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1 Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Indonesia. 2 Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. 3 Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia. 4 Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar, Indonesia. 5 Airlangga University, Indonesia. 6 InI Veterinary Service, Indonesia. 7 Beginchange.co, Indonesia. 8 Provincial Livestock Office Bali, Indonesia. 9 International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya. 10 University of Glasgow, UK. EcoZD Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Southeast Asia Region Basri C 1,2 , Basuno. E 3 , Jatikusumah. A 1 , Widaystuti. M.D.W. 1 , Sunandar 1 , Arief R.A 1 , Putra A.A.G 4 , Estoepangestie. S 5 , Willyanto. I 6 , , Rukamantara. T.A 7 , Mardiana. I.W 8 , Gilbert. J 9 , Hampson. K 10 Socio-cultural Study of Perceptions Towards Dogs, Patterns of Dog Ownership and Practices for Rabies Control in Bali, Indonesia BACKGROUND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rabies is one of important diseases for the public health sector. Unfortunately, it is often put behind mostly in developing countries. In Indonesia, several rabies cases have been reported in the last decade. In 2005, it occured in Maluku (Molluca), North Maluku, and West Borneo. Then in 2007, it occured in Banten province, Bali (2008) and recently 2010 in Nias, North Sumatra. Since the first occurrence of rabies on Bali in 2008 to the present (2012), the disease continues to circulate. Ecohealth is a potential approach for developing sustainable Rabies control measures to resolve the problem. As part of a project on the “Ecohealth Approach for Optimizing the Rabies Control Program in Bali”, funded by IDRC and led by ILRI, a socio- cultural study was conducted to assess the perception and behavior of Balinese related to dog ownership and rabies control. No. characteristics Sub-village with case Sub-village without case n % n % 1 Currently have dog 71 49.0 77 51.3 2 Formerly have dog 98 67.6 113 75.3 3 Preference to have male dog 75 51.7 85 56.7 4 Reason to have dog - securing house 80 55.2 99 66.0 - hobby 26 17.9 31 20.7 - religion/custom 2 1.4 2 1.3 5 How to keep dogs - free range but restrained at night 70 48.3 68 45.3 - caged all the time 18 12.4 26 17.3 6 Dog sleep around house 98 67.6 112 74.7 7 Provide food 97 66.9 113 75.3 8 Can handle dog 95 65.5 110 73.3 9 Have heard about Rabies 141 97.2 146 97.3 10 Source of Rabies Information - electronic media 91 62.8 102 68.0 - printed media 28 19.3 41 27.3 - neighbor 46 31.7 32 21.3 11 Known about dog elimination program 118 81.4 99 66.0 12 Their dog have been eliminated 38 26.2 24 16.0 13 Known about dog vaccination program 130 89.7 138 92.0 14 Their dogs have been vaccinated 65 44.8 79 52.7 15 Who vaccinated the dog - District officer 84 57.9 94 62.7 - NGO 38 26.2 51 34.0 - Village officer 6 4.1 2 1.3 1. Dog-Owning Behavior 2. Level of Knowledge 3. Level of Attitude 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 Banjar with Cases Banjar without Cases Comparison of the Knowledge Level (%) Fair Good 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 Kasus Non Kasus Comparison of the Attitude Level (%) Netral Positif In general, Balinese have relatively similar behaviors in the banjars which had experienced rabies cases and those which had not. Most of the Balinese prefer male dogs because they will not produce offspring; let animals roam during the day and restrain them at home at night; provide food consisting of a mixture of rice; and, allow dogs to sleep around the house. The awareness of Balinese people about Rabies is primarily derived from electronic media. Balinese also knew about and participated in the government rabies control program involving elimination and vaccination of dogs. The results showed that in the banjars which had experienced rabies cases, most people have the knowledge at level fair (82.2%) and the attitude at level positive/good (97.9%). For people who live in areas that had remained free of human rabies cases, the level of knowledge most also fair (73.3%) and have a positive (good) level of attitude (97.3%). Statistical test results shown no significant differences (p> 0.05) on the level of knowledge and attitudes among people who live in the banjars which had experienced rabies cases and that had remained free of human rabies cases. Statistical test also shown there is no correlation between the public knowledge levels with public attitudes level in Bali The Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS) field team, the EcoZD Project in Indonesia, funded by IDRC and led by ILRI, for providing financial support and the generous cooperation of the Bali Provincial Livestock and Animal Health Office, Indonesia. In general, in banjars (Sub-village) which had experienced rabies cases and that had remained free of human rabies cases here was no significant difference either in behavior, level of knowledge and level of public attitudes about dogs, how to care dog, Rabies, Rabies transmission and how to control rabies. All efforts have been made by various parties (government, Non-Government Organization/NGO, etc.) in the dissemination of rabies had an good impact on most people in Bali without affected by the status of cases in the area. The study was conducted in 10 banjars (sub-villages), randomly selected from all banjars in Bali. It covered 5 banjars which had experienced rabies cases and 5 banjars that remained free of rabies. Data were collected by direct interviews using structured questionnaires in 30 households stratified as low, moderate and high social status groups, and randomly selected from each selected banjar. Data collected during the five months from February to June 2011 in three districts of the province Bali: Denpasar, Gianyar and Karangasem. The questions relating to dog-owning behaviour and knowledge used a multiple choice format while the questions related to attitude used a series of statements scored by using a Likert scale. For dog owners knowledge, the correct answer is given a score of 3, while the wrong answer and do not know given the score 0. The level of knowledge is divided into 3 categories: good, fair and poor based on the total value obtained. For the attitude of the dog owner is given the score of 1-5 based on the attitude selected for any statement given. Attitudes were categorized as negative (with a score of <33), neutral (based on a score of 33-66) and positive (for a score of >66 from the total score of 100).
