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. To develop the skill and disciplines which are needed by the individual Socialization

-it is the long and complicated process of social interaction through which the

child learns the intellectual, physical and social skills needed to function as

a member of society.

Functions of Socialization

1. To develop the skill and disciplines which are needed by the individual

2. To instill the aspirations and values and the "design for living" which the

particular society possesses

3. To teach the social roles which individuals must enact in society

Two points of view

of Socialization

Subjective socialization

-is the process by which the

society transmits is culture

from one generation

to the next and adapts the

individual to the accepted

and approved ways of

or anized social life.

Objective socialization

-refers to the society

acting upon the child

Importance of Socialization

*Socialization is vitalto culture.

*Socialization is vita

to sex role

differentiation. *Socialization is vital

to personality. *Socialization is the

vital link between

cultures.

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Subprocesses of Social Learning

1.Imitation -this is the human actionby which one tends to

duplicate more or less,or exactly, the behavior of others.

2. Suggestion

-is a process outside the

learner. It is found in the

works and actions of those who are

attempting to change the

behavior of the learner.

3. Competition

-it is a stimulative

process in which two or

more individuals vie with

one another in achieving

knowledge.

Components of

Socialization

Goal

-is the state of affairs one

wishes to achieve

Contexts

-it is where a social interaction

takes place making a difference

in what it means

Motivations

-is a person's wish or

intention to achieve a goal Nor ms

-refer to the rules that

regulate the process of

social interaction

Types of

Social

Interaction

Focused Interaction

-when two or more individuals agree to sustain an interaction with one

or more particular goals in mind

Unfocused Interaction

-it happens when two or more people happen to be in each other's

presence

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Four Basic Types of

Focused Interaction

1. Exchange

-when people do something for each other with the expressed purpose of receiving a

reward or return.

3. Conflict

-people in conflict struggle with one another for some commonly prized object or value.

2.Cooperation

-this is a form of social interaction in which people act together to promote common

interests or achieve shared goals.

4. Competition

-it is a form of conflict in which individuals or groups confine their conflict within agreed

upon rules.

Four Types of

Cooperation

Spontaneous Cooperation

-this is the oldest, most natural, and most common form of cooperation Traditional Cooperation

-this is a form of cooperation that is tied to custom and is passed on from one

generation to the next

Directed Cooperation

-this is characterized by a joint effort that is under the control of people in

authority such as the UnitedS

tates' and requires leadership

Contractual Cooperation

-this is a form of planned cooperation in which each person's specific

obligations are clearly spelled out

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The Dynamics of Socialization

Functional

Approaches

-it approaches

socialization from the

perspective of the

group rather than the

individual

Conflict Theor y and Socialization

-this theory argues that child rearing

practices vary by social class and

affect the life chances of those being

socialized

Symbolic Interaction

-according to this

perspective, people

employ symbols to

convey meaning to

one another

A g e n c i e s o f S o c i a l i z a t i o n

The Family

-the basic unit of any society; it serves as the primary agency for socialization

Peer Groups

-its importance increases as children grow older, reaching its peak when they

become adolescents

The Workplace

-learning the skills and orientation to one's job means socialization at the workplace

The Media

-the media, like television, radio, and other broadcast media as well as print media

to which the child is exposed will certainly influence his personality, values, and

belief system

The School -is an institution that is established explicitly for the purpose of socializing people

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Stages of Socialization

Erik Erikson

-his major concern is with the feelings people develop toward themselves and the worldaround them

-he described the eight stages of human development:

1.Infancy 2.Early Childhood 3.The Play Stage 4.School Age 5.Adolescence 6. Young

Adulthood 7.Middle Adulthood 8.Old Age

Sigmund Freud

-an Austrian physician, who concluded in his theory of psychoanalysis that what happens

to people during childhood affects them later as adults

Jean Piaget

-he focused on thinking or cognitive development stages. According to him, through

interaction with their environment, children acquire new ways of thinking and new

schemes

George H. Mendel

-he is the founder of symbolic interaction perspective in sociology, developed a

theoretical scheme for conceptualizing the development of the social being or self

Lawrence Kohlberg

-he formulated six stages of moral development

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Social Stratification

-it refers to the ranking of individuals in groups in any given society

-is the hierarchal arrangement in establishment of social categories that may evolve into

such groups as well as of statuses and their corresponding roles

B a s i c C o n c e p t s o f I n e

q u a l i t y

1. Attributions

-it assigns to people different attributes as a result of differences

4. Social Comparisons

-social scientist found that people need to compare themselves with others

in order to establish for themselves what kind of people they are

3. Self-f ulfilling Prophecies

-assigning a stereotype to a person may result in a self -fulfilling prophecy

6. Just World Hypothesis

-according to this, people like to believe that there is justice, that people

get what they deserve

5. A Fair World

-related to the key role of comparison in social life are beliefs about justice

or the fair distribution of rewards

2. Stereotype

-in this process, one assumes that persons who fall into a particular

category on the basis of certain characteristics also have many

characteristics that we assume to belong to that category

Social Stratification

Systems

Differentiation

-refers to how

things or people

can be

distinguished from

one another

Stratification

-refers to

separating people

or objects into

categories

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Dimensions of Stratification

1. Wealth and Income

-what people own is called wealth, and is often inherited. While income refers to how

much people get: it is the amount of money one person or group receive.

Methods of Deter mining Class Division

2. Inequalities of Power -sociologists define power as the ability to control one's own life (personal power) and to

control or influence the actions of others (social power).

1. The Subjective Method

-researchers using this method simply ask a random sample of the population to name

the class they belong to.

3. Inequalities of Prestige

-prestige provide people with a sense of worth and respect, a feeling that somehow

they are accepted and valued by others.

3. The Objective Method

-in this method, the researchers divide people into social classes according to their

income, occupation, education, and type of residence.

2. The Reputational Method

-using this method, the researchers select a small town and ask a number of residents

to assist them in their study.

The Theories of Social Stratification

The Conflict Theor y

-maintains that stratification is the result of the struggle among people for scarcerewards and that it persists in society because the "haves" are determined and

equipped to preserve their advantage by dominating and exploiting the "have nots." The Functionalist Theor y

-according to this theory, "societies must motivate people to seek socially important

positions and to fill these positions conscienstiously by rewarding those who do so with

more of the thing that contribute to sustenance and comfort, humor and diversion, self -

respect and ego expansion."

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Ways By Which Wealth Can Be Distributed:

1.To each according to need

2.To each according to want

3.To each according to what is earned

4.To each according to what can be taken

Open and

Closed Systems

Open System

-this is also known as

class system. Positions

are awarded on the

basis of merit, and rank

is tied to individual

achievements.

Closed System

-this is also known as

the Caste System.

Status is ascribed, and

determined at birth and

people are locked intotheir parents' social

position, and individuals'

opportunities are limited

accordingly.

Classes in Some Countries

1. People who have made it

-these are the old rich, the celebrity rich, the anonymous rich.

2. People who are doing ver y well

-this level consists of corporation officers and professional people.

3. People who have achieved the middle class dream

-people of this level enjoy the "good life," but they lack many of the luxuries of those in

higher levels.

4. People who have a comfortable life

-these individuals nonetheless live a "comfortable" existence in the less fashionable

suburbans.

5. People who are just getting by -both husband and wife are typically employee

6. People who are having difficult time

-although these individuals have a difficult time, they are proud that they are not on

welfare.

7. People who are poor

-these individuals constitute an "underclass" and the poor.

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T h e C l a s s S y s t e m A

c c o r d i n g t o F i c h t e r

1. The Upper Class

-members of the upper class have great wealth, often going back for many

generations.

3. The Lower-Middle Class

-this class shares many characteristics with the upper -middle class style but

they have not been able to achieve the same lifestyle because of economic or

educational shortcomings.

2. The Upper-Middle Class

-this class is made up of successful business and professional people and

their families.

4. The Working Class

-this class is made up of factory workers and other blue-collar workers. 5. The Lower Class

-these are the people at the bottom of the economic ladder.

Indicators of Social Mobility

1. Power

-the ability to

attain goals,

control

events, and

maintain

influence

over others.

3. Wealth

-this is what

is referred to

sometimes

as the

economic

indicator. It is

the total

economic

assets of theindividual or

a family. 2. Prestige

-consists of the approval and

respect an individual or group

receives from other members of

society.

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Types of Social Mobility 1. Upward Mobility

-this refers to the

movement of individuals or

groups from lower to higher

status in a social

stratification system.

2. Forced Migration

-this is where

individuals are forced to

move from one place to

another because of

some factor.

Reasons for Voluntar y Migration

1. Economic Factor

2. Political Reason

3. Religious Liberty

4. Educational Opportunities

5. Natural Calamities

Effects of Migration

1. Diffusion of cultures

2. Biological mixture

3. Urbanization of the culture

Factor Affecting Social Mobility

1.Hard work

2. Social structure

3. Societal values and norms

4. Level of Education

5. Marriage

6. Luck

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Human Society

The Nature of Society

Society is universal among humans. It is the counterpart of those biological adaptive

mechanisms that cause one species to survive and another to become instinct. In thecase of humans, the social organizations that result in society have enabled man to

survive.

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o

f H u m a n S o c i e t y

1. A society is a social system.

A social system is made up of individuals and groups that interact in a relatively

stable and patterned manner. As a system, society consists of sub-parts.

3. A society recr uits most of its members from within.

This is done through reproduction and socialization. Most members of any society

are those born to it, and who are taught the basic norms and expectations of such a

society.

6. A society occupies a territor y.

Society is restricted to a group whose members mostly live in a specific, clearly

defined geographic area.

4. A society sustains itself across generations.

This characteristic is related to the fact that societies recruit their members from

within.

2. A society is relatively large.

The society can be regarded as the largest and most inclusive social unit that exists.

5. A society's members share a culture.

Sharing a culture gives individuals the vision and sense of purpose to sustain the

patterns of interaction that hold together the society.

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Types of Societies

1. Hunting

and foodgathering

societies.

This is the

earliest form

of human

society.

People

survived by

foraging for

vegetablefoods and

small game,

fishing,

hunting

larger wild

animals,

and

collecting

shellfish.

2.

Horticulturalsocieties.

These

societies are

believed to

have started

some 12,000

to 15,000

years ago.

6.

Post-

industrial

societies.

One of the

characteri

stic of this

society is

the spread

of the

computer industries.

5.

Industrialsocieties.

These

societies

rose in

connection

with the

Industrial

Revolution.

3.

Pastoral

societies.

This type of

society

relies on

herding and

the

domesticati

on of

animals for food and

clothing to

satisfy the

bulk of the

group's

needs.

4.

Agriculturalsocieties.

These

societies are

characterize

d by the use

of the plow

in food

production.

The Study of Community

Meaning and Nature of Community:

Based on his researches on the meaning of community, George Hillery defines community

as consisting of "persons in social interaction within a geographical area and having one or

more additional ties."

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Functions of Community:

1. A system of production, distribution, and consumption.

2. A system of socialization.

3. A system of social control.

4. A system of social participation.

5. A system of mutual support.

Characteristics of a Community:

1. Population aggregate preferable to human group.

2. Delimited area.

3. Sharing of historical heritage.

4. The number of service institutions.

5. Participating in a common life.6. Consciousness of local unity.

7. Ability to act together in solving civic problems.

Criteria for Classification:

1. The size of the population (whether thick or scarce)

2. Secondar y association - their presence will indicate diversity of the

population

3. Social tolerance - caused by the diversity of the population and impersonal

contacts

4. Secondar y controls - controls regulating the complex and predatory

relations of members

5. Social mobility - requires division of labor, competition, and impersonality

6. Voluntar y associations - based on volunteerism, and voluntaristic

character, not kinship ties

7. Individuation - in which the individual is more independent and self -

centered

8. Spatial segregation - in which the center of city is monopolized by functions

of basic importance

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Social Processes

Meaning and Nature

The content of social process always includes the behavior between two or more people that is

shared simultaneously by them. The pattern of competitive behavior between two brothers can

be distinguished from the fraternal relationships existing between them. The social role of

brothers contains many patterns of behavior that have developed in the culture.

Classification of

Processes

1. Con junctive processes

-they are the patterns of

related interaction through

which persons are drawn

together and become moreintegrated.

2. Dis junctive processes

-they are those processes

in which people are pushed

farther apart and become

less solidaristic.

For m of Social Processes

1. Cooperation

-is the form of social process in which two or more persons or groups act jointly in the pursuit

of a common objective.

Types of Cooperation:

1. Infor mal cooperation.

This is characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give and take.

2. For mal or organized cooperation.

This is of deliberate and contractual nature prescribing the specific reciprocal right andobligations of the members.

3. Symbiotic cooperation.

This is a condition to which two or more members of society live together harmoniously. They

are interdependent resulting in mutual self -interests.

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The Family

Defining the Family

The family plays a very important role in the life of any nation. It is the basic or most

fundamental unit in any society.

George Murdock gave the following definition of family:

A social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and

reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially

approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, owned or adopted, of the

sexually cohabiting adults.

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e F a m i l y 2. It is the first social group to which individual is exposed.

1. The family as a social group is universal and is a significant element in man¶s

social life.

4. It is the setting of the most intense emotional experiences during the lifetime of

the individual-birth, childhood, puberty, adolescence, marriage, and death.

3. Family contact and relationships are repetitive and continuous. They extend

over a long period of time, often a lifetime.

5. The family affects the individual¶s social values, dispositions, and outlook in life.

7. The family is also unique in providing continuity of social life.

6. The family has the unique position of serving as a link between the individual

and the larger society.

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Classification of the Family

1. According to organization, structure, and membership

a. The nuclear family

-This is also known as the primary or elementary family. It is composed of a husband, and his

wife, and their children in the union recognized by the society. Any individual belongs to two

kinds of families: family of orientation and family of procreation.

The family of orientation is that into which one is born, and where one is reared and socialized.

On the other hand, the family of procreation is the established by the person through marriage.

b. The extended family

-This is composed of two or more nuclear families related to each other economically

and socially.

Two types of families may be derived from this classification:

1. The conjugal family.

This considers the spouses and their children as of prime importance and which has a

fringe of comparatively unimportant relatives. The marriage bond is important and stressed.

2. The consanguineal family.

This considers the nucleus of blood relatives as more important than the spouses.

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2 . According to place of residence.

a. P atrilocal Family

-requires that that the newly married couple live with the family of the bridegroom or near the residence of the parents of the bridegroom.

b. Matrilocal Family

-requires that the newly wed couple live with or near the residence of the bride¶s parents.

c. Biolical Family

-provide newly wed couple the freedom to select where to reside, i.e., near the groom¶s or the bride¶s parents.

d. Neolocal family

-permits the newly wed couple to reside independently of their parents. They can decide ontheir own as far as their residence is concerned.

e. Avunlocal family

-prescribes that the newly-wed couple resides with or near the maternal uncle of the groom

4. According to authority.

As to whom the family¶s authority is vested can also become the basis of classification.

a. P atriarchal family.

-is one in which authority is vested in the oldest male member, often the father, or

grandfather, or in the absence of parents, on the oldest male member.

b. Matriarchal family

-is one in which authority is vested in the elder of the mother¶s kin. This is rarely found in the

societies. However, many societies have the mother dominating the household.

c. Equalitarian family

±is one where the husband and wife exercise a more or less equal amount of authority.

d. Matricentric family

-is one where the absence of the father who may be working gives the mother a dominant

position in the family. However, the father shares with the mother in terms of decision-making.

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5. According to terms of marriage.

a. Monogamy permits the man to have only one spouse at any time.

b. P olygamy is plural marriage. It assumes any of the following forms:

P olygymy refers to the marriage of one man to two or more women at a time.

P olyandry is the marriage of one woman to two or more men at the same time.

Group marriage refers to the marriage of several men and several women at a time.

Functions of the family

S exual Regulation.

The family regulates the sexual behavior of people in any given society. Through

marriage, sexual intercourse is sanctioned by society.

Biological reproduction.

All societies need to reproduce their members. For any society to survive from one

generation to the next, it must have some arrangement for replacing its members. This function

is done by the family and cannot be undertaken by any other social institution.

O rganizing production and consumption.

In almost all societies, the family consumes food and other necessities as a social unit. A

society¶s economic system and family structures often closely corrrelated.

S ocializing children.

The family is responsible not only for producing their children but also for ensuring that

their children are encouraged to accept the lifestyle it favors.

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P roviding emotional intimacy and support.

In most societies, the family serves as the primary group for its members, giving

individuals a sense of security, belonging, and personal growth.

The family also serves as the individuals¶ first and foremost school where every child

learns the basic lessons in life.

P roviding social status.

Since every individual is born into a family, each individual inherits both material goods

and a socially recognized position defined by ascribed statuses.

P roviding maintenance of order.

The family provides every member with a maintenance of order. It provides means of

communication, establishes types of affection, and sexual expression.

P roviding placement of members in the larger society.

It prepares the community, the church, the school, and other organizations. It protectsmembers from any undesirable outside influence.

P roviding care and attention.

Every human being needs food and shelter. He needs people who will care for him

emotionally to help him with the problems that arise in daily life, and back him up whenever he

comes into conflict with others.

P roviding mechanism for social control.

The family continually exerts pressure on its members to make them conform to what it

considers as desirable behavior.

Maintaining motivation and morale.

It reward members for achievements, satisfies individual needs for acceptance,

encouragement, and affection.

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