Socials 10 Exam NotesChapter 1 Colonies in the Wilderness, 1814-1840Vocabulary*Upper Canada: up the St. Lawrence River; part of present-day Ontario.*Lower Canada: down the St. Lawrence River, part of present-day Quebec.*Loyalist: Americans who did not support the American Revolution and who remained loyal to Britain.The Riviera: a top vacation spot on the Mediterranean coasts of France and Italy.*The Group of Seven: a Canadian group of painters renowned for their dramatic landscapes.*Mtis: someone of French and Native ancestry.*Monopoly: exclusive ownership because of legal privilege.*Landmark: any prominent feature of the landscape, natural or human-made, that identifies the locality.*Physical Map: a map that shows the major physical features of a region, including mountain chains, lakes, rivers, and so on. Physical maps use colour to show the varying height of the land.*To mortgage: to use as security on a loan.*Money Economy: an economy that uses cash.*Barter Economy: An economy that works by trading of products and services. *To romanticize: to make something look good, satisfying.Lye: the liquid that is leached from wood ashes and is used to make soap.*Land Speculators: those who buy property at a low price without spending much of their own money.*Republican: democratic, without a monarch as head of state.Deferential: showing respect.*The Eastern Townships: the region of south central Quebec between Montreal and Quebec City.*Copy: the print part of a poster or advertisement.*Anglophone: English-speakingCoffin Ship: a death ship. Many people died while traveling in steerage. The bodies were dumped overboard.Tenant Farmer: a farmer who works the land owned by another.Steerage: below deck, where cargo is usually stored.Gaelic: the language of the Celtic highlanders of Scotland.Celtic: the early Indo-Europeans of the British Isles.Mentor: a coach and advisor, often in business.Spinster: out-of-date language for an unmarried woman.To veto: to stop with authority.Seigneurial System: the old system of New France whereby seigneurs, or lords, were granted parcels of land by France.Insurrection: revolution against the established government.

Notes: Upper Canada: Beginning of 19th Century, Upper Canadas population was growing rapidly. Immigrants arrived from Europe and the US attracted by rich and fairly cheap farmland. Lower Canada: Prospered from close ties to Britain and New England. Its economy was based on farming practices. Montreal was its trading capital and attracted Scottish and American Entrepreneurs. Loyalists: Members were often community leaders, pensioned British army officers, or other members of the gentry. Mtis: Lived west of the Great Lakes. Were connected in a way to the trade. Goals of immigrants conflicted with the cultures, lifestyles, and economy of the westerners. The Natives, Mtis and fur traders became natural allies. Money Economy: What modern day people use Barter Economy: People barter when they exchange goods and services, rather than using money Family Compact: Was a small group of officials who helped run Upper Canada. They were descendents of the Loyalist settlers and believed in the importance of ties to Britain. Made up most of the executive council and controlled government budgets and appointments. They were very snobbish and operated like a private club. Chateau Clique: Same as the Family Compact but in Lower Canada Land Speculators: Many were part of the Family Compact and profited greatly. The Eastern Townships: In Eastern Canada between Quebec and Montreal. Here, life was based on the seigneurial system. Coffin Ship: Some immigrants came from European countries. Attracted by ads and campaigns, they spent a great amount money and sacrificed a lot to travel to Canada. Those who chose to travel to Canada often spent all their money on the trip there. The people were brave and resolute, sometimes desperate, especially the poorest who came in the coffin ships. Steerage: The worst spot on the coffin ships where the peasants could afford. Underground Railroad: Men and Woman travelled secretly to Upper Canada from the US to escape slavery. They often travelled on foot and hid in anti-slavery homes. The Underground Railway was a network of secret trails and pathways that was very risky; if caught, slaves were given back to their masters and severely punished. Spinster: Were often pitied; a good marriage gave a women status. Patriote: Rebels in Lower Canada. Rebellion first broke out led by the Fils de la Liberte (Sons of Liberty). If the Catholic Church had supported them, the Patriotes might have had success. In a series of brief battles, British troops defeated the Patriotes; many were killed or wounded. Nationalism: Nationalist feelings among French in Lower Canada helped convince the colonys reformers that they were part of a larger cause. Lord Durham: Appointed Governor-in-Chief of the Canadas. He was in a no-win situation when he arrived in 1838. Came up with the idea of combining the colonies and giving them a responsible government. William Lyon Mackenzie: Prime minister (1874-1950) Canada has too much geography. He was the leader of the reform movement and supported an American-style democracy. Wolfred Nelson: An English physician who supported American-style republic. Believed that the Assembly should have complete control of the governments budget. Louis-Joseph Papineau: A seigneur, a lawyer, and a French-Canadian Nationalist. Speaker of the Assembly in Lower Canada he earned respect from the French and English. In the 1830s he became a principal leader of the Patriotes. The Act of Union: In 1840, the Act of Union united Upper Canada and Lower Canada: They became United Canada in 1841, with the capital as Montreal. This was without the support of the French.

Timeline1791: Constitutional Act creates Upper and Lower Canada1815: Treaty of Ghent ends War of 18121816: Robert Gourlay arrested for criticizing land policies in Upper Canada1821: Hudsons Bay Company and North West Company merge1824: William Lyon Mackenzie buys the Colonial Advocate1828: William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Legislative Assembly1837: November Battle of St. Charles. December Battle of Montgomerys Tavern1838: Lord Durham arrives in Quebec1840: Act of Union passedChapter 2 Building a Nation, 1840-1867Vocabulary:Clapboard: horizontal boards, the outer skin of a house*Victorian Era: someone who lived during the era of Queen Victoria, from 1837-1901*To assimilate: to join the majority group and give up the traditions of ones own groupParasol: a fancy umbrella to keep out the sunCarnivorous: flesh-eatingEnmity: hatredSpasmodically: in spasms Carbolic acid: an acid compound present in coal tar that can be used as a disinfectant when diluted with water*Suffrage: right to voteMatriculation ticket: a piece of paper indicating that a student is enrolled in a course and will matriculate, or graduateSerial format: in weekly or monthly instalmentsDroll: humorousWhist: a card game for four players divided *Infrastructure: the community systems that make travel, communications, and business easier: for example, roads, canals, transportation and postal serviceFirebox: the steam boilerBushel: an old measure of dry goods equivalent to roughly 35 litresPeck: one-quarter of a bushel*Federation: a federal union in which the members keep certain powers themselves, and give certain powers to a central government*External relations: dealings with other countriesCanadas: Upper and Lower Canada, whose names were changed to Canada West and Canada East- modern Ontario and Quebec*Responsible government: a government in which the executive council is responsible to the legislative assembly, whose members are representatives of the people*Mercantilism: an economic system based on colonialism. The home country takes raw materials in from its colonies and manufactures in from its colonies and manufactures goods, which it sells for profitCorn Laws: laws which protected British agriculture*Depression: a period of low economic activity marked by high unemployment*Treason: betrayal of ones countryTo culminate: to climax*To annex: to incorporate a territory or country into another country*American Civil War: a war between the southern and northern American states over states rights. The divisive issue was slavery Whip: the person responsible for ensuring discipline and solidarity within a political party*Clear Grits: so-called because a brave person has gritHomogeneous: similar to everyone else*Franchise: a special privilege granted to a group*Sovereignty: the right to self-determinationPotato Famine: the failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1840s, which caused widespread starvation and caused many people to emigrate*Constitution: the laws that set forth the powers and responsibilities of the government and guarantee the rights of the peopleNotes: Canada West: formerly Upper Canada (grew rapidly after the rebellions) Canada East: formerly Lower Canada Confederation: union of the three British North American colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Canada to become the Dominion of Canada Small pox: a terrible disease that left many scarred for life in the nineteenth century Louis Pasteur: a French scientist who in 1857 discovered the tiny organisms- the bacilli- that cause diseases Emily Stowe: a feminist and one of the first female doctors in the British colonies. She became a physician in 1867 after studying in the United States. Blood sports: bear-baiting and dog-and-bull fighting caught on quickly. Bare-knuckle boxing matches always drew plenty of spectators too John A. Macdonald: the first prime minister of Canada and dominant figure of Canadian Confederation Lord Elgin: came from a wealthy, well connected family. Spite of Elgins privilege, he was well-suited to be government. Believed in responsible government and he had a considerable experience in colonial matters Rebellion Losses Bill: was introduced by Louis Lafontaine in Feb 1849 to compensate Lower Canadians whose property had been damaged during the Rebellions of 1837-1838 Act Of Union: united Upper Canada and Lower Canada in 1840. They became United Canada in 1841 with the capital in Montreal. Parti Rouge: led my Louis-Joseph Papineau attracted French-speaking farmers and business people opposed to English commercial interests Parti Bleu: focused on the economic development of Canada East, and on the protection of French-Canadian rights Tories: a member of Conservative party George Brown: the publisher of the Toronto Globe newspaper. Disliked both Catholics and the French. He made enemies easily and he and his party tried to make the province more democratic. George Etienne Cartier: led the most powerful political group in Canada East Double majority: in order for a bill to pass in the Legislative Assembly there had to be a majority vote in both the Canada East and Canada West sections of the assembly The Great Coalition: a grand coalition of political parties that formed in the Provinces of Canada in 1864 Charlottetown Conference: the meetings begun in 1864 where the Maritime colonies had planned to discuss a Maritime union. Accompanied by the land speculator and railway builder, Alexander Tilloch Galt, the three members of the Great Coalition asked to join the discussion to present their plans for Confederation Quebec Conference: held in the fall of 1864, planned the birth of a new nation, a difficult, time consuming task. After discussion and much disagreement they decided that provincial governments should retainTimeline1837: Rebellions take place in Upper and Lower Canada1838: Lord Durhams report is issued1846: Oregon Treaty is signed. Potato Famine devastates Ireland1850: Crown Colony of Vancouver Island is created1852: James Douglas appointed governor of Vancouver Island1854: Reciprocity treaty with US1851: Baldwin-LaFontaine government falls1854: Crimean War begins1856: Grand Trunk Railway completed1858: Colony of British Columbia is created1861: American Civil War begins1864: Great Coalition is formed. Charlottetown Conference takes place. Quebec Conference is held.1865: American Civil War ends1866: The London Conference is held1867: Canada becomes a dominionChapter 3 The Geography of Western CanadaVocabulary: *Latitude: the distance of any point north or south of the equator measured up to 90 degrees*Longitude: the distance of any point east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured up to 180 degrees*Vegetation: the natural and undisturbed plants of a region*Geological: having to do with geology, the study of the history of the Earth as found in rocks*Topography: the shape of the land*Igneous rock: rock that has been formed by the solidification of molten material*Metamorphic rock: rock changed from its original form into another form through heat and pressure*Sedimentary rock: rock made up of sediment laid down in layers which have grown together*Fossil fuel: a natural fuel formed by geological forces from the residue of living organisms*Evaporate: a type of sedimentary rock that originates by the evaporation of sea water*Plate: a slab of the Earths crust. Plates are underneath all the continents and oceans. They regularly move away from and collide with, each other*Tectonics: the study of forces within the Earth that form its surface features, such as mountain ranges and ocean basinsMagma: molten rock material within the Earth from which igneous rock is formed through cooling*Mantle: the interior part of the Earth that lies directly above the core*Epicentre: the Earths surface directly above the quake- the middle of the quake*Tsunami: a great sea wave produced by an earthquake or by a volcanic eruption*Seismic: to do with earthquakes*Subduction zone: a long region with a trench through which a descending tectonic plate is assimilated into the earths mantle*Richter scale: a measure of the power of earthquakes. Each step on the scale is ten times the previous one, so an earthquake that registers 7 is ten times greater than a 6 and one hundred times greater than a 5*Seismologist: someone who studies earthquakes*Bedrock: solid rock underneath looser materials such as soil*Continental climate: the climate of a continents interior*Maritime climate: a coastal climate, usually referring to the West CoastConvection: transference of heat by upward movement*Sewage: municipal and industrial waste*Run-off: pesticides herbicides, and other materials that drain from fields into rivers and lakes*Biome: an ecological community of plants and animals extending over a large areaInterdependent: being dependent on each otherSystem: a group of things that interact with each other and together form a whole*Coniferous tree: an evergreen tree*Humus: the remains of decomposing plants in the soil*Erosion: the wearing away by action of wind, water or ice*Slough: depression filled with fresh water from rain or melting snow*Treeline: the upper limit of tree growth on a mountainBison: North American buffaloFeedlot: an enclosed area where large herds of cows eat high-quality feedContour ploughing: ploughing along the shape of the land to prevent erosionWind break: planting trees to prevent wind erosion by shielding the soilBoom and bust: words used to describe a healthy (booming) economy or one that is slow (bust)*Population distribution: where people live within a given areaPopulation density: the average number of people in a given areaGlobal Positioning System: a system that uses satellite tracking devices to establish the latitude and longitude of a person or objectNotes: GPS: (Global Positioning System) it is a new technology that it is being used by researchers and map-makers to pinpoint exact locations Cultural landscape: the visible results of human activity on the physical environment Canadian Shield: large masses of rock, known as shields, are the oldest parts of the Earth. Canadian Shield stretches from the Arctic islands around Hudson Bay to the Adirondack Mountains in the United States and east across Labrador Shield was once a volcanic mountain range as high as the Himalayas. Over millions of years, weathering and erosion wore it down into a landscape of exposed rock and lakes Interior/Great Plains: formed as eroded material from the Canadian Shield was deposited in layers at its edges. These layers of sedimentary rock make up the plains Western Mountains/Cordillera: made up of parallel mountain ranges that are separated by a series of plateaus and valleys Orographic/mountain precipitation: Windward Side: Moist air comes in from the ocean, rising air cools, vapour condenses, clouds form, rain falls. Leeward Side: descending air warms up and picks up moisture causing a Rain Shadow

Convectional precipitation: warm air rises, warm air cools and forms clouds, precipitation falls Frontal precipitation: Cold Front: arctic air comes in forming clouds with precipitation. Warm air rises Warm Front: tropical air comes in over clouds causing cold air below and lower clouds

Deciduous trees: trees that shed their leaves for a part of every year. They lose their leaves during the cold and dry season and remain bare until they grow new leaves each spring Cartographer: the study of making geographical maps

Time Line: Creation of Nunavut and the Western Territory1960+ Federal government considers dividing the NWT1967 Yellowknife becomes capital of the NWT1976 Inuit propose land claim and creation of Nunavut1982 Most voters in the NWT want to divide the territories1991 Boundary between the Eastern and Western Arctic approved1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and Nunavut Act approved by Parliament1999 Nunavut and Western Territory become Canadas newest political regionsChapter 4 The Northwest to 1870Vocabulary:Saulteaux: the western OjibwaHierarchy: people in authority ranked from top to bottomTop-down: dictatorial, bossy. NWC was less top-down than HBC*Bullishness: optimism in money matters*To portage: to carry from one body of water to anotherHead hunter: someone who looks for skilled employees on behalf of a company*Middleman: someone who acts as a dealer between two parties who want to exchange goodsCelibacy: abstinence from sexual relationships Seigneurial pattern: the long-lot pattern of the seigneuries of New France*Red River cart: a two-wheeled cart used on the prairieMuzzle loader: any firearm loaded through the muzzleShot: the pellet discharged from the firearm*Liberal democrat: in the nineteenth century, someone who fought for the rights of the underprivileged*Autocratic: in a manner suggesting absolute power*White-collar: referring to clerical or professional workers (as opposed to farmers or other labourers)Bannock: a kind of flatbreadCanada West: Upper Canada, after the Act of Union in 1841Dominion: a country that rules itselfDiversify: to branch out*Land speculator: someone who buys and sells lad for profit*Munitions: military weapons, ammunition, and equipmentProvisional government: a temporary governmentNotes: Hudsons Bay Company: founded in 1670 following Pierre Radisson and Medart de Groseilliers successful journey to the wilderness region beyond New France. When returning to London, loaded down with furs, the pair made a pitch to King Charles II. if he would back their business, they could help him wrest a portion of the fur trade from the French

North West Company: In 1783, several companies merged to form the North West Company. There were geographic reasons why the NWC started to build posts inland. Furs had to be shipped to England from Montreal and Montreal was too far for Native trappers to travel Established a major trade depot at Fort William, at the head of Lake Superior

Ruperts Land: Made beaver: all furs brought to the post were assessed in terms of their value relative to a beaver pelt. This was called made beaver stay by the bay: Factors: what the local bosses were called. they were also British Montrealers: a group of English merchants from Montreal. In 1763 the French fur trade was seized by the Montrealers. They expanded trading networks in the interior and continued to employ French-Canadians as traders Norwesters/hivernants: Dr. John Christian Schultz opened a general store that took over the only newspaper in the settlement, the NorWester. It was a platform for his anti-Mtis views Voyageurs: NWC employed voyageurs, who provided the muscle power to paddle canoes and carry cargo in both the Northwest and on the long lake journey from Fort William to Montreal *to portage: a fully loaded York boat was extremely heavy, weighing about 1 tonne and was very difficult to portage winterers: Fort William: a major post of the North West Company around 1820. On Lake Superior York boat: a double-ended wooden boat. It was about 12-metres long and could either be rowed or sailed, depending on the winds. First York boats could carry a cargo of up to 3000 kilograms. Later models could carry up to 6000 kilograms. Fully loaded York boat was very heavy so hard to portage. canot du nord: in the Northwest the NWC used these 7-metre long and a metre wide canoes. They carried about 1500 kilos of cargo and were paddled by a crew of six. canot de maitre: used for the journey from Fort William to Montreal. They were about 11-metres long and about 1.5-metres wide. Crewed by twelve people and could carry cargoes of up to 4000 kilograms. Middleman: northwest had a long history of involvement in the fur trade as trappers, traders or middlemen Pemmican: During the hunt it provided all the meat and fat that was required to make pemmican. At first Mtis sold pemmican only to their ally, the NWC but in 1821, after the merger of the NWC and the HBC they also sold pemmican to the new HBC The Wagonmen: During the hunt, the Mtis had problems with the Plains Indians and for three days, sixty-four Mtis fighters held off charge after charge and in the end the Sioux retreated(Plains Indians) vowing never to attack the wagonmen again. (in reference to the Mtis Red River carts) Red River Colony: a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas in 1811 Lord Selkirk: born in Scotland. He was noteworthy as a Scottish philanthropist who sponsored immigrant settlement in Canada at the Red River Colony Miles MacDonnell: an ex-militia officer who had a reputation for belligerence. He was left in command of a thirty-six Scottish and Irish laborers left in Britain in 1811 Colin Robertson: an early Canadian fur trader and political figure Cuthbert Grant: born in 1793. His mother, a Mtis and his father a Norwester send him to Montreal and Scotland to be educated. He became a leader of the Mtis and a rising star in the NWC. After the battle of Seven Oaks, he was arrested and sent to Montreal to face several murder charges. Robert Semple: was the governor of the HBC from autumn 1815 until his death at the Battle of Seven Oaks Pemmican Proclamation: MacDonnell feared the colonists would run out of food during the winter so he issued the Pemmican Proclamation to make sure they had a food supply. It effectively banned the sale and export of pemmican from the Red River Battle of Seven Oaks: took place on June 19, 1816 during the long dispute between theHBCand theNWC, rivalfur-trading companies in westernCanada. Pork-eaters: the montrealers- voyageurs making the trip between Montreal and Lake Superior. Orange order: most of the new Canadian settlers to the Red River were protestant and members of the Orange Orders. It was a violently anti-French, anti-Catholic movement. They were prejudiced against the Mtis. John Schultz: one of the first immigrants to arrive in 1860. He opened a general store, took over the only newspaper in the settlement, the NorWester. He championed Canadian interests by agitating against the Mtis. By the late 1860s he had organized a small group of supporters into the Canadian Party, which he hoped would eventually gain control of the settlement. He used the NorWester as a platform for his anti-Mtis views. Louis Riel: born into devout catholic family in St.Boniface. He was 7/8 white ancestry but he always described himself as Mtis. He left home at 14 to study priesthood in Montreal (he gave up religious Studies after fathers death). He returned to NorthWest in 1868. Red River Rebellion: was the sequence of events surrounded the actions of a provisional government established by the Mtis leader Louis Riel in 1869 at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba William McDougal: Riel formed the Mtis National Committee to fight and one of the first tasks was to greet the new governor of the North-West Territories, William McDougall Canadian Party: was a group founded by John Schultz in 1869, in the Red River Settlement. Mtis List of Rights: an important Canadian document. The resolutions were adopted at a meeting held in Fort Garry on Wednesday, December 1, 1869 Thomas Scott: was a judge and political figure in Upper Canada Bullishness: paid off for the NWC. By 1800 it had a network of trading posts that stretched as far west as the interior of what is now BC Manitoba Act: took effect on July 15, 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Province of Manitoba. It was adopted by Parliament in response to the Mtis concerns of the provisional government Timeline1670: Founding of the HBC1783: Founding of the NWC1810: Metis community thrives in the Red River Valley1812: Founding of the Selkirk settlement in the Red River Valley1814: Pemmican Proclamation1816: Cuthbert Grant raids an HBC pemmican supply1817: Selkirks treaty with Cree and Ojibwa nations1821: HBC and NWC merged1869: Control of Ruperts Land transferred to Canadian Government. Red River Rebellion. Metis list of Rights and Freedoms1870: Execution of Thomas Scott. Manitoba enters confederationChapter 5 The Prairies, 1870-1896Vocabulary*homesteader: a settler who had a place to live granted by the government.*land speculator: someone who makes money by buying and selling land.*collateral: something offered as security when asking for a loan.*investment capital: the start-up money used to invest in a project.Constitution: the body of principles used to govern a nation or community.Contract: an agreement for a fixed amount of time.*Magistrate: a judge.Indemnity: compensation for loss.Insatiable: impossible to be satisfied.Avarice: extreme greed.Anarchy: chaos, lawlessness.*Paramilitary: an unofficial military organization.to distill: to heat liquid until it vaporizes and then condense it.*Missionaries: people concerned with spreading religious beliefs.*Backers: people who back a project with money.Underwrite: to finance.*Industrialist: someone who owns or controls an industry.Memos: informal written communications used in business.Perception: the way things appear.Credibility: believability.*To secede: to withdraw from a union.To dump: to sell goods at a low price.To galvanize: to stir into action.Oblate: a Roman Catholic order of missionaries.Pragmatist: someone who can see the practical, realistic side of an issue.Notes Land speculator: Arrived in Red River Valley and bought up almost all the scrip from people who held it. Manitoba Act: Passed in 1870 and welcomed by the Mtis because their rights seemed to be protected under the new legislation. Made French and English the official languages of the province and it provided for two educational systems-Protestant and Roman Catholic. Also, 1.4 million acres were reserved for the Mtis to use as farmland. Scrip: All settlers in Manitoba were required to have scrip in order to gain title to the land reserved for them. Scrip is a piece of paper similar to money. Mtis were issued two types of scrip. Money scrip had a value of $160, which was based on the value of a quarter section of land. Money scrip could also be converted to $160 cash. Land scrip entitled a person to exchange the scrip for a *homesteaders quarter section land grant. Laws of St. Laurent: An extension of the Mtis List of Rights and formed the *constitution of the community. Lawrence Clarke: Chief Factor at Fort Carlton and had been with the HBC since he was nineteen. Tried to get along with the Mtis and European settlers but believed Mtis were inferior. He used his position to lower the Mtis standard of living. He was made *magistrate and used powers to benefit the HBC. Gabriel Dumont: The Mtis president of St. Laurent. Whisky Traders: Companies that traded strong, cheap liquor to the Native Peoples of the region for buffalo robes and other furs. NWMP: Established by the government in 1873 and was both a police force and paramilitary organization. Fort Whoop-Up: The principal trading post for the whisky traders. A centre of trade that devastated the Local Native groups. Cypress Hills Massacre: Spring of 1874, group of Assiniboin were attacked by a party of whisky traders in Cypress Hills. About 30 Assiniboin were killed which caused outrage in Eastern Canada. Indian Act: Introduced in 1876, this act confirmed that the Native peoples would be required to live on reserves and predetermined that Native children must attend residential schools. Missionaries: encouraged Native Peoples to sign the treaties. Industrialist: Jay Cooke was one; he instantly saw the economic potential of the Canadian Northwest. Sir Hugh Allan: Only major industrialist in Canada who had money to finance a railway. Made his fortune in shipping and manufacturing, and in railway building in eastern Canada. Pacific Scandal: Cartier wrote two memos, one promising Allan the CPR contract, the other listing the contributions Allan had to make to the Conservative Party. This made it appear that Macdonald was on Allans payroll. This is known as the Pacific Scandal and led to the resignation of Macdonalds government in 1873. Alexander Mackenzie: Led the Liberals to power in 1873. Thought the railway idea was too expensive. Allowed the Canadian Pacific Survey to continue under Sanford Flemings direction. National Policy: Developed by Mackenzie in 1876 and had three main parts. A System of Protective Tariffs: To protect Canadian manufacturing, mining, and agriculture from American dumping by making goods too expensive for Canadas market. Western Settlement: The government wanted to encourage the settlement of the West by farmers. The CPR: Became the governments top priority. CPR Syndicate: In 1880 Macdonald pitched his idea. Upon finishing the railway, the government would hand over $25 million and 25 million acres of land. The CPR syndicate also received a monopoly on all rail traffic west of Lake Superior for the next 20 years and an exemption from tax on all lands until they were sold. In exchange, the syndicate promised to complete the railway in 10 years. This was approved pm February 1st, 1881. William Van Horne: A 38 year old general manager of a smaller railway in the American Northwest. He was intelligent and dedicated and believed everything could be done. He was very talented in many aspects (understood Morse code and could operate any locomotive). CPR general manager. Mtis Bill of Rights: Created by a European farmer and Louis Riel in 1884. Hoped it would address the grievances of the Mtis and form a basis of a new province in the Northwest. It reflected the frustration of the Mtis and their desire to be treated as equals but it was ignored by the government. Lief Crozier: Was in charge of a small group of NWMP officers at Fort Carlton. Battle at Batoche: At Batoche, 725 militia attacked 175 Mtis. The Mtis held their ground for 3 days and in the end were defeated. Gabriel Dumont fled to the US and Louis Riel was captured on May 15th. Battle at Duck Lake: Two Mtis delegates were shot during an attempted negotiation. Both sides open fired and thirty NWMP officers were killed, twenty-five wounded. More than 5000 Canadian troops were deployed to contain the Northwest Rebellion. Chief Crowfoot: Leader of the Blackfoot Nation who chose not to rebel. He negotiated with Father Lacombe and received additional land as compensation. After the CPR was complete he and Lacombe also got lifetime passes on the railway.Time Line1870: Manitoba becomes a province. Treaty process with the Native Peoples of the Northwest begins.1871: Canadian Pacific Railway is formed.1872: Sandford Fleming commissions Canadian Pacific Railway. Pacific Scandal rocks Macdonalds government.1873: The Laws of St. Laurent. Liberals come to power under Alexander Mackenzie. North West Mounted Police formed.1874: Cypress Hills massacre.1877: Ottawa concludes treaty process with the Native Peoples.1881: Building of the CPR begins.1885: CPR is completed. Northwest Rebellion. Execution of Louis Riel.Chapter 6 British Columbia to 1896Vocabularyparallel: an imaginary line north or south of the equatorunnerving: unsettling: a British pound, today, about $2.75 Canadian*landed gentry: the British upper class landed in another countryshilling: an old British coinage, about one twentieth of a poundtitle: established or recognized right to somethinginfomercial: an extended commercial that seems like a news showto stake claim: the legal right to mine gold, or other minerals, on a specific piece of landbedrock: solid rock underneath looser materials such as soilto pan: to search for gold by panning gravelpack train: a line of people or animals carrying heavy packsto inflate: to increase the price of something dramatically transient: not lasting very longservice town: a town that provides services to people engaged in one main industrysubsidy: direct financial aid from a higher level of government*responsible government: a government in which the executive council is responsible to the legislative assembly, whose members are representatives of the peopleto co opt: to bring someone into a group by capitalizing on their strengths, even if they disagree with youdry: forbidding the sale or consumption of alcoholmetropolis: a chief citytidal flat: a low-lying marshspeculators: people who buy and sell land for a profitblack market economy: an illegal or completely unregulated economy where normal price controls do not applyacclamation: an oral vote taken after a meeting when the direction is clearto rework: to go back and try to extract more gold from an area after it has already been workedfrugal: careful with moneycontractor: one who supplies workersto undercut: to sell work at a lower price than average*head tax: a tax imposed on each person entering a countrysmelter: a place where metal is separated from oretramway: a road for transporting mine freightNotes Pacific Northwest: Last part of North America to be explored and settled by Europeans. Home to over twenty-five different aboriginal groups. A Russian ship was the first to land and they launched a successful trade in sea otter fur. Ships from Spain, Britain, and the US soon followed. Seal and otter trade flourished. George Simpson: In 1826 he became governor of expanded Hudsons Bay Company, which included New Caledonia and Columbia. Closed all coastal ports in 1841, eliminating McLoughlins work and causing McLoughlin to hate him and the HBC. Ordered James Douglas to create new depot on Vancouver Island. New Caledonia and Columbia: What is now BC, many interests had a stake in this region. Oregon Territory: Americans claimed the Oregon Territory, but the HBC saw the region as an extension of Ruperts Land which they owned. Both Americans and the British wanted the Oregon Territory. The Americans encouraged settlers to move into the area whereas the HBC had no interest in encouraging settlement. Many American settlers settled in the valley of Williamette. Manifest Destiny: The idea that the United States was meant to control all of North America. Columbia River: Simpson created a post on the north bank of this river. He also encouraged Americans to settle the region south of the Columbia River in order to reduce American competition with the HBC. Puget Sound: Near Columbia River, where Americans could settle. Oregon Trail: In the 1830s, Americans travelled overland on the Oregon Trail to come and settle. John McLoughlin: In charge of Fort Vancouver. McLoughlin was a capable administrator with an unnerving physical presence. He had long white hair and smouldering eyes. He liked patched clothes and rarely bathed. He was known for his fairness and for rewarding employees. He was also a political realist. When Simpson destroyed his hard work, he was furious and even more so when his son was killed. He retired in 1845 and became known as the Father of Oregon. The Beaver: an HBC steamship that arrived in 1835 and supplied the Russian posts. Used as a mobile base for trading with the Northwest Coast peoples and added to the British presence in BC. Fort Vancouver: Created on the north bank of the Columbia River and directed by John McLoughlin. Fort Langley: An HBC post established by Simpson in 1827 on the Fraser River. Fort Victoria: With the rising population of American settlers in the Oregon Territory, Simpson feared that the British could lose control of the area and Fort Vancouver could be lost. Simpson ordered James Douglas to establish Fort Victoria, names after Queen Victoria. James Douglas: Governor of the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island. He encouraged British settlement in and thought free land should be given to prospective colonists. He was unimpressed by the upper class. He was a fur trader and had married Amelia Douglas, a Mtis. James Douglas created a Legislative Assembly in 1856. He retired in 1864. James Polk: A democratic candidate for presidency he ran on the slogan 54 40 or fight. He won the election and negotiated with Britain to extend Oregons territory to the 49th parallel. 54 40 or fight: Meaning that the US claimed the Oregon Territory up to 54 40N. Douglas Treaties: James Douglas created treaties with the aboriginal peoples: they would surrender their lands to the Europeans, but would keep hunting and fishing rights. The Native peoples also received 2 10 shillings in compensation. Cariboo Gold Rush: In late 1857, A HBC trader panned small nuggets of gold along the Thompson River. When word reached San Francisco, hundreds of unemployed miners tried to get to Fort Victoria. By the end of summer, over 10,000 (mostly Americans) were working on the Fraser River. Vancouver Island Colony: Included the mainland as far north as 54 40N, governed by Douglas. New Westminster: Capital of the new crown colony. Cariboo Road: Douglas decided to build a road to make sure the gold would leave through the Fraser not through US territory so that the colony would earn revenue. A roadway would also promote settlement and economic development. There were 2 possible routes, one through Harrison and the other along the Fraser Canyon. It took 4 years and $750,000 to complete. Barkerville: The largest town in the Cariboo. Barkerville grew due to word of mouth, and it grew rapidly. At first, Barkerville was just a service town, but it grew up into a real community. After the gold rush ended, Barkerville became a ghost town. Arthur Kennedy: Took over for Douglas on Vancouver Island. He was dictatorial and hard to get along with. He was trapped in all sorts of disputes with the elected Assembly on Vancouver Island. Frederick Seymour: Took over for Douglas in BC. He was an active, enthusiastic man who quickly took charge of the colony and seemed to have the best interests of the inhabitants at heart. small pox: An outbreak started outside Victoria and spread to other parts of the colony. For the Native peoples of America, it was almost always fatal. Smallpox was responsible for the deaths of over 70% of Native peoples. annexationists: Mostly Victoria business people; favoured annexation by United States Anthony Musgrave: Took over when Governor Seymour died suddenly. He was a personal friend of Sir John A. MacDonald. His instructions: get BC to join Canada ASAP. Vancouver: The youngest major community in BC. In 1884, William Van Horne came to look at the CPR terminus, Port Moody, only to discover there were tidal flats. He travelled further and found Vancouver, the ideal site for the end of the railway. Colonel Richard Moody: Arrived in New Westminster and realized defending the colonly required an ice free harbour. He then ordered 3 trails to be cut from New Westminster to Burrard Inlet. Hastings Mill: Opened in 1865 on the south side of the Inlet. It controlled about 19,000 acres. Sewell Moody: He opened a mill on the north side of the inlet. The mill and surrounding area became known as Moodyville. Began logging in Lynn Valley and specialized in toothpicks for sailing masts. Gassy Jack Deighton: Opened a saloon about a km away from the mill because Hastings Mill was dry. Now known as Granville it was then known as Gastown after its owner. David Oppenheimer: Greeted William Van Horne in 1884 and took the CPR manager to Gastown. He rowed him around the harbours and impressed him with all the land. Oppenheimer offered half his land for free to clinch Vancouver as the CPR terminus. In 1888, he ran for mayor and was elected by acclamation. He focused on Vancouvers infrastructure. Called Father of Vancouver. the Golden Mountain: What the Chinese immigrants called British Columbia. head tax: The government decided to limit Chinese Immigration by requiring each immigrant to pay a fifty dollar head tax upon coming in Canada. Ships were allowed to carry no more than one Chinese person for every 50 tonnes. Okanagan Region: Experienced a large growth at the end of the century due to agriculture. Kootenay Region: Also experienced a large growth due to silver, copper, and other metals being discovered. Mining towns soon dotted the whole region. Giant smelters were built in order to extract the minerals.Timeline1826: Simpson becomes governor of HBC1843: James Douglas arrives in Fort Victoria1845: US gets British territory south of 49th parallel1856: First legislative assembly on Vancouver Island1860: Cariboo Gold Rush begins1862: Construction of Cariboo Road begins. Smallpox epidemic among the Native Peoples1866: Vancouver Island and British Columbia are joined 1868: Victoria becomes capital of British Columbia1871: BC joins Confederation1884: Vancouver becomes the terminus for the CPR1885: Royal commission on Chinese Immigration to BCChapter 7 The Emergence of Modern Canada: 1896-1914Vocabulary:to stake claim: the legal right to mine gold, or other minerals, on a specific piece of landdepression: a period of low economic activity marked by high unemploymentsourdough: someone who had been a prospector for a long timeMaoris: aboriginal people of New ZealandBonanza: Spanish word that means source of wealthtall tale: a story that exaggerates the truth*conciliation: attempts to resolve differencesrhetorical: speech or writing created in order to persuade and impressminority: a group having less than the number of votes necessary for controlmother country: an old-fashioned term used to refer to the country from which colonists emigratedBritish Empire: the group of countries colonized by Britain such as Canada, India, South Africa and so onimperialist: someone who practices imperialism, the policy of extending control of a region or regions by one nationknot: a unit of distance used at sea. The British nautical mile is 1853.2 metresnaval race: a competition to have the most powerful navy( the nuclear arms race is a modern day equivalent)free trade: a policy that reduces or eliminates border taxes and regulations between countriesreciprocity: an exchange, or sharingtariff: a duty or tax a country charges on importsinlet: a small arm of the ocean that juts into the coastfiord: an inlet between high cliffstribunal: a court of board appointed to judge a particular mattermarket: buyers for a specific product, for example, the world market for wheatcapital: money that is used by a company to increase production and which buys a share in that company. Capital stimulates growth and creates more wealth for the investorhomestead lands: public land granted to settlers by the US and Canadian governments in the later nineteenth century. Homesteads were supposed to be developed as farmsdryland farming methods: farming methods practiced in regions with insufficient rainfall, for example, soil cultivation that reduces evaporationopen-door: an immigration policy that puts no restrictions on who can immigrateto assimilate: to absorb easily into another cultureurban: in a city, as opposed to rural, in the country. Various measures distinguish an urban from a rural area. Generally, an area with 25 000 people living in close proximity to each other constitutes an urban areaghetto: a slum area of a city; also an area of a city inhabited by a minority grouptenement: a crowded usually cheap, building with many apartments, often owned by a company and rented to workerssubsidy: financial assistance granted by government in support of a business regarded as being the public interesthinterland: the remote and less developed area around a communitysite: the features of the land on which the settlement is built, such as its elevation and landformssituation: how a settlement is related to the surrounding area, including its relationship to other settlements and routestopography: the physical features of an area, such as hills, valleys, and bodies of waterlabor union: an organization of workers that negotiates matters such as wages and working conditions with employerswomens suffrage: the right of women to votesuffragist: a person who advocates extending the right to vote, especially to womenprohibition: the banning of the sale and consumption of alcoholic beveragesmunicipal: city or townreserve: land set aside for the Native peoples, but could also be applied to Canada itself, when it became independent of Britainaboriginal title: the concept that Native people have ownership(or control) of the land because they were the first to occupy itRoyal Commission: an investigation by a person, or persons, into a matter on behalf of the federal or provincial government0 their decision is not binding on the governmentcut-off lands: lands removed from Native reserves, or title to land that was revokedAllied Tribes of British Columbia: an organization representing most Native people living in British Columbiapotlatch: a ritual of giving away property and goods that is observed by many West Coast Native bandsJudical Committee of the British Privy Council: at the time, the highest level of legal appeal in Canadaself-government: government by a territorys own people, used here for the right of Native peoples but could also be applied to Canada itself, when it became independent of BritainMorse code: an alphabet composed of long and short signalsNotes: Wilfred Laurier: in 1896 Wilfred Laurier, the leader of the Liberal party became Canadas first French-Canadian elected. They wanted the federal government to protect their French language and Roman Catholic rights. *conciliation: in 1895, Laurier explains the importance of compromise and conciliation in the political arena South African(Boer) War: the most important event before World War I HMS Dreadnought: in 1906, Britain launched the first all big gun battleship. With ten 30-centimetre guns in five turrets and top speed of 21 knots Alaska Boundary Dispute: Lauier led a united country when dealing with the Americans. No one cared much about the boundary until the disvocer of gold led to a surge of miners into Yukon in 1898 Yukon Gold Rush: a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century. Last Best West: The Canadian West became more appealing because of the end of the depression. The Liberal Government took advantage and encouraged people to come to Canada. Clifford Sifton: Lauriers Minister of the Interior, in charge of immigration. He was a Westerner committed to populating the prairies. He launched a program to lure new comers to prairie homesteads and away from the cities. open-door: Cliford Siftons policy that allowed people from anywhere to immigrate to Canada. push factors: A need to leave ones homeland. pull factors: The lure of opportunity in another country home children: Children who immigrate without their parents or family. Golden Mountain: British Columbia Chinatowns: Isolated towns where Chinese workers lived. Asiatic Exclusion League: Formed by opponents of Asian Immigration. Continuous passage rule: Immigrants were now required to come to Canada via a non-stop, direct route from their country of origin. A direct route from India was impossible. Komagata Maru: The name of a steamer that transported 354 Sikh immigrants to Vancouver, challenging the continuous passage rule. Suffragist: Mainly middle class women devoted to social reform. Prohibition: The reason Womens Christian Temperance Union was founded, for prohibition. Nellie McClung: A suffragist raised in Manitoba. She became a teacher and well-known author. She was an effective speaker and used with and humour to win her audiences. She promoted womens suffrage and prohibition. Royal Commission: Established to figure out the size and location of Native reserves. potlatch: An important Native ceremony that served many social functions; Involves elaborate feasts Nisgaa First Nation: A Native Tribe who after 90 years finally got their rights. Guglielmo Marconi: Received the first wireless telegraph communication from England on Signal Hill in Newfoundland. Sent in Morse code, it was the first message to cross the ocean without wires. Tom Longboat: From the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario, emerged as one of the greatest long distance runners of the era. Ned Hanlan: From Toronto, he rowed his way in over 150 races to become world champion. Pauline Johnson: Daughter of a Mohawk chief and English woman, she wrote poetry. Lucy Maude Montgomery: Widely admired writer, author of Anne of Green Gables. Stephen Leacock: Author of Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a humorous look at Ontario. Robert Service: Wrote poems about the frontier adventures of the Yukon Gold Rush. Emily Carr: Painter who supported her work but drawing cartoons for a weekly Victoria newspaper.