkSnkxjksa dk 'kgjkssa eas O;kikj LFkkfir djuk dfBu D;ksa Fkk\

5- u, m|ksxifr ijaijkxr m|ksxksa dh txg D;ksa ugha ys lds\

6- Hkkjrh; lkSnkxjksa ds fu;a=.k okyk usVodZ D;ksa VwVus yxk Fkk\

7- bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa cqudjksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus ds fy, xqek'rksa dks

fu;qDr D;ksa fd;k Fkk\

8- tkWcj dkSu Fks\ ubZ dkj[kkuk iz.kkyh esa mudh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\

9- fczfV'k fuekZrkvksa us foKkiuksa dh enn ls Hkkjrh; O;kikj ij fdl izdkj dCtk

fd;k\

10- cktkj ls Je dh cgqrk;r ls Jfedksa dk thou dSls izHkkfor gqvk\

11- 19oha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi ds m|ksxifr e'khuksa dh vis{kk gkFk ds Je dks vf/kd ilan

D;ksa djrs Fks\

8

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mRrj %&

m01 vesfjdk

2- 1730 ds n'kd esaA

3- cqudjksa ds Åij lqijokbtj

4- foKkiuksa }kjk

5- dikl vkSj /kkrq m|ksxA

6- drkbZ

7- pk; vkSj dkQh ds jksi.k esaA

8- 1½ fo'o O;kikj dk foLrkj

2½ fo'o esa mifuos'kokn dh LFkkiukA

9- lkSnkxj fdlkuksa dks _.k nsrs FksA

10- lLrs ekuo Je dk miyC/k gksukA


1- 1½ Hkkjr ds diM+k fu;kZr eaas deh

2½ bZLV bafM;k daiuh ij diM+k cspus dk nckoA

3½ de ykxr

4½ LFkkuh; cktkj fldqM+us yxsA

5½ vPNh dikl u feyukA

2- 1½ vaxzstksa dh ;q) lEcU/kh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ubZ QSfDVª;k¡

LFkkfir dh xbZA

2½ onhZ ds diM+s] VSaV vkSj peM+s ds twrs vkfn lkeku cukus ds fy,A

3½ u, etnwj dke ij yxk fn, x, vkSj dke djus dk le; c<+k fn;k x;kA

3- 1½ izFke fo'o ;q) ds ckn fu;kZr ?kVkA

2½ vesfjdh iwathifr;ksa }kjk ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa ds fy, dtsZ cUnA

3½ d`f"k esa vfr mRiknuA

4½ m|ksxksa esa e'khuhdj.kA

9

4- 1½ 'kgjksa esa mRikndksa ds laxBu vkSj fxYM dkQh 'kfDr'kkyh FksA

2½ dkjhxjksa dks izf'k{k.k nsrs FksA

3½ mRikndksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs FksA

4½ u, yksxksa dks vius O;olk; esa vkus ls jksdrs FksA

5- 1½ vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dh la[;k de FkhA

2½ izkS|ksfxdh; cnyko dh xfr /kheh FkhA

3½ diM+k m|ksx ,d xfr'khy m|ksx FkkA

4½ izkS|ksfxdh dkQh eg¡xh FkhA

5½ mRiknu dk ,d cM+k Hkkx dkj[kkuksa dh ctk; x`g m|ksx ls iwjk gksrk FkkA

6- 1½ ;wjksih; dEifu;ksa us /khjs&/khjs LFkkuh; vnkyrksa ls fofHkUu izdkj dh

fj;k;rsa izkIr djds O;kikj ij vf/kdkj izkIr dj fy;s FksA

2½ ckn esa O;kikj ij ,dkf/kdkj izkIr dj fy;kA

3½ lwjr vkSj gqxyh ds canjxkgksa ij O;kikj ?kVus yxkA

7- 1½ os cqudjksa dks dtZ nsrs FksA

2½ rkfd os fdlh vkSj O;kikjh dks viuk eky rS;kj djds u ns ldsA

3½ os [kqn diM+ksa dh xq.koRrk dh tk¡p djrs FksA

8- 1½ m|ksxifr;ksa us etnwjksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, tkWcj j[kk FkkA

2½ tkWCkj dksbZ iqjkuk fo'oLr deZpkjh gksrk FkkA

3½ og xk¡o ls yksxksa dks ykrk FkkA

4½ dke dk Hkjkslk nsrk rFkk 'kgj esa clus ds fy, enn nsrkA

5½ tkWcj enn ds cnys iSls o rksgQksa dh ekax djus yxkA

9- 1½ mRiknksa dks cspus ds fy, dSys.Mj v[kckjksa o eSXthu dk iz;ksxA

2½ yscyksa ij Hkkjrh; nsoh nsorkvksa dh rLohj yxh gksrh FkhA

3½ fons'k esa cuh pht Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks tkuh igpkuh yxrh FkhA

10- 1½ 'kgj esa ukSdjh dh laHkkoukvksa dh [kcj lqurs gh Jfed 'kgjksa dh rjQ nkSM+

iM+sA

2½ ftuds lxs&lEcU/kh 'kgjksa esa igys ls gh dk;Zjr Fks muds tfj, u, yksxksa

dks ukSdjh fey ldrh FkhA

10

3½ ftudk 'kgjksa esa dksbZ ugha Fkk os g¶rksa Hkj izrh{kk djrs Fks rFkk iqyksa ds uhps

;k jSu clsjksa esa jkr xqtkjrs FksA

11- 1½ fczVsu esa m|ksxifr;ksa dks ekuo Je dh dksbZ deh ugha FkhA

2½ os e'khu blfy, yxkuk ugha pkgrs Fks D;ksafd e'khuksa ds fy, vf/kd iw¡th

fuos'k djuh iM+rh FkhA

3½ dqN ekSleh m|ksxksa ds fy, os m|ksxksa esa Jfedksa }kjk gkFk ls dke djokuk

vPNk le>rs FksA

4½ cktkj esa vDlj ckjhd fMtkbu vkSj [kkl vkdkjksa okyh phtksa dh ek¡x

jgrh Fkh tks gLr dkS'ky ij fuHkZj FkhA

11

ikB & 6

^^dke] vkjke vkSj thou**


1- egkuxj & fdlh izkar vFkok ns'k dh ?kuh tula[;k okyk fo'kky uxj tks izk;%

ogk¡ dh jkt/kkuh Hkh gksrk gSA

2- 'kgjhdj.k & fdlh LFkku ds 'kgj vFkok dLcs ds :i esa fodflr gksus dh

izfØ;kA

3- ijksidkjh & og O;fDr tks lekt ds fgr ds fy, dke djrk gSA

4- VsuseasV~l & cgqr vf/kd HkhM+ okys dkepykÅ edkuA ,sls edku izk;% cM+s

'kgjksa ds xjhc bykdksa esa ik, tkrs FksA

5- la;erk vkanksyu & bl vkanksyu eas eq[;r% dkedkth yksxksa esa 'kjkc dk

mi;ksx de djus ij cy fn;k tkrk FkkA

6- 'oklkjks/ku & vkWDlhtu dh deh ds dkj.k ̂ne?kqVuk*

7- O;fDrokn & leqnk; dh ctk; O;fDr dh Lora=rk rFkk vf/kdkjksa ij cy fn;k

tkukA

8- cSjkWu gkWleku & ,d okLrqdkj Fkk ftlus usiksfy;u r`rh; ds 'kkludky esa

Ýkal dks ,d vfr lqanj 'kgj dk :i fn;kA

9- izsthMSalh 'kgj & fczfV'k 'kklu ds v/khu cacbZ] caxky] enzkl vkfn izSthMSalh

'kgj Fks D;ksafd ;s izsthMSafl;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;k¡ FkhaA

10- Hkwfe fodkl & nynyh vFkok Mwch gqbZ tehu dks jgus ;k [ksrh djus ;k vU;

fdlh dke ds yk;d cukukA

11- /kqvk¡ fujks/k dkuwu & dydÙkk Hkkjr dk igyk 'kgj Fkk tgka /kq¡vk fujks/kd

dkuwu ikfjr fd;k x;kA

12- ckEcs bEizqoesaV VªLV dh LFkkiuk 1898 esaa gqbZA

13- cxhpksa ds 'kgj dh vo/kkj.kk & okLrqdkj o ;kstukdkj ,oaustj gkoMZ us

12

izLrqr dhA

14- fczVsu ds nks izkjafHkd vkS|ksfxd uxj & yhM~l vkSj eSupsLVj

1 vadh; y?kq iz'u %&

1- nqxkZpj.k jk; us dydÙkk uxj ds fo"k; esa dkSu lk miU;kl fy[kk\

2- fdlus xkMZu lhVh vo/kkj.kk dk fl)kar cuk;k\

3- pkfVZTe vkanksyu fdlfy, Fkk\

4- 17oha 'krkCnh esa cacbZ fdrus Vkiqvksa dk 'kgj Fkk\

5- nqfu;k¡ dh lcls igyh jsyxkM+h fdu nks LVs'kuksa ds chp nkSM+h\

6- fdldks ykSg nSR; dgk x;k\

7- Hkkjr dk dkSu lk 'kgj ek;kiqjh dgykrk gS\

8- uoEcj 1857 esa yanu esa gqbZ iqfyl dk;Zokgh dks fdl uke ls ;kn fd;k tkrk gS\

9- dydÙkk esa /kqvk¡ fujks/kd dkuwu dc ikfjr gqvk\

10- fQYe ̂jkTkk gfj'kpUnz* dk fuekZrk dkSu Fkk\

11- pkWy fdls dgrs gSa\

12- vaxzstks ls iwoZ cEcbZ fdlds vf/kdkj {ks= esa Fkh\

y?kq@nh?kZ 3@5 vad okys iz'u %&

1- xSjsFk LVsMeSu tksUl ds 'kCnksa esa 19oha lnh ds yanu eas ik¡p izeq[k m|ksx dkSu ls

Fks\

2- 19oha 'krkCnh esa yanu 'kgj dh vkcknh ds fujUrj c<+us ds fdUgha dkj.kksa dks Li"V

djks\

3- yanu dks lkQ djus ds fy, dkSu ls dne mBk, x,\

4- yanu esa vk, mu lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh O;k[;k djsa ftuds dkj.k Hkwfexr jsyos

dh t:jr iSnk gqbZA Hkwfexr jsyos dh vkykspuk D;ksa gqbZ\

5- vkS|ksxhdj.k ds QyLo:i yanu 'kgj esa euksjatu rFkk vodk'k ds {ks= esa gq,

lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds mnkgj.k nhft,A

6- mUuhloha lnh ds e/; esa cacbZ dh vkcknh esa Hkkjh o`f) D;ksa gqbZ\

13

7- 18oha 'krkCnh eas yanu esa efgykvksa }kjk viuh vk; c<+kus gsrq fd, x, iz;klksa dks

Li"V dhft,\

8- nqxkZpj.k jk; ds vuqlkj dydÙkk dk 'kgjh thou fdu rjhdksa ls fojks/kh Nfo;ksa

dks izLrqr djrk Fkk\

9- cEcbZ uxj dqN yksxksa ds fy, liuksa dk uxj rFkk vU; ds fy, dfBukb;ksa dk

uxj D;ksa gS\

10- cEcbZ dh vf/kdrj fQYesa 'kgj esas ckgj ls vkus okyksa dh ftUnxh ij vk/kkfjr D;ksa

gksrh Fkh\

11- 'kgj dh fo'kky tula[;k ,d volj Hkh Fkh vkSj ,d [krjk Hkh Fkh & bl dFke

dh iqf"V djksA

12- cEcbZ ds fodkl esa lgk;rk ds fy, pyk, x, Hkwfe fodkl dh fofHkUu

ifj;kstukvksa dk o.kZu djks\

mÙkj ekyk %&,d vadh; y?kq iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- nscxkusj eR;sZ vkxeu

2- ,osustj gkoMZ

3- o;Ld iq#"k erkf/kdkj ds fy,

4- lkr

5- iSfMaXVu ls QSfjaXVu

6- yanu Hkwfexr jsy

7- cEcbZ

8- [kwuh jfookj

9- 1863 esa

10- nknk lkgc QkYds

11- vLFkkbZ dkepykÅ edku

12- iqrZxkfy;ksa dsA

14

y?kq@nh?kZ 3@5 vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- 1½ ifj/kku ,oa twrk m|ksx

2½ ydM+h ,oa QuhZpj m|ksx

3½ /kkrq ,oa bathfu;fjax m|ksx

4½ NikbZ o LVs'kujh m|ksx

5½ 'kY; fpfdRlk midj.k ,oa ?kM+h m|ksxA

2- 1½ 1810 ls 1880 ds chp lÙkj o"kksZ ds nkSjku yanu dh tula[;k 10 yk[k ls

c<+dj 40 yk[k gks xbZA

2½ dq'ky ,oa 'kkjhfjd Je djus okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f)A

3½ ik¡p izdkj ds m|ksx ds dkj.k voljksa dh vf/kdrkA

4½ dkj[kkus] eksVjdkj vkSj fctyh midj.k [kqyus ls yanu dh rjQ yksxkas dk

vkd"kZ.k c<+kA

3- 1½ vikVZesUV ds fo'kky CykWd cuk, x,A

2½ fdjk;k fu;a=.k dkuwu ykxw fd;k x;kA

3½ fczfV'k jkT; us LFkkuh; 'kklu ds lkFk feydj 10 yk[k edku cuk,A

4½ Hkwfexr jsyos dk fuekZ.kA

4- Hkwfexr jsyos dh vko';drk mRiUu djus okys lkekftd ifjorZu %

1½ xanh cfLr;ksa dh Hkjekj] fu/kZu yksxksa dh vdky e`R;qA

2½ 1917 dh :lh Økafr ls Hk;A

3½ etnwjksa dk vkanksyuA

4½ lekt lq/kkj Hkkouk tkx`r gksukA

5½ fu/kZuksa ds fy, x`g fuekZ.k ;kstuk ij fopkjA

6½ dkj[kkusa ls ?kj nwj gksus ds dkj.k ifjogu lk/ku dh t:jrA

7½ l?ku vkcknh ds dkj.k Hkwfexr jsyos ykbu dk fuekZ.kA

vkykspuk ¼Hkwfexr jsyos dh½

1½ Hkouksa dks rksM+uk iM+k

2½ cM+h la[;k esa yksx foLFkkfirA

3½ lqjax ds Hkhrj jsy ds pyus ls dks;ys ds d.k] xa/k vkSj /kq,¡ ls ;kf=;ksa dk

15

ne ?kqVukA

5- yanu esa vkS|kxhdj.k ds QyLo:i nks fojks/kh oxZ mHkjs vehj rFkk xjhc oxZ

1½ vehjksa ds euksjatu ds fy, yanu lhtuA

2½ etnwj oxZ & ic ;k 'kjkc [kkusA

3½ vke turk & iqLrdky;] dyknh?kkZ,¡ rFkk laxzgky;

4½ fuEu oxZ & laxhr lHkk,¡ rFkk gky

5½ flusek @ leqnz ds fdukjs ?kweukA

6- 1½ 1819 esa cacbZ dks izslhMsalh uxj cuk;k tkukA

2½ 1854 vkSj 1921 ds chp 85 lwrh oL= feyksa dh LFkkiukA

3½ 1870 ds n'kd rd 22 oxZ ehy dh leqnz eas Mwch gqbZ cacbZ dh Hkwfe dk

fodkl gksukA

4½ cacbZ fQYe m|ksx dsUnz cu x;kA

5½ canjxkg ds dkj.k jkstxkj ds volj c<+sA

7- 1½ ?kj ij dke djuk] lwr dkruk] dikl lkQ djuk diM+s jaxukA

2½ QSfDVª;ksa esa JfedA

3½ ?kj ds Qkyrw LFkku fdjk, ij nsukA

4½ flykbZ] cqukbZ] ekfpl cukukA

8- 1½ dydÙkk fczfV'k jkT; dh jkt/kkuh FkkA o"kkZ dk nsork o:.k nsorkvkas dks

jsy esa fcBkdj ;k=k djkrk gSA

2½ nsork iznw"k.k o /kq¡vk ns[k pfdr gks tkrs gSaA

3½ txexkrs egkuxj dh pdkpkSa/k ls nsork izHkkfor gksrs gSaA

4½ dydÙkk esa jkstxkj dh Hkjekj Fkh ij ogk¡ Bx] pksj o Hk;adj xjhch Hkh Fkh

9- 1½ cacbZ 'kgj vius O;kikj] dkjksckj o m|ksxksa ds dkj.k vizokfl;ksa dks

vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

2½ cacbZ vk'kkvksa rFkk voljksa dk uxj FkkA

3½ Qyrk&Qwyrk O;kikj fuos'k ds fy, iawth dh miyC/krk us fQYe m|ksx dks

liuksa dh nqfu;k¡ cuk nhA

4½ fodkl ds lkFk leL;k,¡&xanh cfLr;k¡] pkWyksa dh Hkjekj] yksxkas dh n;uh;

16

fLFkfr rFkk yxkrkj la?k"kZ vkSj thfor jgus ds fy, dM+h esgurA

10- 1½ vf/kdka'k fQYesa cukus okys funsZ'kd] izksM;wlj iVdFkk ys[kd ukVddkj

vkSj dykdkj vizoklh Fks tks cEcbZ esa nwj&nwj ls vk, FksA blfy, os muls

gh lacaf/kr izlaxksa eas vf/kd :fp j[krs FksA

2½ vizoklh fo'ks"k:i ls Jfed vkSj QSDVjh deZpkjh tks dk:f.kd thou th

jgs FksA muds thou dks vklkuh ls fQYe izalxksa esa cnyk tk ldrk FkkA

3½ iqjkuh fQYesa ^lh vkbZ Mh ¼1956½] xSLV gkml ¼1959½ vizokfl;ksa dh

leL;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr FkhA

11- 1½ csgrj jkstxkjksa dh lqfo/kk vkSj csgrj thou Lrj ;g yksxksa ds fy, ,d

volj FkkA

2½ [krjk & c<+rh vkcknh 'kgjksa eas c<+rs vijk/k tSls yanu dk [kwuh jfookjA

12- 1½ 1864 esa ekykckj fgy ls dksykck ds vkf[kjh Nksj rd ds if'pe rV dks

fodflr djus dk Bsdk cSd cs fjDyses'ku daiuh dks feykA

2½ 1870 rd 'kgj dk {ks=Qy 22 oxZ fdyksehVj rd igq¡p x;kA

3½ vkcknh c<+us nds dkj.k T;knk iksVZ VªLV ds varxZr 'kq: gqbZ ftlus lw[kh

xksnh dk fuekZ.k fd;kA feV~Vh ls 22 ,dM+ dk ckykMZ ,LVsV cuk;k vkSj

ejhu Mªkbo Hkh cuk;k x;kA

17

ikB & 7

^êqnz.k laLd`fr vkSj vk/kqfud nqfu;k¡**


1- lu~ 1448 esa xqVsucxZ us ckbfcy dks NkikA

2- lu~ 1508 esa bjSLel us ,Mspst+ iqLrd NkihA

3- lu~ 1517 esa ekfVZu ywFkj us /keZ lq/kkj ij 95 fFkfll fy[khA

4- Hkkjr esa izsl dk tud% tsEl vkaxLVl fgdh us 1780 esa caxky xtV dk laiknu

“kq: fd;kA

5- lu~ 1820 esa dydÙkk lqizhe dksVZ us izsl dUVªksy fcy ikl fd;kA

6- lu~ 1821 esa jktkjkeeksgu jk; us laokn dkSeqnh NkihA

7- lu~ 1822 esa xqtjkrh lekpkj i= eqacbZ esa Nkik x;kA

8- ikaMqfyfi;k ;g gLrfyf[kr ys[k gksrs Fks] bUgsa rkM+ ds iÙkksa ij fy[kk tkrk FkkA

9- [kq'kulhoh & lqys[ku] gkFk ls cM+s lqanj&lqMkSy v{kjksa esa dykRed :i ls

fy[kukA

10- Mk;eaM lw=%& tkiku dh lcls iqjkuh 868 esa Nih iqLrdA

11- osye tkuojksa ds peM+s ls cuh ys[ku dh lrgA

12- IykVsu &ysVjizsl NikbZ esa ,d cksMZ ftls dkxt ds ihNs nckdj Vkbi dh Nki

yh tkrh FkhA

14- dEiksthVj NikbZ ds fy, bckjr dEikst djus okyk O;fDrA

15- xSyh & /kkrqbZ Ýse& ftlesa Vkbi fcNkdj bckjr cukbZ tkrh FkhA

16- xkFkk & xhr& yksdxhrksa dk ,sfrgkfld vk[;ku~ ftls xk;k ;k lquk;k tkrk FkkA

17- bUDohth'ku ¼/keZ vnkyr½ & fo/kfeZ;ksa dh f'kuk[r djus vkSj ltk nsus okyh

jkseu dSFkksfyd laLFkkA

18- fujadq'kokn & jktdkt dh ,slh O;oLFkk] ftlesa fdlh ,d O;fDr dks fcuk

dkuwuh vkSj laoS/kkfud ikcanh ds laiw.kZ 'kfDr izkIr gksA

18

18- myek & bLykeh dkuwu vkSj 'kfj;k ds fo}kuA

19- Qrok & vlaetl dh fLFkfr esa bLykeh eq¶rh ds }kjk dh tkus okyh oS/kkfud

?kks"k.kkA

20- iapkax & pk¡n] lwjt dh xfr vkSj yksxksa ds nSfud thou ls tqM+h tkudkjh nsus

okyk okf"kZd izdk'kuA

21-] 1878 esa oukZD;qyj izsl ,DV ykxw fd;k x;kA

1 vad okys y?kq iz'u %&

1- ;wjksi esa igyh fizfVax izsl dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\

2- dkSu lk /keZ lq/kkjd izksVsLVsV /keZ lq/kkj ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Fkk\

3- xqVsUcxZ }kjk Nkih igyh iqLrd dkSu lh Fkh\

4- iqLrdksa dk isij czsd laLdj.k dc izdkf”kr gqvk\

5- baXySaM esa Qsjhokyksa ds }kjk ,d iSls esa fcdus okyh fdrkcksa dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\

6- dkSu&lk i<+us dk lk/ku fo'ks"kdj ukfj;ksa ds fy, Fkk\

7- 1818 dk oukZD;wyj ,DV fdl rtZ ij cuk Fkk\

8- tkiku dh lcls iqjkuh Nih iqLrd dk uke D;k Fkk\

9- fdl ns'k esa eqnz.k dh rduhd lcls igys fodflr gqbZ\

10- êqnz.k bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ egkure nsu gS* ;g 'kCn fdlus dgk Fkk\

11- fdlus 'kfDr pkfyr csyukdkj izsl dks dkjxj cuk;k\

12- oqMCykWd fizaafVx dh rduhd ;wjksi esa dkSu yk;k\

13- eqnz.k dh lcls igyh rduhd fdu ns'kksa esa fodflr gqbZ\

14- Hkkjr esa NikbZ dh rduhd dc vkSj dkSu yk;k\

15- 1871 esa xqykefxjh fdlus fy[kh\

16- rqylhnkl ds jkepfjrekul dk igyk eqfnzr laLdj.k dc vkSj dgk¡ Nik\

17- nks Qkjlh v[kckjksa ds uke fy[kks tks 1882 esa izdkf'kr gq,\

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u 3@5 vad okys %&

1- ^ôqM CykWd ¼dkB dh r[rh½ okyh NikbZ ;wjksi esa 1295 ds ckn vkbZ** bl dFku dks

Li"V djks\

19

2- ubZ eqnz.k dh [kkst ;wjksi ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa D;ksa QSy xbZ\ dkj.k crkb,\

3- eqnz.k laLd`fr us Ýkalhlh ØkfUr ykus esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ\

4- ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ D;k gSa\ buds iz;ksx dh lhek,¡ D;k Fkh\

5- eqnz.k us fdl izdkj leqnk;ksa vkSj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksxkas dks

tksM+us dk dk;Z fd;k Fkk\

6- eqnz.k laLd`fr us Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fdl izdkj ;ksxnku

fn;k\

7- eqfnzr fdrkcsa vf'kf{kr yksxksa ds chp yksdfiz; D;ksa gqbZ\

8- Hkkjr esa oukZD;wyj izsl ,DV tkjh djus ds dkj.k crkb,\

9- jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ ds foHkktu eas eqnz.k laLd`fr dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft,\

10- 19 oha lnh esa efgykvksa }kjk i<us ds pyu ds izfr yksxksa dk D;k joS;k Fkk\

efgykvksa dh bl lanHkZ esa D;k izfrfØ;k Fkh\

11- ,sls rjhdksa dk mYys[k dhft, ftuls eqfnzr fdrkcksa rd vke vkneh dh igq¡p

c<+h\

mÙkjekyk


1- ;ksgku xqVsUcxZ

2- ekfVZu ywFkj

3- ckbZfcy

4- egkeUnh dh 'kq:vkr esa

5- pSicqDl

6- isuh eSxthUl

7- vkbZfj'k izsl dkuwu

8- Mk;eaM lw=

9- phu

10- ekfVZu ywFkj

11- fjpMZ ,e gks

20

12- ekdksZ iksyks

13- phu] tiku] dksfj;k

14- 16oha 'krkCnh] iqrZxkyh

15- T;ksfrck Qwys

16- dydÙkk 1810

17- tke&,&tgk¡ ukek] 'kElqy v[k+ckj

y?kq@nh?kZ 3@5 vad ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- oqMCykWd okyh NikbZ ;wjksi esa 1295 bZ ds i'pkr~ vkbZ D;ksafd &

1½ ;g rduhd igys phu ds ikl FkhA

2½ ekdksZ iksyks ;g Kku vius lkFk ysdj ykSVk

3½ ekdksZs iksyks us ;wjksi dks oqMCykWd ls voxr djk;kA

4½ ;g rduhd ;wjksi eas QSy xbZA

2- 1½ fdrkcksa dh c<+rh ek¡x gLrfyf[kr ikaMqfyfi;ksa ls iwjh ugha gks jgh FkhA

2½ ikaMqfyfi;k¡ uktqd Fkha] muds j[kj[kko esa reke eqf'dysa FkhaA

3½ udy mrkjuk csgn [kphZyk FkkA

4½ budk ¼ikaMqfyfi;ksa½ pyu lhfer FkkA

5½ fdrkckas dh c<+rh ek¡x ds dkj.k oqMCykWd fiazfVax yksdfiz; gks x;hA

3- 1½ NikbZ ds pyrs fopkjksa dk izlkj] muds ys[ku us ijaijk] vfo'okl vkSj

fujdqa'kokn dh vkykspuk dhA

2½ jhfr&fjoktksa dh txg foosd ds 'kklu ij cy fn;kA

3½ ppZ dh /kkfeZd vkSj jkT; dh fujdaaq'k lÙkk ij geykA

4½ NikbZ us okn&fookn dh ubZ laLd`fr dks tUe fn;kA

4- gkFkksa ls fy[kh iqLrdksa dks ikaMqfyfi;k¡ dgrs gSaA

1½ fdrkcksa dh c<+rh ek¡x] ikaMqfyfi;ksa ls iwjh ugha gksus okyh FkhA

2½ udy mrkjuk csgn [kphZyk] le; vf/kd yxuk] ek¡x iwjh uk gksukA

3½ ;s cgqr uktqd gksrh FkhaA j[kj[kko esa] ysus ys tkus esa eqf'dy FkhA

4½ mijksDr leL;kvska dh otg ls mudk & vknku&iznku eqf'dy FkkA

21

5- 1½ eqfnzr iz.kkyh us u, fopkjksa ds fodkl] izlkj vkSj vfHkO;fDr gsrq ,d u,

IysVQkeZ dk fodkl fd;kA

2½ eqfnzr iz.kkyh lapkj dk lcls lLrk vkSj ljy lk/ku FkkA

3½ ;s Hkkjr ds yksxksa dh leL;k dks mtkxj djrs FksA

4½ /kkfeZd iqLrdsa cM+h rknkn esa O;kid tu leqnk; rd igq¡p jgh FkhA

5½ v[kckj Hkkjrh; ewy ds ,d {ks= ls nwljs {ks= rd lekpkj igq¡pkrs FksA

6- 1½ neudkjh uhfr ds ckotwn jk"Vªoknh v[kckj ns'k ds gj dksus esa c<+rs&QSyrs

x,A

2½ mUgksaus vkSifuosf'kd dq'kklu ds ckjs esa fy[kkA

3½ iatkc ds Økafrdkfj;ksa dks fxj¶rkj djus ij cky xaxk/kj fryd us viuk

dsljh lekpkj i= NkikA

4½ iatkc rFkk ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks cy feykA

5½ cky xaxk/kj fryd dks fxj¶rkj djus dk iwjs Hkkjr esa fojks/k gqvkA

7- 1½ tks yksx i<+ ugha ikrs Fks os Hkh cksydj i<+us okys yksxksa dks lqudj [kq'k gksrs

FksA

2½ yksdxhr vkSj dFkkvksa dk NiukA

3½ lfp= fdrkcksa dk NiukA

4½ bUgsa xzkeh.k lHkkvksa esa] 'kgjh 'kjkc[kkuksa esa xk;k lquk;k tkrk FkkA

8- 1½ tc fdlh fjiksVZ dks ckxh djkj ns fn;k tkrk Fkk rks mls Nius ls iwoZ

psrkouh nh tkrh Fkh vkSj uk ekuus ij fizafVax izsl t+Cr dj yh tkrh FkhA

2½ Hkkjr esa v[kckj ds ek/;e ls c<+ jgs jk"Vªokn vFkkZr~ fczfV'k fojks/kh

fopkj/kkjk ds fu;a=.k ds fy,A

3½ Hkkjr esa Nius okys lHkh ns'kh v[kckjksa ds izdk'ku ij ut+j j[kus ds fy,A

9- 1½ ekfVZu ywFkj us jkseu dSFkksfyd dh dqjhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq, 95

LFkkiuk,a fy[khA

2½ bldh ,d Nih izfr foVsucxZ ds fxjtk?kj ds njokts ij Vk¡xh xbZA

3½ ywFkj ds ys[k cM+h rknkn esa Nkis x,A

4½ urhtk ppZ dk foHkktu gks x;k vkSj izksVsLVsaV /keZ lq/kkj dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA

10- 1½ mnkjoknh firk vkSj ifr vius ;gk¡ vkSjrksa dks ?kj ij i<+kus yxsA

22

2½ 'kgjksa esa NksVs&NksVs Ldwy [kqys rks mUgsa Ldwy Hkstus yxsA

3½ ckxh vkSjrksa us bu izfrca/kks dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA

11- 1½ enzkl esa lLrh fdrkcsa pkSd&pkSjkgksa ij csph tk jgh FkhA vc xjhc yksx Hkh

mUgsa [kjhn ldrs FksA

2½ lkoZtfud iqLrdky; [kqyuk] 'kgjksa] dLcksa rFkk laiUu xk¡oksa esaA

3½ iqfLrdkvksa vkSj fuca/kks esa tkfrxr Hksn ds ckjs esa fy[kukA

4½ etnwjh esa lk{kjrk vk,] u'kk[kksjh de gksA

5½ jk"Vªokn dk lans'k vke vkneh rd igq¡p jgk FkkA

23

ikB & 8

^^miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl**


1- miU;kl & lkfgR; dh ,d vk/kqfud fo/kk ftldh iSnkb'k Nkis[kkus ds e”khuh

vfo’dkj ls gqbZA

2- miU;kl dk fodkl & baXySaM vkSj Ýkal esa 18oha lnh esa gqvkA

3- /kkjkokfgd & ,slh i)fr ftlesa dgkuh dks fdLrksa esa Nkik tkrk gSA

4- igyk /kkjkokfgd miU;kl lu~ 1836 esa Nik FkkA

5- Hknz lekt & Å¡ps [kkunku esa iSnk gksus okys vkSj Å¡ph gSfl;r dk nkok djus

okys yksxA

6- tu Hkk"kk & lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kkA

7- O;aX; & ys[ku] fp=dkjh] js[kkadu ds ek/;e ls gkL;ind vkSj prqj <ax ls

lekt dh vkykspuk dk fu:i.kA

8- nkLrku & lkgl] ohjrk vkSj prqjkbZ ds fdLlksa dh yach ijaijk tks Q+kjlh vkSj

mnwZ esa FkhA

9- fgUnh dk igyk miU;kl fy[kus dk Js; fnYyh ds Jhfuokl nkl dks tkrk gSA

10- tkslQ dkWujSM ¼1857&1924½ tSls ys[kdksa us vius miU;klksa esa vkSifuosf'kd

xqykeh ds L;kg i{k dks mtkxj fd;kA

11- ,feyh tksyk dk tfeZuy ¼1885½ [knku etnwjksa dh 'kkspuh; gkykr dks

n'kkZrk gSA

12- xksnku ¼1936½ izsepan dh e'kgwj d`fr gS tks Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ij fy[kk egku

miU;kl gSA

13- izeq[k miU;kldkj miU;kl

gsujh QhfYMax VkWe tksUl

pkYlZ fMdsUl gkMZ VkbEl] vksfyoj fVoLV

24

ckck i|.kth ;equk i;ZVu

Jhfuokl nkl ijh{kk xq:

jksdS;k gqlSu lqYrkuk t Mªhe

izsepan lsoklnu] jaxHkwfe] xksnku] fueZyk

cafde panz pVksik/;k; nqxsZ'kuafnuh] vkuan eB

y?kq iz'u ¼1 vad okys½ %&

1- igyk Hkkjrh; miU;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k Fkk\

2- lkSnkeuh miU;kl fdl Hkk"kk eas gS\

3- banqys[kk miU;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k\

4- fganh miU;kl dk ikBd oxZ fdlds ys[ku ls iSnk gqvk\

5- es;j vkWQ dSLVjfczt uked miU;kl ds ys[kd dkSu gS\

6- pkYlZ fMdsUl dh igyh /kkjkokfgd if=dk dkSu lh Fkh\

7- i=kRed miU;kl D;k gksrk gS\

8- Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud miU;kl dk fodkl dc gqvk\

9- ljLorhfot;e fdl ys[kd dh jpuk gS\

10- ijh{kk xq: miU;kl fdl 'kSyh esa fy[kk gS\

11- rfey Hkk"kk ds yksdfiz; ,sfrgkfld miU;kdkj dkSu gSa\

12- caxkyh esa fy[kk tkus okyk igyk miU;kl dkSu lk Fkk\

13- dknEcjh dk ys[kd dkSu gS\

14- caxky ds nks yksdfiz; miU;kldkjksa ds uke fy[kks\

15- gksjh vkSj /kfu;k fdl miU;kl ds izfl) ik= gSa\

16- ikaMqfyfi;k¡ D;k gksrh gSa\

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u ¼3@5 vad okys½

1- miU;kl cgqr lkjh laLd`fr;ksa dks ,d lkFk feykrk gS] Li"V dhft,\

2- miU;klksa us fdl izdkj Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dks izsfjr fd;k\

3- miU;kl fdl izdkj vkSifuosf'kd ekufldrk dks mtkxj djrs gSa\ mnkgj.k

25

nsdj le>kb,\

4- Hkkjr eas lkekftd lq/kkj ds {ks= esa miU;kldkjksa dh Hkwfedk mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk

ls le>kb,A

5- Hkkjr esa lkekftd lq/kkj ds {ks= esa miU;kldkjksa dh Hkwfedk mnkgj.kksa dh

lgk;rk ls le>kb,\

6- fczVsu esa efgyk ikBdksa dh o`f) ds fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

7- 19oha lnh ds ;qokvksa ds fy, fdl izdkj ds miU;kl fy[ks x,\ O;k[;k dhft,A

8- fgUnh ds igys vk/kqfud miU;kl dk uke fyf[k, tks lcls vf/kd fcdkA bldk

ys[kd dkSu Fkk\ ;g vf/kd izfl) D;ksa gqvk\

9- izsepUn ds miU;klksa ds ik= lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± ls ?kqy&fey x;s gSa\ Li"V

dhft,A

10- jksdS;k gqlSu ds f'k{kk vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dh O;k[;k djksA

11- izkjafHkd caxkyh Hkk"kk ds miU;klksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fy[kksA

12- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr eas miU;kl fdl rjg mifuos”k vkSj jk"Vªokfn;ksa ds fy,

ykHknk;d Fkk\

13- miU;klksa esa oxkZD;wyj Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k x;k\

14- gkMZ VkbEl dh jpuk fdlus dh\ bldh fo"k; oLrq dh O;k[;k dhft,\

15- vlfe;k miU;kl dh izeq[k jpukvksa ,oa mlds fodkl dh O;k[;k dhft,\

16- ey;kye esa fy[kk miU;kl banqys[kk esa fdl eqn~ns dks mtkxj fd;k gS\

mÙkj ekyk %&

,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- ejkBh

2- mfM+;k

3- ey;kye

4- nsodh uUnu [k=h

5- VkWel gkMhZ

6- fidfod isilZ

26

7- futh i=ksa ds :i esa

8- 19oha 'krkCnh esa

9- iksFksjh dqatkEcq

10- mins'kkRed 'kSyh

11- vkj] d`".kkewfrZ

12- v¡xqfj;k fcfuekW;

13- ck.kHkV~V

14- cafdepUnz pV~Vksik/;k;] 'kjrpUnz pV~Vksik/;k;

15- xksnku

16- gLrfyf[kr fdrkcsa

y?kq@nh?kZ 3@5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- 1½ miU;klksa eas tulk/kkj.k dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

2½ miU;klksa esa vyx&2 cksfy;ksa ls fudVrk cukdj ,d jk"Vª ds fofo/k

leqnk;ksa dh nqfu;k¡ dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

3½ miU;klksa esa Hkk"kk dh vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa ls Hkh lkexzh yh x;hA

2- 1½ vkuan eB vkSj v¡xqfj;k fcfuekW; us Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dks iszfjr fd;kA

2½ caxky esa dbZ miU;kl ejkBksa vkSj jktiwrksa ij fy[ks x,] ftlls vf[ky

Hkkjrh;rk dk fodkl gqvkA

3½ lkgl vkSj 'kkS;Z'kkyh vrhr ds vkg~oku ls ;qok ih<+h esa ns'k HkfDr dk izlkj

gqvkA

3- 1½ MSfu;y MSQks d`r jkWfcalu Øwlks dk uk;d lkgfld ;k=h gksus ds

lkFk&lkFk O;kikjh Hkh gSA

2½ blesa xSj xksjs yksxksa dks cjkcj dk balku ugha ekuk x;k gSA

3½ tkslQ dkWujSM us vius miU;klksa esa vkSifuosf'kd xqykeh ds dkys i{k dks

mtkxj fd;k gSA

4- 1½ miU;klksa us euksjatu ds u, rjhds miyC/k djok,A

2½ miU;klkssa dh dher de FkhA

27

3½ dgkfu;k¡ okLrfod vkSj jkspd gksrh FkhaA

4½ miU;klksa us O;fDrxr Lrj ij i<+us dk vkuan fn;kA

5- 1½ lu~ 1920 ds vkl&ikl caxky esa ,sls miU;kl vk, ftuesa fdlkuksa vkSj

fuEu tkfr;ksa ls lacaf/kr ckrsa mBk;h x;hA

2½ panq esuu dk miU;kl banqys[kk mPp tkfr dh ,d oSokfgd leL;k ij

izdk'k Mkyrk gSA

3½ iksFksjh dqatkEcq us ljLorhfot;e uked miU;kl esa fuEu tkfr ds neu dh

dM+h fuUnk dh gSA

6- 1½ vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k e/; oxZ esa fodkl gqvkA ftlls efgykvksa dks

miU;kl i<+us vkSj fy[kus dk volj feykA

2½ miU;klksa esa efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa dks mBk;k tkus yxkA

3½ cgqr lkjs miU;kl ?kjsyw ftUnxh ij vk/kkfjr FksA

4½ Lo;a efgykvksa us viuh ftUnxh ds ckjs esa miU;klksa esa fy[kkA

7- 1½ vkj-,y-LVhosalu] jM;kMZ fdifyax vkfn miU;kldkjksa us lkgfld

?kVukvksa ij miU;k fy[ksA

2½ lkgfld ?kVukvksa ij vk/kkfjr miU;klksa dks ;qokvksa us i<+uk izkjaHk fd;kA

3½ ;qok fofHkUu vkSifuosf'kd {ks=ksa ds fodkl rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds xokg

cus rFkk lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fgLlk fy;kA

8- 1½ izFke vk/kqfud fgUnh miU;kl pUnzdkUrk larfr ,d :ekuh miU;kl FkkA

2½ ;g miU;kl nsodh uanu [k=h }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA

3½ bls iw.kZr% i<+us ds vkuan dh n`f"V ls fy[kk x;k FkkA

9- 1½ izsepan vius miU;klksa esa of.kZr pfj= yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d

leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA

2½ izsepan us vius miU;klksa eas vfHktkr oxZ] tehankj] e/;oxhZ; fdlku]

etnwj] ukSdjh is'kk yksxksa dks fy;k gSA

3½ miU;klksa esa fuEu oxZ ls vkus okyh efgykvksa dks fpf=r fd;k gSA

4½ miU;kl lkekftd eqn~nksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa rFkk pfj= fofHkUu oxks± ls gh pqus

x;s gSaA

10- 1½ os ,d lekt lq/kkjd FkhA

28

2½ mUgkasus dydÙkk esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, fo|ky; [kksykA

3½ vaxzsth esa lqYrkuk dk LoIu uked ,d O;aX;kRed Qarklh fy[khA

4½ vius miU;kl in~ejkx ds ek/;e ls crk;k gS fd efgyk,¡ viuh n”kk Loa;

lq/kkj ldrh gSaA]

11- 1½ lcls igys efgykvksa us dgkfu;ksa] dfork,¡] fucU/k rFkk vkRedFkk,¡ fy[kuk

'kq: fd;kA

2½ efgyk,¡ ckn esa miU;kl Hkh fy[kus yxhA

3½ chloha 'krkCnh esa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa efgyk,¡ miU;kl y?kq dFkk,¡ fy[kus yxhA

4½ efgykvksa us ,slh ukfj;ksa ds ckjsa esa fy[kk ftUgksaus efgykvksa ds thou esa

ifjorZu yk fn;kA

12- 1½ miU;kl izse dgkfu;ksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA

2½ bUgsa x| 'kSyh esa fy[kk tkrk FkkA

3½ miU;klksa esa lk/kkj.k cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

13- 1½ miU;klksa us fofHkUu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij izgkj djus ds lkFk muds

fuokj.k ds mik; Hkh crk,A

2½ miU;klksa eas jk"Vªh;rk ds fo"k; dks Hkh mBk;k vkSj O;fDr;ksa ls viuh

laLd`fr ds izfr fu"Bk fn[kkus dk vuqjks/k fd;kA

3½ miU;klksa us mifuos'k iz'kkldksa dks Hkh mi;ksxh lwpuk,¡ nhA

4½ bu miU;klksa ls nslh thou o jhfr&fjoktksa ls tqM+h tkudkfj;k¡ feyha

ftUgsa vaxzsth eas vuqokfnr fd;kA

14- 1½ oukZD;wyj Hkk"kk vke turk }kjk cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSA

2½ blls ,d lk>s jk"Vª dk ,glkl gqvkA

3½ blls 'kkL=h; Hkk"kk vkSj lM+d Nki Hkk"kk esa lkeatL; LFkkfir gqvkA

4½ ;g fo'o dh fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj vk;hA

15- 1½ gkMZ VkbEl dh jpuk pkYlZ fMdsUl us dhA

2½ blesa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds nq"izHkkoksa dk o.kZu gSA

3½ blesa dkYifud 'kgj ds ek/;e ls vkS|ksxhdj.k ds izHkkoksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k

gSA

16- 1½ vlfe;k Hkk"kk dk mn~xe 7 oha lnh esa gks x;k FkkA

29

2½ bldk lkfgfR;d fodkl 13oha lnh esa gqvkA

3½ izkjafHkd vlfe;k miU;kl fe'kufj;ksa us fy[ks FksA

4½ izeq[k miU;kl Qwye.kh vkSj d:.kk FksA

17- 1½ bUnqys[kk izse dFkk ij vk/kkfjr miU;kl FkkA

2½ bUnqys[kk tSls miU;kl mPp tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk fy[ks tkrs Fks vkSj mPp

tkfr;ksa ds O;fDr;ksa dk mYys[k gksrk FkkA

3½ uEcwnjh czkã.k ml le; dsjy ds cM+s tehankj Fks vkSj uk;jksa dk ,d cM+k

oxZ mudk jS;rh yxkunkj FkkA

30

ladykukRed ewY;kadu ¼izFke½

Hkqxksy d{kk & nloha v/;k; & 1

^^lalk/ku ,oa fodkl**

tkuus ;ksX; rF; rFkk egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh %&

Û izd`fr ls izkIr fofHkUu oLrq,¡ tks gekjh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa iz;qDr gksrh

gSa] ftudks cukus ds fy, izkS|ksfxdh miyC/k gSa lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û tho eaMy ls izkIr lalk/ku tSo lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û futhZo oLrqvksa }kjk fufeZr lalk/ku] vTkSo lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û os lalk/ku ftUgsa fofHkUu HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vFkok ;kaf=d izfØ;kvksa ds }kjk iqu%

mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gS] uohdj.kh; lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û os lalk/ku ftUgs ,d ckj mi;ksx esa ykus ds ckn iqu% mi;ksx esa ugha yk;k tk

ldrk] budk fuekZ.k rFkk fodkl ,d yacs HkwoSKkfud varjky esa gqvk gS]

vuohdj.kh; lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û futh LokfeRo okys O;fDrxr lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û os lalk/ku ftudk mi;ksx leqnk; ds lHkh yksx djrs gSa] lkeqnkf;d lalk/ku

dgykrs gSaA

Û fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lalk/ku tks jk"Vª dh HkkSxksfyd lhek ds Hkhrj ekStwn gks]

jk"Vªh; lalk/ku gksrs gSaA O;fDrxr] lkeqnkf;d lalk/kuksa dks jk"Vª fgr esa jk"Vªh;

ljdkj }kjk vf/kx`ghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Û os lalk/ku tks fdlh {ks= esa fo|eku rks gSa] ijarq budk mi;ksx ugha gks jgk gS]

laHkkoh lalk/ku dgykrs gSaA

Û os lalk/ku ftudk losZ{k.k fd;k tk pqdk gS] buds mi;ksx dh xq.koÙkk rFkk ek=k

fu/kkZfjr gks pqdh gS] mUgs fodflr lalk/ku dgrs gSaA

Û izd`fr esa miyC/k gksus okys os inkFkZ tks ekuo vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSaA

ysfdu rduhdh Kku u gksus ;k iwjh rjg fodflr u gksus ds dkj.k igq¡p ds ckgj

gSa] HkaMkj dgykrs gSaA

31

Û lrr iks"k.kh; fodkl & bl rjhds ls fodkl fd;k tk, ftlls i;kZoj.k dks

gkfu u igq¡ps rFkk orZeku esa fd, tk jgs fodkl ds }kjk Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh

vko';drkvksa dh vogsyuk u gksA

Û lalk/ku fu;kstu & ,sls mik; vFkok rduhd ftlds }kjk lalk/kuksa dk mfpr

iz;ksx lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldssA

Û lalk/ku laj{k.k & lalk/kuksa dk U;k;laxr rFkk ;kstukc) iz;ksx] ftlls

lalk/kuksa dk viO;; u gksA

Û Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k & fofHkUu izkd`frd rFkk ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa }kjk e`nk dk

d`f"k ds ;ksX; u jg ikukA

Û fuoy vFkok 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= & og {ks= tgk¡ o"kZ esa ,d ckj ;k ,d ls

vf/kd ckj d`f"k dh xbZ gksA

Û dqy cks;k x;k {ks= & 'kq) cks, x, {ks= esa ijrh Hkwfe dks tksM+ukA

Û ijrh Hkwfe & og Hkw[kaM ftl ij dqN le; [ksrh ugha dh tkrh vkSj [kkyh NksM+

fn;k tkrk gSA

Û catj Hkwfe & og Hkw[kaM ftl ij dksbZ iSnkokj ugha gksrh rFkk tks igkM+h] jsrhyh

vFkok nynyh gksrh gSA

Û ySVsjkbV e`nk & vf/kd o"kkZ okys {ks=ksa esa feV~vh dh Åijh ijr ds rsth ls dVko

ls fufeZr e`nkA

Û e`nk vijnu & izkd`frd dkjdksa }kjk e`nk dk ,d LFkku ls gVukA

Û mR[kkr Hkwfe & izokfgr ty rFkk iouksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys e`nk vijnu ls

mR[kkr Hkwfe dk fuekZ.kA

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ¼ 1 vad okys iz'u½

1- Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd dkSu lh e`nk ikbZ tkrh gS\ bldk fuekZ.k fdl izdkj gqvk\

2- egkjk"Vª] lkSjk"Vª vkSj ekyok esa dkSu lh e`nk ikbZ tkrh gS\ bl e`nk dk fuekZ.k

fdl izdkj gqvk\

3- e`nk fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa fdUgha nks egÙoiw.kZ dkjd fy[kks\

4- Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofHkUu e`nkvksa esa fdUgha nks ds uke fy[kksA

5- ou e`nk dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fy[kks\

32

6- e:LFkyh; e`nk dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,\

7- i`Foh lEesyu 1992 dk eq[; mn~ns”; D;k Fkk\

8- ,tsaMk 21 D;k gS\

9- fdUgha nks jkT;ksa ds uke crkb, tgk¡ lksikuh d`f"k ¼lh<+hnkj d`f"k½ dh tkrh gS\

10- ,slh nks ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ fy[ksa ftuds }kjk Hkwfe dk fuEuhdj.k gksrk gS\

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u 3@5 vad okys iz'u

1- lalk/kuksa ds vfr miHkksx ls dkSu&dkSu lh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gqbZ gSa\

2- ^[kknj* vkSj ̂ckaxj* esa D;k varj gS\

3- i`Foh lEesyu 1992 ij fVIi.kh fy[kksA

4- e`nk vijnu dks fdl izdkj jksdk tk ldrk gS\ fofHkUu mik;ksa dks fy[kksA

5- 'kq) cks, x, {ks= rFkk dqy cks, x, {ks= esa varj Li"V dhft,\

6- varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij* lalk/ku laj{k.k* ds fy, D;k&D;k iz;kl fd, x, gSa\

7- lalk/ku fu;kstu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k D;ksa vko';d gSa\

8- LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ij lalk/kuksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dks le>kb,A

9- e`nk fuekZ.k esa dkSu dkSu ls dkjd mÙkjnk;h gS\ Li"V djksA

10- Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh e`nkvksa dk o.kZu djks rFkk mudk forj.k Hkkjr ds ekufp=

esa n'kkZb,A

mÙkj dqath &

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- tyks<+ e`nkA bldk fuekZ.k ufn;ksa }kjk yk, x, volknksa ls gqvk gSA

2- dkyh e`nk! bldk fuekZ.k Tokykeq[kh ds eSXek rFkk vkXus; 'kSyksa ds }kjk gqvk gS\

3- 1½ mPpkop 2½ tud 'kSy 3½ tyok;q 4½ ouLifr

5½ laLrj 'kSys 6½ g~;wel 7½ le;

4- 1½ tyks<+ e`nk 2½ dkyh e`nk 3½ yky o ihyh e`nk

4½ ySVsjkbV e`nk 5½ e:LFkyh; e`nk 6½ ou e`nk

5- 1½ unh ?kkfV;ksa esa e`nk nkseV rFkk flYVnkj ijarq Åijh <ykuksa ij budk xBu

33

eksVs d.kksa dkA

2½ fgeky; ds fge {ks=ksa esa ;s vf/kflfyd rFkk g~;wel jfgr

6- 1½ jax yky vkSj Hkwjk 2½ jsrhyh vkSj yo.kh;

3½ g~;wel vkSj ueh dh ek=k deA

7- i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl dh leL;kvksa dk gy <w¡<ukA

8- ,d dk;Zlwph gS] ftldk mís'; leku fgrksa] ikjLifjd vko';drkvksa ,oa

lfEefyr ftEesnkfj;ksa ds vuqlkj fo'o lg;ksx ds }kjk i;kZoj.kh; {kfr] xjhch

vkSj jksxksa ls fuiVukA

9- tEew o d'ehj] fgekpy izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] v:.kkpy izns'k] ef.kiqj] ukxkySaM]

fetksjeA

10- 1½ vfr i'kqpkj.k 2½ ouksUewyu 3½ [kuu

4½ vR;f/kd HkkSety dk fu"dklu

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj ¼3@5 vadks okys½

1- 1½ lalk/kuksa dk gzkl

2½ lalk/ku lekt ds dqN gh yksxksa ds gkFk esaA ,d lk/ku laiUu nwljk lalk/ku

ghu oxZA

3½ oSf'od ikfjLFkfrd ladV tSls HkweaMyh; rkiu ¼Xykscy okfe±x½] vkstksu

ijr dk {k;] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k dk gksukA

2- [kknj ckaxj

1½ uohu tyks<+ 1½ izkphu tyks<+

2½ vf/kd ckjhd o jsrhyh 2½ dadM+ rFkk dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV

3½ ckj&ckj uohdj.k 3½ ckj&ckj uohdj.k ugha

4½ unh ds ikl MsYVk rFkk ck<+ fufeZr 4½ unh ls nwj Å¡ps Lrj ij

eSnkuksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

3- Û twu 1992 esa fj;ks fMtsusjks ¼czkthy½ esa vk;ksftr

Û 100 ls vf/kd ns'kksa ds jk"Vªk/;{kksa us Hkkx fy;kA

Û fo'o Lrj ij mHkjrs i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk

34

gy <wa<+us ds fy, vk;ksftrA

Û usrkvksa }kjk HkweaMyh; tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj tSfod fofo/krk ds ?kks"k.kki=

ij gLrk{kjA

Û HkweaMyh; ou fl)karksa ij lgefrA

4- 1½ ufn;ksa ij ck¡/k cukdj muds cgko dks de djukA

2½ vf/kd ls vf/kd o`{k yxkukA

3½ e:LFkyh; {ks=ksa esa dk¡Vsnkj ouLifr yxkdjA

4½ igkM+h {ks=ksa esa lh<+huqek [ksr cukdjA

5½ e:LFkyh; {ks=ksa ds fdukjksa ij isM+ yxkdjA

5- 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= %&

1½ dqy Kkr {ks=Qy dk og Hkkx tks d`f"k ds fy, mi;ksxhA

2½ Hkkjr esa dqy {ks=Qy dk yxHkx vk/kk Hkkx 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=

3½ x.kuk o"kZ esa ,d Qly ds vk/kkj ij

dqy cks;k x;k {ks= %&

1½ og {ks= ftlesa d`f"k vof/k esa ,d ls vf/kd Qlysa cksuk

2½ dqy cks;k x;k {ks= Hkkjr esa 'kq) cks, x, {ks= ls cgqr vf/kdA

3½ x.kuk o"kZ esa ,d ls vf/kd Qlyksa ds cks, tkus ds vk/kkj ijA

6- 1½ 1968 esa ^Dyc vkWQ jkse* us varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij O;ofLFkr <ax ls lalk/ku

laj{k.k ds i{k esa viuh vkokt mBkbZA

2½ 1974 esa 'kqeslj us iqLrd ^Lekby bt C;wVhQqy* esa xk¡/kh ds n'kZu dh

iqujko`fÙkA

3½ 1987 esa czqUMaVySaM vk;ksx us ̂lrr iks"k.kh; fodkl* dh ladYiuk izLrqr

dhA

4½ egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku i`Foh lEesyu 1992 }kjk fd;k x;kA

7- Û lalk/ku fu;kstu ̂lalk/kuksa ds mfpr mi;ksx dh rduhd vkSj dkS'kyA

Û lalk/ku lhfer rFkk mudk forj.k vlekuA

Û foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ds fu;kstu vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ

Û lalk/ku fu;kstu dh vko';drk &

35

1½ lhfer ek=k esa miyC/k

2½ vuohdj.kh; gSaA

8- LokfeRo ds vk/kkj lalk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k &

,½ O;fDrxr lalk/ku &

Û O;fDr ds LokfeRo esa

Û ckx] pkjkxkg] rkykc] dqvk¡ vkfn

ch½ lkeqnkf;d lalk/ku &

Û leqnk; ds lHkh yksxksa dks miyC/k

Û xk¡o dh pkj.k Hkwfe] 'e'kku Hkwfe] rkykc

Û uxjh; {ks=ksa esa ikdZ] fidfud LFky] [ksy ds eSnkuA

lh½ jk"Vªh; lalk/ku &

Û rduhdh :i ls lHkh lalk/ku jk"Vªh; gSaA

Û jk"Vªh; ljdkj dks vf/kdkj fd og jk"Vª fgr esa O;fDrxr lalk/kuksa dk

vf/kxzg.k dj ldrh gSaA

Û [kfut] lalk/ku] ty lalk/ku] ou rFkk oU; thou] jktuSfrd lhekvksa ds

Hkhrj laiw.kZ HkwfeA

Û 12 leqnzh ehy rd egklkxjh; {ks= esa ik, tkus okys lHkh lalk/ku jk"Vªh;

gSaA

Mh½ varjkZ"Vªh; lalk/ku &

Û varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa }kjk fu;e cukukA

Û rV js[kk ls 200 fdyksehVj ls ijs [kqys egklkxjh; lalk/kuksa ij fdlh ns'k

dk vf/kdkj ughaA

Û varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dh vuqefr ds fcuk mi;ksx ughaA

9- 1½ 'kSy & e`nk ds fy, mfpr lkexzh feyukA

2½ tyok;q& yach vof/k esa 'kSyksa dks NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa rFkk d.kksa esa cnyukA

3½ isM+&ikS/ks& tM+sa 'kSyksa esa ?kqldj mUgsa rksM+&QksM+ nsrh gSaA

4½ vfr pkj.k & i'kqvksa }kjk fujarj pjkbZ ls 'kSyksa esa ifjorZu laHkoA

5½ o"kkZ & o"kkZ dk ty 'kSyksa ds fNnzksa eas ?kqldj rksM+QksM+ dk dk;Z djrk gSA

36

yacs le; rd bu dkjdksa ds fØ;k'khy jgus ls 'kSyksa esa VwVus dh fØ;k

pyrh jgrh gSA /khjs&/khjs e`nk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

10- 1½ tyks<+ e`nk&

Û laiw.kZ mÙkjh eSnku esa QSyko

Û fla/kq] xaxk rFkk czãiq=] unh ra=ksa }kjk fodflr

Û jsr] flYV rFkk e`fÙkdk ds fofHkUu vuqikr~

Û cgqr mitkÅ rFkk xUuk] pkoy] xsgw¡ vkfn Qlyksa ds fy, mi;qDr

37

2½ dkyh e`nk &

Û jax dkyk rFkk nwljk uke jsxj e`nk

Û dikl rFkk ew¡xQyh dh [ksrh ds fy, vR;ar mi;qDrA

Û egkjk’Vª] lkSjk’Vª] ekyok] e/; izns”k vkSj NÙkhlx<+ ds iBkj esa ikbZ tkrh gS

Û dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV] eSfXuf'k;e] iksVk'k vkSj pwus tSls rRoksa ls ifjiw.kZA

3½ yky vkSj ihyh e`nk &

Û yksgs ¼vk;ju½ ds d.kksa dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k jax yky rFkk dgha&dgha ij

ihyk HkhA

Û mM+hlk] NÙkhlx<+] e/; xaxk ds eSnku ds nf{k.kh Nksj vkSj if'peh ?kkV esa

igkM+h inksa ij ikbZ tkrh gSA

4½ ySVjkbV e`nk &

Û mPp rkieku vkSj vf/kd o"kkZ okys {ks=ksa esa fodflrA

Û Hkkjh o"kkZ ls vR;f/kd fu{kkyu dk ifj.kkeA

Û g~;wel dh ek=k de

Û dukZVd] dsjy] rfeyukMq e/;izns'k] mM+hlk rFkk vle ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa

ikbZ tkrh gSA

Û dktw dh Qly ds fy, mi;qDr

5½ e:LFkyh; e`nk &

Û jax yky rFkk Hkwjk

Û jsrhyh rFkk yo.kh;

Û 'kq"d tyok;q rFkk mPp rkieku ds dkj.k ty ok"iu dh nj vf/kd

Û g~;wel vkSj ueh dh ek=k de

Û mfpr flapkbZ izca/ku ds }kjk mitkÅ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

6½ ou e`nk &

Û ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

Û xBu esa ioZrh; i;kZoj.k ds vuqlkj cnyko

Û unh ?kfV;ksa esa e`nk nkseV rFkk flYVnkj

Û fgekPNkfnr {ks=ksa esa e`nk dk vf/kd vijnu

bu e`nkvksa dk forj.k Hkkjr ds js[kkekufp= esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bldk voyksdu

dj vH;kl djssaA

38


Hkwxksy d{kk & nloha v/;k; & 2

^ôu rFkk oU; tho lalk/ku**


Û ouLifrtkr & fo'ks"k {ks= ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj dh ouLifr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gaS]

ftudh viuh fo'ks"krk,¡ rFkk ykHk gSaA

Û izkf.ktkr & fofHkUu izkf.k;ksa dk lewg

Û ou & tgk¡ fofHkUu izdkj ds isM+ & ikS/ks izkd`frd :i ls iui tkrs gSaA

Û oU; tho & ouksa esa jgus okys izk.khA

Û ikni tkfr;k¡ & isM+&ikS/kksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;k¡

Û ty LFky pj & ty rFkk Hkwfe nksuksa ij jgus okys tho

Û d`f=e ou & o`{kkjksi.k rFkk ouegksRlo dh lgk;rk ls fufeZr ouA

Û fgeky;u ;o & fgeky; {ks= esa ik;k tkus okyk vkS"k/kh; ikS/kkA

Û if'peh caxky esa cDlk Vkbxj fjtoZ MksyksekbV ds [kuu ds dkj.k xaHkhj [krjs

esa gSA

Û Hkkjrh; oU; tho ¼j{k.k½ vf/kfu;e 1972 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA

Û izkstsDV VkbZxj ifj;kstuk 1973 esa 'kq: dh xbZA

Û Hkkjr esa 10 izfr'kr oU; ouLifrtkr rFkk 20 izfr'kr Lru/kkfj;ksa ds yqIr gksus dk

[krjk gSA

Û ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk & ueZnk unh ij cukbZ tk jgh cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk

gSA

Û Hkwfe ij jgus okyk lcls rst Lru/kkjh izk.kh ̂phrk* ,d fof'k"V izk.kh gS tks 112

fdyksehVj izfr ?kaVk dh xfr ls nkSM+ ldrk gSA

39

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ¼1 vad okys½

1- voxhZd`r ou fdls dgrs gSa\

2- vkjf{kr rFkk jf{kr ou fdl rjg ds ou {ks= gSa\

3- Hkkjr ds vf/kdrj ou {ks= vkSj oU; thou fdlds vf/kdkj {ks= esa gS\

4- fpidks vkanksyu D;k Fkk\

5- fdUgha ik¡p jkT;ksa ds uke crk,¡ ftudk lokZf/kd {ks= vkjf{kr ouksa ds varxZr gS\

6- ljdkj ds izca/ku {ks=ksa ds ouksa dks fdrus oxksZ eas ck¡Vk x;k gS\ uke fy[kksA

7- dkSu lk VkbZxj fjtoZ [kuu ds dkj.k xaHkhj [krjs esa gSa\

8- fdUgha ik¡p jkT;ksa ds uke crk,¡ ftudk lokZf/kd {ks= jf{kr ouksa ds varxZr gS\

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u ¼3@5 vad okys iz'u½

1- oU; izk.kh rFkk ouLifr gzkl ds fy, dkSu lh rhu ekuo fØ;k,¡ mÙkjnk;h gS\

2- Hkkjrh; oU; thou ¼j{k.k½ vf/kfu;e 1972 ds fdUgha rhu izko/kkuksa dks fyf[k,\

3- ^ck?k ifj;kstuk ¼izkstsDV VkbZxj½ ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[kksA

4- ^fgeky; ;o* ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh nhft,A

5- gesa ou {ks= c<+kuk D;ksa vko';d gS\

6- jk"Vªh; ou uhfr ds mís'; D;k gS\

7- tSo fofo/krk D;k gS\ ;g ekuo ds fy, D;ksa vko';d gS\

8- Hkkjr esa ouksa ds {ks= dks c<+kuk D;ksa vko';d gS\

9- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ouksa dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS\

10- varjkZ"Vªh; izkd`frd laj{k.k vkSj izkd`frd lalk/ku laj{k.k la?k (IUCN) us ikS/kksa

vkSj izkf.k;ksa dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dks fdu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k gS\

11- jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj oU; tho vHk;kj.; esa varj crkb,A

12- ouksa ls ekuo dks D;k ykHk gSA

13- ouksa dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\

14- Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa fuEu dks n'kkZb, &

,½ vkB oU; izk.kh fup; &

1½ uhyfxfj 2½ uank nsoh 3½ uksØsd 4½ fleyhiky

40

5½ iape<+h 6½ fngkax&fnokax 7½ lqanjou 8½ ekul

ch½ vkB us'kuy ikdZ ¼jk"Vªh; ikdZ½

1½ nq/kok 2½ jktnsoM+k 3½ fxj 4½ f'koiqjh

5½ dUgsjh 6½ dkUgk&fdlyh 7½ rknksck 8½ dkcsZV

lh½ rhu i{kh vHk;ou ¼cMZ lSaDpqjh½ &

1½ osnkFkaxy 2½ Hkjriqj 3½ ckanhiqj

mÙkj dqath %&

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj ¼1 vad okys½

1- lHkh izdkj ds ou vkSj catj Hkwfe tks ljdkj] O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds LokfeRo esa

gksA

2- ,sls LFkkbZ ou {ks= ftudk j[kj[kko bekjrh ydM+h] vU; oU; inkFkks± vkSj muds

cpko ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

3- izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls Hkkjr ljdkj ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa gSA blesa dsanzh; ou

foHkkx rFkk jkT; ou foHkkx 'kkfey gSaA

4- 1980 ds n'kd esa x<+oky {ks= dh efgyk ny isM+ksa dks dkVus ls cpkus ds fy, isM+ksa

ls fpid tkrh FkhA

5- 1½ tEew o d'ehj 2½ vka/kz izns'k 3½ mÙkjk[kaM 4½ dsjy

5½ rfeyukMq

6- 1½ vkjf{kr ou 2½ jf{kr ou 3½ voxhZd`r ou

7- cDlk Vkbxj fjtoZ

8- fcgkj] gfj;k.kk] iatkc] fgekpy izns'k] mM+hlk

y?kq@nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj ¼3@5 vad okys½

1- 1½ vk/kkjHkwr volajpukvksa ds fodkl ds dkj.kA tSls&jsy ykbu dk fodkl]

d`f"k O;oLFkk] okf.kT;] okfudh vkSj [kuu fØ;k,¡A

2½ Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ d`f"k dk QSyko

3½ >we [ksrh ds pyrs ouksa dk dVko

41

4½ c<+rh tula[;k ds dkj.k vkokl dh ek¡x

2- 1½ jf{kr tkfr;ksa dh lwph cukdj muds f'kdkj] O;kikj ij izfrca/k

2½ oU; izkf.k;ksa ds O;kikj ij jksdA

3½ oU; thoksa ds vkoklksa dk dkuwuh j{k.k

4½ xaHkhj [krjs esa iM+s izkf.k;ksa dks j{kk iznku djukA

5½ yqIr izk; tkfr;ksa ds f'kdkj vkSj O;kikj ij iw.kZ izfrca/kA

3- 1½ 1973 esa izkjaHk

2½ ck?kksa dh la[;k fujarj ?kVus ds dkj.k ifj;kstuk vkjaHk

3½ fo'o dh csgrjhu ifj;kstukvksa esa ls ,d

4½ bl ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k ck?kksa dh la[;k esa mYys[kuh; o`f)

5½ vkt Hkkjr esa 37]761 oxZ fdyksehVj ds varxZr 27 ck?k fjtoZ ¼VkbZxj

fjtoZ½ gSaA

5- 1½ i;kZoj.k larqyu esa lgk;d

2½ o"kkZ djus esa lgk;d

3½ ck<+ fu;a=.k djds e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkke

4½ bekjrh ydM+h o vU; egÙoiw.kZ oU; mRikn nsdj vkthfodk iznku djukA

5½ tSo fofo/krk dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;dA

6- 1½ i;kZoj.k larqyu dk laj{k.k rFkk iqu% LFkkiukA

2½ ouksa dh dVkbZ rFkk e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkke djukA

3½ jsr ds Vhyksa ds izlkj dks jksdukA

4½ ou mRiknksa ds dq'ky mi;ksx dks c<+kokA

5½ ouhdj.k vkSj lkekftd okfudh }kjk oukPNkfnr {ks= esa o`f)A

7- 1½ oU; tho o ouLifr txr eas vR;f/kd tSo fofo/krk,¡A

42

2½ ,d tfVy ikfjfLFkrdh; ra= dk fuekZ.k

3½ tho tarqvkas vkSj ouksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra= esa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkA

8- 1½ HkweaMyh; rkiu ¼Xykscy okfe±x½] vkstksu ijr ds {k; o izkd`frd vkinkvksa

ls fuiVus ds fy,A

2½ ikfjfLFkrdh; fofo/krkvksa dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,A

3½ oU; izkf.k;ksa o ouLifr;ksa dh fofo/krkvksa dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy,A

9- 1½ vkjf{kr ou &

Û dsanz ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk iw.kZ laj{k.k

Û o`{kksa dh dVkbZ rFkk f'kdkj ij iw.kZ jksd

2½ jf{kr ou &

Û u"V gksus ls cpkus ds fy, lqj{kk

Û dqy ouksa dk ,d frgkbZ {ks= jf{kr gSA

3½ voxhZd`r ou &

Û u vkjf{kr Js.kh esa vkSj u gh jf{kr Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

Û ;s O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds LokfeRo esa gksrs gSaA

10- 1½ lkekU; tkfr;k¡ &

Û thfor jgus ds fy, lkekU;

Û i'kq] phM+]lky vkfnA

2½ ladVxzLV tkfr;k¡ &

Û ftudk yqIr gksus dk [krjk c<+ x;k gksA

Û dkyk fgj.k] exjePN] Hkkjrh; taxyh x/kk] 'ksj&iw¡N canj vkfnA

3½ lqHks| tkfr;k¡ %&

Û budh la[;k fnu izfrfnu de gksrh tk jgh gSA

Û uhyh HksM+] ,f'k;kbZ gkFkh] xaxk unh dh MkWfYQu vkfnA

4½ nqyZHk tkfr;k¡%&

43

Û fgeky; esa ik;k tkus okyh tkfr;k¡

5½ LFkkfud tkfr;k¡ &

Û izkd`frd ;k HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ls vyx fo'ks"k {ks=ksa eas ikbZ tkus okyh

tkfr;k¡

Û vaMekuh Vhy] fudksckjh dcwrj] v:.kkpy izns'k ds feFkqu vkfnA

6½ yqIr tkfr;k¡ %&

Û vc iw.kZr% yqIr ;k yqIr gksus ds fudV

Û ,f'k;kbZ phrk] xqykch flj okyh cÙk[k vkfnA

44

11- jk"Vªh; m|ku ¼ikdZ½ &

Û oU; thoksa ds lkFk&lkFk izkd`frd ouLifr] izkd`frd laqnjrk dk laj{k.kA

Û yksxksa ds izos'k ij iw.kZr% ikcanh

Û dsoy vf/kdkjh oxZ dks rFkk lhfer la[;k esa i;ZVdksa dks ?kweus dh vuqefrA

Û oU; thoksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa dks izkd`frd i;kZoj.k esa iuius rFkk fodflr

gksus ds mi;qDr okrkoj.k nsukA

oU; tho vHk;kj.; &

Û oU; thoksa ds laj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk mudh la[;k c<+kus ds mik;ksa ij tksj

Û oU; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh esa i;ZVdksa dks ?kweus dh vuqefrA

Û ;gk¡ ,slh fLFkfr ugha

Û oU; thoksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ds laj{k.k rFkk o`f) ds fo'ks"k mik;A

Û budk {ks=Qy vf/kdA

12- ouksa ds ykHk &

Û bekjrh ydM+h] bZ/ku rFkk dkxt ds fy, ydM+h

Û o"kkZ ykus esa lgk;dA

Û ok;q iznw"k.k dh jksdFkkeA

Û e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkkeA

Û oU; izkf.k;ksa dks izkd`frd vkokl iznku djukA

Û ck<+ ds osx dks de djukA

Û egÙoiw.kZ tM+h&cwfV;k¡ iznku djukA

Û Hkwfexr ty Lrj esa o`f) esa lgk;dA

13- Û ouksa ls ydM+h dkVus ij jksd rFkk mYya?ku djus okyksa dks dM+k naM

Û ,d o`{k ds cnys vusd o`{k yxkus dks izksRlkfgr djukA

Û le;≤ ij o`{kkjksi.k rFkk ou egksRlo dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djukA

Û ehfM;k rFkk tulapkj ek/;eksa }kjk ouksa ds ykHkksa dk izlkj

Û ljdkj }kjk mBk, tkus okys dneksa dk leFkZu rFkk ikyu

45



^^ty lalk/ku**


Û fo'o eas ty ds vk;ru dk 96-5 izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa esa rFkk dsoy 2-5 izfr'kr

Hkkx vyo.kh; ty gSA

Û Hkkjr dh vf/kdrj ufn;k¡ fo'ks"kdj lfjrk,¡ iznw"k.k ds dkj.k tgjhyh /kkjkvksa esa

ifjofrZr gks pqdh gSA

Û unh csflu & eq[; unh rFkk mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa }kjk dqy flafpr {ks=A

Û ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu & ueZnk unh ij ljnkj ljksoj ck¡/k cukus ds fojks/k esa

pyk;k x;k vkanksyuA

Û ikWyj ikuh & jktLFkku ds dqqN Hkkxks esa o"kkZ ty dk lcls 'kq) :iA

Û Hkwfexr ty & e`nk ds uhps fcNs gq, 'kSy vkLrj.k fNnzksa vkSj ijrksa esa ,d= gksus

okyk tyA

Û o"kkZ ty laxzg.k & o"kkZ ty dks xM~<ksa esa ,d= djukA

Û ty fo|qr & Å¡ps LFkkuksa ls ty /kkjk dks uhps fxjkdj mRiUu dh xbZ fo|qrA

Û ty izikr & unh ?kkVh ds e/; esa Å¡pkbZ ls fxjus okyk >jukA

Û ck¡/k & cgrs ty dks jksdus] fn'kk nsus ;k cgko de djus ds fy, [kM+h dh xbZ

ck/kk gS tks vkerkSj ij tyk'k;] >hy vFkok tyHkj.k cukrh gSA

Û cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk,¡ & ufn;ksa ij ck¡/k cukdj ,d ckj esa vusd mís';ksa dks

izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA

Û cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ & os daifu;k¡ ftuds m|ksx laLFkku ,d ls vf/kd ns'kksa esa

dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk vusd ns'kksa esa iwath fuos'k djrs gSa rFkk vf/kd ykHk vftZr djrs

gSaA

Û ck¡l fMªi flapkbZ iz.kkyh & ufn;ksa o >juksa ds ty dks ck¡l ds cus ikbi }kjk

46

,df=r djds flapkbZ djuk ck¡l fMªi flpakbZ dgykrk gSA

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ¼1 vad okys iz'u½

1- fo'o esa dqy ty ds vk;ru dk euq"; ds mi;ksx ds yk;d fdruk ty gS\

2- Hkkjr dk dkSu lk jkT; gS tgk¡ Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k <k¡pksa dk fuekZ.k vko';d

dj fn;k x;k gS\

3- Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstukvksa dks vkjaHk djus dk eq[;

mís'; D;k Fkk\

4- ^xqy* vFkok ̂dqy* D;k gS\

5- ^[kknhu* vkSj ̂tksgM+* D;k gS\

6- Hkkjr ds ,sls {ks= dk mnkgj.k nsa tgk¡ i;kZIr ek=k esa o"kkZ gksrh gS fQj Hkh ty dh

deh gS\

7- jktLFkku esa Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\

8- ty nqyZHkrk ds nks dkj.k fy[kksA

9- fVgjh ifj;kstuk fdl jkT; esa fdl unh ij cuk;k x;k gS\

10- lyky ifj;kstuk fdl unh ij rFkk fdl jkT; esa fufeZr gS\


1- o"kkZ ty laxzg.k D;k gS\ Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dh nks fof/k;k¡

fy[kksA

2- cgqmís'kh; unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk D;k gS\ cgqmís'kh; unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk ds

y{;@mís'; crk,¡A

3- csdkj iM+s dq,¡ dk o"kkZ ds ty ds }kjk iqu% Hkj.k dSls fd;k tkrk gS\

4- vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k fdl izdkj tynqyZHkrk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\

5- ûeZnk cpkvks vkanksyu* ij fVIi.kh fy[kksA

6- ,d uohdj.kh; lalk/ku gksrs gq, Hkh ty ds laj{k.k rFkk izca/ku dh vko';drk

D;ksa gS\

7- ijaijkxr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dh fdu i)fr;ksa dks vk/kqfud le; esa viukdj ty

nqyZHkrk dh leL;k ls NqVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gS\

47

8- tokgj yky usg: us ck¡/kksa dks vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds eafnj D;ksa dgk gS\ ck¡/kksa ls gksus

okys ykHkksa dh lwph cukb,A

9- gekjs ns'k esa ty dk vHkko fnu izfrfnu D;ksa c<+rk tk jgk gS\ dkj.kksa dh lwph

rS;kj djsaA

10- Hkkjr ds js[kk ekufp= ij fuEu dks n'kkZb, &

1½ Hkk[kM+k ck¡/k 2½ ghjkdqaM ck¡/k 3½ ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk

4½ fVgjh ifj;kstuk 5½ ukxktqZu lkxj 6½ fjgUn ck¡/k

7½ jk.kk izrki lkxj ifj;kstuk 8½ lyky ifj;kstuk

mÙkj dqath &


1- rfeyukMq

Û d`f"k rFkk xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Û vkS|ksxhdj.k esa rsth

Û 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

4- if'peh fgekpy esa ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa okfgdkvksa dks ̂xqy* vFkok ̂dqy* dgrs gSaA

5- 'kq"d rFkk v/kZ'kq"d {ks=ksa esa o"kkZ ty dks ,d= djus ds fy, cuk, xM~<sA

6- es?kky; dh jkt/kkuh f'kykaxA

7- Vk¡dk

8- Û c<+rh tula[;k dh c<+rh vko';drk,¡

Û ty dk vleku forj.k

9- mÙkjk[kaM esa HkkxhjFkh unh ij

10- tEew o d'ehj eas psuko unh ij


1- Û ,d rduhd ftlesa o"kkZ ty dks [kkyh LFkkuksa] ?kjksa esa VSad esa] csdkj iM+s dq,¡

esa Hkjk tkrk gSA ckn esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Û ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa ̂xqy* rFkk ̂dqy* tSlh okfgdkvksa ls unh dh /kkjk dk jkLrk

48

cnydj [ksrksa dh flpakbZA

Û jktLFkku esa ihus dk ty ,df=r djus ds fy, Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k vke

rduhd gSA

Û if'pe caxky esa ck<+ ds nkSjku ck<+ ty okfgdk,¡ cukrs gSaA

Û 'kq"d rFkk v/kZ “kq’d {ks=ksa esa o"kkZ ty ,df=r djus ds fy, xM~<+ks dk

fuekZ.kA

Û unh ij ck¡/k cukdj blls vusd izdkj ds dk;Z ds fy, tkus dks gh

cgqmís'kh; unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk dgrs gSaA

1½ ty fo|qr mRiknu 2½ flapkbZ

3½ ?kjsyw o vkS|ksfxd ty vkiwfrZ 4½ ukSpkyu o i;ZVu

5½ ck<+ fu;a=.k 6½ eNyh ikyu

3- 1½ ih-oh-lh- ikbi dk iz;ksx djds Nr ij o"kkZ ty ,d= fd;k tkrk gSA

2½ jsy o bZV iz;qDr djds ty dk Nuu fd;k tkrk gSA

3½ Hkwfexr ikbi }kjk ty gkSt rd ys tk;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ ls rqjar iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSA

4½ blh gkSt ls vfrfjDr ty dq,¡ rd ys tk;k tkrk gSA

5½ dq,¡ dk ty Hkwfexr ty dk iquHkZj.k djrk gSA

6½ ckn esa bl ty dk iz;ksx vU; dk;ks± ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4- 1½ Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa rsth ls vkS|ksxhdj.k

2½ m|ksxksa dh c<+rh la[;k ds dkj.k vyo.kh; ty dk vR;f/kd iz;ksxA

3½ 'kgj dh c<+rh vkcknh rFkk 'kgjh thou 'kSyh ds dkj.k ty ÅtkZ dh

vko';drk esa rhoz o`f)A

4½ 'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa ty lalk/kuksa dk vfr'kks"k.kA

5- Û vkanksyu xSj ljdkjh laxBu }kjk lapkfyr

Û tutkrh; yksxks] fdlkuksa] i;kZoj.kfonksa o ekuokf/kdkj dk;ZdrkZvksa dk

49

ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk ds fojks/k esa ykecanA

Û vkjaHk esa ;g vkanksyu taxyksa ds ck¡/k ds ikuh esas Mwcus ds eqís ij dsafnzrA

Û ckn esa bldk y{; foLFkkfirksa dk iquokZl djuk gks x;kA

Û vkanksyu dk vxqok usrk es/kk ikVdj vc Hkh la?k’kZjrA

7- 1½ Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k 2½ ̂xqy* vFkok ̂dqy* 3½ ck<+ ty okfgdk,¡

4½ xM~<s cukdj 5½ [kknhu 6½ VSad vFkok Vk¡dk 7½ ck¡l fMªi flapkbZ iz.kkyhA

8- ck¡/kksa ls YkkHk %&

1½ flapkbZ 2½ fo|qr mRiknu 3½ ?kjsyw rFkk vkS|ksfxd vko';drk gsrq ty

vkiwfrZ 4½ ck<+ fu;a=.k 5½ euksjatu rFkk i;ZVu 6½ eRL; ikyuA

9- Û Hkkjr ekulwuh tyok;q dk ns'kA dbZ ckj ekulwu vlQy gksus ls ty dk

vHkko c<+ jgk gSA

Û flapkbZ ds ty dh ekax esa rhoz o`f)

Û vkS|ksfxd fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k Hkwfexr ty Lrj dk fxjuk

Û 'kgjhdj.k dh xfr esa o`f) ds dkj.k ty lalk/kuksa ij c<+rk ncko

Û c<+rh tula[;k dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds dkj.kA

10- Hkkjr ds ekufp= dk voyksdu djas rFkk mldk vH;kl djsaA

50

51



^^d`f"k**


Û Hkkjr lcls vf/kd Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA

Û jksi.k d`f"k esa ,d yacs pkSM+s Hkw[kaM ij ,d gh Qly cksbZ tkrh gSA

Û Hkkjr esa pk;] dkWQ+h] jcM+] xUuk] dsyk bR;kfn eq[; jksi.k Qlysa gSaA

Û Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls pkoy] xsgw¡] eksVs vukt] nkysa ¼nygu½] pk;] dkWQh] xUuk]

frygu] dikl] twV bR;kfn Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSaA

Û jch Qlysa vDVwcj ls fnlcaj ds e/; esa cksbZ tkrh gSa vkSj xzh"e _rq esa vizSy ls

twu ds e/; dkV yh tkrh gSA xsgw¡] tkS] eVj] puk vkSj ljlksa vkfn eq[; jch

Qlysa gSaA

Û [kjhQ+ Qlysa ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ekulwu ds vkxeu ds lkFk twu ls cksbZ tkrh

gSa vkSj flracj&vDVwcj esa dkV yh tkrh gSA

Û [kjhQ _rq dh eq[; Qlysa pkoy] eDdk] Tokj] cktjk] vjgj] ew¡x] mM+n] dikl]

twV] ew¡xQyh vkSj lks;kchu gSaA

Û Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k yksxksa dk [kk|kUu pkoy gSA Hkkjr phu ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k

mRiknd ns'k gSA

Û Tokj] cktjk] jkxh] feysV Hkkjr esa mxk, tkus okys eq[; eksVs vukt gSaA

Û Hkkjr dk fo'o esa nkyksa ds mRiknu esa vxz.kh LFkku gSA

Û Hkwfe dks tksrus] cksus] Qlysa mxkus] i'kqvksa dks ikyus dh dyk dks d`f"k dgrs gSaA

Û fuokZg d`f"k & ,slh d`f"k iz.kkyh ftlesa fdlku vius ifjokj dk iks"k.k djus ds

fy, mRiknu djrk gSA blesa ijaijkxr d`f"k midj.kksa rFkk rjhdksa dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA

Û drZu&ngu iz.kkyh & d`f"k dh ,slh i)fr ftlesa fdlku tehu ds VqdM+s dks

52

lkQ djds mu ij vukt o vU; [kk| Qlysa mxkrs gSaA tc e`nk esa moZjk 'kfDr

de gksus yxrh gS rc ml Hkw[kaM dks NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA fQj vU; LFkku ij u;k

[ksr cuk fy;k tkrk gSA

Û xgu d`f"k & bl i)fr esa vf/kd mRiknu ds mís'; ls vf/kd fuos'k] vk/kqfud

midj.kksa] dhVuk'kdksa] moZjdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Û jksi.k d`f"k & ,d izdkj dh okf.kfT;d d`f"k gS ftlesa foLr`r {ks= esa ,dy

Qly cksbZ tkrh gSA ftleas vR;f/kd iwath fuos'k o Je dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Û 'kL;korZu & Hkwfe dh mRiknu {kerk c<+kus ds fy, Hkwfe ds fdlh VqdM+s ij

Qlysa cny&cny dj cksukA

Û pdcanh & fc[kjh gqbZ d`f"k tksrksa vFkok [ksrksa dks ,d lkFk feykdj vkfFkZd :i

ls ykHk izn cukukA

Û gfjr Økafr & d`f"k {ks= esa vf/kd mit okys chtksa dk iz;ksx] vk/kqfud rduhd]

vPNh [kkn] moZjdksa dk iz;ksx djus ls dqN Qlyksa fo'ks"kdj xsgw¡ ds mRiknu esa

Økafrdkjh o`f) dks gfjr Økafr dgrs gSaA

Û 'osr Økafr & nw/k ds mRiknu esa o`f) ds fy, i'kqvksa dh uLyksa dks lq/kkjuk]

vk/kqfud rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ̂vkWijs'ku ¶yM* blh dk;ZØe dk eq[;

Hkkx gSA

vfr y?kq mÙkj okys iz'u ¼1 vad okys½

1- Hkkjr dh pkj jch rFkk pkj [kjhQ Qlyksa ds uke fy[kksA

2- jksi.k d`f"k dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fy[kksA

3- nygu rFkk frygu Qlyksa ds pkj mnkgj.k fy[kksA

4- js'ke mRiknu ds fy, js'ke ds dhM+ksa dks ikyuk d`f"k dk dkSu lk izdkj gS\

5- drZu ngu d`f"k ;k LFkkukarjh; d`f"k fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fdu&fdu ukeksa ls tkuk

tkrk gS\

6- thfodk fuokZg d`f"k dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fy[kksA

7- xgu d`f"k ds nks xq.k fy[kksA

8- ^vkWijs'ku ¶yM* fdlls lacaf/kr gS\

9- vkxsZfud d`f"k ¼tSfod d`f"k½ D;k gS\

53

10- ^lqugjk js'kk* fdl Qly dks dgk tkrk gS\


1- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk D;k egÙo gS\

2- ljdkj }kjk fdlkuksa ds fgr esa fd, x, laLFkkxr lq/kkjksa ds ckjs esa fy[ksaA

54

3- Hkkjr esa ?kVrs [kk| mRiknu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h izeq[k dkj.kksa dk o.kZu djksA

4- thfodk fuokZg d`f"k rFkk okf.kfT;d d`f"k esa varj crkb,A

5- pk; dh Qly ds fy, HkkSxksfyd n'kkvksa dk o.kZu djksA

6- jcM+ o eDdk ds mRiknu ds fy, vko';d HkkSxksfyd n'kkvksa dk o.kZu djksA

7- xUus dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr n'kkvksa dk foospu djksA

8- pkoy rFkk dikl ds mRiknu ds fy, vko';d HkkSxksfyd n'kkvksa dks fy[kksA

9- Hkkjr esa mxkbZ tkus okyh pkj js'ksnkj Qlyksa ds uke fyf[k,A buesa dkSu lk js'kk

lh/ks Qly mxkus ls izkIr ugha gksrk\ bldh mRiknu fof/k dk uke Hkh fy[ksaA

10- xsgw¡ dh d`f"k ds fy, mi;qDr n'kkvksa dk o.kZu djksA

55

mÙkj dqath &


1- jch & xsgw¡] puk] tkS] eVj] ljlksa vkfn

[kjhQ+ & pkoy] eDdk] Tokj] cktjk] vjgj] ew¡x vkfnA

2- 1½ jksi.k d`f"k O;kid {ks= esa dh tkrh gSA

2½ vf/kd iwath vkSj Je dh vko';drkA

3- nygu & vjgj] ew¡x] mM+n] eVj] puk] elwj vkfnA

frygu & ew¡xQyh] ljlksa] vylh] fry] lks;kchu vkfnA

4- lsjhdYpj

5- eSfDldks rFkk e/; vesfjdk & feyik

osustq,yk & dksuqdks

czkthy & jksdk

baMksusf'k;k & ynkax

fo;ruke & js

e/; vfÝdk & elksys

6- 1½ Hkwfe ds NksVs VqdM+ksa ij ijaijkxr :i ls d`f"k djukA

2½ izk;% ekulwu] e`nk dh izkd`frd moZjrk rFkk Qly mxkus dh i;kZoj.kh;

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mi;qDrrk ij fuHkZjA

7- 1½ vf/kd mRiknu ds fy, vf/kd ek=k esa jklk;fud moZjdksa rFkk flapkbZ dk

iz;ksxA

2½ Hkw[kaMks dk vkdkj NksVk gksus ij dbZ&dbZ Qlysa mxkukA

8- nqX/k mRiknu esa o`f) ds fy,

9- izkd`frd rjhdksa ls d`f"k] moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa dk iz;ksx u djds d`f"k djuk

dkcZfud d`f"k@ vkxsZfud d`f"k ;k tSfod d`f"k dgrs gSA

10- twV ;k iVlu


1- 1½ nks&frgkbZ tula[;k d`f"k dk;ks± esa layXu

56

2½ d`f"k ,d izkFkfed fØ;k

3½ fofHkUu m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky miyC/k djkukA

4½ Hkkjr dh izkphu vkfFkZd fØ;k,¡

5½ fiNyh dqN 'krkfCn;ksa eas d`f"k dk;ks± esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZuA

2- 1½ Qlyksa dh chek lqfo/kk nsukA

2½ lgdkjh cSdksa dk fodkl dj fdlkuksa dks _.k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkukA

3½ Qlyksa ds leFkZu ewY; dk mfpr fu/kkZj.k dj izksRlkfgr djukA

4½ ekSle laca/kh lwpukvksa dks le;≤ ij izlkfjr djukA

5½ d`f"k laca/kh uohu rduhd] vkStkjksa] moZjdksa vkfn ls lacaf/kr dk;ZØe

jsfM;ksa rFkk nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr djukA

3- 1½ xSj d`f"k mi;ksx ds lkFk izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k cks, x, {ks= esa dehA

2½ jklk;fud moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx ds dkj.k mitkÅ

{kerk esa dehA

3½ vl{ke rFkk vuqfpr ty izca/ku us tykØkarrk vkSj yo.krk dh leL;k dks

mRiUu fd;kA

4½ vR;f/kd Hkw&ty nksgu ds dkj.k HkkSe Lrj fxj x;k gS] blls d`f"k ykxr esa

o`f)A

5½ vi;kZIr HkaMkj.k {kerk rFkk ckt+kj dk vHkko

4- thfodk fuokZg d`f"k okf.kfT;d d`f"k

1½ [ksrks dk NksVk vkdkj 1½ [ksrksa dk cM+k vkdkj

2½ ijaijkxr rduhd rFkk midj.k 2½ uohure rduhd rFkk vkStkj

3½ LFkkuh; cktkj ds fy, mRiknu 3½ fu;kZr djus ds fy, mRiknu

4½ nks ;k rhu Qlysa ysuk 4½ ,d eq[; Qly ij cy

5½ [kk| Qlykas dh iSnkokj ij cy 5½ xUuk] dikl] xsgw¡ vkfnA

iz'u 5 ls 10 rd ds fy, fuEu lkj.kh dk voyksdu djsaA ¼vxys i`"B ij½

57

59

fofHkUu Qlyksa ds forj.k ls lacaf/kr ekufp=ksa dk v/;;u djsa rFkk vH;kl djsaA

iz0 5 ls 10 rd ds mÙkj %&

58

uke

rkie

kuQly

e`nk@

feV~V

ho"kkZ

tyok;q

{ks=

pk;

jcM+

eDdk

xUuk

pkoy

dikl

xsgw¡

00

20ls-&30

ls-

00

25ls-&35

ls-

00

21 l

s-&27

ls-

00

21ls-&27

ls-

024

ls-

030

ls-

00

10ls&2

5ls-

jksi.

k

jksi.

k

[kjhQ+

[kjhQ+

[kjhQ+

[kjhQ+

jch

mÙke t

y fudkl

h okyh

ou e

`nk

tyk

s<++

tyk

s<+ o

dky

h

tyk

s<+

dky

h o

tyk

s<+

tyk

s<+

150&

200

ls-eh-

300

ls-eh-

50&1

00 l

s-eh-

75&1

00 l

s-eh-

100

ls-eh-

50&1

00 l

s-eh-

50&7

5 ls-eh-

Å".k&

vknzZ

tyok;

q

xeZ o

vknzZ t

yok;q

fofHkU

u izd

kj dh

tyo

k;q

xeZ o

vknzZ

Å".kd

fVca/

kh;

Å".k

o mi

ks".k

Å".k

o mi

ks".k

vle] i

f'pe

caxky

]dukZVd

] dsjy

] rfey

ukMq

dsjy

] vle] f=i

qjk]

dukZVd

] rfey

ukMq

dukZVd

] mÙkj

izns'

k] fcgkj]

e/;i

zns'k]

vka/kz i

zns'k

mÙkj i

zns'k]

egkjk"V

ª]rfey

ukMq] v

ka/kz i

zns'k

if'p

e cax

ky] i

atkc]

gfj;

k.kk] v

ka/kz i

zns'k]

vle

egkjk"V

ª] xqt

jkr] e

/;izn

s'k]

gfj;

k.kk] i

atkc

iatkc] g

fj;k.kk]

mÙkjizn

s'k]

e/;i

zns'k]

fcgkj]

jktLFkku

59

jktuhfr foKku

v/;k; & 1

^^lÙkk dh lk>snkjh**

Lej.kh; ckrsa %&

1- csfYt;e & ;wjksi dk ,d NksVk&lk ns'k tks {ks=Qy esa Hkkjrh; jkT; gfj;k.kk ls

Hkh NksVk gSA

2- csfYt;e ds iM+kslh ns'k & Ýkal] uhnjySaM] teZuh vkSj yDlecxZA

3- csfYt;e dh vkoknh & ,d djksM+ ls FkksM+h vf/kdA

4- csfYt;e dh vkcknh esa fofHkUu Hkk"kk cksyus okys yksxksa dk izfr'kr & Mp

59 izfr'kr] Ýasp & 40 izfr'kr] teZu 1 izfr'krA

5- czqlsYl & csfYt;e dh jkt/kkuh

6- ,Fkuhd ;k tkrh; & ,slk lkekftd foHkktu ftlesa gj lewg viuh&viuh

laLd`fr dks vyx ekurk gSA ;g lk>h laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr lkekftd foHkktu

gSA

7- Jhyadk & rfeyukMq ds nf{k.kh rV ls dqN fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr ,d

f}ih; ns'kA

8- Jhyadk dh tula[;k & yxHkx 2 djksM+A

9- Jhyadk dh vkcknh esa fofHkUu tkrh; lewgksa dk izfr'kr & flagyh &74

izfr'kr] rfey&*18 izfr'kr] bZlkbZ & 7 izfr'kr] vU; 1 izfr'krA

10- lu~ 1948 eas Jhyadk ,d Lora= jk"Vª cukA

11- lu~ 1956 esa flagyh Hkk"kk dks ,dek= jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA

12- cgqla[;dokn& ,slh ekU;rk ftlesa ;g le>k tkrk gS fd dksbZ cgqla[;d

leqnk; vius eupkgs <ax ls ns'k dk 'kklu dj ldrk gS vkSj vYila[;d

leqnk; dh t:jr ;k bPNkvksa dh vogsyuk dj ldrk gSA

13- x`g;q) & tc fdlh ns'k esa fofHkUu ljdkj fojks/kh xqV fgald yM+kbZ esa 'kkfey gks

tkrk gS vkSj ;q) dk :i ys ysrk gSA

60

14- fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa esa lÙkk dk foHkktu ftlls vf/kd ls vf/kd yksx lÙkk esa

lk>hnkj cu ldsa] lÙkk dh lk>snkjh dgrs gSaA

15- ;qfDrijd & dksbZ Hkh QSlyk tks uSfrdrk ds foijhr] ykHk&gkfu dks /;ku esas

j[kdj fy;k x;k gksA

16- lÙkk dk {kSfrt forj.k & lÙkk dks ljdkj ds fofHkUu vaxksa tSls & fo/kkf;dk]

dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk esa ckaVukA

17- lÙkk dk m/okZ/kj forj.k & lÙkk dks fofHkUu Lrj ds ljdkjksa ds e/; ckaVukA

tSls& dsUnzh; ljdkj] izkarh; ljdkj] LFkkuh; ljdkj vkfnA

18- lkeqnkf;d ljdkj & fofHkUu /kkfeZd] Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkekftd lewgksa }kjk vius

fy, pquh gqbZ ljdkjA

19- fu;a=.k vkSj larqyu dh O;oLFkk & ,slh yksdrakf=d O;oLFkk ftlesa U;k;ikfydk

dh fu;qfDr dk;Zikfydk }kjk gksrh gS] ijarq U;k;ikfydk gh dk;Zikfydk ij vkSj

fo/kkf;dk }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa ij vadq'k j[krh gSA

1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- 1970 vkSj 1993 ds chp csfYt;e ds lafo/kku esa fdruh ckj la'kks/ku fd, x,\

2- Jhyadk esa flagyh leqnk; dh izHkqrk dk;e djus ds fy, fdl izdkj dh ljdkj

dk xBu fd;k x;k gS\

3- csfYt;e esa fdl tkrh; lewg dh vkcknh lcls vf/kd gS\

4- Jhyadk esa lcls vf/kd la[;k fdl lkekftd lewg dh gS\

5- csfYt;e esa eq[; :i ls dkSu lh nks Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSa\

6- ;wjksih; la?k dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\

7- csfYt;e eas dkSu lk vYila[;d oxZ vehj vkSj 'kfDr laiUu gS\

8- cgqla[;dokn ds dkj.k dkSu lk ns'k yacs le; rd x`g;q) dh vkx esa >qylrk

jgk\

9- lÙkk dh lk>snkjh fdl pht esa lokZf/kd lgk;d gS\

10- csfYt;e esa lkeqnkf;d ljdkj dk pquko fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\

61


1- pkj ckj

2- cgqla[;dokn ljdkjA

3- Mp

4- flagyh

5- Mp vkSj Ýsap

6- czqlsYl

7- Ýsap

8- Jhyadk

9- la?k"kZ dks jksdus esaA

10- Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij ¼Mp] Ýsap vkSj teZu cksyus okys yksx½


1- lÙkk dh lk>snkjh ds fofHkUu :iksa dk mYys[k dhft,\

2- csfYt;e ds lekt esa fofHkUu Hkk"kk;h yksxksa ds chp ruko ds D;k dkj.k Fks\

3- Jhyadk esa cgqla[;kdokn us fdl izdkj lkekftd ruko dks tUe fn;k\

4- lÙkk dh lk>snkjh D;ksa vko';d gS\ rdZ nhft,A

5- lkekftd fofo/krkvksa okys 'kklu esa lÙkk dk c¡Vokjk fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk

gS\

6- Jhyadk esa ikl gq, 1950 ds dkuwu ds vuqlkj flagyh yksxksa ds opZLo ds rhu

izko/kku fyf[k,A

7- lÙkk ds Å/okZ/kj forj.k vkSj {kSfrt forj.k esa varj Li"V djsaA

8- Jhyadk esa cgqla[;dokn rFkk blds izHkkoksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9- csfYt;e esa lkekftd fofo/krkvksa ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dSls fd;k

x;k\

10- fofHkUu ncko lewg vkSj jktuhfrd ny fdl izdkj lÙkk ds c¡Vokjs esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa\

62

3@5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙolkj %&

1- 1½ lÙkk dk {kSfrt forj.k & fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydkA

2½ lÙkk dk m/okZ/kj forj.k & dsUnzh; ljdkj] izkarh; ljdkj vkSj LFkkuh;

ljdkjA

2- 1½ cgqla[;d Mp dh vogsyuk

2½ vYila[;d Ýasp dk vf/kd rkdroj vkSj le`) gksukA

3½ vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj f'k{kk dk ykHk ,d [kkl leqnk; rd lhfer jgukA

4½ jktuhfrd lÙkk ,d leqnk; fo'ks"k esa dsafnzr FkhA

3- 1½ cgqla[;dokn ds rgr flagfy;ksa ds fgrksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk x;kA

2½ lHkh egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa esa flagfy;ksa dk ,dkf/kdkjA

3½ flagyh dks ,dek= jktHkk"kk dk ntkZA

4½ rfeyksa ds fgrksa dks njfdukj djukA

5½ rfeyksa dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj ls oafpr j[kukA

4- 1½ fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa ds chp Vdjko dks de djukA

2½ ;g yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ds vuqdwy gSA

3½ ;g jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dks de djrk gSA

4½ lÙkk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks Hkkxhnkj cukrk gSA

5- 1½ fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa tSls & Hkk"kk;h vkSj /kkfeZd lewgksa ds chp lÙkk dk

foHkktuA

2½ lkekftd :i ls fiNM+s gq, yksxksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fo/kkf;dk esa fgLlsnkjh

nsukA

3½ vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dks vkj{k.k nsdjA

4½ vR;ar fiNM+s gq, oxZ ds fy, vyx ls ljdkjh uhfr;ka cukukA

63

6- 1½ flagyh Hkk"kk dks Jhyadk dh jktdh; Hkk"kk ?kksf"kr djukA

2½ flagyh yksxksa dks f'k{kk laLFkkvksa vkSj ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa izkFkfedrk nsukA

3½ flagyh yksxksa dks jktuSfrd izfØ;k esa Lora= :i ls Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkjA

4½ ckS) /keZ dks iwtk vpZuk dh iw.kZ Lora=rkA

7- m/okZ/kj forj.k

Û blds varxZr ljdkj ds fofHkUu Lrjksa esa lÙkk dk c¡Vokjk gksrk gSA

Û blesa mPprj rFkk fuEurj Lrj dh ljdkjas gksrh gSaA

Û blesa fuEurj vax mPprj vax ds v/khu dke djrs gSaA

{kSfrt forj.k %&

Û blds varxZr ljdkj ds fofHkUu vaxksa ds chp lÙkk dk c¡Vokjk gksrk gSA

Û blesa ljdkj ds fofHkUu vax ,d gh Lrj ij jgdj viuh 'kfDr dk mi;ksx

djrs gSA

Û blesa izR;sd vax ,d nwljs ij fu;a=.k j[krk gSA

8- Jhyadk esa cgqla[;dokn %&

Û flagyh dks ,dek= jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr djukA

Û fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa flagfy;ksa dks izkFkfedrk

Û ljdkj }kjk ckS) er dks laj{k.k vkSj c<+kok nsukA

cgqla[;dokn dk izHkko %&

1½ rfeyksa dh ukjktxh vkSj 'kklu ds izfr csxkusiu dks c<+kokA

2½ 1980 ds n'kd esa mÙkj&iwohZ Jhyadk esa Lora= rfey bZye cukus dh ek¡xA

3½ flagyh vkSj rfeyksa ds chp Vdjko rFkk x`g;q) dk tUeA

4½ x`g;q) ds dkj.k gtkjksa yksxksa dk ekjk tkuk rFkk cs?kj gksukA

5½ ;q) ds dkj.k ns'k ds lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd thou esa nq"izHkkoA

64

9- csfYt;e esa lkekftd fofo/krkvksa ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku %&

1½ dsanzh; ljdkj esa Mp vkSj Ýsap Hkk"kh eaf=;ksa dh leku la[;kA

2½ dsUnzh; ljdkj dh vusd 'kfDr;ksa dks {ks=h; ljdkjksa dks lkSaiuk

3½ dsUnzh; ljdkj esa nksuksa leqnk;ksa dk leku izfrfuf/kRo

4½ lkeqnkf;d ljdkj dk xBu

5½ {ks=h; vkSj lkeqnkf;d ljdkjksa dks fofHkUu ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh

Lora=rkA

10- 1½ O;kikjh] m|ksxifr] fdlku vkSj vkS|ksfxd etnwj tSls dbZ laxfBr fgr

lewgksa dk lfØ; gksukA

2½ fgr lewg ,oa ncko lewg dk ljdkj dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa esa lh/kh

Hkkxhnkjh djukA

3½ ljdkj ds Åij ncko cukdj egRoiw.kZ QSlys ds fy, ljdkj dks ck/;

djukA

4½ vius&vius oxZ ds fgrksa dks c<+kok nsukA

5½ turk dh eq[; leL;kvksa dh rjQ ljdkj dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djukA

65

v/;k; & 2

^^la?kokn**

Lej.kh; ckrsa %&

1- la?kh; ljdkj esas nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ljdkjsa gksrh gSaA

2- la?kh; O;oLFkk esa fofHkUu Lrj dh ljdkjksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= lafo/kku esa Li"V of.kZr

gksrs gSaA

3- la?kh; O;oLFkk esa lafo/kku ds ekSfyd izko/kkuksa dks fdlh ,d Lrj dh ljdkj

vdsys ugha cny ldrhA

4- la?kh; O;oLFkk dk mn~ns'; ns'k dh ,drk dks lqjf{kr j[kuk rFkk {ks=h;

fofo/krkvksa dk lEeku djuk gSA

5- vesfjdk] fLoVtjySaM vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k tSls la?kh; O;oLFkk okys ns'kksa eas izkar] dsUnz

dh rqyuk esa vf/kd rkdroj gksrs gSaA

6- Hkkjr] csfYt;e vkSj Lisu esa jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa dsUnz vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gSA

7- Hkkjr esa tEew d'ehj ,d ,slk jkT; gSa tgk¡ jkT; fo/kku lHkk dh vuqefr ds cxSj

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds dbZ izko/kkuksa dks ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

8- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fo/kk;h vf/kdkjksa dks rhu fgLls esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & la?k lwph]

jkT; lwph vkSj leorhZ lwphA

9- Hkkjr esa mi;qZDr rhu lwfp;ksa ds vfrfjDr ckdh cps fo"k; dsUnz ljdkj ds

vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkrs gSaA

10- Hkkjr esa 40 izfr'kr yksxksaa dh ekr`Hkk"kk fgUnh gSA

11- ,d ls vf/kd jktuhfrd nyksa ds }kjk feydj cukbZ xbZ ljdkj] dks xBca/ku

ljdkj dgrs gSaA

12- vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk,¡ & os 22 Hkk"kk,¡ ftUgsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa j[kk

x;k gS] vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk,¡ dgrs gSaA

13- Hkkjr esa 1992 esa lafo/kku la'kks/ku djds iapk;rksa dks T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj

66

izHkkoh cuk;k x;kA

14- u;s lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds }kjk iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,d&frgkbZ lhVsa

vkjf{kr dh xbZA

1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

2- uxj ikfydkvksa vkSj xzke iapk;rksa ds fy, yxHkx fdrus yksxksa dk pquko gksrk gS\

3- Hkkjr esa fdl jkT; dks fo'ks"k ntkZ izkIr gS\

4- LFkkuh; 'kklu okyh dkSu&dkSu lh laLFkk,¡ 'kgjksa essa dke djrh gS\

5- ,dkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk fdls dgrs gSa\

6- csfYt;e esa fdl izdkj dh ljdkj gSa\

7- iapk;r lfefr dk xBu dSls gksrk gSa\

8- uxj fuxe ds izeq[k dks D;k dgrs gSa\


1- dsUnz vkSj jkT; ls 'kfDr;k¡ ysdj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks nsukA

2- 36 yk[k

3- tEew d'ehj

4- uxjikfydk vkSj uxj fuxe

5- ,slh O;oLFkk ftlesa 'kklu dk ,d gh Lrj gksrk gSA

6- la?kh; ljdkj

7- dbZ iapksa dks feykdj iapk;r lfefr dk xBu gksrk gSA

8- es;j


1- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk fdl izdkj fd;k

x;k gS\

2- LFkkuh; ljdkjksa ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,\

67

3- Hkkjr dh la?kh; O;oLFkk esa csfYt;e ls feyrh tqyrh ,d fo'ks"krk vkSj mlls

vyx ,d fo'ks"krk dks crk,¡\

4- 1992 ds lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa fodsUnzhdj.k dks izHkkoh

cukus ds fy, D;k iz;kl fd, x, gSa\

5- la?kokn ;k la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk D;k gS\

6- Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk uhfr D;k gS\

7- 1992 ls iwoZ fodsUnzhdj.k ds Lo:i dk o.kZu dhft,A

8- la?kh; O;oLFkk dh pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9- ,dkRed vkSj la?kkRed ljdkjksa ds chp varj Li"V djsaA

10- dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds lEcU/kksa esa vk, cnykoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

11- iapk;rksa dh eq[; ijs'kkfu;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

12- Hkkjr ,d la?kh; O;oLFkk okyk ns'k gSa bl rF; dks lkfcr djus okys eq[;

fl)karksa dks fy[ksaA

13- la?kokn dh fdUgha rhu cqjkb;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3@5 vadksa okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&

1- la?k lwph & izfrj{kk] fons'k] cSafdax] lapkj] eqnzk vkfn

jkT; lwph & iqfyl] O;kikj] okf.kT;] d`f"k] flapkbZ

leorhZ lwph & f'k{kk] ou] etnwj la?k] fookg

vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ & os fo"k; tks Åij ds rhu lwfp;ksa esa ugha gS rFkk ftu ij

dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsanz ljdkj dks gSA

2- 1½ vusd leL;kvksa dk fuiVkjk LFkkuh; Lrj ij gks tkrk gSA

2½ yksxksa dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh gksrh gS fd iSlk dgk¡ vkSj dSls [kpZ

djuk gSA

3½ LFkkuh; Lrj ij yksxksaa dks QSlyksa esa lh/ks Hkkxhnkj cukuk laHko gks tkrk gSA

4½ lÙkk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks Hkkxhnkj cukukA

68

3- Hkkjr esa csfYt;e ls feyrh&tqyrh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa laiw.kZ ns'k ds

fy, ,d la?k ljdkj dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA vyx fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd csfYt;e

dh dsUnz ljdkj dh vusd 'kfDr;k¡ ns'k ds nks {ks=h; ljdkjksa dks lqiqnZ dj nh xbZ

gS] tcfd Hkkjr esa esa dsanz ljdkj vusd ekeyksa esa jkT; ljdkj ij fu;a=.k j[krk

gSA

4- 1½ LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds pquko fu;fer :i ls djkuk vfuok;Z gSA

2½ de ls de ,d frgkbZ lhVsa efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gksaA

3½ gj jkT; esa iapk;r vkSj uxjikfydk pquko djkus ds fy, jkT; pquko

vk;ksx uked Lora= laLFkk dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA

4½ jkT; ljdkjksa dks vius jktLo vkSj vf/kdkjksa dk dqN fgLlk LFkkuh;

fudk;ksa dks nsuk iM+kA

5- 1½ la?kh; O;oLFkk esa lÙkk dsUnzh; ljdkj vkSj vU; ljdkjksa esa caVh gksrh gSA

2½ la?kh; O;oLFkk esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lrj dh ljdkjsa gksrh gSaA

3½ dsanz ljdkj jk"Vªh; egRo ds fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukrh gS vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa

jkT; ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ijA

4½ nksuksa Lrj dh ljdkjsa vius&vius Lrj ij Lora= gksdj viuk dke djrh

gSaA

6- 1½ Hkkjr esa fdlh ,d Hkk"kk dks jk"VªHkk"kk dk ntkZ u nsdj fganh vkSj vU; 21

Hkk"kkvksa dks vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA

2½ vaxzsth dks jktdh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] fo'ks"kdj xSj fgUnh

Hkk"kh izns'kksa dks ns[krs gq,A

3½ lHkh jkT;ksa dh eq[; Hkk"kk dk fo'ks"k [;ky j[kk x;k gSA

7- 1½ lHkh jkT;ksa esa xk¡o ds Lrj ij xzke iapk;rsa vkSj 'kgjksa eas uxjikfydkvksa dh

LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA

2½ LFkkuh; laLFkk,¡ jkT; ljdkjksa ds v/khu j[kh xbZ FkhA

69

3½ LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds pquko fu;r le; ij ugha djk, tkrs FksA

4½ LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds ikl u viuk vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj u lalk/kuA

8- 1½ ,d ls vf/kd Lrj dh ljdkjsa gksrh gSaA

2½ dbZ Lrjksa ij lÙkk foHkkftr gksrh gSA

3½ izR;sd Lrj dk viuk {ks=kf/kdkj fuf'pr gksrk gSA

4½ nksuksa ljdkjsa ,d gh ukxfjd lewg ij 'kklu djrh gSaA

9- ,dkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk %&

1½ blesa dsUnz ljdkj 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA

2½ blds varxZr lafo/kku la'kks/ku dsUnz ljdkj dj ldrh gSA

3½ 'kfDr;k¡ ,d txg ij dsafnzr gksrh gSaA

4½ blesa ,d gh ukxfjdrk gksrh gSA

5½ dsUnz ljdkj jkT;ksa ls 'kfDr;k¡ ys ldrh gSaA

la?kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk %&

1½ blesa dsUnzh; ljdkj vis{kkd`r detksj gksrh gSA

2½ blesa dsUnz ljdkj vdsys lafo/kku la'kks/ku ugha dj ldrh gSA

3½ 'kfDr;k¡ dbZ Lrjksa ij foHkkftr gksrh gSA

4½ dbZ la?kh; O;oLFkk okys ns'kksa esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk gksrh gSA

5½ nksuksa Lrj dh ljdkjsa vius vf/kdkj {ks= esa Lora= gksrh gSA

10- 1½ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa {ks=h; ikfVZ;ksa dh ljdkjsaA

2½ xBcU/ku ljdkjksa ds vkus ls dsUnz ljdkj viuh euekuh ugha dj ldrh

gSA

3½ dsUnzh; jktLo esa jkT;ksa dks nh tkus okyh jkf'k esa c<+ksrjhA

4½ dsUnz & jkT; ruko esa dehA

5½ dsUnz & jkT; lEcU/kksa esa lq/kkjA

70

6½ dsUnz ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa eas jkT;ksa ds fgrksa dk [;kyA

11- 1½ tkx:drk dk vHkkoA

2½ /ku dk vHkkoA

3½ vf/kdkfj;ksa dh euekuhA

4½ tu lgHkkfxrk esa dehA

5½ dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk le; ij foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k ugha

djkukA

6½ pquko fu;fer :i ls ugha gksrsA

12- 1½ Hkkjr esa dsUnz] jkT; vkSj LFkkuh;] rhu Lrjksa ij ljdkjsa gSaA

2½ Hkkjr esa ,d fyf[kr ,oa foLr`r lafo/kku gSA

3½ izR;sd Lrj dh ljdkj ds vf/kdkj {ks= lafo/kku esa Li"V of.kZr gSaA

4½ lafo/kku ds ekSfyd izko/kkuksa dks dksbZ ,d Lrj dh ljdkj vdsys ugha cny

ldrhA

5½ loksZPp U;k;ky; dks lafo/kku dh O;k[;k dk vf/kdkjA

6½ dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dks la?k lwph] jkT; lwph

vkSj leorhZ lwph esa ckaVk tkukA

7½ foÙkh; Lok;rrk ds fy, dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx

lzksrA

13- 1½ dsUnzh; ljdkj dk vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksukA

2½ lafo/kku la'kks/ku dk vf/kdkj dsoy dsUnz dks gh izkIr gksukA

3½ laln dks vf/kd vf/kdkj gksukA

4½ /ku laca/kh vf/kdkjksa dk dsUnz ds ikl vf/kd gksukA

5½ dsUnz ljdkj dk jkT; ljdkjksa ds ekeys esa vuko';d gLr{ksiA

71

v/;k; & 3

^^yksdra= vkSj fofo/krk**

Lej.kh; ckrsa %&

1- le:i lekt & ,d ,slk lekt ftlesa lkeqnkf;d] lkaLd`frd ;k tkrh;

fofHkUurk,¡ T;knk xgjh ugha gksrhA

2- ,Ýks&vesfjdh & mu vÝhdh yksxksa dh larku ftUgsa 17 oha lnh eas vesfjdk esa

ykdj xqyke cuk;k x;k FkkA

3- uLyHksn & fdlh ns'k vFkok lekt esa uLy ds vk/kkj ij dqN yksxksa dks uhp ;k

ghu le>ukA

4- jaxHksn & jax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko djukA

5- nfyr & Hkkjr ds fu/kZu] Hkwfeghu vkSj lkekftd o vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s gq,

yksxA

6- v'osr 'kfDr vkanksyu & uLy vk/kkfjr HksnHkko ds mUewyu ds fy, vesfjdk esa

1966 ls 1975 ds chp pyk;k x;k fgald vkanksyuA

7- izoklh & vLFkkbZ rkSj ij vkfFkZd voljksa ds fy, nwljs ns'kksa ;k uxjksa esa tkdj

clus okys yksxA

8- foHkkftr lekt & ,d ,slk lekt ftlesa lkeqnkf;d] lkaLd`frd ;k tkrh;

fofHkUurk,¡ cgqr xgjh gksrh gSaA

9- cgqer lekt & fofHkUu fopkjksa ,oa iaFkks okyk lektA

10- viotZd HksnHkko & lekt ds fdlh oxZ ;k tkfr ls nwjh cuk, j[kuk ;k vius

lewg ls fu"dkflr djukA

11- vyxkookn & ,d {ks= ;k tu&lewg dk vius cM+s lewg ;k ns'k ls vyx gksdj

Lora= vfLrRo cukus dh bPNkA

72

1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- 1968 bZ- eas vksyafid [ksy dk vk;kstu dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\

2- VkWeh fLeFk vkSj TkkWu dkyksZl dkSu Fks\ mUgksaus fdl [ksy esa ind thrs Fks\

3- vesfjdk esa ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkanksyu dk eq[; mn~ns'; D;k Fkk\

4- vesfjdk esa ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkanksyu fdlds usr`Ro esa pyk, x, Fks\

5- eSfDldks vksyafid esa VkWeh fLeFk }kjk iguk x;k dkyk eQyj tSlk ifj/kku fdl

ckr dk izrhd FkkA

6- og dkSu lk vkWLVªsfy;kbZ f[kykM+h Fkk ftlus VkWeh fLeFk vkSj tkWu dkyksZl ds

leFkZu esa fojks/k trk;k Fkk\

7- ;wxksLykfo;k ds foHkktu dk eq[; vk/kkj D;k Fkk\

8- Jhyadk esa fdl rjg ds lkekftd foHksn gSa\

9- le:i lekt dk vfLrRo fdl ns'k esa gS\

10- vk;jyS.M esa fdl&fdl /keZ ds vuq;k;h jgrs gSa\

11- fLeFk vkSj dkyksZl dk vksyafid ind okil D;ksa ys fy;k x;k Fkk\

12- gky esa gh fdl ;wfuoflZVh us vius dSEil esa fLeFk] dkyksZl vkSj ukeZu dh ewfrZ;k¡

yxokbZ gSa\

13- fdl ns'k esa /keZ vkSj oxZ esa xgjh lekurk gS\

14- mÙkjh vk;jySaM dh vkcknh esa izksVsLVsaV vkSj dSFkksfydksa dk izfr'kr fdruk gS\


1- lkekftd HksnHkko dh mRifÙk ds nks izeq[k dkj.k crkb,\

2- Hkkjr eas fHkUurkvksa dks n'kkZus okys izeq[k rRoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- lkekftd foHkktuksa dh jktuhfr ds ifj.kke r; djus okys rhu dkjdksa dks

fyf[k,\

4- yksdra= ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA ;g fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\ la{ksi esa crkb,A]

5- ^^lkekftd foHkktu ges'kk [krjukd ugha gksrs gSaA** vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ

nhft,A

6- VkWeh fLeFk vkSj tkWu dkyksZl us 1968 ds eSfDldks vksyafid [ksy esa] la;qDr jkT;

73

vesfjdk esa gksus okys jaxHksn ds elys ds izfr varjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjh dk /;ku fdl

izdkj vkdf"kZr fd;k\

7- lkekftd varj dc vkSj dSls lkekftd foHkktuksa dk :i ys ysrs gSa\

8- fofHkUurkvksa esa lkeatL; o Vdjko esa varj Li"V djsaA

9- vesfjdk esa ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkanksyu ds fodkl dk o.kZu dhft,\


1- eSfDldks

2- ,Ýks&vejhdh] 200 ehVj ds nkSM+ esa

3- uLy vk/kkfjr HksnHkko dh lekfIrA

4- ekfVZu ywFkj fdax twfu;jA

5- v'osr 'kfDr dkA

6- ihVj ukeZuA

7- /kkfeZd vkSj tkrh; foHkktuA

8- Hkk"kkbZ ,oa /kkfeZdA

9- teZuh vkSj LohMuA

10- dSFkksfyd vkSj izksVsLVsaVA

11- jktuhfrd c;ku nsus ds dkj.k tks vksyafid Hkkouk ds fo:) FkkA

12- lSu gkst+ LVsV ;wfuoflZVhA

13- mÙkjh vk;jySaMA

14- 53 izfr'kr ,oa 44 izfr'kr


1- 1½ tUe ij vk/kkfjr & ge flQZ bl vk/kkj ij ml leqnk; ds lnL; gks tkrs

gSa ftlesa gekjk tUe gqvk gSA

2½ ilan ;k pquko ij vk/kkfjr & tSls&/keZ] O;olk; [ksy bR;kfn dk pquko

ge viuh ilan ls djrs gSaA

74

2- 1½ tkrh; fHkUurk & vk;Z] vuk;Z] eaxksy] eqxy] ikjlh vkfnA

2½ Hkk"kkvksa dh fHkUurk & 22 vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj 1500 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkkjr eas

cksyh tkrh gSa\

3½ /keZ dh fHkUurk & fgUnw /keZ] flD[k] bZlkbZ] ckS)] bLyke vkfnA

3- 1½ yksxksa esa jk"Vªh; igpku dh Hkkouk ds izfr fo'oklA

2½ jktuhfrd nyksa dk lafo/kku ds nk;js esa jgdj dk;Z djukA

3½ ljdkj fofHkUu lkekftd oxks± ds izfr dSlk :[k viukrh gSA

4½ yksdra= 'kklu dh ,d ,slh i)fr gS] ftlesa turk vius pqus gq,

izfrfuf/k;ksa ds }kjk 'kklu djrh gSA

yksdra= ds izdkj %&

1½ izR;{k yksdra= & ftlesa turk Lo;a 'kklu esa Hkkxhnkj gksrh gSA tSls&

fLoVtjySaM ds dqN dSUVuA

2½ vizR;{k yksdra= & bleas turk vius pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa ds }kjk 'kklu

pykrh gSA tSls & HkkjrA

5- 1½ mÙkjh vk;jySaM vkSj uhnjySaM nksuksa bZlkbZ cgqy ns'k gSa rFkk izksVsLVsaV vkSj

dSFkksfyd [ksesa esa caVs gSaA

2½ mÙkjh vk;jySaM esa /keZ vkSj oxZ ds chp xgjh lekurk gSA ogk¡ dk dSFkksfyd

leqnk; xjhc gS rFkk yacs le; ls HksnHkko ds f'kdkj gSaA

3½ uhnjySaM esa dSFkksfyd vkSj izksVsLVsaV nksuksa gh leku :i ls vehj vkSj xjhc

gSaA blfy, ogk¡ dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gSA

4½ vk;jySaM esa dSFkksfyd vkSj izksVsLVsaV ds chp Hkkjh ekjdkV pyrh gSA

6- 1½ fcuk twrksa ds dsoy eksts igudj v'osrksa dh xjhch dks n'kkZ;kA

2½ fLeFk us v'osr yksxksa ds vkRexkSjo dks crkus ds fy, vius xys esa dkyk

eQyj iguk FkkA

3½ dkyksZl us ekjs x, v'osrksa dh ;kn esa dkys eudksa dh ,d ekyk iguh FkhA

7- 1½ tc dqN lkekftd varj nwljh vusd fofHkUurkvksa ls Åij vkSj cM+s gks tkrs

gSaA

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2½ vesfjdk esa 'osr vkSj v'osr ds chp dk Hkkjh varj tks lkekftd foHkktu

dk eq[; dkj.k gSA

3½ tc ,d rjg dk lkekftd varj vU; varjksa ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ cu tkrk

gSA

8- lkeatL; %&

1½ blds varxZr lkekftd fofHkUurkvksa esa ,drk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

2½ blesa yksx ;g eglwl djus yxrs gSa fd os fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ls laca/k j[krs

gSaA

3½ blls xgjh lkekftd foHkktu dh laHkkouk ?kV tkrh gSA

4½ tSls& vesfjdk esa 'osr vkSj v'osr dk varjA

Vdjko %&

1½ blds varxZr lkekftd fofHkUurkvksa ls Vdjko mRiUu gksrk gSA

2½ blesa dbZ lewg ,d eqn~ns ij leku utfj;k j[krs gSa rks nwljs eqn~ns ij

muds utfj;ksa eas varj gks tkrk gSA

3½ blesa lkekftd foHkktu dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

4½ tSls& uhnjySaM esa oxZ vkSj /keZ ds chp ,slk esy ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

9- 1½ f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn vesfjdk esa uLyh; HksnHkko c<+ x;kA

2½ v'osr yksxksa ij vusd izdkj ds izfrca/k yxk fn, x, FksA

3½ 1980 ds n'kd esa vesfjdk esa yxHkx 33 izfr'kr dkys yksx] 20 izfr'kr

fgLikuh vkSj 12 izfr'kr 'osr xjhc ,oa cs?kj FksA

4½ 1950 ds n'kd esa ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds fy, 'kfDr'kkyh vkanksyu gq,A

5½ 1954 esa ogk¡ ds loksZPPk U;k;ky; us ^vyx ijarq leku* ds fl)kar dks

vLohdkj dj fn;kA

6½ uLyh; HksnHkko ds fo:) ekfVZu ywFkj fadax twfu;j ds usr`Ro esa vkanksyu

pyk;k x;kA

7½ 1960 ds n'kd esa dkuwu cukdj bl HksnHkko dks [kRe fd;k x;kA

76

v/;k; & 4

^^tkfr] /keZ vkSj ySafxd elys**

Lej.kh; ckrsa %&

1- Je dk ySafxd foHkktu & fyax ds vk/kkj ij dke dk c¡VokjkA tSls& ?kj ds vanj

ds vf/kdrj dke vkSjrsa djrh gSaA

2- ukjhoknh & vkSjr vkSj enZ nksuksa ds fy, ,d leku vf/kdkjksa dh ek¡x djuk ;k

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dh ek¡xA

3- LohMu] ukosZ vkSj fQuySaM tSls ns'kksa esa lkoZtfud thou esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh

dk Lrj dkQh Å¡pk gSA

4- fir`&iz/kku lekt & ,slk lekt ftlesa ifjokj dk eqf[k;k firk gksrk gS vkSj mUgsa

vkSjrksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd vf/kdkj gksrk gSA

5- 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa iq:"k lk{kjrk dh nj 76 izfr'kr rFkk

efgykvksa esa lk{kjrk dh nj 54 izfr'kr FkhA

6- 2001 dh tula[;k ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fyax vuqikr 927 FkhA

7- yksdlHkk esa efgyk lkalnksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gS tcfd jkT;

fo/kku lHkkvksa esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo 5 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA

8- Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa dh la[;k 10 yk[k ls

T;knk gSA

9- ikfjokfjd dkuwu & fookg] rykd] xksn ysuk vkSj mÙkjkf/kdkj tSls ifjokj ls

tqM+s elyksa ls lacaf/kr dkuwuA

10- lkEiznkf;drk & tc fdlh /keZ ds ekuus okys yksx vius /keZ dks nwljksa ds /keks± ls

Js"B le>us yxrs gSaA

11- /keZfujis{krk & ,slh O;oLFkk ftlesa jkT; dk viuk dksbZ /keZ ugha gksrkA lHkh /keks±

dks ,d leku egRo fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ukxfjdksa dks fdlh Hkh /keZ dks viukus dh

vktknh gksrh gSA

77

12- o.kZ O;oLFkk & fofHkUu tkrh; lewgksa dk lekt esa inkuqØeA

13- lkoZHkkSfed O;Ld erkf/kdkj & fdlh jkT; esa ,d fuf'pr vk;q ds ckn lHkh yksxksa

dks ,d leku er nsus dk vf/kdkjA

14- tkfrokn & tkfr ds vk/kkj ij yksxksaa esa HksnHkko djukA

1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- lekt }kjk L=h vkSj iq:"k dks nh xbZ vleku Hkwfedk,¡ D;k dgykrh gSa\

2- Hkkjr esa vkSjrksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk fdu izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa esa gS\

3- 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds fdu jkT;ksa esa fyaxkuqikr 800 ls Hkh de

gS\

4- LFkkuh; ljdkjksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, fdrus izfr'kr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gS\

5- fyaxkuqikr fdl dgrs gSa\

6- ^/keZ dks jktuhfr ls dHkh Hkh vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk* & ;s 'kCn fdlus dgs gS\

7- ,d ,sls leqnk; ds yksx tks lk/kkjr;k igkM+h vkSj taxyh {ks=ksa essa jgrs gSa vkSj

ftudk ckdh lekt ls vf/kd esy tksy ugha gS] D;k dgrs gSa\

8- ml izfØ;k dks D;k dgrs gSa ftlesa yksx xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u

djrs gSa\


1- thou esa mu fofHkUu igyqvksa dk ftØ djsa ftuesa Hkkjr esa fL=;ksa ds lkFk HksnHkko

gksrk gSA

2- tkfr ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa pqukoh urhts r; ugha fd;s tk ldrsA dkj.k

fyf[k,A

3- Hkkjr dks ,d /keZ fujis{k jkT; cukus okys fofHkUu izko/kku dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

4- Hkkjr ljdkj us ukjh vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, D;k dne mBk, gSa\

5- crkb, fd Hkkjr esa fdl rjg vHkh Hkh tkfrxr vlekurk,¡ tkjh gSa\

6- lkEiznkf;d jktuhfr ds fofHkUu :iksa dk o.kZu djsaA

7- ukjhoknh vkanksyu fdl dgrs gSa\ bldh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj izHkko dks crkb,\

78

8- Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ds mijkar efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa dqN lq/kkj gq, gSa ijarq os vHkh

Hkh iq:"kksa ls dkQh ihNs gSaA bl dFku dks fofHkUu rF;ksa vkSj lk{;ksa ls le>kb,A

9- vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A ns'k dh

vkcknh esa muds izfr'kr D;k gSa\

10- Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo cgqr de gSA dkj.k crkb,A


1- ySafxd foHkktuA

2- iapk;rh jkt dh laLFkkvksa esaA

3- iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy izns'k vkSj xqtjkrA

4- 33 izfr'kr

5- izfr 1000 iq:"kksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;kA

6- egkRek xk¡/khA

7- vuqlwfpr tutkfrA

8- 'kgjhdj.kA


1- 1½ efgykvksa ds Åij iwjk ?kjsyw nkf;RoA

2½ iq:"kksa dk vR;f/kd fu;a=.kA

3½ O;oLFkkfidkvksa esa de izfrfuf/kRoA

4½ dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k

5½ L=h f'k{kk dks de egRoA

6½ ikfjJfed forj.k esa vlekurkA

2- 1½ ernkrkvksa esa tkx:drk & dbZ ckj ernkrk tkrh; Hkkouk ls Åij mBdj

ernku djrs gSaA

2½ ernkrkvksa }kjk vius vkfFkZd fgrksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa dks izkFkfedrkA

3½ fdlh ,d lalnh; {ks= esa fdlh ,d tkfr ds yksxksa dk cgqer u gksukA

79

4½ ernkrkvksa }kjk fofHkUu vk/kkjksa ij ernku djukA

3- 1½ Hkkjr dk dksbZ jktdh; /keZ ugha gSA

2½ Hkkjr esa lHkh /keks± dks ,d leku egRo fn;k x;k gSA

3½ izR;sd ukxfjd dks viuh bPNkuqlkj fdlh Hkh /keZ dks viukus dh Lora=rk

gSA

4½ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku /kkfeZd HksnHkko dks vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr djrk gSA

4- 1½ ngst dks voS/k ?kksf"kr djukA

2½ ikfjokfjd lEifÙk;ksa esa L=h&iq:"k dks cjkcj gdA

3½ dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k dks dkuwuu vijk/k ?kksf"kr djukA

4½ leku dk;Z ds fy, leku ikfjJfed dk izko/kkuA

5½ ukjh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k tksj nsukA

6½ csVh i<+kvks] ns'k c<+kvks tSlh ;kstukA

5- 1½ vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa dqN tkfr;ksa ds lkFk vNwrksa tSlk crkZo fd;k tkrk gSA

2½ vkt Hkh vf/kdrj yksx viuh tkfr ;k dchys esa fookg djrs gSaA

3½ dqN tkfr;k¡ vf/kd mUur gSa rks dqN [kkl tkfr;k¡ vR;f/kd fiNM+h gqbZA

4½ dqN tkfr;ksa dk vHkh Hkh 'kks"k.k gks jgk gSA

5½ pquko vFkok eaf=eaMy ds xBu esa tkrh; lehdj.k dks /;ku esa j[kukA

6- 1½ dV~Vj iaFkh fopkj/kkjk okys yksxA

2½ /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij erksa dk /kzqohdj.kA

3½ /keZ ds vk/kkj ij yksxkasa dks pquko esa izR;k'kh ?kksf"kr djukA

4½ lkEiznkf;d fgalk vkSj [kwu [kjkckA

5½ lkEiznkf;d fn'kk esa jktuhfr dh xfr'khyrkA

6½ lkEiznkf;drk ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd nyksa dk vyx&vyx [kseksa eas c¡V

tkukA tSls& vk;jySaM esa us'kfyLV vkSj ;wfu;fuLV ikVhZA

80

7- efgykvksa ds jkthfrd vkSj oS/kkfud ntsZ dks Å¡pk mBkus] muds fy, f'k{kk vkSj

jkstxkj ds voljksa dks c<+kus dh ek¡x vkSj jkstxkj ds voljksa dks c<+kus dh ek¡x

djus vkSj muds O;fDrxr ,oa ikfjokfjd thou esa cjkcjh dh ek¡x djus okys

vkanksyu dks ukjhoknh vkanksyu dgrs gSaA

fo'ks"krk,¡ %&

1½ ;g vkanksyu efgykvksa ds jktuSfrd vf/kdkj vkSj lÙkk ij mudh idM+ dh

odkyr djrk gSA

2½ blesa efgykvksa dks ?kj dh pkj&nhokjh ds Hkhrj dSn j[kus vkSj ?kj ds lHkh

dkeksa dk cks> Mkyus dk fojks/k lfEefyr gSA

3½ ;g fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj dks ekr`lÙkkRed cukus dh vksj vxzlj gSA

4½ efgykvksa dh f'k{kk rFkk ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa muds O;olk;] lsok vkfn dk

leFkZd gSA

5½ ;g efgykvksa ds gj izdkj ds 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djrk gSSA

8- 1½ lk{kjrk dh nj & efgykvksa esa lk{kjrk dh nj 54 izfr'kr gS tcfd iq:"kksa esa

76 izfr'krA

2½ Å¡pk osru vkSj Å¡ph fLFkfr ds in] bl {ks= esa iq:"k efgykvksa ls cgqr vkxs

gSaA

3½ vleku fyax vuqikr & vHkh Hkh izfr 1000 iq:"kksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;k 933

gSA

4½ ?kjsyq vkSj lkekftd mRihM+u

5½ tu izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa esa de Hkkxhnkjh vFkok izfrfuf/kRoA

6½ efgykvksa esa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk eas vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk deA

9- vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ % os tkfr;k¡ tks fgUnw lkekftd O;oLFkk esa mPp tkfr;ksa ls

vyx vkSj vNwr ekuh tkrh gSaA tks nfyr ds :i esa ekuh tkrh gSa rFkk ftudk

visf{kr fodkl ugha gqvk gSA

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ % ,slk leqnk; tks lk/kkj.kr;k igkM+h vkSj taxyh {ks=ksa eas

jgrs gSa vkSj ftudk ckdh lekt ls vf/kd esytksy ugha gSA lkFk gh mudk

81

fodkl ugha gqvk gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk izfr'kr 16-2 izfr'kr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dk

izfr'kr 8-2 izfr'kr gSA

10- 1½ efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk dk vHkko gSaA

2½ iq:"k vHkh Hkh efgykvksa dks vkxs vkus ugha nsrsA

3½ jktuhfrd ny efgykvksa dks mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa fVdV ugha nsrsA

4½ efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dk vHkko gSA

82

v/;k; & 1 ¼vFkZ'kkL=½

^^fodkl**

;kn j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa %&

1- vFkZO;oLFkk & ,d iz.kkyh gS tks yksxksa dks vkthfodk iznku djrh gSA

2- vkfFkZd fodkl] ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh okLrfod

îzfr O;fDr vk;* nh?kZ vof/k esa c<+rh gSA

3- yksxksa ;k lewgksa dk izkFkfed y{; & vf/kd vk; ikukA blds vfrfjDr cjkcjh]

Lora=rk] lqj{kk o vknj Hkko vU; y{; gaSSA

4- vkfFkZd fu;kstu & ns'k ds lk/kuksa dk ykHk mBkdj ns'k ds fodkl dks ;kstukc)

:i ls dk;Z djukA

5-

6- ns'kksa ds e/; rqyuk djus ds fy, mudh vk; lcls egÙoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrk le>h

tkrh gSA

7- ns'kksa ds e/; fodkl dks ukius ds fy, vkSlr vk; ds lkFk lkoZtfud lqfo/kkvksa

dh miyC/krk] LokLF; lsok,¡] tUe o e`R;q nj] thou izR;k'kk] iznw"k.k eqDr

okrkoj.k vkfn ekudksa dks Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

8- izR;sd ns'k ds fy, vkSlr vk; dh x.kuk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk MkWyj esa dh tkrh gSA

9- ekuo fodkl lwpdkad & vk; o vU; dkjdksa dh lekdsfrd lwph]] ftlds vk/kkj

ij fdlh ns'k dks mldh xq.koÙkk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

1 vad okys laHkkfor iz'u &

1- vU; jkT;ksa dh vis{kk dsjy esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj de D;ksa gS\

83

izfrO;fDr vk;

;k

vkSlr vk;

dqy jk"Vªh; vk;

dqy tula[;k=

2- D;k flQZ vkSlr vk; ds vk/kkj ij fodkl dh x.kuk djuk lgh gS\

3- thou izR;k'kk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

4- th-Mh- ih ¼GDP½ dk D;k vFkZ gS\

5- Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd mPp ekuo fodkl lwpdkad fdl jkT; dk gS\

6- ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dh x.kuk fdl laxBu ds }kjk dh tkrh gS\

7- lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh D;k gS\

8- tu lqfo/kkvksa dk D;k vFkZ gS\

9- vuohdj.kh; lalk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx D;ksa t:jh gS\

3@5 vad okys laHkkfor iz'u %&

1- ^^fodkl ds y{; fHkUu&fHkUUk gksrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh ;s ijLij fojks/kh Hkh gks ldrs

gS**] bl dFku dks Li"V djksA

2- ,d fodkl'khy vkSj fodflr ns'k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k gksrh gSa\

3- vk; ds vfrfjDr vkSj dkSu ls dkjd gS tks gekjs thou esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs

gSaA

4- vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, lk{kjrk D;ksa vfuok;Z gS\ Li"V dhft,

5- fuEufyf[kr dks Li"V dhft, &

d½ f'k'kq e`R;q nj [k½ fuoy mifLFkfr vuqikr x½ lk{kjrk nj

mÙkj ekyk & ,d vad okys iz'u %&

1- ;gk¡ LokLF; o f'k{kk lqfo/kkvksa dhs csgÙkj O;oLFkk gSA

2- ugha] D;ksafd mlls vk; dh vlekurkvksa dk irk ugha pyrkA

3- O;fDr ds laHkkfor thfor jgus dk vkSlr o"kZA

4- fdlh ns'k dk ldy ?kjsyq mRiknA

5- dsjy jkT; dkA

6- ;w-u-Mh-ih- ¼UNDP)

7- jk'ku forj.k dh og iz.kkyh ftlds }kjk mfpr ewY;ksa ij xjhcksa dks ljdkjh

nqdkuksa ds ek/;e ls jk'ku ck¡Vk tkrk gSA

84

8- os lqfo/kk, tks ekuo thou dks csgrj cukus ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA

9- D;ksafd ;s lalk/ku lhfer ek=k esa miyC/k gS vkSj bUgsa iqu% izkIr ugha fd;k tk

ldrkA

mÙkj ekyk %& ¼3@5 vad okys iz'u½

1- izR;sd O;fDr ;k lewg ds fodkl ds y{; fHkUu fHkUu gks ldrs gSa dbZ ckj budh

izd`fr ijLij foijhr Hkh gks ldrh gSA ,d ds fy, fodkl dk y{; nwljs ds fy,

fouk'k dk dkj.k Hkh cu ldrk gSA mnkgj.k& unh ij ck¡/k cukuk] ogk¡ ds

fdlkuksa ds foLFkkiu dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA

2- fodflr ns'k %&

1- ubZ rduhd o fodflr m|ksxA

2- mPp Lrjh; jgu&lgu

3- mPp izfr O;fDr vk;

4- lk{kjrk nj mPpA

fodkl'khy ns'k %&

1- vkS|ksfxd :i ls fiNM+s gq,A

2- fuEu izfr O;fDr vk;A

3- lk{kjrk nj fuEu

3- vk; ds vfrfjDr csgrj thou ds fy, ifjokj] jkst+xkj] fe=rk] lqj{kk o lekurk

dh Hkkouk] 'kkafriw.kZ ekgkSy vkfn Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA D;ksafd eqnzk ls dsoy HkkSfrd

oLrq,¡ gh [kjhnh tk ldrh gSA

4- blls Kku o n{krk izkIr gksrh gSA

jkst+xkj dk Lrj c<+rk gSA

ubZ rduhdksa dk iz;ksx o Lrj c<+rk gSA

85

yksxksa esa LokLF;] i;kZoj.k vkfn ds izfr tkx:drk c<+rh gSA

u,&u, m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus dh {kerk c<+rh gSA

5- d½ f'k'kq e`R;q nj fdlh o"kZ esa iSnk gq, 1000 thfor cPpksa esa ls ,d o"kZ dh vk;q

ls iwoZ ejus okys f'k'kqvksa dk vuqikrA

[k½ fuoy mifLFkfr vuqikr & 6&10 o"kZ dh vk;q ds Ldwy tkus okys dqy cPpksa

dk ml vk;q oxZ ds dqYk cPpksa ds lkFk izfr'kr@vuqikrA

86

v/;k; & 2 ¼vFkZ'kkL=½

^^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=d**

;kn j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa %&

1- vkfFkZd xfrfof/k & ,sls fØ;kdyki ftudks djds thou;kiu ds fy, vk; dh

izkfIr dh tkrh gSA

2- izkFkfed {ks=d & og {ks= gS ftlesa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djds oLrqvksa dk

mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA bls d`f"k o lgk;d {ks=d Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

3- f}rh;d {ks=d & og {ks= gS ftlesa m|e] izkFkfed m|ksxksa ls izkIr oLrqvksa dks

nwljs vafre izdkj esa ifjofrZr djrs gSA bls vkS|kSfxd {ks=d Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

4- r`rh;d {ks=d ;k lsok {ks=d] izkFkfed o f}rh;d {ks=d ds fy, mRiknu lgk;d

xfrfof/k;ksa esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bls lsok {ks=d Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

5- lsok {ks=d esa mRiknu lgk;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; lsok,a Hkh gks ldrh

gSA tSls & MkWDVj] odhy vkfn dh lsok] dkWy lsaVj] lkW¶Vos;j fodflr djuk

vkfnA

6- lkoZtfud {ks= & ftlesa vf/kdka'k ifjlEifr;ksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gS

vkSj ljdkj gh lHkh lsok,¡ miyC/k djokrh gSA

7- futh {ks= & og {ks= ftlesa ifjlEifÙk;ksa dk LokfeRo vkSj lsokvksa dk forj.k ,d

O;fDr ;k dEiuh ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSA

8- ldy ?kjsyq mRikn & fdlh fo'ks"k o"kZ esa izR;sd {ks=d }kjk mRikfnr vafre

oLrqvkas o lsokvksa dk ewY; ml o"kZ esa {ks=d ds dqy mRiknu dh tkudkjh iznku

djrk gSA

9- Hkkjr esa fiNys pkyhl o"kks± esa lcls vf/kd o`f) r`rh;d {ks=d esa gqbZ gSA

10- bl rhoz o`f) ds dbZ dkj.k gS tSls & lsokvksa dk leqfpr izca/ku] ifjogu] HkaMkj.k

dh vPNh lqfo/kk,¡] O;kikj dk vf/kd fodkl] f'k{kk dh miyC/krk vkfnA

11- d`f"k {ks= esa vYi csjkstxkjh dh leL;k vf/kd gS vFkkZr~ ;fn ge dqN yksxksa dks

87

d`f"k {ks= ls gVk Hkh nsrs gS rks mRiknu esa fo'ks"k izHkko ugha iM+sxkA

12- bls izPNUu ;k fNih gqbZ csjkst+xkjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

13- f'kf{kr csjkst+xkj tc f'kf{kr] izf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dks mudh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj

dke ugha feyrkA

14- dq'ky Jfed & ftlus dk;Z ds fy, mfpr izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;k gSA vdq'ky Jfed

& ftUgksaus dksbZ izf'k{k.k izkIr ugha fd;k gSA

15- laxfBr {ks=d & os m|e ;k dk;Z vkrs gS] tgk¡ jkstxkj dh vof/k fuf'pr gksrh

gSA ;s ljdkj }kjk iathd`r gksrs gS rFkk fu/kkZfjr fu;ekssa o fofu;eksa dk vuqikyu

djrs gaSA

16- vlaxfBr {ks=d & NksVh&NksVh vkSj fc[kjh gqbZ bZdkbZ;k¡] tks vf/kdk'kar% ljdkjh

fu;a=.k ls ckgj jgrh gS] ls fufeZr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ izk;% ljdkjh fu;eksa dk ikyu

ugha fd;k tkrkA

17- nksgjh x.kuk dh leL;k & ;s leL;k rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc jk"Vªh; vk; dh

x.kuk ds fy, lHkh mRiknksa ds mRiknu ewY; dks tksM+k tkrk gSA D;ksafd blesa

dPps eky dk ewY; Hkh tqM+ tkrk gSA vr% lek/kku ds fy, dsoy vafre mRikn ds

ewY; dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA

18- vlaxfBr {ks=d & Hkwfeghu fdlku] d`f"k Jfed] NksVs o lhekUr fdlku]

dk'rdkj] c¡VkbZnkj] f'kYih vkfnA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa m|ksx Jfed] fuek.kZ Jfed]

O;kikj o ifjogu esa dk;Zjr] dckM+ o cks>k <ksus okys yksxksa dks laj{k.k dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA

19- xzkeh.k jkst+xkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e 2005 & dsUnzh; ljdkj us Hkkjr ds 200 ftyksa esa

dke dk vf/kdkj ykxw djus dk ,d dkuwu cuk;k gSA

20- dke dk vf/kdkj & l{ke o t:jrean csjkst++xkj xzkeh.k yksxksa dks izR;sd o"kZ 100

fnu ds jkst+xkj dh xkjUVh ljdkj ds }kjkA vlQy jgus ij csjkst+xkjh HkÙkk

fn;k tk,xkA

1 vad okys laHkkfor iz'u %&

1- lsok {ks=d esa 'kkfey xfrfof/k;ksa ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

2- vFkZO;oLFkk esa izR;sd {ks=d ds vafre mRikn dh gh x.kuk D;ksa dh tkrh gS\

88

3- lkoZtfud o futh {ks=d dks fdl vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS\

4- jkst+xkj l`tu esa fdl {ks= dk Hkkjr esa izFke LFkku gS\

5- laxfBr {ks= dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ;s\

6- jkstxkj xkjUVh vf/kfu;e fdl o"kZ ykxw fd;k x;k\

7- vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k¡ tks r`rh;d {ks= esa ugha vkrh dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A

8- lkoZtfud {ks=d esa ljdkj dk eq[; mn~ns'; D;k gksrk gSa\

9- ^fVLdks* tSlh dEiuh esa dkSu lk ,DV ykxw ugha gksxk\

10- izPNUu csjkstxkjh dks fdl vU; uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\

11- Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=d dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS\

12- ^losru NqV~Vh* dk izko/kku fdl {ks=d esa ik;k tkrk gS\

3@5 vad okys laHkkfor iz'u %&

1- lkoZtfud o futh {ks=d esa varj Li"V dhft,A

2- vlaxfBr {ks=d esa et+nwjksa ds lkeus vkus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- laxfBr o vlaxfBr {ks=dksa esa jkst+xkj dh ifjLFkfr;ksa esa D;k vUrj ik;k tkrk gS\

4- jk"Vªh; jkst+xkj xkjUVh vf/kfu;e ds rhu izko/kku crkbZ,A

5- ^^;|fi vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks izkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d {ks=dksa esa foHkkftr

fd;k x;k gS ysfdu os ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gS** bl dFku dks Li"V dhft,A

6- 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj iSnk djus dh dksbZ rhu fof/k;k¡ lq>kb,A

7- rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k fdl izdkj csjkst+xkjh dks izHkkfor djrh gS\

8- ^^vki ,d laxfBr {ks= ds deZpkjh gSA** vlaxfBr {ks= ds fdlh deZpkjh dh

vis{kk vki dks dkSu ls ykHk izkIr gksxsa\

9- O;k[;k dhft, fd fdl izdkj lkoZtfud {ks=d jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS**\

10- fNih gqbZ csjkst+xkjh D;k gS\ xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa bldk ,d&,d mnkgj.k

nhft,A

89

mÙkj ekyk ¼1 vad okys iz'u½ %&

1- ifjogu ] lapkj o cSafdxA

2- nksgjh x.kuk dh leL;k ls cpus ds fy,A

3- m|eksa ds LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ijA

4- izkFkfed {ks= dkA

6- o"kZ 2005 esaA

7- e/kqeD[kh ikyu vkfn

8- lkekftd dY;k.k o lqj{kk iznku djukA

9- jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;eA

10- vYi csjkst+xkjh ;k fNih gqbZ csjkst+xkjhA

11- ldy ?kjsyq mRikn esa lokZf/kd fgLlsnkjhA

12- laxfBr {ks=d esaA

mÙkj ekyk ¼3@5 vad okys iz'u½

1- lkoZtfud {ks=d

1½ ifjlEifÙk;ksa ij ljdkj dk fu;a=.k

2½ lHkh lsok,¡ ljdkj miyC/k djokrh gSA

3½ bldk mn~ns'; vf/kdre lkekftd dY;k.k gksrk gS\

4½ jkstxkj lqj{kk nh tkrh gSA

5½ loSrfud NqV~Vh o vU; lsok,¡ nh tkrh gSA

futh {ks=d %&

1½ ifjlEifÙk;ksa ij futh LokfeRoA

2½ lkjh phtsa ,d O;fDr ;k dEiuh miyC/k djokrh gSA

3½ vf/kdre ykHk dekuk bldk mn~ns”; gksrk gSA

4½ jkst+xkj o Jfed vlqjf{kr gksrs gSA

5½ loSrfud NqV~Vh o vU; lsok,¡ lkekU;r% ugha nh tkrhA

90

2- 1½ ;g {ks=d ljdkjh fu;eksa o fofu;eksa dks ugha ekurkA

2½ U;wure osru feyrk gSA

3½ jkstxkj dh vof/k o dk;Z le; lhek fuf'pr ugha gksrhA

4½ fdlh izdkj dh NqV~Vh ;k ykHk dk izko/kku ugha gksrkA

5½ fuf'pr dk;Z {ks= o vPNh lsok lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k ugha gksrkA

3- laxfBr {ks=d %& vlaxfBr {ks=d

1½ vf/kd osru izkfIrA 1½ de osru izkfIr

2½ ukSdjh lqjf{kr 2½ ukSdjh lqjf{kr ughaA

3½ dk;Z dh fLFkfr;k¡ vPNh 3½ fuEu Lrjh; dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;k¡

4½ deZpkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk 4½ deZpkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk ugha

5½ dk;Z vof/k fuf'pr 5½ dksbZ fuf'pr dk;Z vof/k ughaA

¼dke ds ?kaVs½

4- jk’Vªh; jkstxkj

1½ xkjUVh ;kstuk ds vUrZxr 100 fnuksa ds jkst+xkj dh xkjUVhA

2½ jkstxkj u feyus ;k de feyus ij csjkst+xkjh HkÙkk fn;k tkukA

3½ vius xk¡o ;k vkl&ikl ds {ks= esa gh dk;Z LFky gksukA

5- ;g dFku iw.kZr% lR; gS D;ksafd %&

1½ izkFkfed {ks= dks mRiknu c<+kus o forj.k ds fy, ubZ rduhdksa o ifjogu

dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

2½ fofuekZ.k m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky izkFkfed {ks=d ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA

3½ izkFkfed o f}rh;d {ks=d dh lgk;rk ls gh lsok {ks= esa u,&u, jkst+xkj

ds volj izkIr gksrs gSA tSls& HkaMkj.k] cSafdx] ;krk;kr vkfnA

4½ rhuksa {ks= ijLij fuHkZj gSa] fdlh ,d dh Hkh vuqifLFkfr dk vU; nksuksa ij

udkjkRed izHkko iM+sxkA

6- 1½ {ks=h; f'kYi m|ksx o lsokvksa dks izksRlkgu nsukA

2½ i;ZVu m|ksx dks izksRlkgu nsukA

91

3½ vuko';d ljdkjh uhfr;ksa o fu;eksa esa ifjorZuA

4½ ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,¡] rduhdh f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsukA

5½ vklku 'krks± ij _.k ;k vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djukA

7- 1½ jkst+xkj ds volj] tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ugha c<+rsA

2½ d`f"k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa izPNUu csjkstxkjh c<+ tkrh gSA

3½ lalk/kuksa ij cks> c<+ tkrk gSA

4½ vf/kd O;fDr miyC/k gksus ls jkst+xkj ls izkIr vk; fuEu Lrj ij vk tkrh gSA

5½ oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dh dher c<+ tkrh gS vkSj miyC/krk de gks tkrh gSA

8- 1½ dke ds fuf'pr ?kaVs gksxsaA

2½ fuf'pr le; ls vf/kd dke djus ij vfrfjDr vk; izkIr gksxhA

3½ fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,¡ o isa'ku lqfo/kk feysxhA

4½ losru vodk'k] Hkfo"; fuf/k dk lsokuqnku feysxkA

5½ dk;Z LFky ij mfpr okrkoj.k o U;wure lqfo/kk,¡ izkIr gksxhA

6½ vuqfpr 'kks"k.k ugha gksxkA

9- 1½ blesa <k¡pkxr lqfo/kkvksa] d`f"k o m|ksxksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA

2½ yksxksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ U;wure ewY; ij miyC/k djokbZ tkrh gSA

3½ vko';d oLrqvksa ds mRiknu o foØ; esa ljdkjh lgk;rk o vuqnku fn;k tkrk gSA

4½ vf/kdre~ lkekftd dY;k.k dk mn~ns'; j[kdj ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA

5½ Jfedksa dks vPNh dk;Z lqfo/kk,¡] osru vkfn iznku fd;k tkrk gSA

10- tc yksx izR;{k :Ik ls dk;Zjr gksrs gaS ijUrq okLro esa csjkst+xkj gksrs gS vFkkZr~ ,d gh dke esa t:jr ls T;knk yksx yxs gksrs gSa] mls izpNUu csjkst+xkjh dgrs gS mnkgj.k & xzkeh.k {ks= esa pkj O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk okys [ksr esa ifjokj ds vf/kd O;fDr yxs gq, gaSA “kgjh {ks= esa fdlh nqdku ij 2 dh vko';drk ds LFkku ij rhu O;fDr dk;Z dj jgsa gksA “kgjh {ks= esa ,d O;fDr ds ikl dIkM+s dh ,d NksVh lh nqdku gSA mlesa ,d O;fDr dh t:jr gS ijarq nks yksx dke esa yxs gq, gSaA

92

Summative Assessment - I, 2015-16

Subject : Social Science

Class : X

Time : 3 Hrs. M.M. 90

lkekU; funsZ'k %&

1- bl iz'u&i= esa dqy 30 iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u vfuok;Z gSA

2- izR;sd iz'u ds lkeus mlds vad fy[ks gq, gSaA

3- iz'u Øekad 1 ls 8 rd ds iz'u ,d&,d vad ds gSaA buds mÙkj ,d 'kCn vFkok

,d okD; esa nsaA

4- iz'u Øekad 9 ls 21 rd izR;sd 3 vad dk gSA buesa ls izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 120

'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

5- iz'u Øekad 30] Hkwxksy ls ekufp= lEcU/kh 3 vad dk iz'u gSA mÙkj fy[kus ds ckn

ekufp= dks viuh mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds vUnj j[kdj ck¡/k nhft,A

1- lcls iqjkuh tkikuh iqLrd dk uke fyf[k,A 1

vFkok

MSfu;y MsQks d`r miU;kl dk uke fyf[k,

2- ^^gekjs ikl gj O;fDr dh vko';drk iwfrZ ds fy, cgqr dqN gS ysfdu gj fdlh

ds ykyp dh lUrqf"V ds fy, ugha** ;g 'kCn fdlus dgs Fks\ 1

3- ûkjhoknh* dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A 1

4- Hkkjr ds vf/kdka'k jkT;ksa esa ljdkjh dke fdl Hkk"kk esa fd;k tkrk gS\ 1

5- csfYt;e dh lkeqnkf;d ljdkj dks fdl izdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa\ 1

6- vki fdlh ns'k dh th-Mh-ih- ¼ldy ?kjssyw mRiknu½ dh x.kuk dSls djsaxs\ 1

7- dkSu ls {ks=d ds vUrxZr izkd`frd oLrqvksa dks fofuekZ.k ds ek/;e ls vU; :iksa esa

ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS\ 1

8- Hkkjr esa ekSleh ,oa izNUu csjkst+xkjh ewyr% fdl {ks=d esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS\ 1

93

9- izFke fo'o;q) ds fczfV'k vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+s rhu izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 3

vFkok

^^vBkjgoha lnh esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fdlku vkSj nLrdkjksa us rRijrk ls 'kgjksa esa

O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, dke djuk Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA** blds dksbZ rhu dkj.k

Li"V dhft,A

vFkok

19oha vkSj 20 oha lnh esa yUnu esa HkhM+&HkkM+ de djus ds fy, fd, x, fdUgha rhu

mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

10- ^dkWuZ yk* D;k Fkk\ bldks fdl izdkj lekIr fd;k x;k\ Li"V dhft,A 3

vFkok

cqudjksa vkSj xqek”rksa ds chp Vdjko ds fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok

cEcbZ dh pkWy dh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

11- iqLrdksa rd igq¡p us fdl izdkj i<+us dh ubZ laLd`fr dks tUe fn;k\ bldk

ijh{k.k fdUgha rhu fcUnqvksa esa dhft,A

vFkok

Hkkjr esa miU;klksa dh yksdfiz;rk ds fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

12- ikaMqfyfi fdls dgrs gSa\ mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh fdUgha nks lhekvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 3

vFkok

ey;kye ys[kd oSdkse eqgEern c'khj }kjk fyf[kr miU;klksa dh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

13- LoraU=rk ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk d`f"k ds lq/kkj ds fy, mBk, x, fdUgha rhu dneksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 3

14- jktLFkku esa izpfyr Nr o"kkZty laxzg.k ds :i esa Hkwfexr VSadksa dh dk;Zfof/k dh O;k[;k dhft,A 3

15- ^^cM+s iSekus dh ifj;kstukvksa us Hkh ouksa ds uk'k djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA** bl dFku dks izklafxd mnkgj.kksa lfgr U;k;laxr Bgjkb,A 3

16- ^^tcjnLrh ,drk ds iz;kl izk;% fo?kVu ds cht cksrs gS]** dFku ds i{k esa mi;qDr rdZ nhft,A 3

94

17- ^^yksdra= eas] lkekftd foHkktuksa dh izR;sd jktuhfrd vfHkO;fDr vuFkZdkjh ugha gksrhA** ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls bl dFku dh lR;rk dks LFkkfir dhft,A 3

18- xzke lHkk vkSj xzke iapk;r esa vUrj dhft,A 3

19- fdlh ns'k dks vius ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dks csgrj djus ds fy, dkSu ls rhu iz;kl djus pkfg,\ 3

20- xzkeh.k etnwj ds fy, vki dkSu ls rhu ̂fodkl ds y{;* fu/kkZfjr djuk pkgsaxs\

3

21- fodkl dh /kkj.kh;rk ds fy, dksbZ rhu mik; lq>kb,A 3

22- 1929 dh egkeanh ds la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ij gq, izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 5

vFkok

vkfn vkS|ksxhdj.k D;k Fkk\ vkfn vkS|ksxhdj.k ds egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok

19 oha lnh esa baXyS.M esa vk, euksjatu ds fdUgha ik¡p lk/kuksa dh O;k[;k dhft, ftUgksaus eu cgyko dh xfrfof/k;k¡ iznku dhA

23- efgyk ikBdksa ds izfr mnkjoknh rFkk :f<+oknh Hkkjrh;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk o.kZu dhft,A 5

vFkok

fczfV'k dky esa miU;klksa us jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk dk;Z fdl izdkj iwjk fd;k\ o.kZu dhft,A

24- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f) gksus ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa d`f"k lsDVj esa cM+h deh D;ksa vkbZ gS\ ik¡p dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A 5

25- Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj vuqHko fd, x, nksuksa izdkj ds e`nk mijnu dh O;k[;k dhft,A e`nk vijnu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h rhu ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 5

26- ^^ySafxd vlekurk tSfod cukoV ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS] cfYd izpfyr :<+ Nfo;ksa vkSj r;'kqnk lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA** rdksZ }kjk bl dFku dk leFkZu dhft,A 5

27- lkEiznkf;drk fdl izdkj jktuhfr esa fofHkUu :i ys tkrh gS\ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A 5

28- laxfBr {ks=d vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=d esa jkst+xkj dh fLFkfr;ksa dh rqyuk dhft,A 5

29- csjkst+xkjh de djus ds dksbZ ik¡p mik; lq>kb;sA

95

30-

,½ fn, gq, Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd js[kkekufp= eas , ij ,d y{k.k fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA uhps nh x;h tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij bl y{k.k dh igpku dj ekufp= esa gh fpfUgr js[kk ij mldk uke fyf[k, &

,½ e`nk dk izdkj

ch½ mlh ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr dks mi;qDr ladsrksa }kjk n'kkbZ;s ,oa muds uke fyf[k, &

ch½ lfjLdk oU;tho vHk;ou

lh½ jk.kk izrki lkxj ck¡/k

uksV %& fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vckf/kr ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, gSa &

¼30-1½ mÙkjk[k.M esa fdl izdkj dh e`nk ik;h tkrh gS\

¼30-2½ lfjLdk oU;tho vHk;ou fdl jkT; esa vofLFkr gS\

¼30-3½ jk.kk izrki lkxj ck¡/k fdl jkT; esa vofLFkr gS\

96

iz0 30

97

Marking Scheme

Summative Assessment - I (2015-16)

Social Science (Class-X)

General Instructions :

1. The Marking Scheme provides general guidelines to reduce subjectivity and

maintain uniformity. The answers given in the marking scheme are the best

suggested answers.

2. Marking be done as per the instructions provided in the marking scheme. (It

should not be done according to one's own interpretation or any other

consideration).

3. Alternative methods be accepted. Proportional marks be awarded.

4. If a question is attempted twice and the candidate has not crossed any answer,

only first attempt be evaluated and 'EXTRA' be written with the second

attempt.

5. In case where no answere are given or answers are found wrong in this

marking scheme, correct answers may be found and used for evaluation

purpose.

1. Diamond Sutra 1

OR

Robinson Crusoe

2. Mahatama Gandhi 1

3. A social worker who believes in equality of men and women. 1

4. Official language of the concerned state which is mostly the regional

language. 1

5. It has the powers regarding cultural, educational and language related

issues. 1

6. By adding the values of final goods and services produced in all the three

98

sectors during a particular year. 1

7. Secondary sector 1

8. Primary Sector 1

(Any Three Points)

OR

i) Cottages and villagers were looking for new alternatives of income. 3

ii) Tiny plots of land with the villagers could not provide work for all

members of the family.

iii) Advances offered by the merchants made the villagers readily agree to

produce goods for them.

iv) By working for the merchants, they could continue to remain in the

villages and do cultivation also.

v) It was possible to have full use of family labour force.

(Any three points to be explained)

OR

i) Greening the open space

ii) Reducing pollution

iii) Landscaping the city

iv) Building of apartment

v) Building of family cottage

vi) Development of garden city.

vii) Introduction of Rent control during the first world war.

viii) Introduction of London Tube railway (Any Three)

10. * Under pressure from landed groups, the British government restricted

the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were

commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'. 3

* Unhappy with high food price, industrialists and urban dwellers

forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.

OR

99

i) Gomasthas were outsiders with no social link with the village. 3

ii) Weavers lost the space to bargain for price and selling to different buyers.

iii) They acted arrogantly and marched into the villages with sepoys.

iv) Any other relevant point (All points to be explained)

OR

a) Chawls were multi-storeyed structures. 3

b) They were largely owned by private landlords.

c) Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no

private toilets.

d) Many families could reside at a time in a tenement.

e) The rents were often high.

f) Water was scarce.

g) The chawls were often located near filthy gutters, privies, buffalo stables etc.

(Any three points to be elaborated)

11.

i) Earlier, reading was restricted to the elite but now common people could read.

ii) Now books could reach out to wider sections of people because they were no

longer expensive and were available in large numbers.

iii) Earlier there was a hearing public, but now a reading public came into being.

(Points to be examined)

OR

a) Translation of novels in different regional languages. 3

b) The circulation of printed and illustrated books.

c) It allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private.

d) Novels were discussed in houses, meetings or even in offices.

e) Source of entertainment for the middle class and rural poor.

f) The illusions created by novels were absorbing and believable and they

seemed real. (Any three points to be analysed)

100

12. * Manuscript were documents or books written by hand 3

* They were not used widely because of the following reasons.

a) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.

b) They were expersive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time

consuming business (Points to be explained)

OR

i) Vaikkom Muhammed Basheer, a noted Malayalam novelist represented the

under privileged class.

ii) He had little education and most of his written was based on rich personal

experience.

iii) His novels and short stories were written in ordinary language with humor.

iv) he wrote about Muslim households in great details and touched upon

unconventional topics like poverty, insanity and life in prison.

(Any three points to be explained)

13.

i) Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and

disease. 3

ii) Establishment of Grameen banks, co-operative societies and banks for

providing loan facilities to the farmers.

iii) Kissan Credit Card (KCC). Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).

iv) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were

introduced on the radio and television.

v) The government also announces minimum support prices, remunerative and

procurement price for important crops.

The positive and useful impact of these steps is to be evaluated and shown as

the encouraging steps.

14. In semi arid and arid regions of Rajasthan almost all the houses traditionally

has underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. 3

* The tankas could be as large as a big room.

* The tankas were part of the well developed rooftop rainwater harvesting

101

system.

* The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard giving cooling

effect to the rooms in the summer.

* Those tankas were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a

pipe.

* Rain falling on those rooftops would travel down the pipe and get stored in

these underground tankas.

* Usually first rainwater is not collected to clean the rooftop and the pipe.

15. i) Since 1951, over 5000 sq. km of forest was cleared for the river valley

projects.

ii) Mining is another factor behind deforestation in West Bengal.

iii) Narmada Sagar Project in MP would inundate 4,00,000 hectares of forests.

16. Yes, attempts at forced integration often sow the seeds of disintegration

because as we saw in the example of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are

willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of the

minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the

country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national

unity the end result is often quite the opposite. Such situation leads to civil

war like conditions.

17. * Political expression of social divisions allows various disadvantaged and

minority groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend

these. 3

* Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics results in

cancellation of one another's demands and thus reducing their intensity.

* This leads to strengthening of democracy.

Examples : Belgium

* Political representation of all ethnic groups has resulted in integration and has

helped in averting conflict.

18. Gram Sabha :

102

* A body comprising of all adult members of a village or a group of villages. 3

* It elects the members of Gram Panchayat and supervises the work of

Panchayat.

Gram Panchayat :

i) It comprises the elected members of the Gram Panchayat.

ii) It works for the development of the village. Maintains record for the

activities and income-expenditure.

19. Should work to raise the : 3

i) Life expectancy

ii) Gross enrollment ratio

iii) Per capita income

20. - Three development goals:

- Regular job

- Small piece of land

- Equal status in society

- Any other relevant point (Any three points)

21. i) We should not use the resources which cannot be replenished 3

ii) Renewable resources should be used.

iii) Wastage of the resources, being used should be avoided.

iv) Any other relevant point. (Any three)

22.

* US Banks slashed domestic lending and called bank loans due to the fall in

prices and effect of depression.

* Farmers could not sell their harvests, households were ruined and business

collapsed.

* Many households in the US could not repay what they had borrowed due to

falling incomes.

* Unemployment soared.

103

* Ultimately, the US banking system itself collapsed (To be explained)

OR

* Even before factories began in Europe, there was large-scale industrial

production for an international market. This was not based on factories. This

phase of industrialization is referred as proto-industrialisation.

* Importance :

i) in the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began

moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans to

produce for an international market.

ii) In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants.

Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking

income from cultivation.

iii) The guilds became powerful and exercised monopoly over trade in specific

products.

iv) The proto-industrialisation thus became, part of a network of commercial

exchange.

OR

i) London season was an annual feature. Operas, theatre and classical music

performances entertained the elite. 5

ii) Working classes met in pubs for a drink, exchanged news etc.

iii) Music halls were popular among working classes.

iv) Cinema became a great source of entertainment for mixed audiences.

v) Industrial workers spent holidays by the sea to derive benefits of the sun and

bracing winds.

vi) Many large scale entertainment came into being e.g. museums, art galleries

and libraries were established.

(Any five points to be elaborated)

23.

* Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women folk at home and

sent them to schools. 5

* Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed.

104

* Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading

romantic books.

* Conservatives kept novels out of their children reach.

* Conservatives were afraid of immoral influence of novels.

* Some women writers write novels which changed the world of both men and

women.

OR

i) The nationalists used novels as a powerful medium to criticize the evils of

society and to suggest remedies. 5

ii) Many novels established links with the past. Glorified accounts of the past

created national pride.

iii) Novels created a feeling of collective belonginess among the people from

different walks of life speaking the same language.

iv) Novels included various classes in them and created an image of a shared

world.

v) Many novels in Bengal were about Marathas and Rajputs thus creating a

sense of Pan- Indian belonging.

vi) Certain novels inspired actual political movements example - Bipinchandra

Pal's Anandmath and the song 'Vande Mataram'

(Any five points to be explained).

24.

i) Farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition. 5

ii) Govt. is going ahead with investment in agriculture and education.

iii) Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased

iv) Cost of production has increased

v) Farmers are withdrawing their investment in agriculture.

vi) Reduction in import duty has adversely affected the farmer

(Reasons to be analysed)

25. Deforesting, overgrazing, mining, construction etc. 5

Types of erosion

105

i) Gullies : The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep

channels / gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or

ravines.

ii) Sheet erosion : Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The top

soil is washed away. This process is knows as sheet erosion.

26. 5

i) Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division based on social

expectation and stereotypes.

ii) Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of

women is house work and bringing up children.

iii) Therefore there is a sexual division of labour in most families where women

do all work outside the home.

iv) Majority of women do some paid work in addition to domestic labour both in

rural and urban areas but their work is not valued and does not get

recognition.

v) Because of this division of labour although women constitute half of the

humanity their role in public life especially politics is minimal in most

societies.

vi) In our country women still lag behind men as ours is still a male dominated

patriarchal society. Women face disadvantage discrimination and

oppression in various ways. (Any Five)

27. 5

Communalism refers to the belief that the religion of a person is superior to

those of other religions. Communalism occurs when religion takes a

precedence over nation and when the interests of the community is given

preference over national interest. It also follows that the people who follow

different religions cannto belong to the same community politics based on

this ideology referred as communal politics.

Communalism can take various form in politics. Since the people of one

religion do not have the same interest and aspiration, any attempt to suppress

their voices in the name of religions community, suppress their voices

106

leading to conflicts. All conflicts are harmful for democracy.

Sometimes communalism, take most ugly form of communal violence, riots

and massacre. The most disastrous example is this communal riots before

and after partition of India.

Political mobilization of religion or use communalism for politics defeats the

very purpose of democracy.

(Reasons to be analysed)

28. Organised Sector Unorganised Sector 5

i) Terms of employment regular. i) Jobs are not regular.

ii) Secutiry of employment. ii) No security of employment.

iii) Overtimes payment for extra work. iii) No provision for overtime.

iv) Workers get paid leave, PF, iv) No other facilities

gratuity, medical benefits etc.

v) Safe working environment. v) Employers do not bother for

these things.

(Any other points of distinction)

29. 5

i) Easy Loans to small farmers for constructing wells.

ii) Dams and other sources should be developed to enhance irrigation water.

iii) Small scale industries and craftsmen should be encouraged.

iv) HYS should be provided.

v) Fertilizers should be provided at subsidized rates.

vi) Facilities should be provided for self-employment.

vii) New industries can be developed

viii) Infrastructure should be developed.

ix) Better transport and communication facilities should be developed

(Any other relevant point)

107

(30.1) Forest and Mountainous Soil

(30.2) Rajasthan

(30.3) Rajasthan

108

ladfyr ijh{kk & 1

lkekftd foKku

d{kk & nloha

le; & 3 ?kaVs vad 90

lkekU; funsZ'k %&

1- bl iz'u i= esa dqy 30 iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u vfuok;Z gSA

2- izR;sd iz'u ds lkeus mlds vad fy[ks gq, gSaA

3- iz'u Øekad 1 ls 9 rd vfr y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u 1 vad dk gSA

4- iz'u Øekad 10 ls 20 rd dk izR;sd iz'u 3 vad dk gSA buesa ls izR;sd iz'u dk

mÙkj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

5- iz'u Øekad 21 ls 29 rd izR;sd iz'u 5 vad dk gSA buesa ls izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj

120 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

6- iz'u Øekad 29 Hkwxksy ls ekufp= lEcfU/kr iz'u gSA ekufp= ij mÙkj fy[kus ds

ckn ekufp= dks viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk ds vUnj j[kdj ck¡/k nhft,A

iz-1 U;wdkesu }kjk cuk, x, Hkki ds batu esa fdlus lq/kkj fd;k\ 1

vFkok

^^ykSg nSR;** 'kCn fdl ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\

vFkok

cszVuoqM lEesyu esa fdl laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh\

iz-2 ^^fizfVax ¼eqnz.k½ bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ egkure nsu gS] lcls cM+k rksgQk** ;g 'kCn

fdlus dgs Fks\

109

vFkok

cafde pUnz pV~Vksik/;k; }kjk fyf[kr igyk miU;kl dkSu lk Fkk\

iz-3 tSo o vtSo lalk/kuksa esa varj Li"V djks\

iz-4 csfYt;e eas izk;% cksyh tkus okyh nks Hkk"kk,¡ dkSu lh gS\

iz-5 ^xBca/ku* ljdkj fdls dgrs gS\

iz-6 vejhdk esa ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k Fkk\

iz-7 HDI ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

iz-8 izfr O;fDr vk; dh x.kuk lHkh ns'kkssa ds fy, MkWyj esa D;ksa dh tkrh gS\

iz-9 GDP dk D;k vFkZ gS\

iz-10 vkfn & vkS|ksxhdj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,\

vFkok

cEcbZ êk;kiqjh* vFkkZr~ liuksa dk 'kgj izrhr gksrk gSA fQYe m|ksx ds lanHkZ esa

bldh O;k[;k dhft,\

vFkok

vuqcaf/kr etnwjksa ds :i esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds LFkkukUrj.k ds fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dks

Li"V dhft,\

iz-11 dbZ yksxkas dks Nih fdrkc ds O;kid izlkj vkSj Nis 'kCn dh lqxerk dks ysdj

vk”kadk D;ksa Fkh \

vFkok

,sls rjhdksa dk o.kZu dhft, ftuds ek/;e ls Hkkjr esa miU;klksa us vf[ky

Hkkjrh;rk dk vglkl iSnk djus dh dksf'k'k dh\

iz-12 ,slh rhu ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft, tks Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds fy,

mÙkjnk;h gSa\

110

iz-13 Hkkjr esa mxkbZ tkus okyh nks izeq[k [kk| Qlyksa dh tyok;q n'kk,¡ fyf[k,\

iz-14 fdlkuksa ds fgr esa ljdkj }kjk fd, x, fdUgha rhu lkaLFkkfud lq/kkjksa ds fo"k; esa

fyf[k,\

iz-15 yksdrkafU=d <ax ls fuokZfpr JhyadkbZ ljdkj }kjk flagfy;ksa dh Js"Brk cuk,

j[kus ds fy, miuk, x, cgqla[;doknh fdUgha rhu dneksa dks Li"V dhft,\

iz-16 ^îzR;sd lkekftd fofHkUurk] lkekftd foHkktu dk dkj.k ugha curhA** bl

dFku dh O;k[;k djks\

iz-17 lekt eas efgykvksa dk lEeku c<+kus rFkk muds fo:) Hksn&Hkko dks lekIr djus

ds fy, dksbZ rhu lq>ko nhft,\

iz-18 ;w-,u-Mh-ih- }kjk fodkl dks ekius ds fy, iz;qDr ekinaM fdl izdkj fo'o cSad

}kjk iz;qDr ekinaM ls fHkUu gSa\ Li"V dhft,A

iz-19 fodkl ds fy, /kkj.kh;rk ds eqn~ns ds egÙoiw.kZ gksus ds fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dh

O;k[;k djks\

iz-20 vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks izkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d {ks=dksa esa oxhZd`r djuk

dSls mi;ksxh gS\ Li"V dhft,A

iz-21 dkuZ&ykW D;k Fkk\ mls D;ksa lekIr fd;k x;k\ bldh lekfIr ds D;k ifj.kke Fks\

vFkok

bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa cqudjksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus ds fy, xqek'rksa dks

fu;qDr D;ksa fd;k Fkk\

vFkok

19 oha lnh ds e/; esa cacbZ dh vkcknh esa o`f) D;ksa gqbZ\

iz-22 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dks c<+kok nsus esa eqnz.k laLd`fr us fdl izdkj ;ksxnku fn;k\

vFkok

csxe :dS;k dkSu Fkh\ :dS;k gqlSu ds f'k{kk vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dh

111

O;k[;k djks\

iz-23 jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ ds foHkktu esa eqnz.k laLd`fr dh Hkwfedk Li"V djsaA

vFkok

efgykvksa }kjk miU;kl ys[ku rFkk vU; izdkj ds ys[ku {ks= esa fd, x, ;ksxnku

dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k djsaA

iz-24 ou vkSj oU; thoksa dh laj{k.k dh D;ksa vko';drk gS**\ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk laj{k.k

ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dne mBk, x,\

iz-25 jktLFkku ds 'kq"d vkSj v/kZ 'kq"d bykdksa esa o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dh fof/k;k¡

dkSu&dkSu lh gS\

iz-26 la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa dk xBu fdu nks rjhdksa }kjk gksrk gS\

iz-27 fdUgha ik¡p izko/kkuksa dk ftØ djsa tks Hkkjr dks /keZfujis{k ns'k cukrs gS\

iz-28 ^^gekjs ikl isV Hkjus ds fy, cgqr gS ysfdu isVh Hkjus ds fy, ugha** ;s dFku

fdlus dgk vkSj fdl lanHkZ esa dgk\

iz-29 fiNys 30 o"kks± ls Hkkjr esa r`rh;d {ks=d dk egÙo D;ksa c<+ jgk gS\

iz-30 Hkkjr ds ekufp= ij n'kkZ,¡\

1- Hkk[kM+k ukaxy cka/k

2- iwohZ mÙkj Hkkjr esa pkoy mRiknd izeq[k {ks=

3- mlh ekufp= esa e`nk izdkj dks igpkusa vkSj mlds lkeus uke fy[ksaA

112

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