Socio Lecture # 2,3

5/19/2018 Socio Lecture # 2,3

1/41Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 1

The Sociological Perspective

Week 1: Lecture 2&3


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How Groups Influence People

How People are Influenced by Their Society

People Who Share a Culture

People Who Share a Territory

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 2

Seeing the Broader Social Context


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Jobs

Income

Education

Gender

Age

RaceCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 3

Social LocationCorners in Life


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HistoryLocation in Broad Stream of Events

BiographyIndividuals Specific Experiences


C. Wright Mills

ConnectionBetween History and Biography


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The Global Village

Instant Communication

Sociology Studies both the Global

Network and Our Unique Experiences


The Growing Global Context


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The Natural SciencesExplain and Predict

Events in Natural Environment

The Social SciencesExamine Human

Relationships


Sociology and the Other Sciences


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Explain Why Something Happens

Make Generalizations

Look for Patterns

Move Beyond Common SenseCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 7

The Goal of Science


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Tradition vs. Science

Emerged mid-1800s

Grew Out of Social Upheaval

The Scientific MethodCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 8

Origins of Sociology


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Auguste Comte ( 17981857)

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd EditionCopyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company


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Applying the Scientific Method to Social

World

Coined the Term Sociology

Armchair Philosophy


Auguste Comte and Positivism


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Second Founder of Sociology

Lower and Higher Forms of Society

Coined Phrase Survival of the Fittest


Herbert SpencerSocial Darwinism


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Karl Marx ( 18181883)


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Engine of Human History is Class Conflict

The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat

Marxism Not the Same as Communism


Karl Marx and Class Conflict


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mile Durkheim ( 18581917)Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd EditionCopyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company


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Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline

Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior

Identified Social IntegrationDegree to Which People are

Tied to Social Group


Durkheim and Social Integration


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Social Integration


Durkheim believed that modern societies produce feelings of isolation, much of which comesfrom the division of labor. In contrast, members of traditional societies, who work alongsidefamily and neighbors and participate in similar activities, experience a high degree of socialintegration. The photo contrast a U.S. office with nomads in Mongolia who are shearingcashmere off their goats.


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Critical Thinking!

What sort of social and cultural capital do you

possess?



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Max Weber ( 18641920)


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Religion and the Origin of Capitalism

Religion is Central Force in Social Change

Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism


Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic


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Weber

VerstehenTo Grasp by Insight

Importance of Subjective Meanings

Durkheim

Stressed Social Facts

Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts

How Social Facts and VerstehenFit Together


Verstehen and Social Facts


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Attitudes of the Time

1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined

Few People Educated Beyond Basics

Harriet Martineau

Published Society in AmericaBefore Durkheimand Weber Were Born

Her Work was Ignored


Sexism in Early Sociology


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Neglected Founders

Harriet Martineau was a scholar and

activist who introduced sociology to

England. Among other things, sheinsisted on the significance of

studying domestic life to better

understand a society.

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Neglected Founders

W.E.B. Du Bois was the first significant

African American sociologist. He made

many contributions to the field,including the notion of the double

consciousness experienced by all

American blacks. Du Bois was also afounding member of the National

Association for the Advancement of

Colored People (NAACP).

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Levels of Analysis

Microsociology is the study of everyday, face-to-face

interaction. Symbolic interactionists study primarily at this

level of analysis.

Macrosociologyis the analysis of large social systems and

institutions. Functionalists and Marxists fall largely under this

heading.

In practice, these two levels of analysis work best when

applied in concert.

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Symbolic Interactionism

Functional Analysis

Marxism


Theoretical Perspectives


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Symbolic InteractionismHow People Use

Symbols

Applying Symbolic InteractionismChanging

the Meaning of Symbols Affects Expectations



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All social interaction involves an exchange of

information via symbols.

This exchange may be through language, but may

also be non-verbal or may be conveyed by setting.

We learn about ourselves and the world through

this meaningful interaction. Key figure: George Herbert Mead

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Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated

Parts that Work Together

Functionalism, Structural Functionalism

Robert MertonFunctions and Dysfunctions


Functional Analysis


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Functionalism

This perspective is derived from Comte and Durkheim

and emphasizes large-scale social institutions and

processes. Functionalist approaches are focus on understanding

the role or contribution of some event, activity, or

institution to the workings of society as a whole.

Modern figures: Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton

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Marxism

Those working under this approach derive their

approach from Marx, most significantly as regards

concerns about power, conflict, and ideology. This perspective is most commonly applied to

capitalism and economic systems.

Marxist thinkers tend to take on an activist stance in

addition to a scholarly one.

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Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research

Globalization


Trends Shaping the Future


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Definition of Sociology

The science of society (Ward & Graham Sumner).

The science of social phenomena (F.H.Giddings)

The science of institutions (Durkheim)

The science of studying human relationship

(Simmel)

The science of social action (Weber)

The science of collective behavior (Park)


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Research Methods: Questions

Sociology, as a social science, must take an

empirical approach to answering questions

about the world.

Sociologists ask four primary types of

questions: factual, comparative,

developmental, and theoretical.

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Table 1.2 A Sociologists Line of Questioning


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Research Methods: Seven Steps

1. Define the research problem.

2. Review the evidencedo a literature review.

3. Make the problem precisespecify your

hypothesis.

4. Work out a research design.

5. Carry out the researchcollect your data.

6. Interpret the resultsanalyze your data.7. Report the findingspublish or present them.

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Research Methods

Ethnography, or participant observation, is a

method frequently used to study people in

their own settings (ethnos = folks, people,

nature; grapho = I write)

Surveys are a more structured research

method where specific, carefully constructed

questions are asked to specific, carefullyselected individuals.

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Research Methods

Sociologists occasionally use experimental

designswhen highly controlled conditions are

necessary to answer research questions.

Comparativeand historical researchare

approaches that allow researchers to

understand variations in social phenomena

across both time and space.

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Research Methods: Ethics

Because sociologists are dealing with real people in

their everyday lives, we must be very cautious in our

work.

All research that directly involves human subjectsmust first be approved by an institutional review

board.

Study participants must give informed consentprior

to agreeing to participate and must be debriefed

after.

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Socio Lecture # 2,3

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