Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach,...

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A Down-to-Earth Approach 10/e

Slides by Dan Cavanaugh

1 Chapter

Background photo source: GoGo Images Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free

Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective 2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective

How Groups Influence People

How People are Influenced by

Their Society

People Who Share a Culture

People Who Share a Territory

Seeing the Broader Social Context


Jobs

Income

Education

Social Location - Corners in Life

Gender

Age

Race/Ethnicity


History - Location in

Broad Stream of Events

Biography - Individual’s

Specific Experiences

C. Wright Mills - History and Biography


The Global Village

Instant Communication

Sociology Studies both the Global Network and Our Unique Experiences

The Global Context and the Local


The Natural Sciences Explain and Predict Events

in Natural Environment

The Social Sciences Examine Human

Relationships

Sociology and the Other Sciences


Anthropology Studies Culture

Economics Studies the Production and

Distribution of Goods and Services

Political Science Studies How People Govern

Themselves



Psychology The Study of Processes

Within Individuals

Sociology Similarities to Other

Disciplines



Explain Why Something Happens

Make Generalizations Look for Patterns Predict What will Happen Move Beyond Common

Sense

The Goal of Science


Risks of Sociology

Nooks and Crannies People Prefer Hidden

People Attempt to Keep Secrets

People Feel Threatened by Information


Tradition vs. Science

The Industrial Revolution

Grew Out of Social Upheaval

Imperialism of the Time

Rise of the Scientific Method

Origins of Sociology


Applying the Scientific Method to Social World

Coined the Term “Sociology”

“Armchair Philosophy”

Auguste Comte and Positivism


Second Founder of Sociology

Lower and Higher Forms of Society

Coined Phrase “Survival of the Fittest”

Herbert Spencer - Social Darwinism


Engine of Human History is Class Conflict

The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat

Marxism Not the Same as Communism

Karl Marx and Class Conflict


Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline

Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior

Identified “Social Integration” - Degree to Which People are Tied to Social Group

Durkheim and Social Integration


Suicide Patterns Consistent Can Predict the Number Can Predict the Ways

Source: By the author. Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007x, and earlier years


Religion and the Origin of Capitalism

Religion is Central Force in Social Change

Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism

Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic


Sociology Should be Value-Free

Sociology Should be Objective

Research Should Involve Replication

Goals and Uses of Sociology

Values in Sociological Research



Weber Verstehen - “To Grasp by Insight” Importance of Subjective

Meanings Durkheim

Stressed Social Facts Explain Social Facts with Other

Social Facts How Social Facts and

Verstehen Fit Together

Verstehen and Social Facts


First Took Root in 1890 at University of Kansas

Spread Rapidly in Next 20 Years

Not at Harvard until 1930

American Journal of Sociology 1895

Sociology in North America


Attitudes of the Time 1800s Sex Roles Rigidly

Defined Few People Educated

Beyond Basics Harriet Martineau

Published Society in America Before Durkheim and Weber Were Born

Her Work was Ignored

Sexism in Early Sociology


B.A. from Fisk University First Harvard Ph.D. for

African American Published a Book Each

Year from 1896-1914 Neglected by Sociologist

Until Recently

Racism at the Time: W.E.B Du Bois


Member of American Sociological Society from Start

Came from Background of Wealth and Privilege

Co-Founded Hull House Co-Founded American Civil

Liberties Union

Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer


Parsons Developed Objective Analysis and Models of Society

Mills Deplored Theoretical Abstractions in Favor of Social Reform

Continuing Tension in Sociology

Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills



Symbolic Interactionism - How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life

Applying Symbolic Interactionism - Changing the Meaning of Symbols Affects Expectations

Theoretical Perspectives


Theoretical Perspectives


The Meaning of Marriage

The Meaning of Divorce

Applying Symbolic Interactionism - Examples



The Meaning of Parenthood

The Meaning of Love

Applying Symbolic Interactionism - Examples


Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated Parts that Work Together

Functionalism, Structural Functionalism

Functional Analysis


Functions

Manifest

Latent

Dysfunctions

Robert Merton and Functionalism


Economic Teams

Education of Children

Teaching of Religion

Care of the Sick and Elderly

Applying Functional Analysis


A Glimpse of the Past - 1800s

Changes in the Functions of… Family Friends

Applying Functional Analysis


Karl Marx and Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory Today Feminists and Conflict

Theory Applying Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory


Functionalists and Conflict Theorists - Macro Level

Symbolic Interactionists - Micro Level

Levels of Analysis





Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research - Three Stages

Diversity of Orientations

Public Sociology

Globalization

Trends Shaping the Future


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Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach,...

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