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SOCIETY
UNDERSTANDING ITS FOUNDATIONS AND ITS
COMPLEXITIES
1. CULTURE
• Material• Non-Material
2. NORMS
The Social Behaviors we most commonly expect to
encounter
LEVELS OF NORMS
1) Morés2) Customs3) Folkways
NEGATIVE RESPONSES FOR FAILURE TO CONFORM TO
NORMS
•Sanctions•Stigma
SOCIETIES ARE DIVERSE
Encounters between diverse social groups lead to social
responses that may be positive or negative in their
impact
CULTURE SHOCK
Encountering Behavior so different from the norm it is
difficult to understand or accept
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Analysis in which judgment emerges finding behavior that is acceptable in one
society may not be acceptable in others
ETHNOCENTRIC COMPARISON AND JUDGMENT
Comparing cultures using one’s own culture as the standard for comparison
BLAME ANALYSISA Product of Culture Shock, Relativism and Ethnocentric
Judgment
Blaming Those Who are Visible and Different
All of the Preceding are essential to understanding
the Development of Society, and understanding
processes ofSocialization
SOCIALIZATION
The process(es) of learning to be a member of society;
a social performer
THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
• Lifelong• Complex
• Product of Numerous and Diverse Variables
VARIABLES OF THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
1.INDIVIDUAL2.AGENCY
INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS OF SELF
• Gender• Age• Race
• Ethnicity• Unique Individual
Experience
AGENCY
Structural Forces with Authority and Power
•LAW ENFORCEMENT•FAMILY
•EDUCATION SYSTEM•LAW – GOVERNMENT / DMV•CORPORATE STRUCTURES
•MASS MEDIA•RELIGION
•HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
STRATIFICATION – DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO MEASURABLE
LAYERS
•CLASS
•STATUS
STRATIFICATION AND CLASS
The Measurable Division of Society
Two Primary Questions to Address:
• Why does stratification occur?
• How does stratification occur?
SOCIO-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Slavery
• Caste
• Estate System
• Social Class System
ECONOMICALLY BASEDSOCIAL CLASS
POSITION WITHIN THE SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM IS:
• FLUID• ACHIEVED• ECONOMICALLY BASED• LARGE SCALE AND IMPERSONAL
THE REALITY OF SOCIAL CLASS
CLASS DIVISIONS ARE REAL, ARE POWERFUL IN THEIR SOCIAL IMPACT, AND ARE MEASURED BY:
1. INCOME2. PERSONAL WEALTH
DIVISION BY INCOME
INCOME CHANGE SINCE 1999:
1. WEALTHIEST 1% SAW INCOME RISE AVG. OF 9%
2. BOTTOM 20% SAW INCOME DECLINE 2.5%3. MIDDLE 20% SAW INCOME RISE 1.3%
DIVISION BY INCOME
INCOME GAP SINCE 1999:
1. TOP 20% EARNED 7x THAT OF POOREST 20%
2. WEALTHIEST EXPERIENCING INCOME GROWTH AT DOUBLE THAT OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
DIVISION BY INCOME
1. TOP 1% EARNED 21.2% OF INCOME (1/100 EARNED 1/5 OF INCOME)
2. TOP 10% EARNED 46.44% OF INCOME
3. BOTTOM 50% EARNED 12.83% OF INCOME
DIVISION OF WEALTH
• DATA TAKEN FROM FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD
• CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH AMONG A SMALL NUMBER OF FAMILIES
SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. VERTICAL MOVEMENT IS ANTICIPATED AND EXPECTED
2. INTRAGENERATIONAL3. INTERGENERATIONAL
• MOVEMENT IS BASED ON STRUCTURE AND EXCHANGE
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Conflict Theory – Economically Based; Class System Dominates Based on Control Systems
• Functional Theory – Based on Social Imbalance, beginning with Industrialization
• Symbolic Interaction Theory – Based on and Perpetuated by Perceivable Differences; Weber introduces concept of Status as Mitigator of Power of Social Class