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Social StratificationSocial Stratification
4 Principles of Social Stratification:4 Principles of Social Stratification:
Dimension of Stratification:Dimension of Stratification:
Max Weber – Economic, political, social Max Weber – Economic, political, social prestigeprestige
Merton – “Matthew Effect”Merton – “Matthew Effect”
4 Kinds of Social Stratification4 Kinds of Social Stratification CasteCaste
ClassClass
EstateEstate
SlaverySlavery
CasteCaste 1. closed1. closed 2. ascribed2. ascribed 3. endogamy (no 3. endogamy (no
interdining)interdining) 4. religious justification4. religious justification 5. originally linked to 5. originally linked to
occupation; occupation; segregationsegregation
6. agricultural societies6. agricultural societies
ClassClass 1. open1. open 2. achieved and 2. achieved and
ascribedascribed 3. endogamy – yes 3. endogamy – yes
and noand no 4. no4. no 5. not rigidly linked 5. not rigidly linked
to occupationto occupation 6. industrial societies6. industrial societies
The Upper ClassThe Upper Class
Upper upperUpper upper
Lower upperLower upper
The Middle ClassThe Middle Class
Upper middleUpper middle
Lower middleLower middle
The Working Class:The Working Class: The Lower Class:The Lower Class:
The PoorThe Poor The Working PoorThe Working Poor The UnderclassThe Underclass The HomelessThe Homeless
Poverty in the USAPoverty in the USA
Relative PovertyRelative Poverty
Absolute PovertyAbsolute Poverty
Abject PovertyAbject Poverty
Poverty Threshold or Poverty LinePoverty Threshold or Poverty Line
Who Are The Poor?Who Are The Poor?
Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity
Sex and AgeSex and Age
Residence of the PoorResidence of the Poor
Theories of Social Theories of Social Stratification and PovertyStratification and Poverty
1. The Functionalist Perspective 1. The Functionalist Perspective (Davis-Moore)(Davis-Moore) Unequal rewards necessary to motivate Unequal rewards necessary to motivate
people to play vital rolespeople to play vital roles 2. Herbert Gans2. Herbert Gans 3. The Conflictists: Karl Marx3. The Conflictists: Karl Marx
Ideological HegemonyIdeological Hegemony False Consciousness – DhalitsFalse Consciousness – Dhalits Class ConsciousnessClass Consciousness
4. A synthesis of perspectives: 4. A synthesis of perspectives: LenskiLenski Power determines the control of surplus Power determines the control of surplus
of goods and servicesof goods and services 5. Personal Inferiority5. Personal Inferiority 6. Cultural Inferiority6. Cultural Inferiority
Oscar Lewis – “culture of poverty” Oscar Lewis – “culture of poverty” unique value structureunique value structure
Edward Banfield – defer gratificationEdward Banfield – defer gratification
7. W.J. Wilson’s views7. W.J. Wilson’s views
Developed Nations: M. D. C.Developed Nations: M. D. C.
Developing Nations: L. D. C.Developing Nations: L. D. C.