Social Studies

By Austin, Renz, and Marc

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century

• Imagine a habitant from the year 1700 who has travelled through time to the year 1800. He might be disappointed by the future. He would have be surprised to find himself under the British rule. However, he would find most other things about day-to-day life much the same as he had known them. Most people still lived in drafty home on farms. Horses Plowed their field. Sickness and disease were still a mysterious and dangerous part of life. (Just a story)

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #2

• Now, imagine the same habitant has travelled to the year 1900. He would find himself in a world beyond his imagination. (Story)

Facts• He would be in a world of steamboats and

locomotives.• It would be a world of telegraphs and telephones,

where doctors talked about germs that caued disease.

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #3

• Even stranger, those doctors would tell him to bathe regularly .

• The habitant from 1700 almost never bathed.• Getting wet was considered dangerous!• In cities, he would find people pedaling around on a

strange invention: The Bicycle. • Sometimes, people would even ride them after dark.

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #4

• After all, places such as Ottawa, Toronto, and Montreal were lit up at night by electric lights.

Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919)

• Willfrid Laurier was Prime minister of Canada for 15 years, from 1896 to 1911.

• For 45 years, Laurier struggled in Parliament for unity between French and English Canada. He once said that the “20th century will belong to Canada.”

• Many years before he became Canada’s French-Canadian Prime Minister, however, Laurier had felt differently. As a young lawyer and newspaper editor in Canada East, Laurier opposed Confederation

Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919) #2

• In time, Laurier changed his views. He was elected to Canada’s Parliament as a Liberal in 1874. He disagreed with the execution of Louis Riel, and supported the Métis rights. In 1887, he became the leader of the Liberal Party. In 1896, he led the Liberals to victory.

Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919) #3

• While Laurier was Prime Minister, Saskatchewan and Alberta became provinces. A second transcontinental railroad started. There were also a numbers of disputes between French and English, Catholics and Protestants, and nationalist and imperialists. However, neither side was happy with Laurier’s efforts at compromise. His government was defeated in the election of 1911.

Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919) #4

• Laurier spent the rest of his life as leader of the Opposition. He did the best to hold his party together during the hard years of the First World War.He lived long enough to see Canada’s victory. Millions of Canadians were saddened by his death in 1919. Even his political opponents remembered him as a great Canadain. Today, he is thought to be one of Canda’s greatest Prime Ministers.

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #5

• Now, imagine the habitant’s surprise if he had visited a farm. Although horses and oxen still did most of the work, he might see a huge steam-powered tractor in the field. At that point, the time travelling habitant would probably want to return to the world of 1700!

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #6

• Science and technology advamced very slowly for much of history. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, however, one new invention quickly led to another.

• The Telegraph led to the Telephone. The Telephone led to the Radio. The Steam Engine led to the Gasoline Engine. The Discovery of viruses led to new medicines.

Technology and Change in the Late 19th century #7

• Yet decades passed before all Canadians could share in these new discoveries. At the end of the 19th century, for example, very few homes had electricity. Most people did not own cars. Quick-spreading disease still killed many people. Still, there is no doubt that Canada in 1900 was a very different place from Canada in 1800.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

• Most Canadians believe that Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

• In fact, Bell was one of several inventors who worked on telephone designs at around the same time.

• It was Bell, however, who was best at promoting the telephone. He started the Bell Telephone Company in 1876 and became very rich.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) #2

• Bell was born in Scotland. Later he came to Canada. In Brantford, Ontario, his experiments led to the development of the telephone.

• He later moved to the United States, but he continued to spend his summers in Canada.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) #3

• Bell is best known for his work on the telephone. However, he had many other interests. He researched everything from airplanes to hydrofoils.

• He even developed something like a cell phone. Bell called it the Photophone. It carried sound over a beam of light.

• Although he could never get it to work right, Bell thought the Photophone was his most important invention.

Urbanization and Industrialization

• By 1900, more than five million people were living in Canada. Since Confederation, the number of people living in towns and cities had increase three times.

• By contrast, the number of people living on farms or small villages had grown only slightly.

• The growth of towns and cities is called urbanization.• By the start of the 20th century, Canada was quickly

becoming an urban society.

Urbanization and Industrialization #2

• By the late 1920s, more than half of Canadians lived in cities. As the country changed, so did the kinds of work people did.

• Farming, fishing, and forestry were still the country’s main trade. However, more and more Canadians found work in industry.

• Thousands of Canadians worked in mining, pulp, and paper, manufacturing, and construction.

Urbanization and Industrialization #3

• Thousands more worked on the railroads, which now crossed the entire country.

• In the Maritimes, shipbuilding became important. • Canadian shipyards were known for building very fine

ships.

Urbanization and Industrialization #4

• Industrial work, then as now, could be very dangerous. In 1905, more than 200 railway workers were killed in the job.

• Mining was even more dangerous. Poor and unsafe working conditions led many workers to join unions.

• If people were in a union, they could demand better treatment from their employers.

Canada’s “Forgotten Four”

• Canada’s Prime Minister can serve for as long as Parliament supports him or her.

• For example, John A. Macdonald was Prime Minister from 1878 to 1891. Wilfred Laurier was Prime Minister from 1896 to 1911.

• In the five years between Macdonald and Laurier, however, Canada had four Prime Ministers;

• They were John Abbot, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, and Charles Tupper.

Canada’s “Forgotten Four”

• PICTURES of “The Forgotten Four”

Sir John Abbott Sir John Thompson

Sir Mackenzie Bowell

Sir Charles Tupper

Sir John Abbott (1821-1893)

• John Abbott became Prime Minister in the summer of 1891.

• Macdonald died in the office, and Abbott replaced him.

• Abbot did many things during his life.• He led a choir.

Sir John Abbott (1821-1893) #2

• He had been a bookkeeper, a lawyer, and a university professor.

• He was also President of the Railway, a Member of the Parliament, Mayor of Montreal, and a Senator.

Sir John Abbott (1821-1893) #3

• Abbott did not really want to be Prime Minister. “I hate politics,” he once said.

• Perhaps he liked Teaching better. Wilfrid Laurier was one of his students.

• Abbott quit as Prime Minister after less than a year and a half because of poor health.

Sir John Thompson

• Thompson was prime minister until 1892-1894.

• Like many of Canada’s prime minister’s, Thompson was a lawyer.

• His career took him to the supreme court of Nova Scotia.

• He even played the part as the minister of justice for John A Macdonald.

Sir John Thompson

• In 1894, Thompson died of a heart attack.• He had been visiting Queen Victoria in

England but Queen Victoria ordered his body back to Canada.

Sir Mackenzie Bowell

• Bowell became prime minister right after Thompson’s death.

• Bowell owned and edited his own newspaper and is also in Belleville’s militia company.

• He was elected in Parliament during Confederation.

• Bowell wasn’t really popular in his own party.• After a year and four months he lost his party

support and had to resign.

Sir Charles Tupper

• Tupper was Canada’s oldest prime minister’s and is the only medical doctor to become prime minister.

• He was the premier of Nova Scotia.• He led his province into Confederation and was

elected to Canada’s new federal government’s• He finally became prime minister on May 1,

1896.

Sir Charles Tupper

• Soon after the election. Liberals under Laurier quickly defeated Tupper and the Conservatives.

• Tupper was only Canada’s prime minister for only 69 days!

• This was the shortest term of any prime minister.

The “forgotten four”

• From Confederation to 2012 Canada has 22 prime ministers.

• The four were the least known because they weren’t prime minister for long.

• Their lives were more interesting than them being prime minister.

• They should still be remembered for what they did for Canada.

Social reform movements

• There were new problems as Canada changed and grew.

• People in cities face overcrowding and poverty .• There was un employment, crime, and pollution.• In the late 19th century, social reform movements

were formed to fight these problems.• One such movement was called The Social Gospel .

Social reform movements#2

• Social Gospel was the idea that the Christian values used to solve social problems like poverty and crime.

• Social Gospellers believed that they had a Christian duty to help others.

• Many supported temperance.• Temperance reformers thought that the use of

alcohol will lead to the world’s problems.• They wanted to stop the use of alcohol.• The social gospel was still active until the 1920’s.

Relations with the U.S.A

• Canadian’s didn’t always think about the British, they also thought about the United States.

• The USA always had a great effect on Canada.• A arrival of the United Empire Loyalists after the

American Revolution.• The British and Canadians fought against the

American’s in the War of 1812 and there was a Canadian Confederation in 1867.

Relations with the USA

• By the 1900 the United States was one of the world’s strongest countries.

• The population was 76 million, which is twice the size of Britain’s and eighteen times the size of Canada’s population.

• While Laurier was prime minister he had to deal with two things:

• The Alaska boundary dispute• Reciprocity which means trade without tariffs.

The Alaska boundary dispute

• The US bought Alaska by 1867.• The areas near Alaska were remote, and only

a few people lived there.• The Klondike Gold Rush changed that

thousands of prospectors came to find riches.• Canada and the US argued over the border

location.• Men met each other to settle the dispute.

The Alaska boundary dispute

• The group was made out of three Americans, two Canadian’s, and one British man.

• The British member did most of the work settling with the Americans.

• When the results reached Canada most imperialists were angry at the British and everyone was angry at the US.

•

Reciprocity

• Canada’s leaders had argued with the US about signing the reciprocity agreement.

• In 1911, Laurier wanted to create another agreement like the reciprocity agreement.

• Again the imperialist and nationalists were angry.• The imperialists wanted close ties with Britain, not the

US.• The nationalists thought this was one step forward for

Canada becoming part of the US.• This led to Laurier’s defeat in the election of 1911.

Canada’s Navy

• On February 10, 1906, the British Navy presented a new battleship.

• The name was the HMS Dreadnought.• The Dreadnought was the most biggest and the

most powerful ship in the world.• When other countries found out about

Dreadnought they built ships like the Dreadnought.• All of them were quickly just called the

dreadnought.

Canada’s Navy

• Many other versions of dreadnoughts like the super-dreadnought were new to the sea.

• Britain asked Canada again to help them with building and paying for more dreadnoughts.

• Of course this became one of Laurier’s problems.• Obviously the imperialists wanted the

government to help the British while the nationalists didn’t

Canada’s Navy

• Laurier worked hard to please both sides.• Canada will still not give Britain the money

they need to build up their navy.• In the meantime Canada will build their own

navy.• Laurier’s Naval Service Bill of 1910 created the

Royal Canadian Navy.

Canada’s Navy

• Canada didn’t have enough money for dreadnoughts but they bought two old British ships.

• The two are called the Rainbow and the Niobe.

• The Rainbow sailed and patrolled the west coast of Canada.

• The Niobe patrolled the Maritimes.

Canada’s Navy

• Both imperialists and nationalists didn’t like the plan.

• The imperialists thought this tiny navy wouldn’t help the British at all.

• The nationalists didn’t want Canada to help the British at all.

• Bourassa called the Naval Service Bill a “backwards step” for Canada.

Canada’s Navy

• Laurier was attacked from both sides.• The Liberal party lost support from English and

French Canada.• This led to the loss of the Liberals in the

election of 1911.

Conclusion

• The brand new prime minister was Robert Borden, the leader of the Conservative Party, promised to keep the navy.

• The Liberals and French Canadians still disagreed with the government.

• This didn’t matter anymore.• 1914, Borden would have to lead Canada with

itself divided.• He would have to lead Canada to the …….. First

World War