Society.doc

7/27/2019 Society.doc

1/20

Society

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search

For other uses, see Society (disambiguation).AnthropologyDisciplines[show]

Discipline subfields[show]

Research framework[show]

Key theories[show]

Key concepts[show]

Lists[show]

Anthropology portal

v t

e

Sociology

Outline

Theory

History

Positivism

Antipositivism

Functionalism

Conflict theories Middle-range

Mathematical

Critical theory

Socialization

Structure and agency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anthropology_collapsiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_collapsiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Anthropology_collapsible&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNA_segment.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anthropology_collapsiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_collapsiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Anthropology_collapsible&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agency


2/20

Research methods

Quantitative

Qualitative

Historical

Computational

Ethnographic

Network-analytic

Topics

Subfields

Change

Cities

Class

Crime

Culture

Development

Deviance

Demography

Education

Economy

Environment

Family

Gender

Health

Industry

Internet

Knowledge

Law

Literature

Medicine

Mobility Movements

Networks

Organizations

Politics

Race & ethnicity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations


3/20

Religion

Rural

Science

Soc. psychology

Stratification

Technology

Browse

Portal

Sociologists

Journals

Lists

v t

e

A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other throughpersistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or socialterritory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) betweenindividuals who share a distinctiveculture and institutions; a given society may be

described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In thesocial sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/ordominance patterns insubgroups.

Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways thatwould not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social(common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.

A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and valueswithin a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as asubculture, a termused extensively within criminology.

More broadly, a society may be illustrated as an economic, social, orindustrialinfrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. Members of a society maybe from different ethnic groups. A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as theSaxons; a nation state, such as Bhutan; or a broader cultural group, such as a Westernsociety. The wordsociety may also refer to an organizedvoluntary association of peoplefor religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. A"society" may even, though more by means of metaphor, refer to a social organism such
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sociologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sociology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sociologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sociology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organism


4/20

as an ant colony or any cooperative aggregate such as, for example, insome formulationsofartificial intelligence.

Contents

1 Etymology and usage 2 Conceptions of society

o 2.1 In anthropologyo 2.2 In political scienceo 2.3 In sociology

3 Types of societieso 3.1 Pre-industrial societies

3.1.1 Hunting and gathering societies 3.1.2 Pastoral societies 3.1.3 Horticultural societies 3.1.4 Agrarian societies 3.1.5 Feudal societies

o 3.2 Industrial societieso 3.3 Post-industrial societies

4 Contemporary usageo 4.1 Western societyo 4.2 Information societyo 4.3 Knowledge societyo 4.4 Other uses

5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links

Etymology and usage

A half-section of the 12th-century Song Dynasty version ofNight Revels of Han Xizai,original by Gu Hongzhong. The painting portrays servants, musicians, monks, children,guests, and hosts all in a single social environment. It serves as an in-depth look into theChinese social structure of the time.

The term "society" came from the Latin wordsocietas, which in turn was derived fromthe nounsocius ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival formsocialis) used to describe a bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Etymology_and_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Conceptions_of_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_political_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Types_of_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Pre-industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Hunting_and_gathering_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Pastoral_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Horticultural_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Agrarian_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Feudal_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Post-industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Contemporary_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Western_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Knowledge_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Other_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Hongzhonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/societashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Etymology_and_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Conceptions_of_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_political_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#In_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Types_of_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Pre-industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Hunting_and_gathering_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Pastoral_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Horticultural_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Agrarian_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Feudal_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Post-industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Contemporary_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Western_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Knowledge_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Other_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Hongzhonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/societashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade


5/20

or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, theterm can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large",etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in thissense may be deemed to be "antisocial". Adam Smith wrote that a society "may subsistamong different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its utility without

any mutual love or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other."[1]

Used in the sense of an association, a society is a body of individuals outlined by thebounds of functional interdependence, possibly comprising characteristics such asnational orcultural identity, social solidarity,language, orhierarchical structure.

Conceptions of society

Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as anautonomous unit. The Great apes have always been more (Bonobo,Homo,Pan) or less(Gorilla,Pongo) social animals, so Robinson Crusoe-like situations are either fictions or

unusual corner casesto the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall betweenpresocialand eusocial in the spectrum ofanimal ethology.

In anthropology

Human societies are most often organized according to their primary means ofsubsistence. Social scientists have identified hunter-gatherersocieties, nomadicpastoralsocieties, horticulturalist or simple farming societies, andintensive agriculturalsocieties,also called civilizations. Some considerindustrial andpost-industrial societies to bequalitatively different from traditional agricultural societies.

Today, anthropologists and many social scientists vigorously oppose the notion ofcultural evolution and rigid "stages" such as these. In fact, much anthropological data hassuggested that complexity (civilization, population growth and density, specialization,etc.) does not always take the form of hierarchical social organization or stratification.[citation needed]

Cultural relativismas a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of"primitive", better/worse, or "progress" in relation to cultures (including their materialculture/technology and social organization).

According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier, one critical novelty in human society, in

contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives (chimpanzees and bonobo), is theparental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearestrelatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable.[2][3]

In political science

Societies may also be structuredpolitically. In order of increasing size and complexity,there arebands, tribes,chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_apeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presocialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presocialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate#Social_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Godelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Godelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_apeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presocialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate#Social_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Godelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)


6/20

degrees ofpolitical power, depending on thecultural,geographical, andhistoricalenvironments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society withthe same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive thanone in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that isunable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be

subsumed into the culture of the competing society.

In sociology

The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise bepossible on an individual basis. Both individual and social (common) goals can thus bedistinguished and considered. Ant (formicidae) social ethology.

Canis lupus social ethology

SociologistGerhard Lenski differentiates societies based on their level of technology,communication, and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3)advanced agricultural, (4) industrial, and (5) special (e.g. fishing societies or maritimesocieties).[4] This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H.

Fried, a conflict theorist, and Elman Service, an integration theorist, who have produced asystem of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution ofsocial inequality and the role of the state. This system of classification contains fourcategories:

Hunter-gathererbands (categorization of duties and responsibilities). Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances ofsocial rankand

prestige.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Lenskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elman_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ants%27_Social_Ethology.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ants%27_Social_Ethology.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Lenskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elman_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rank


7/20

Stratified structures led by chieftains. Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional

governments.

In addition to this there are:

Humanity, mankind, upon which rest all the elements of society, includingsociety's beliefs.

Virtual society, a society based on online identity, which is evolving in theinformation age.

Over time, some cultures have progressed toward more complex forms oforganizationand control. This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community.Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages.Villages grew to become towns and cities. Cities turned into city-states and nation-states.[5]

Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group ofpeople. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestigeaccrues to the generous individual or group. Conversely, members of a society may alsoshun orscapegoat members of the society who violate its norms. Mechanisms such asgift-giving,joking relationships and scapegoating, which may be seen in various types ofhuman groupings, tend to be institutionalizedwithin a society. Social evolution as aphenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population itserves.

Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or

group performs an admired or desired action. This type ofrecognition is bestowed in theform of a name, title, manner of dress, or monetary reward. In many societies, adult maleor female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic action in theinterests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies. The phenomena ofcommunity action, shunning, scapegoating, generosity, shared risk, and reward arecommon to many forms of society.

Types of societies

Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies, the ways thathumans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have

established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classifydifferent societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society haveunequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societieshave developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process ofsocial stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth,prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies in three broad categories:pre-industrial,industrial, andpostindustrial.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_humanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joking_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joking_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subsistence_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postindustrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_humanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joking_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subsistence_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postindustrial


8/20

Pre-industrial societies

Main article: Pre-industrial society

In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of

human and animal labor, is the main economic activity. These societies can besubdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food.These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, andfeudal.

Hunting and gathering societies

Main article: Hunter-gatherer society

Starting fire by hand. Bushmen in Botswana.

The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plantsand the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search offood. As a result, they do not build permanentvillages or create a wide variety ofartifacts, and usually only form small groups such asbands and tribes. However, some

hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as the Tlingit)lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such aschiefdoms. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies. They generallyconsist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Statuses within the tribe arerelatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bindthe tribe are more complex than those of the bands. Leadershipis personalcharismaticand used for special purposes only in tribal society. There are no political officescontaining real power, and a chiefis merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser;therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The familyforms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth ormarriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions,

includingproduction and education.

Pastoral societies

Main article: Pastoral society

Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching forfood on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production,_costs,_and_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BushmenSan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BushmenSan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production,_costs,_and_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism


9/20

meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from onepasture to another. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies cansupport larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed toproduce food. As a result, the division of labor (the specialization by individuals orgroups in the performance of specific economic activities) becomes more complex. For

example, some people become craftworkers, producingtools, weapons, andjewelry. Theproduction of goods encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as somefamilies acquire more goods than others do. These families often gain power throughtheir increased wealth. The passing on of property from one generation to another helpsto centralize wealth and power. Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships, the typicalform ofgovernment in pastoral societies.

Horticultural societies

Main article: Horticulturalist society

Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle orforest provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have alevel oftechnology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticulturalgroups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut andburned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Horticulturists use human labor and simple toolsto cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren,horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. Theymay return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotatingtheir garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. Thisallows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village'spopulation depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range

from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor.Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople,shamans (religiousleaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety ofartifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth andpower within horticultural political systems are developed because of the settled nature ofhorticultural life.

Agrarian societies

Main article: Agrarian society
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturalist_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Les_tres_riches_heures_-_March.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturalist_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_society


10/20

Ploughing with oxen in the 15th century.

Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a largearea. Sociologists use the phraseAgricultural Revolution to refer to the technologicalchanges that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising

farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earliercommunities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centersof trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religiousleaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment.

Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies. For example,women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally withmen. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men.However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food forthe family, they increasingly became subordinate to men. As villages and townsexpanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred.

Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion byenemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organizedwarriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extractgoods from lesser members of society.

Cleric, knight and Peasant; an example of feudal societies

Feudal societies

Main article: Feudal society

Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers,

vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange formilitary protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts,homage, and other services to the landowner. The estates of the realm system offeudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated theirlord's land for generations.

Industrial societies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_revolution_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_revolution_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Les_tres_riches_heures_-_March.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_revolution_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm


11/20

Main article: Industrial societies

Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began toreplace feudalism. Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market, in whichthe means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas

served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreignmetals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies.

Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production ofgoods. This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency ofproduction of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Nowthe surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This largersurplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution tobecome even more pronounced.

Once again, the population boomed. Increased productivity made more goods available to

everyone. However, inequality became even greater than before. The breakup ofagricultural-based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seekemployment in cities. This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty oflaborers who could be hired for extremely low wages.

Post-industrial societies

Main article: Post-industrial society

Postindustrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and hightechnology more than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies are now

seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production.The U.S. is the first country to have over half of its work force employed in serviceindustries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law,banking, and so on. It is still too early to identify and understand all the ramifications thisnew kind of society will have for social life. In fact, even the phrase "postindustrial"belies the fact that we don't yet quite know what will follow industrial societies or theforms they will take.

Contemporary usage

The term "society" is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific

connotations as well as a variety of associations.

Western society

Main article: Western world

The development of the Western worldhas brought with it the emerging concepts ofWestern culture, politics, and ideas, often referred to simply as "Western society.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture


12/20

Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, NorthAmerica, Australia, and New Zealand. It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe, SouthAmerica, and Israel.

The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe. They all enjoy

relatively strong economies and stable governments, allow freedom of religion, havechosen democracy as a form of governance, favor capitalism and international trade, areheavily influenced by Judeo-Christian values, and have some form of political andmilitary alliance or cooperation.[6]

Information society

World Summit on the Information Society, GenevaMain article: Information society

Although the concept ofinformation society has been under discussion since the 1930s,in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which informationtechnologies have impacted society and culture. It therefore covers the effects ofcomputers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government,and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social formsin cyberspace.[7]

One of the European Union's areas of interest is the information society. Here policies aredirected towards promoting an open and competitive digital economy, research intoinformation and communication technologies, as well as their application to improvesocial inclusion,public services, and quality of life.[8]

The International Telecommunications Union'sWorld Summit on the InformationSociety in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy andapplication areas where action is required.[9] These include:

promotion of ICTs for development; information and communication infrastructure; access to information and knowledge; capacity building; building confidence and security in the use of ICTs; enabling environment;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ONU_Geneva_mainroom.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ONU_Geneva_mainroom.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-9


13/20

ICT applications in the areas of government, business, learning, health,employment, environment, agriculture and science;

cultural and linguistic diversity and local content; media; ethical dimensions of the information society; and

international and regional cooperation.

Knowledge society

Main article: Knowledge society

The Seoul Cyworld control room

As access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21stcentury, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledgesociety. An analysis by the Irish government stated, "The capacity to manipulate, storeand transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rateover recent years. The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of theInternet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic

activity, to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth.As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and betterknowledge."[10]

The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, held inChania,Crete, inSeptember 2009, gave special attention to the following topics:[11]

business and enterprise computing; technology-enhanced learning; social and humanistic computing; culture, tourism and technology;

e-government and e-democracy; innovation, sustainable development, and strategic management; service science, management, and engineering; intellectual and human capitaldevelopment; ICTs for ecology and the green economy; future prospects for the knowledge society; and technologies and business models for the creative industries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyworldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology-Enhanced_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Science,_Management_and_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seoul-Cyworld_control_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seoul-Cyworld_control_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyworldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology-Enhanced_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Science,_Management_and_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_industries


14/20

Other uses

Scheme of sustainable development:

at the confluence of three constituent parts. (2006)

People of many nations united by common political and cultural traditions, beliefs, orvalues are sometimes also said to form a society (such as Judeo-Christian, Eastern, andWestern). When used in this context, the term is employed as a means of contrasting twoor more "societies" whose members represent alternative conflicting and competingworldviews.

Some academic, professional, and scientificassociations describe themselves associeties(for example, the American Mathematical Society, the American Society of CivilEngineers, or the Royal Society).

In some countries, e.g. the United States, France, and Latin America, the term "society' isused in commerceto denote a partnership between investorsor the start of abusiness. Inthe United Kingdom, partnerships are not called societies, butco-operativesormutualsare often known as societies (such as friendly societies andbuilding societies).

See also

Society portal

Book: Society

Outline of society Civil society Community (outline) Culture (outline) High society Mass society Open society

Secret societies Sociobiology Social actions Social capital Social cohesion Societal collapse Social contract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_actionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_actionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract


15/20

Professional society Religion (outline)

Scientific society

Social order Social disintegration Social solidarity Social structure

Structure and agency

Notes

1. Jump up ^ Briggs, Asa (2000, 2nd Edition). The Age of Improvement.Longman. p. 9. ISBN0-582-36959-2.

2. Jump up ^ Maurice Godelier, Mtamorphoses de la parent, 20043. Jump up ^ "New Left Review - Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship".

Retrieved 2007-07-24.4. Jump up ^ Lenski, G. 1974.Human Societies: An Introduction to

Macrosociology.

5. Jump up ^ Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations.6. Jump up ^ John P McKay, Bennett D Hill, John Buckler, Clare Haru

Crowston and Merry E Wiesner-Hanks: Western Society: A Brief History.Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

7. Jump up ^ The Information Society. Indiana University.Retrieved 20October 2009.

8. Jump up ^ Information Society Policies at a Glance. From Europa.eu.Retrieved 20 October 2009.

9. Jump up ^ WSIS Implementation by Action Line. From ITU.int.Retrieved 20 October 2009.

10. Jump up ^ Building the Knowledge Society. Report to Government,December 2002. Information Society Commission, Ireland. Retrieved 20 October2009.

11. Jump up ^ Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society. Retrieved20 October 2009.

Further reading

Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa CommunityCollege.

Jenkins, R. 2002.Foundations of Sociology. London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN

0-333-96050-5. Lenski, G. 1974.Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. New

York: McGraw- Hill, Inc. Raymond Williams, "www.flpmihai.blogspot.com", in: Williams, Key Words: A

Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana, 1976.

External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_disintegrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36959-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36959-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Godelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-3http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-5http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-6http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-7http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-8http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-9http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-10http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdfhttp://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdfhttp://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-11http://www.open-knowledge-society.org/summit.htmhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333960505http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333960505http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_disintegrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36959-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Godelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-3http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-5http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-6http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-7http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-8http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-9http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-10http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdfhttp://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society#cite_ref-11http://www.open-knowledge-society.org/summit.htmhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333960505http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333960505


16/20

Look upSocietyin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toSociety.

Society at the Open Directory Project Definition of Society from the OED. Lecture notes on "Defining Society" from East Carolina University. Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of

Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin whenand where it did."

BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Livingby Clark Nardinelli - the debate

over whether standards of living rose or fell.

Cliff Notes on Types of Societies Perceptions of Knowledge, Knowledge Society, and Knowledge Management [1]

[show]

v

t

e

Humanities[show]

v

t

e

Social and politicalphilosophy

Categories: Anthropology Anthropological categories of peoples

Clubs and societies Cultural history Economic anthropology Political philosophy Society Sociological terminology Types of organization
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Societyhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Societyhttp://www.dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Projecthttp://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://core.ecu.edu/soci/juskaa/SOCI2110/Lectures/Lect1http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.htmlhttp://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtmlhttp://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Types-of-Societies.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26856.htmlhttp://www.knowledge-experts.com/knowledgemanagement.htmhttp://www.secretgreenoffers.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Humanities&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_and_political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_and_political_philosophy&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropological_categories_of_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_organizationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Societyhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Societyhttp://www.dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Projecthttp://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://core.ecu.edu/soci/juskaa/SOCI2110/Lectures/Lect1http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.htmlhttp://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtmlhttp://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Types-of-Societies.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26856.htmlhttp://www.knowledge-experts.com/knowledgemanagement.htmhttp://www.secretgreenoffers.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Humanities&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_and_political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_and_political_philosophy&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropological_categories_of_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_organization


17/20


18/20

() Bosanski

Brezhoneg Catal Cebuano esky ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espaol Esperanto Estremeu Euskara Fiji Hindi Franais Galego

Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua slenska Italiano Basa Jawa

- Kiswahili Kreyl ayisyen Kurd
http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D2%93%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D2%93%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D2%93%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BEhttp://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvohttp://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevredigezhhttp://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societathttp://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katilingbanhttp://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Dnosthttp://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitahttp://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithashttp://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfundhttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_(Soziologie)http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chiskondhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedadhttp://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociohttp://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socied%C3%A1http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizartehttp://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(sociologie)http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedadehttp://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8Chttp://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8Chttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9Chttp://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9Chttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvohttp://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociohttp://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AEgb%C3%A0http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagimonganhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakathttp://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societatehttp://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0f%C3%A9laghttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_(sociologia)http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakathttp://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9Chttp://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9Chttp://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiihttp://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyetehttp://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civakhttp://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BChttp://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D2%93%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BEhttp://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvohttp://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevredigezhhttp://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societathttp://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katilingbanhttp://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Dnosthttp://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitahttp://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithashttp://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfundhttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_(Soziologie)http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chiskondhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedadhttp://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociohttp://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socied%C3%A1http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizartehttp://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(sociologie)http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedadehttp://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8Chttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9Chttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvohttp://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociohttp://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AEgb%C3%A0http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagimonganhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakathttp://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societatehttp://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0f%C3%A9laghttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_(sociologia)http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakathttp://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9Chttp://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiihttp://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyetehttp://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civakhttp://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC


19/20


20/20

Ting Vit Vro Winaray Yorb emaitka Edit links

This page was last modified on 21 October 2013 at 23:26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of UseandPrivacy Policy.

Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view
http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BEhttp://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AChttp://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99ihttp://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctiskundhttp://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiringbanhttp://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_(%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2)http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_(%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2)http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_(%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2)http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8Dhttp://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97suomen%C4%97http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9Ahttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9Ahttp://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8425#sitelinks-wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttps://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contributehttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://www.mediawiki.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BEhttp://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99ihttp://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctiskundhttp://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiringbanhttp://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_(%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2)http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8Dhttp://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97suomen%C4%97http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9Ahttp://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8425#sitelinks-wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttps://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contributehttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ayaz-saair
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Society.doc

Documents