Trinidad and
TobagoSocial Studies Atlas
Contents Page
Learning to Use the Atlas 1/2Picture and Plan
Classroom 3School and its Surroundings 4
Picture and Map Village and its Surroundings 5
Map Skills 6-8Geographical Study Skills: Survey Maps 9
Caribbean ThemesPhysical and Political 10/11Population 12/13Industry, Trade and Tourism 14/15Environment and Conservation 16/17Earthquakes and Volcanoes 18/19Climate 20/21Natural Resources 22History 23-25Culture and Heritage 26/27Integration 28
Trinidad and TobagoHistory 29/30National Symbols 31Political 32/33Physical 34/35Climate 36/37Vegetation and Land Use 38/39 Natural Resources 40/41Soils 42Agriculture 43Population and Social Issues 44/45Urban Areas 46Transport 47Industry 48Trade 49Natural and Historical Heritage and Tourism 50/51 Environmental Issues 52/53
The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands and Bermuda 54/55Cuba 56Cayman Islands 57Jamaica 58-61Haiti and the Dominican Republic 62Puerto Rico 63Eastern Caribbean 64The Virgin Islands 65Anguilla and Montserrat 66St Kitts and Nevis 67Antigua and Barbuda 68Guadeloupe and Martinique 69Dominica 70St Lucia 71St Vincent and the Grenadines 72Grenada 73Barbados 74/75Guyana 76/77Aruba, Curaçao, St Martin/St Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands 78Belize 79
WorldPhysical 80/81Political 82/83
Regions: Physical and Political North America 84United States of America 85 South America 86Europe 87Africa 88Asia 89Australasia 90
World ThemesCountries and their Capitals 91Climate 92Environmental Problems 93/94Economic Activity 95Population 96Birth Rate and Life Expectancy 97Religion and Language 98The United Nations and Commonwealth 99Transport 100
The Seasons 101Day and Night and Time Zones 102The Earth and Solar System 103
Index 104/105
Macmillan Education4 Crinan StreetLondon, N1 9XWA division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
Companies and representatives throughout the world
www.macmillan-caribbean.com
ISBN 978-0-230-47438-3
Text, design, illustration and cartography © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2015
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.
Cartography by Kevin Baverstock and Map Creation LtdCover photographs by Alamy/Aydin Buyuktas (tr), Alamy/Dennis Cox (br), Alamy/ Keren Su/China Span (cl): Getty/Planet Observer/UIG (tr): Thinkstock/Roger McClean (br).
The publishers would like to thank Charlene Costello and Renee Ramdial for their contribution to the development of this atlas.
The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their photographs:Almay/AfriPics.com p92(bl), Alamy/Art Directors & TRIP p40, Alamy/Danita Delimont p45, Alamy/Julio Etchart p17(l), Alamy/FLPA p39(tr), Alamy/INTERFOTO p31, Alamy/Holger Leue/LOOK Die Bildagentur der Fotografen GmbH p92(cl), Alamy/ Nature Picture Library p76, Alamy/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd p74, Alamy/Paul Thompson Images p39(cr), Alamy/Kevin Schafer pp50(tr), 52, Alamy/Dave and Sigrun Tollerton p34(cr), Alamy/Richard Wareham Vervoer p47, Alamy/Nik Wheeler pp14, 39(br), Alamy/WORLDWIDE photo p29(cr); Bananastock p84; BrandX pp80, 86, 87; Stephen Broadbridge pp33(br), 46; Corbis p35(bl), Corbis/Zha Chunming/Xinhua Press p33(tr), Corbis/Howard Davies p60, Corbis/JOSE MENDEZ/epa p27(tl), Corbis/ANDREA DE SILVA/Reuters p41, Corbis/NOAA p20(bl), Corbis/Douglas Pearson p59; DigitalStock p90; Getty/1001slide p88, Getty/AFP/Stringer p20(br), Getty/altrendo images p49, Getty/Asia Images, Getty/Steve Bly p51(bl), Getty/Doug Armand p13, Getty/Eco Images p17(r), Getty/Ian Dagnall p92(cr), Getty/Glowimages p43, Getty/Herve Gyssels p51(br), Getty/Jack Hollingsworth p27(tr), Getty/Matura, Trinidad, West Indies P53, Getty/Robert Harding World Imagery p50(cr), Getty/David Sanger p19, Getty/James R.D. Scott p16, Getty/Tetsuo Wada/Aflo p101(cl), Getty/Val Wilmer p29(tr); Image Source pp82, 85; Medio Images pp15, 57; NASA p94; Pixtal pp11, 65; Superstock p54; Thinkstock/beerlogoff p101(br), Thinkstock/Robert_Ford p101(bl), Thinkstock/iStock Editorial/agafapaperiapunta p101(cr).
The publishers would like to thank the following for information and assistanceprovided: Trinidad and Tobago: Central Statistical Office; Environmental Management Authority; Forestry Division; The Geological Society; Institute of Marine Affairs; Manatee Trust; Meteorological Service; Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs; Ministry of Food Production; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Housing and Urban Development; Ministry of Trade, Industry, Investments and Communications; Ministry of Transport; Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management; Office of the Parliament; Port-of-Spain Corporation; Soil and Land Capability Unit; Survey and Mapping Division; The Tobago House of Assembly; Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company Ltd; ttconnect (online government portal); Turtle Village Trust; The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre; Water and Sewerage Authority.
These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them.
Scan this code or visit www.bit.ly/1DcRKi5 to download black and white outline maps for project work.
ISBN 978-0-230-49877-8 AER
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Scale 1:600 000
20 kilometres0
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Scale 1:1 700 000
40 kilometres0
Features of a Map
Martinique1 2
A A
What is an Atlas?
Types of Map
Lorrain
14°40'N
Baie de Fort-de-France
CaribbeanSea
Mac
ouba
Lorr
ain
CarbetGalion
Madam
e
Lézarde
Pilo
te
61°00'W
14°40'N
Baie du Galion
Baie du Galion
1
The maps in an atlas are drawn to quite small scales so that very large areascan fit onto a single page. To use these maps correctly, and to obtain all the
1 2
MARIN
FORT-DE-FRANCE
TRINITÉ
61°00'W
B B
Pineapples
Tourist centre
Sugar factory
Oil refinery
Bananas
Cocoa
Cattle
Cruise ship port
Commercial centres
information they illustrate, they are provided with a set of secondaryinformation described below. This includes details about the scale, the direction of true north, a grid to help locate places, and a key to explain the use of symbols. This atlas starts with maps of the Caribbean region. These are followed by detailed maps of Jamaica and then maps of each country, island or group of islands. After that the atlas shows maps of the rest of the world.
There are many types of map, each designed for a different purpose. Themap of Martinique below provides us with information about the physicaland human environment, such as relief and roads - this is called a topographic map.Maps with information about specific themes or topics are called thematicmaps. For example this resources map of Martinique on the right shows us the natural resources of the island for instance the forests as well as the economic activities such as tourism and oil refining.
Examples of other thematic maps in this atlas are: Annual Rainfall (see page 36/37) Population (see page 44/45) Tourism (see page 51) Administrative boundaries (see page 32/33)
A map is made up of many differentparts. Depending on what the mapis for, it will include differentfeatures, but in order to be able tounderstand any map it will have toinclude:
The different types of symbols usedand other parts of a map areexplained on this map of Martinique.
Area/Colour SymbolsKey
Over 1000 metres
500-1000 m
200-500 m
100-200 m
The different colours show theheight of the land above sea leveland the location of coral reefs.
These symbols show the location offeatures at an actual point on themap.
Location and Direction
These are lines of latitude andlongitude. See page 2 foran explanation of how they work.
ScaleScale is shown by a representativefraction and a scale bar. Seepages 3 and 5 on how tounderstand and use them.
1. A title2. A key3. A scale4. Compass direction
Mountain peakMt Pelée1397 m
0-100 m
Macmillan Publishers Limitedc
Physical FeaturesPte du Diable Cape or point
These features and their names areshown in black.
Water FeaturesRiver
Bay
Swamp
These features and their names areshown in blue.
Point/Shape SymbolsMountain peak
Swamp
International airport
Capital city
Major port
Important town
Other town
Grid references are used to locateplaces. See page 104 for anexplanation of how they work.
An atlas is a collection of maps, usually of the whole world, but often emphasising one region, such as the Caribbean in this case. This is a socialstudies atlas which provides information about the geography, history and culture of places and people in Trinidad and Tobago.
Coral reef
Pte du Diable
Cap St Martin
Mt Pelée1397 m
Morne Bellevue694 m
Pte de la Rose
Montagne du Vauclin504 m
Pte des Salines
Pte du Diamant
Ilet Ramville ou Chancel
MacoubaGrand RivièreBasse-Pointe
Le LorrainAjoupa-Bouillon
Le Precheur
Fond-St-DenisLe Morne-Vert
La Trinité
Gros-Morne
St-Joseph
Le Lamentin
DucosLe St-Esprit
Le VauclinRivière-Salée
Rivière-PiloteSte-Luce Le Marin
Ste-Anne
Le Diamant
Les Trois Ilets
Les Anses-D'Arlets
Schœlcher
Case-Pilote
Bellefontaine
Le Carbet
Le François
Marigot
Ste-Marie
Morne de Esses
Le Robert
Schœlcher
La Trinité
Anse a L'Ane/Pointe du Bout
Le DiamantLe Marin
Ste-Anne
St-Pierre
Le MorneRouge
St-Pierre
Fort-de-France
Fort-de-France
LEARNING TO USE THE ATLAS
Line SymbolsInternational boundary
Arrondissement boundary
Major road
Line symbols can show physicalfeatures like the route a road takesor imaginary lines such as the boundaries between countries orparishes.
The compass direction points toNorth. See page 4 for an explanation of how a compass works.
Urban area
Mixed cropsScrub/livestockSugar cane
Forest
Martinique – Resources
Coral reef
Secondary Information
Latitude and Longitude
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West East
Greenwich
30˚W 0˚ 30˚E North
South
0˚
30˚N
60˚N
Equator
30˚S
60˚S
90˚NNorth Pole
South Pole South Pole
North Pole
Meridian
WESTERNHEMISPHERE
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
SOUTHERNHEMISPHERE
EASTERNHEMISPHERE
60˚E
Greenwich
90˚N
Macmillan Publishers Limitedc
Line Graph
This uses a line to join the values for each year sothat a continuous trend can be seen. It allows thepopulation to be estimated for any years betweenthe named years.
Population Pyramid
This is a more complex version of a bar graphwhich divides a population by its age and sex.
Climate Graph
Many of the maps in this atlas are accompaniedby diagrams. These help the user to understandmore about the history, geography and economyof the country or state by putting statisticalinformation into a graphic form. These can be inthe form of bar graphs, line graphs or piediagrams.
Lines of Latitude and Longitude are the universal way in which places are located on maps. The north-south lines are known as lines of longitude. The line which passes from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich in London is the 0˚ longitude line. This line is called the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian and is the starting point for all longitude readings. Lines to the left of the Greenwich Meridian are measured in degrees West of Greenwich and readings are followed by the letter W (eg 61˚W). Lines to the right of the Greenwich Meridian are measured in degrees East of Greenwich and readings are followed by the letter E (eg 61˚E). Readings East and West
of Greenwich meet on the other side of the globe at 180˚. The east-west lines are known as lines of latitude. The 0˚ line of latitude is known as the Equator. All lines above the equator are measured in degrees North of the equator and readings are followed by the letter N (eg 14˚N). All lines below the equator are measured in degrees South of the equator and readings are followed by the letter S (eg 14˚S). If we require a more accurate measurement of position we use degrees and minutes. Each degree is divided into sixty minutes – for instance the reference forFort-de-France on the map on page 4 is 14˚ 38’N 16˚ 05’W.
Longitude Latitude and Longitude
Population Growth, 1960–2010
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
This graph is a combined bar and line graph,with two quantitative scales, where the rainfall(in millimetres) is shown by bars and temperature(in degrees centigrade) is shown by a line.
Latitude
Pie Diagram
These diagrams are used to show statisticalinformation for a single year. The circle is divided up into segments which are proportional to thepercentage of tourists from each area.
Bar Graph
The bars (columns) in a bar graph represent a quantity vertically (the number of tourists in this case), and are located along a horizontal timescale (years). This allows the visual comparisonof each year by comparing the height of the bars.The bars can also be subdivided to show secondary information, such as how many tourists came by cruise ship in this case.
Bridgetown
LEARNING TO USE THE ATLAS
Greenwich Meridian
South Pole
North Pole
Origin of Tourists, 2010
Population Pyramid, 2011
Percentage of total population
USA47.3%
Europe13.4%
Canada12.1%
Other27.2%
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Stopover Cruise ship
J F M A AM J J S O N D
10 5 10
FemaleMale
0 5
Thousands
400
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201220100
600
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1000
2011 20132009 Age70+
60-6950-5940-4930-3920-29
10-19 0-9
Age70+60-6950-5940-4930-3920-29
10-19 0-9
Tourist Arrivals, 2009–2013
2000 2010
100
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1960 1980 19901970
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Population in thousands
0 50 150100
Scale 1cm = 50 centimetres
200 centimetres
3
backpack
exercisebook
ruler
pencil
backpack
book
ruler
pencilpaper
chair
table
DanielMonique
Macmillan Publishers Limitedc
Cupboard
Floor
Teacher’s desk and chair
Students’ desks
Students’ chairs
Blackboard
Wall map
Window
Wall
Door
Classroom PICTURE AND PLAN
Daniel Monique
Key
1 2
3 4
5 6
Picture and Plan
Scale Bar
The pictures (1, 3 and 5) on thispage show views of a classroom as itwould appear if you were in theclassroom.
The plans (2, 4 and 6) on this pageshow the same things that are in thepictures, but appear as they would ifviewed from directly above.
Picture 1 and plan 2 at the top of thepage show a backpack, exercisebook, ruler and pencil.
Picture 3 and plan 4 show Moniqueand Daniel sitting at their desk.
Picture 5 and plan 6 show the wholeclassroom. Plan 6 does not showthe students and is much smallerthan a real classroom. This isbecause it is drawn to a smallerscale. It is the same shape, butmuch smaller in size.
The scale of the plan is 1:50. This means that 1 centimetre measuredon the plan represents 50 centimetres measured in the classroom. Inorder to be able to measure objects on the plan and work out theirreal size a scale bar is needed. See page 5 for more information on scale.
Objects viewed from above look different and are not always easy torecognise as their shape is different to how we usually see them. Tohelp us recognise objects on a plan they can either be labelled onthe plan itself or they can be given different colours and shapes andidentified separately in a key.
4
WEST
EAST
SOUTH
NORTH
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
School Playground
Flagpole
Gate
Gate
Playing Field
General Store
ClinicShop
Office
Store
Staffroom
HeadTeacherʼs
Room
Monique and DanielʼsClassroom
Gate
CaretakerʼsHouse
Shop
0 5 20 metres1510
Scale 1cm = 5 metres
Picture
Plan
Key
Macmillan Publishers Limitedc
PICTURE AND PLAN School and its Surroundings
Fence
Flagpole
Bridge
River
Field
Vegetable plot
Open space
Trees
School buildings
Other buildings
Road
Path1 2 33 4 5 6
Centimetres
The picture and plan on this pagenot only show the classroom frompage two, but also the whole schooland some of the surrounding area.This is possible because the scaleof this plan is smaller than the scaleof the plan of the classroom. Onecentimetre measured on this planrepresents five metres measured onthe ground. The scale is now 1:500, as seen in Figure 2.
To find out where places are inrelation to each other it is importantto know about direction. A compassis used to find direction. The needleof the compass always points North.By turning the compass so that theneedle lines up with the North pointon the compass, the four cardinalpoints can be found - North (N),South (S), East (E) and West (W).All the maps in this atlas have beendrawn with North at the top of thepage and as a reminder a NorthPoint has also been added to the page.
Figure 1. Figure 2.
5
Fm
GeneralStore
ClinicChurch
SchoolPlayingField
Shop
Fm
Fm
Fm
Village
Village
Market
586 m
406 m
449 mCoastal Town
Petrol Station
0 250 1000 metres750500
Scale 1cm = 250 metres
piece ofstring
Picture
Key
Map
Village and its Surroundings PICTURE AND MAP
Macmillan Publishers Limitedc
Road
Path
Farm
Bridge
Spot height
River
Urban area
School buildings
Other buildings
Over 400 metres
200-400 m
0-200 m
1 2 33 4 5 6
Centimetres
To measure distance between two points on a map (such as a road), students can use a piece of string and mark each end of the line to be measured. The length can then be measured using a ruler, and the scale bar is used to work out the actual distance on the ground.
On the eastern side of the map, the distance between the two spot heights is four cm (centimetres). As every centimetre on the maprepresents two hundred and fiftymetres on the ground the scale barhas been divided into one cmsections, which represent thefollowing distances on the ground:-1 cm = 250 m, 2 cm = 500 m,3 cm = 750 m, etc.The scale is now 1:25 000By laying your ruler alongside thescale bar you can see that four cmrepresents one thousand metres(1km), and that is the distancebetween the two hilltops.
The picture on this page shows amuch larger area than the picture onpage four. However the school canstill be seen in the centre of thevillage.
To show this area on a plan thescale must be smaller than the planon page four.On this plan one centimetrerepresents two hundred and fiftymetres on the ground.Fewer details can be shown at thisscale and symbols are used torepresent certain features such asbridges.
If all the individual buildings in thecoastal town were shown it wouldbe too complicated, therefore asymbol for an urban area is used.Small scale plans such as these arecalled maps.
Certain types of maps, such asphysical maps, show the height ofthe land (or relief) by a series ofcoloured layers or contours.Each layer shows an area of the landat a particular height above sealevel, so that when you look at themap you can immediately see wherethe hills, plains and mountains are.
c Macmillan Publishers Limited
Tobago
Dense montane forest is found where the rainfall is highest.
Charlotteville on the coast of Tobago showing low density housing
Port of Spain is an urban area where there is a mixture of industrial andresidential areas.
N
20 kilometres100
Scale 1:625 000
Montane Forest is located along the highest sections of the Main Ridge where rainfall generally exceeds 2000 mm and heights are 300 m and over.Lowland Rain Forest is located along the Main Ridge at elevations up to 300 m where rainfall is generally 1750 mm and over.Lowland Semi-deciduous Forest is found in the drier south western part of the island where rainfall is less than 1500 mm, and on well-drained soils.Littoral Woodland is found along the coast where wind and salt spray are two of the factors to which the vegetation must adapt.Wetlands, and in particular Mangrove, are found in pockets along the low-lying coastal areas where there is a mix of freshwater and saline water (brackish water).
39Vegetation and Land Use TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Montane forest (Trinidad) / Rainforest (Tobago)
Evergreen seasonal forest
Semi-evergreen seasonal forest
Dry evergreen forest and woodlands
Deciduous seasonal forest
Herbaceous wetland
Forested wetland
Mangrove
Young secondary forest
Urban or built-up land
Agricultural land
Plantations
Non-vegetated land
Vegetation
Land use
40
www.wasa.gov.tt/ (Water and Sewerage Authority) I www.ima.gov.tt/ (Institute of Marine Affairs) I www.mhe.gov.tt/ (Ministry of Housing andwww.energy.gov.tt/ (Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs) Environment – search for Forestry Division)c Macmillan Publishers Limited
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Natural Resources
Major WatershedsA watershed is a ridge or crest line that separates different drainage areas.This map shows the major watersheds on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.
WellsWaterworks
Desalinationplants
Major water treatment plants
Major water transmission mains
Scale for Trinidad and Tobago maps.
40 kilometres200
Scale 1:1 200 000
40 kilometres200
Scale 1:1 750 000
Hillsborough Reservoir on Tobago.
N
N
Tobago
Tobago
Trinidad
Trinidad
Evaporation,vapour
from volcanicregions
Condensation,snow
Evaporationfrom glaciers
Glacialmeltwater
Condensation,rain
Evaporation fromrivers and lakes
Transpiration fromlarge forests
Evaporationfrom seas and
oceans
Infiltration andgroundwater outflow
This picture shows an imaginary landscape that includesphysical features that do not appear in Trinidad and Tobago.
San Fernando
Scarborough
Moruga
Point Lisas Navet Dam
Hollis Reservoir
North Oropuche
Caroni Arena
Caroni ArenaDam
Charlotteville
KingsBay
RichmondHillsborough
HillsboroughWest
Hillsborough Res.
Courland
North Coast
NorthCoast
EastCoast
WindwardCourlandLowlands
SouthernRange
NorthOropuche
SouthOropuche
WesternPeninsula
CedrosPeninsula
CentralWestCoast
Nariva
Ortoire
Water Cycle
Water Resources
Water Supply
Forest Resources
Fishing
Water Conservation TipsLess than 1% of the water on Earth is available to grow crops, manufacture products and supply our homes. • Don't leave the tap running when you brush your teeth.• Take shorter showers.• Fix dripping taps and leaks.• Wash large loads when you do the laundry.• Use a bucket to wash your car.• Use a watering can to water your garden.• Recycle waste water on your plants.
Fish Production,2008–2012
Year Tonnes
Forests cover large parts of both islands. Plantations of teak and Caribbean pine are grown on Trinidad (see the vegetation map on pages 38/39). Teak is ready for harvesting after 50 years and Caribbean pine after 30 years of growth. The Forestry Division ensures the sustainable use of this resource.
The fishing fleet of Trinidad and Tobago includes artisanal vessels (such as pirogues with outboard motors), semi-industrial and industrial vessels. The industrial fleet comprises shrimp trawlers that can spend up to 21 days at sea. See page 43 for a map showing fishing ports and fishing beaches.
Water Supply
Source %
Capacity of Reservoirs
Reservoir Million m3
2008 13 919
2009 13 910
2010 13 956
2011 13 224
2012 12 016
Desalination 10%
Groundwater 28%
Surface Water 62%
Caroni Arena 44.6
Navet 18.4
Hollis 4.7
Hillsborough 1.0
Port of Spain