SocinianismSocinianism = Unitarianism = UnitarianismSocinianism (named after the Italian theologian Laelius Socinianism (named after the Italian theologian Laelius Socinus) took hold in Poland until it was rejected by the Socinus) took hold in Poland until it was rejected by the

Catholic Church. For a time, it was widely believed that it Catholic Church. For a time, it was widely believed that it would be the main theological view in Europe.would be the main theological view in Europe.

The views of the Socinians:The views of the Socinians:

They rejected orthodox teachings on the Trinity (They were They rejected orthodox teachings on the Trinity (They were “Unitarians”)“Unitarians”) They rejected the divinity of Jesus.They rejected the divinity of Jesus. They believed that God's omniscience was limited in They believed that God's omniscience was limited in regards to the future to what would definitely happen and not regards to the future to what would definitely happen and not what might happen (“contingent truth”). what might happen (“contingent truth”). They taught that if God knew every possible future event, They taught that if God knew every possible future event, human free will was impossible.human free will was impossible.

Robert Bruce, King of Scots (1274-1329)Robert Bruce, King of Scots (1274-1329)

In the 13th and 14th Centuries England and In the 13th and 14th Centuries England and Scotland fought, and Scotland won its Scotland fought, and Scotland won its

independence under independence under Robert Bruce Robert Bruce and and became closely aligned with France. became closely aligned with France.

Patrick HamiltonPatrick Hamilton (1504-1528) - The initials “P H” on the (1504-1528) - The initials “P H” on the spot where he was martyred in front of St. Salvador’s spot where he was martyred in front of St. Salvador’s

Church in ScotlandChurch in Scotland..

Luther’s early reform movements found adherents in Scotland Luther’s early reform movements found adherents in Scotland through the preaching of through the preaching of Patrick Hamilton Patrick Hamilton and the spread and the spread of of Tyndales’ New Testament Tyndales’ New Testament in English. He was tried and in English. He was tried and

burned at the stake. His final words were, “Lord Jesus, burned at the stake. His final words were, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit”. receive my spirit”.

Patrick HamiltonPatrick Hamilton

After Patrick Hamilton was burned at the stake, After Patrick Hamilton was burned at the stake, it was said his face appeared in the brick on it was said his face appeared in the brick on

the very spot of his execution.the very spot of his execution.

Queen Mary I, a.k.a. “Bloody Mary” (1516-1558)Queen Mary I, a.k.a. “Bloody Mary” (1516-1558)

However in 1553, Scotland returned to the Catholic However in 1553, Scotland returned to the Catholic faith under faith under Mary I (Tudor),Mary I (Tudor), the daughter of Henry the daughter of Henry the VIII. She is named “Bloody Mary” for having the VIII. She is named “Bloody Mary” for having

almost 300 religious dissenters killedalmost 300 religious dissenters killed

John Knox (c.1514-1572)John Knox (c.1514-1572)

““Bloody Mary”. persecuted Protestants and many fled to the Bloody Mary”. persecuted Protestants and many fled to the continent, including continent, including John Knox. John Knox. Knox attended Calvin’s Knox attended Calvin’s

pastor’s school in Geneva in 1554 and was a pastor there in pastor’s school in Geneva in 1554 and was a pastor there in 1555. By 1559 Knox returned to Scotland where civil war 1555. By 1559 Knox returned to Scotland where civil war

had broken out. In 1560 Calvinism won out and had broken out. In 1560 Calvinism won out and Knox Knox prepared Articles of Religion which abolished the prepared Articles of Religion which abolished the Roman Church in Scotland and established the Roman Church in Scotland and established the

Reformed Faith by legislative decreeReformed Faith by legislative decree. .

Sculpture of John Knox on the “Reformer’s Wall” in Sculpture of John Knox on the “Reformer’s Wall” in Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland

KnoxKnox went further than John Calvin in went further than John Calvin in advocating civil disobedience and active advocating civil disobedience and active resistance against civil authorities who resistance against civil authorities who

repressed freedom of religion.repressed freedom of religion.

Mary I a.k.a Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542-1587)Mary I a.k.a Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542-1587)

When When Mary StuartMary Stuart returned to the throne of Scotland returned to the throne of Scotland in 1561, Knox continued to lead Calvinism as the in 1561, Knox continued to lead Calvinism as the

State religion even though Mary was a devout State religion even though Mary was a devout Catholic. Knox never won her over, but Calvinism Catholic. Knox never won her over, but Calvinism

thrived. thrived.

King James I of England (1566-1625)King James I of England (1566-1625)

Mary Stuart’s son would become Mary Stuart’s son would become James IJames I of England. Scotland of England. Scotland became the most strongly Calvinistic country in the world, became the most strongly Calvinistic country in the world, and Scottish Presbyterians would later migrate to America and Scottish Presbyterians would later migrate to America

and start the Presbyterian movement there.and start the Presbyterian movement there.

Belfast, Ireland todayBelfast, Ireland today

The city of The city of Belfast Belfast in Ulster county became the seat in Ulster county became the seat of Protestantism in Ireland. It was from this group of Protestantism in Ireland. It was from this group

that many migrated to America in the middle 1700’s.that many migrated to America in the middle 1700’s.

William of Orange (1650-1702)William of Orange (1650-1702)

The Dutch eventually won their battle for freedom The Dutch eventually won their battle for freedom from Spain under such leaders as from Spain under such leaders as William of William of

Orange Orange and with the aid of England, which defeated and with the aid of England, which defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Jacob Arminius Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) (1559-1609)

But it was in Holland that the Reformed faith would But it was in Holland that the Reformed faith would face its first major doctrinal opposition in the form offace its first major doctrinal opposition in the form of Jacob Arminius Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) who attempted to (1559-1609) who attempted to modify Calvinism.modify Calvinism.

Jacob Arminius Jacob Arminius (1559-1609)(1559-1609)

Arminius argued that:Arminius argued that: • • God’s grace enabled man to initiate salvation by God’s grace enabled man to initiate salvation by

cooperating with God by faith. (He elevated man’s cooperating with God by faith. (He elevated man’s part.)part.)

• • the foreknowledge of God was the basis of double the foreknowledge of God was the basis of double predestination.predestination.

• • Christ died for all but his death was only efficient Christ died for all but his death was only efficient for the elect.for the elect.

• • man could resist God’s grace.man could resist God’s grace. • • man could lose his salvation.man could lose his salvation.

Hugo GrotiusHugo Grotius (1583-1645) (1583-1645)

Supporters of Arminius such as Supporters of Arminius such as Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius drew up his theological ideas in the drew up his theological ideas in the

Remonstrance of 1610. Remonstrance of 1610.

Assertions of the moderate Calvinistic Assertions of the moderate Calvinistic position:position:

• • the dual truths of God’s electing grace and man’s the dual truths of God’s electing grace and man’s free will to exercise faith.free will to exercise faith.

• • the unlimited atonement accomplished by Christ’s the unlimited atonement accomplished by Christ’s death.death.

• • the total depravity of man and his inability to save the total depravity of man and his inability to save himself.himself.

• • the irresistible grace of God, but not so as to the irresistible grace of God, but not so as to overpower a man’s will who must still exercise faith overpower a man’s will who must still exercise faith to be saved.to be saved.

• • the perseverance of the saints (can’t lose your the perseverance of the saints (can’t lose your salvation).salvation).

R.O.S.E.S.R.O.S.E.S.

R = Radical depravityR = Radical depravity O = Overcoming graceO = Overcoming grace S = Sovereign grace S = Sovereign grace E = Eternal lifeE = Eternal life S = Singular redemptionS = Singular redemption

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

The The Anabaptist Anabaptist (“Baptize again”) movement in (“Baptize again”) movement in Switzerland was at first allied with Switzerland was at first allied with Zwingli’s Zwingli’s movement because he supported believer’s baptism movement because he supported believer’s baptism after faith and confession of Christ. after faith and confession of Christ. Zwingli Zwingli had felt had felt his movement needed the support of civil authorities his movement needed the support of civil authorities who favored infant baptism and so he agreedto who favored infant baptism and so he agreedto promote it but not for salvation purposes. promote it but not for salvation purposes.

Amish (“plain people”)Amish (“plain people”)

The Swiss Brethren in Zurich came out of the Grebel The Swiss Brethren in Zurich came out of the Grebel Manz movement and is that to which the Manz movement and is that to which the Amish Amish in in

Pennsylvania trace their heritage.Pennsylvania trace their heritage.

Menno Simons (1496-1561) Menno Simons (1496-1561)

The Mennonites (Brethren)The Mennonites (Brethren) in Holland and Northern in Holland and Northern Germany were founded by Germany were founded by Menno SimonsMenno Simons (1496-1561) a (1496-1561) a

refugee from the Anabaptists who favored a pacifist position refugee from the Anabaptists who favored a pacifist position in opposition to civil disorder and rebellions of the “Munster” in opposition to civil disorder and rebellions of the “Munster” variety. The Mennonites were granted religious freedom invariety. The Mennonites were granted religious freedom in

1676.1676.

Jacob HutterJacob Hutter (1500-1536) (1500-1536)

The HutteritesThe Hutterites practiced a communal form of agrarian practiced a communal form of agrarian (“natural”) New Testament living in Moravia under (“natural”) New Testament living in Moravia under

the leadership of the leadership of Jacob HutterJacob Hutter..

The Anabaptists greatest contributions:The Anabaptists greatest contributions:

determining doctrine and Church practice determining doctrine and Church practice based on the standard of the Scriptures.based on the standard of the Scriptures.

requiring baptism of adults.requiring baptism of adults.

insisting on the total separation of Church insisting on the total separation of Church and State.and State.

demanding a lifestyle of discipleship to demanding a lifestyle of discipleship to balance doctrine and formal worship.balance doctrine and formal worship.

Anabaptist contributions (continued)Anabaptist contributions (continued)

practicing love (which for some led to practicing love (which for some led to pacifism and communal living).pacifism and communal living).

a congregational view of Church government a congregational view of Church government with the members making decisions.with the members making decisions.

freedom to decide personally what to believe freedom to decide personally what to believe and to join with others of like faith.and to join with others of like faith.

Table DiscussionTable Discussion

What is our role as citizens in a free What is our role as citizens in a free country to help fellow believers who are country to help fellow believers who are being persecuted around the world?being persecuted around the world?

What are some ideas to help them?What are some ideas to help them?

Henry VIII (1491-1547) Henry VIII (1491-1547)

The Anglican Reform under The Anglican Reform under Henry VIIIHenry VIII was a struggle was a struggle for supremacy between the King of England and the for supremacy between the King of England and the

Pope, out of which came the Church of England. Pope, out of which came the Church of England. This was primarily a political reformation.This was primarily a political reformation.

Location of “The Battle of Hastings” in EnglandLocation of “The Battle of Hastings” in England

England had been exposed to Christianity at an early date England had been exposed to Christianity at an early date but by 664 A.D. Roman Catholicism was dominant. but by 664 A.D. Roman Catholicism was dominant.

Beginning in 1066 A.D. when William of Normandy defeated Beginning in 1066 A.D. when William of Normandy defeated King Harold at King Harold at the Battle of Hastingsthe Battle of Hastings, the defiant attitude of , the defiant attitude of

English Kings toward the Pope was clearly established.English Kings toward the Pope was clearly established.

The Latin VulgateThe Latin Vulgate

The Reform movement was also aided by English translations The Reform movement was also aided by English translations of the Bible which put the Scriptures into the hands of the of the Bible which put the Scriptures into the hands of the common people who could now see for themselves that common people who could now see for themselves that

where the where the Latin Catholic Bible (“Vulgate”)Latin Catholic Bible (“Vulgate”) had “do had “do penance”, the accurate translation of the Greek word was penance”, the accurate translation of the Greek word was

“repent”. “repent”.

William Tyndale (1494-1536)William Tyndale (1494-1536)

In 1525 In 1525 William Tyndale William Tyndale published a printed published a printed English translation of the New Testament, English translation of the New Testament, and thousands of copies were available. and thousands of copies were available.

Myles Coverdale (1488-1568)Myles Coverdale (1488-1568)

By 1535 By 1535 Miles Coverdale Miles Coverdale completed Tyndale’s work completed Tyndale’s work and published the first complete printed English and published the first complete printed English

Bible (Old Testament and New Testament). Bible (Old Testament and New Testament).

Title page of “The Great Bible”Title page of “The Great Bible”

Henry VIII authorized Coverdale to produce the Henry VIII authorized Coverdale to produce the “Great Bible”“Great Bible” in 1539 which was used throughout the nation. in 1539 which was used throughout the nation.

The three major changes which came out of The three major changes which came out of this early Anglican reform:this early Anglican reform:

1. the denunciation of monasticism.1. the denunciation of monasticism.

2. the break with papal authority.2. the break with papal authority.

3. the use of the English Bible in England’s 3. the use of the English Bible in England’s churches.churches.

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

Henry had been granted a dispensation in 1503 by Henry had been granted a dispensation in 1503 by Pope Julius II to marry his dead brother Arthur’s Pope Julius II to marry his dead brother Arthur’s

widow, widow, Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon. This was a political . This was a political alliance/marriage with Spain. alliance/marriage with Spain.

Mary Tudor – a.k.a. Mary I of England (1516-1558)Mary Tudor – a.k.a. Mary I of England (1516-1558)

Catherine and Henry only had one child – a girl named Catherine and Henry only had one child – a girl named Mary Mary TudorTudor. As time wore on Henry became concerned that he . As time wore on Henry became concerned that he

would have no male heir by Catherine and that God might be would have no male heir by Catherine and that God might be punishing him for violating punishing him for violating Lev. 20:21Lev. 20:21! (Leviticus 20:21, “If a ! (Leviticus 20:21, “If a man marries his brother’s wife, it is an act of impurity; he has man marries his brother’s wife, it is an act of impurity; he has

dishonored his brother. They will be childless.”)dishonored his brother. They will be childless.”)

Anne Boleyn (ca. 1501/1507-1536)Anne Boleyn (ca. 1501/1507-1536)

In the meantime Henry had fallen in love with In the meantime Henry had fallen in love with the beautiful the beautiful Anne Boleyn.Anne Boleyn.

Cardinal Wolsey (ca. 1471/1475-1530)Cardinal Wolsey (ca. 1471/1475-1530)

Henry VII ordered Henry VII ordered Cardinal WolseyCardinal Wolsey to secure to secure another dispensation from Pope Clement VII another dispensation from Pope Clement VII

to divorce Catherine. to divorce Catherine.

Charles V (1500-1558)Charles V (1500-1558)

The Pope refused to do so because of the influence of The Pope refused to do so because of the influence of Charles VCharles V (Catherine’s father) who was both King (Catherine’s father) who was both King

of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor.

Henry VIII then took steps to rid himself of the Pope in Henry VIII then took steps to rid himself of the Pope in Rome and secure his divorce through the English Rome and secure his divorce through the English

clergy.clergy.

Henry:Henry:

appointed Thomas Cromwell chief minister.appointed Thomas Cromwell chief minister.

selected Thomas Cranmer in 1532 as Archbishop of selected Thomas Cranmer in 1532 as Archbishop of Canterbury.Canterbury.

in 1531 moved to make the English clergy answer in 1531 moved to make the English clergy answer to him rather than the Pope by enforcing old laws to him rather than the Pope by enforcing old laws penalizing and fining clergy for recognizing any of penalizing and fining clergy for recognizing any of the Pope’s appointments without the King’s the Pope’s appointments without the King’s consent.consent.

Henry’s steps to rid himself of Rome’s control Henry’s steps to rid himself of Rome’s control (continued)(continued)

Henry:Henry:

in 1532 called a Church Congress and by way of the Roman in 1532 called a Church Congress and by way of the Roman Church in England through the submission of the clergy had Church in England through the submission of the clergy had himself recognized as head of the clergy in England.himself recognized as head of the clergy in England.

had Thomas Cranmer declare his marriage to Catherine had Thomas Cranmer declare his marriage to Catherine invalid in 1533 and then married Anne Boleyn.invalid in 1533 and then married Anne Boleyn.

by the Act of Supremacy of 1534 was declared head of the by the Act of Supremacy of 1534 was declared head of the Church in England, and all Englishmen were required to Church in England, and all Englishmen were required to renounce papal authority.renounce papal authority.

Edward VI (1537-1553)Edward VI (1537-1553)

Henry only had one son, Henry only had one son, Edward VIEdward VI (from Jane Seymor). He (from Jane Seymor). He was a protestant, and was crowned king at nine years old. was a protestant, and was crowned king at nine years old.

Edward VI died at the age of 15. His last words were said to Edward VI died at the age of 15. His last words were said to have been: "Oh my Lord God, defend this realm from have been: "Oh my Lord God, defend this realm from

papistry and maintain Thy true religion." papistry and maintain Thy true religion."

Edward Seymour, 1Edward Seymour, 1stst Duke of Somerset (ca. 1506-1552) Duke of Somerset (ca. 1506-1552)

Under Edward VI England moved toward theological reform. Under Edward VI England moved toward theological reform. Edward was nine years old when he became King and was Edward was nine years old when he became King and was influenced by the Protestant influenced by the Protestant Duke of SomersetDuke of Somerset (brother of (brother of

Jane Seymour) who was appointed his regent.Jane Seymour) who was appointed his regent.

Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayers (1549)Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayers (1549)

Mary Tudor, a.k.a Mary I, a.k.a. “Bloody Mary” Mary Tudor, a.k.a Mary I, a.k.a. “Bloody Mary” (1516-1558)(1516-1558)

When When Mary TudorMary Tudor, the daughter of Henry the VIII and , the daughter of Henry the VIII and Catherine, came to the throne she re-established Catherine, came to the throne she re-established Roman Catholicism in England for a short time. Roman Catholicism in England for a short time.

John Foxe, author of “Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (1517-1587)John Foxe, author of “Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (1517-1587)

The persecutions under “Bloody Mary” were recounted in The persecutions under “Bloody Mary” were recounted in Foxe’s Book of MartyrsFoxe’s Book of Martyrs in 1563 and aroused a lot of in 1563 and aroused a lot of

support for the Protestant cause of reform. Mary was never support for the Protestant cause of reform. Mary was never popular with the English people because of her extreme popular with the English people because of her extreme

actions. actions.

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

The last Tudor ruler came to the throne in 1558 as The last Tudor ruler came to the throne in 1558 as Elizabeth, Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry the VIII by Anne the daughter of Henry the VIII by Anne

Boleyn. The Pope had refused to legitimize Henry’s Boleyn. The Pope had refused to legitimize Henry’s marriage to Anne, so it was clear that Elizabeth marriage to Anne, so it was clear that Elizabeth

would be anti-Rome.would be anti-Rome.

Bishop John Hooper (? -1555)Bishop John Hooper (? -1555)

Elizabeth had been trained by the Calvinistic Elizabeth had been trained by the Calvinistic Bishop Bishop HooperHooper and took a slow road to reform. She tried to and took a slow road to reform. She tried to avoid the extremes of both sides. avoid the extremes of both sides. (NOTE: Bishop (NOTE: Bishop

Hooper is in “Foxe’s Book of Martyr” as he was Hooper is in “Foxe’s Book of Martyr” as he was burned at the stake under Mary I.)burned at the stake under Mary I.)

““The Elizabethan Reform”The Elizabethan Reform”

The key reform developments under Elizabeth The key reform developments under Elizabeth were:were:

1. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 which declared 1. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 which declared the Queen the “Supreme governor” in spiritual and the Queen the “Supreme governor” in spiritual and temporal matters.temporal matters.

2. The Book of Common Prayer (Protestant) of 2. The Book of Common Prayer (Protestant) of 1552 was adopted with minor changes.1552 was adopted with minor changes.

3. The Forty-two Articles were revised by omission 3. The Forty-two Articles were revised by omission to Thirty-five Articles which became the official to Thirty-five Articles which became the official Creed of the Anglican Church in 1563, and all clergy Creed of the Anglican Church in 1563, and all clergy were required to affirm it.were required to affirm it.

““The Elizabethan Reform” (cont.)The Elizabethan Reform” (cont.)

4. In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, 4. In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, who retaliated by having executed 125 Catholic who retaliated by having executed 125 Catholic Jesuits who planned to re-Catholicize England.Jesuits who planned to re-Catholicize England.

5. The Pope secured the help of King Philip of 5. The Pope secured the help of King Philip of Spain to re-take England for the Pope. But Philip’s Spain to re-take England for the Pope. But Philip’s Spanish Armada was soundly defeated by the Spanish Armada was soundly defeated by the English in 1588.English in 1588.

6. The Anglican Church was officially adopted as 6. The Anglican Church was officially adopted as the State Church of England.the State Church of England.

7. Ireland continued to be a problem, for it was still 7. Ireland continued to be a problem, for it was still staunchly Catholic.staunchly Catholic.

Survey of Church HistorySurvey of Church History

The 12 periods of Church History are:The 12 periods of Church History are: 1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D.1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D. 2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.

Early Apostolic 33 -70 A.D.Early Apostolic 33 -70 A.D. ••Late Apostolic 70-100 A.D.Late Apostolic 70-100 A.D.

3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D.3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D. 4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D.4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D. 5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D.5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D. 6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D.6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D. 7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D.7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D. 8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D.8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D. 9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D.9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D. 10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D.10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D. 11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D.11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D. 12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present

Thomas Cartwright (1535-1603)Thomas Cartwright (1535-1603)

Presbyterian Puritans Presbyterian Puritans led by Thomas Cartwright led by Thomas Cartwright wanted to change the Anglican Church from its wanted to change the Anglican Church from its “episcopal” form of government to a Presbyterian “episcopal” form of government to a Presbyterian (Calvinistic) form.(Calvinistic) form.

Cambridge University todayCambridge University today

Cambridge UniversityCambridge University became the center of the became the center of the Puritan movement which changed the Protestant Puritan movement which changed the Protestant Reformation in England from a political movement Reformation in England from a political movement

to severe to severe theological reformtheological reform. Congregational . Congregational Puritanism and Presbyterianism would fight for Puritanism and Presbyterianism would fight for

control of the Church in England for years.control of the Church in England for years.

William Bradford (1590-1657) William Bradford (1590-1657)

William BradfordWilliam Bradford was a member of the separatist group led by was a member of the separatist group led by John Robinson. Members of this Scrooby groupJohn Robinson. Members of this Scrooby group of separatist of separatist

congregationalists led the way as “Pilgrims” to Plymouth, congregationalists led the way as “Pilgrims” to Plymouth, Massachusetts in America in 1620 on the ship Mayflower. Massachusetts in America in 1620 on the ship Mayflower.

Roger Williams (1603-1683)Roger Williams (1603-1683)

Particular Baptists came out of a split in Henry Jacob’s church Particular Baptists came out of a split in Henry Jacob’s church and were Calvinistic in theology, holding to limited and were Calvinistic in theology, holding to limited

atonement and baptism by immersion. This group of atonement and baptism by immersion. This group of Particular Baptists led the English Baptist Movement. With Particular Baptists led the English Baptist Movement. With

some changes the American Baptist movement under some changes the American Baptist movement under Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams developed out of this group. developed out of this group.

James I (1603-1625)James I (1603-1625)

James IJames I was the first of the Stuart Kings who came to was the first of the Stuart Kings who came to the throne following the death of Elizabeth. James I the throne following the death of Elizabeth. James I

was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, who was was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, who was Catholic, as was James’ wife.Catholic, as was James’ wife.

Title page of the 1611 First Edition of The King James BibleTitle page of the 1611 First Edition of The King James Bible

II Thessalonians of the 1611 edition of The King James II Thessalonians of the 1611 edition of The King James BibleBible

1877 painting of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock1877 painting of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock

Many separatists groups fled England during James I’s Many separatists groups fled England during James I’s reign, including the group of Pilgrims who would land reign, including the group of Pilgrims who would land

in America and found the Plymouth Colony in in America and found the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. Massachusetts.

Charles I (1625-1649) Charles I (1625-1649)

Charles I Charles I succeeded James I and basically favored the succeeded James I and basically favored the Catholic position which encouraged more Puritan Separatists Catholic position which encouraged more Puritan Separatists

to flee to America between 1628 and 1640. Charles I was to flee to America between 1628 and 1640. Charles I was really more interested in suppressing the power of really more interested in suppressing the power of

Parliament than he was in religious matters.Parliament than he was in religious matters.

William Laud William Laud (1573-1645) (1573-1645)

William Laud William Laud was selected by Charles I as was selected by Charles I as Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud held to Arminian Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud held to Arminian

theology and wanted a standard Episcopal theology and wanted a standard Episcopal organizational structure in all the churches. organizational structure in all the churches.

Calvinistic Puritans opposed Laud.Calvinistic Puritans opposed Laud.

Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) (1599-1658)

In 1642 the Royalists group withdrew from In 1642 the Royalists group withdrew from Parliament and civil war broke out between them Parliament and civil war broke out between them

and the Puritans led by and the Puritans led by Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell. . Parliament forces captured King Charles I in 1646 Parliament forces captured King Charles I in 1646

and executed him in 1649.and executed him in 1649.

Charles II (1630-1685)Charles II (1630-1685)

Following Cromwell’s death (1658) the English Following Cromwell’s death (1658) the English requested requested Charles IICharles II to be King, and the Episcopal to be King, and the Episcopal

form of Church government was re-established form of Church government was re-established again!again!

Christopher Columbus discovering the “New World” (The Christopher Columbus discovering the “New World” (The island of San Salvador)island of San Salvador)

When the Turks took Constantinople in 1453 it placed a major obstacle When the Turks took Constantinople in 1453 it placed a major obstacle in the path of commerce and trade between the Far East and Europe. It in the path of commerce and trade between the Far East and Europe. It was the search for new trade routes that led was the search for new trade routes that led Columbus Columbus in 1492 under in 1492 under

the auspices of Catholic Spain, to sail west in an attempt to find a the auspices of Catholic Spain, to sail west in an attempt to find a “Northwest passage” to India and the Far East. “Northwest passage” to India and the Far East.

Jamestown today (statue of John Smith)Jamestown today (statue of John Smith)

The first permanent colony in North America was The first permanent colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 by the founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 by the

London Company. London Company.

Plymouth Rock at Pilgrim Memorial State Park in MassachusettsPlymouth Rock at Pilgrim Memorial State Park in Massachusetts

The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620, and by 1630 The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620, and by 1630 the Massachusetts Bay Company had established Puritan the Massachusetts Bay Company had established Puritan

communities in and around Boston, Massachusetts. By 1640 communities in and around Boston, Massachusetts. By 1640 at least 25,000 Puritans had come to New England.at least 25,000 Puritans had come to New England.

John WinthropJohn Winthrop (1588-1649) (1588-1649)

The Massachusetts Colony governor The Massachusetts Colony governor John Winthrop John Winthrop intended to create a civil/religious government and intended to create a civil/religious government and

enforce uniform doctrinal beliefs of Puritan enforce uniform doctrinal beliefs of Puritan separatists. separatists.

Hernán Cortés (1485-1547)Hernán Cortés (1485-1547)

Spaniard Conquistador Cortes conquered the Spaniard Conquistador Cortes conquered the Aztecs of Mexico in 1521.Aztecs of Mexico in 1521.

Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541)Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541)

Spaniard Spaniard Pizarro Pizarro conquered the Incas of Peru conquered the Incas of Peru by 1533.by 1533.

Ruins of a Jesuit Mission in ParaguayRuins of a Jesuit Mission in Paraguay

Roman Catholicism soon followed the conquistadors Roman Catholicism soon followed the conquistadors to Latin America in the form of missionary monks, to Latin America in the form of missionary monks,

especially Jesuits (“The Society of Jesus”). especially Jesuits (“The Society of Jesus”).

Location of Holland a.k.a. “The Netherlands” (in burnt orange)Location of Holland a.k.a. “The Netherlands” (in burnt orange)

After 1560 only After 1560 only HollandHolland would turn Protestant as a surge of would turn Protestant as a surge of Roman Catholic revival and fervor “counter-acted” and Roman Catholic revival and fervor “counter-acted” and

blunted further Protestant gains in Europe. blunted further Protestant gains in Europe.