Takashi Iba

Social Systems Theory#1 Introduction

Associate ProfessorFaculty of Policy ManagementKeio UniversityKeio University SFC

Niklas Luhmannhttp://www.mt-online.de/start/letzte_meldungen_aus_der_region/4219080_Bielefeld_Universitaet_Bielefeld_erwirbt_Nachlass_von_Luhmann.html

Studying a sociological theory, Social Systems Theory, proposed by Niklas Luhmann

Understanding what’s happening in the information society

Learning about the media for social change

Social Systems Theory

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Social Systems Theory (2012 Spring)

Introduction

Emergence of Communication as an Event

Media and Code for Communication

Modern Society

Autopoiesis and Structural Coupling

Voice and Exit for Social Change

Scenario Planning: Learning by Making Stories of Future

Pattern Language, part I: Media for User Participation

Pattern Language, part II: Way of Organizational Change

Creative Collaboration: Value Creation through Communication

Open Collaboration, part I: Collaborative Innovation Networks

Open Collaboration, part II: Open-Source Software Development

Open Collaboration, part III: Wiki and Wikipedia

Exploring Philosophy of Social Change

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Textbook

●『社会システム理論：不透明な社会を捉える知の技法【リアリティ・プラス】』（井庭崇 編著, 宮台真司, 熊坂賢次, 公文俊平, 慶應義塾大学出版会, 2011）●『Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas』(Mary Lynn Manns, Linda Rising, Addison-Wesley, 2005)

Books you’ll read in this course

“Sociology is stuck in a theory crisis. Empirical research, though it has, on the whole, been successful in increasing knowledge, has not been able to produce a unified theory for the discipline.”

N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1996

“Progress is possible in these respects ... only if one strives for a new kind of theory design. ”

N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1996

“Sociology has hardly any models for this. Therefore we will have to borrow successful theoretical developments from other disciplines, and for this we have chosen the theory of self-referential, "autopoietic" systems.”

“In contrast to the usual theoretical representations, which at best take some few concepts from the literature, define them in critical discussion with existing meanings, and then work with them in the context of these concepts’ traditions, in the following we will try to increase the number of the concepts that are used and to determine them in reference to one another. ”

N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1996

「社会システム理論は、社会の全体性を捉えたいという志向性をもっているグランド・セオリーである。つまり、社会を、いわゆる学問分野（ディシプリン） — 経済学や政治学など — の枠組みで切り刻んで捉えるのではなく、社会をまるごと理解したいという野心をもっている。」

井庭崇 編著, 宮台真司, 熊坂賢次, 公文俊平,『社会システム理論：不透明な社会を捉える知の技法【リアリティ・プラス】』（慶應義塾大学出版会, 2011）

“Social systems theory is a grand theory that has been studied for understanding the wholeness of the modern society. It tries to grasp everything of social phenomena without specific filters of the conventional discipline like economy and politics.”

T. Iba, et. al. Social Systems Theory, Keio University Press, 2011

「もちろん、社会全体を完全に捉えることなどできるわけはない。しかしながら、断片化し多様化する現代社会において、全体性の把握は喫緊の課題であることは確かである。「社会の全体性を捉える」という不可能な目標に向かって、本気の探究を続ける、そのような決意が社会システム理論にはある。」

“It is, in reality, impossible to capture the entire society as a whole. However, deep understanding about common principles among the different social phenomena is required for the people living in the differentiated and diversified society. Thus, social systems theory attempts the impossible seriously and radically.

井庭崇 編著, 宮台真司, 熊坂賢次, 公文俊平,『社会システム理論：不透明な社会を捉える知の技法【リアリティ・プラス】』（慶應義塾大学出版会, 2011）T. Iba, et. al. Social Systems Theory, Keio University Press, 2011

「この社会システム理論によって、現代社会のリアリティはどのように捉えることができるのだろうか？ そして、その知見を踏まえ、私たちはどのような未来をつくることができるのだろうか？」

“What reality can be grasped, when observing our society with the social systems theory? Furthermore, what future will be made based on this understanding?”

井庭崇 編著, 宮台真司, 熊坂賢次, 公文俊平,『社会システム理論：不透明な社会を捉える知の技法【リアリティ・プラス】』（慶應義塾大学出版会, 2011）T. Iba, et. al. Social Systems Theory, Keio University Press, 2011

“The theory must change its direction from the unity of the social whole as a smaller unity within a larger one (the world) to the difference of the system of society and environment, i.e. from unity to difference as the theoretical point of departure.”

N. Luhmann, Ecological Communication, University Of Chicago Press, 1989

“More exactly, the theme of sociological investigation is not the system of society, but instead the unity of the difference of the system of society and its environment.”

N. Luhmann, Ecological Communication, University Of Chicago Press, 1989

“The idea of system elements must be changed from substances (individuals) to self-referential operations that can be produced only within the system and with the help of a network of the same operations (autopoiesis).”

N. Luhmann, Ecological Communication, University Of Chicago Press, 1989

“Self-referentially autopoietic systems are endogenously restless and constantly reproductive. They develop structures of their own for the continuation of their autopoiesis.”

N. Luhmann, Ecological Communication, University Of Chicago Press, 1989

“An autopoietic machine is a machine organized (defined as a unity) as a network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) ofcomponents that produces the components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (ii) constitute it (the machine) as a concrete unity in the space in which they (the components) exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network.”

H. R. Maturana, F. J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Springer, 1980

“We had to accept that we could recognize living systems when we encountered them, but that we could not yet say what they are.”

H. R. Maturana, F. J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Springer, 1980

“I realized that the difficulty was both epistemological and linguistic ... one can only say with a given language what the language permits. ”

“I had to stop looking at living systems as open systems defined in an environment, and I needed a language that would permit me to describe an autonomous system in a manner that retained autonomy as a feature of the system or entity specified by the description.”

H. R. Maturana, F. J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Springer, 1980

N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press, 1996

“Collaboration drives creativity because innovation always emerges from a series of sparks --- never a single flash of insight.”

Keith Sawyer, Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration, Basic Books, 2008

“While hierarchies are not vanishing, profound changes in the nature of technology, demographics, and the global economy are giving rise to powerful new models of production based on community, collaboration, and self-organization rather than on hierarchy and control.”

Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Expanded ed., Portfolio Trade, 2010

“The growing accessibility of information technologies puts the tools required to collaborate, create value, and compete at everybody’s fingertips. This liberates people to participate in innovation and wealth creation within every sector of the economy Millions of people already join forces in self-organized collaborations that produce dynamic new goods and services that rival those of the world’s largest and best-financed enterprises.”

Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Expanded ed., Portfolio Trade, 2010

“The new art and science of wikinomics is based on four powerful new idea: openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally.”

Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Expanded ed., Portfolio Trade, 2010

“There’s a protocol for numbering releases. It’s psychological. When you think a version is truly ready to be released, you number it version 1.0. But before that, you number the earlier versions to indicate how much work you need to accomplish before getting to 1.0. With that in mind, the operating system I posted to the ftp site was numbered version 0.01. That tells everybody it’s not ready for much.”

Linus Torvalds, David Diamond, Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary, HarperBusiness, 2002

“I did learn fairly early that the best and most effective way to lead is by letting people do things because they want to them, not because you want them to.”

Linus Torvalds, David Diamond, Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary, HarperBusiness, 2002

“This swarm-based innovation process happens in four steps:STEP 1 The creator comes up with the cool idea.STEP 2 The creator recruits additional members to form a Collaborative Innovation Network (COIN).STEP 3 The COIN grows into a Collaborative Learning Network (CLN) by adding friends and family.STEP 4 Outsiders join, forming a Collaborative Interest Network (CIN).”

Peter Gloor, Coolfarming: Turn Your Great Idea into the Next Big Thing, AMACOM, 2010

どt

Peter Gloor, Coolfarming: Turn Your Great Idea into the Next Big Thing, AMACOM, 2010

CreatorCOIN

CollaboratoveInnovationNetwork

CLNCollaboratove

LearningNetwork

CINCollaboratove

InterestNetwork

Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, Harvard University Press, 1970

“voice and exit”

“It can be used as a building block for designing strategic conversations --- conversations that, in themselves, lead to continuous organizational learning about key decisions and priorities.”

“Scenarios are not predictions.”

“Rather, scenarios are vehicles for helping people learn.”

Peter Schwartz, The Art of the Long View: Planning for the Future in an Uncertain World, Crown Business, 1996

Peter Schwartz, The Art of the Long View: Planning for the Future in an Uncertain World, Crown Business, 1996

“Scenarios are not about predicting the future, rather they are about perceiving futures in the present.”

“Scenarios deal with two worlds. The world of facts and the world of perceptions.” (Pierre Wack)

“Scenarios are stories that give meaning to events.”

“Having spent the last ten years of my professional career in the field of organizational learning, my most important insight has been that there are two different sources of learning: learning from the experiences of the past and learning from the future as it emerges.”

C. Otto Scharmer, Theory U: Leading from the Future as It Emerges: The Social Technology of Presencing, Berrett-Koehler Pub, 2009

“When I started realizing that the most impressive leaders and master practitioners seem to operate from a different core process, one that pulls them into future possibilities, I asked myself: How can we learn to bettersense and connect with a future possibility that is seeking to emerge?”

C. Otto Scharmer, Theory U: Leading from the Future as It Emerges: The Social Technology of Presencing, Berrett-Koehler Pub, 2009

“The key to “seeing from the whole” is developing the capacity not only to suspend our assumptions but to “redirect” our awareness toward the generative processes that lies behind what we see.”

Peter M. Senge, et. al., Presence: Human Purpose and the Field of the Future, Reprint ed., Crown Business, 2008

“Present systems of production are organized in such away that most decisions are made very much “at arm’s length.” Decisions are made by people remote from the consequences of the dicisions.”

C. Alexander, The Production of Houses, Oxford University Press, 1985

“We replace the idea of standardized housing units with the idea of houses (or apartments) designed by the families who are to live in them, each one designed entirely according to the family’s own unique needs and character, so that as a matter of feeling, each house becomes a genuine life base, a place for the heart, a place in which the family, as a unique being in society, may be anchored and nourished.”

C. Alexander, The Production of Houses, Oxford University Press, 1985

C. Alexander, The Production of Houses, Oxford University Press, 1985

“Fundamental to the process of production --- perhaps most fundamental of all --- is the principle that families lay out their houses for themselves.”

“In order to make this possible, there must be some system of rules, some pattern language or some other similar. flexible instrument which makes it possible for families to do this in a competent way.”

“The backbone of the process of production we envisage is a new kind of professional who takes responsibility for the functions which we now attribute to the architect, and also, for the functions which we now attribute to the contractor.”

C. Alexander, The Production of Houses, Oxford University Press, 1985

“The architect-builder”

Mary Lynn Manns, Linda Rising, Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas, Addison-Wesley, 2005

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