SOCIOLOGY

Class – XII

Sociology (Code No. 039)

Class – XII (2019-20)

Max. Marks : 80

(Theory Paper)

Units Marks

A. Indian Society

1. Introducing Indian Society Non-evaluative

2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 6

3. Social Institutions-Continuity and Change 6

4. Market as a Social Institution 6

5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 6

6. Challenges of Cultural Diversity 8

7. Suggestions for Project Work Non-evaluative

B. Change and Development in Indian Society 6

8. Structural Change 6

9. Cultural Change 6

10. The story of Indian Democracy 6

11. Change and Development in Rural Society 6

12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 6

13. Globalization and Social Change 6

14. Mass Media and Communications 6

15. Social Movement 6

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SOCIOLOGY (Code No. 039) QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

CLASS XII (2019-20) ._

% Weightage

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25%

30%

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20%

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---~.- -------- ....._---_ ... , Time 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80 S. Typology of Questions Total

No: Learning Very LongShort

Marks·Answer AnswerChecks Short (LA) (6

(1 Mark) (LC) Answer (SA)

(4 Marks) (2

(VSA) Marks)

Marks) 1 Remembering: Exhibit

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memory of previously learned material by 6 2 1 201 recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.

2 Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, 246 4 1 1 translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas

• __

3 Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired 6 1 2 16-knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.

4 Analysing and Evaluating: Examine and break

I

information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations 2 1 162 1

Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria.

---.---_ .. -.._.._-----.._--5 Creating: Compile

information together; in a different way by combining . 41- -elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.

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BOOK 1 – INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Chapter 2- Demographic structure of Indian Society

People ( demos) meaning data important for planning and implementation (describe) graphein (Greek word) of state policies

Theories Concepts size/growth of Literacy Rural/Urban Population

- Birth rate India’s population difference Policy

- Death Rate - Rate of natural

Malthusian Theory of increase Demographic - Fertility rate Transition - total fertility rate

- Infant mortality - Maternal mortality - Sex ratio - Age structure - Dependency ratio

Theory of Demographic Transition

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (Low population growth) (Population Explosion) (Low population Growth)

1. Under developed 1. Low death rate by disease control/public 1. Developed society

2. Technology backward health 2. Low birth rate and low death rate

3. High birth rate and high 2. Slow change in productive behavior 3. Difference between two is low Death rate 3. Movement from period of poverty and 4. Technologically advanced soc

4. Difference b/w the two high death rate to prosperity and long Is low life span

5. Underdeveloped society 4. Low mortality and birth rate( infant/ Maternal)

Malthusian Theory of population growth

Features

Criticism

1. Imbalance between food supply and 1. Change of population growth pattern

An increasing population 2. Birth rate declined 2. Population grows much faster 3. Epidemics controlled 3. Many live in poverty 4. Food production and

standard of living increased 4. Population increases in geometric progression 5.Marxist view – poverty

because of unequal And agricultural production in arithmetic distribution of economic resources Progression

5. Saw preventive and positive checks (famines/disease) Control population

6. To control power of population premature death Comes.(by war, epidemic and famine)

Capter 3 - Social institutions – Continuity and Change

Journey of Caste System - Early Vedic Post Vedic Colonial Period Post Independence

Caste System

Important terms Features

Principles

-Caste –from the Portuguese term ‘casta’ - endogamous - Idea of separation(difference) -Means ‘pure breed’ - hereditary occupation - Principle of hierarchy -Varna- means color and 4 fold division - ascriptive (by birth) gives (based on purity and population) -Jati- refers to institution of caste in Indian status and position Languages (more local classification from -follows theory of purity and pollution Region to region)

Role of Caste in different Periods

Caste in Pre Colonial period Caste in Colonial Period Caste in Post Independent India -intensive surveys by British(Risley in 1901 - upliftment by social reformers -land revenue settlement gave land rts - abolition by

Constitution(reservation

Liberal & rigid Economy -Govt of India Act of 1935 made gave legal -no

discrimination in employment

-Jajmani recognition to Sc/St - equal social opportunities, -Indigenous trading network - caste syst became rigid community living and meritocracy

Caste in Contemporary (present ) times – Both visible (marriage rules, caste in politics) and invisible( daily living, jobs, edu) New concepts in Caste – Sanskritization – lower caste adopt rituals and practices of higher caste to raise its status -Dominant caste – large population, land rights, socially, economically and politically strong in their regions -ex- Yadavs of Bihar and Marathas of Maharashtra.

Tribes

Meaning – were communities that did not Traits practice Any religion, no state, no class division,nor Hindus , Nor peasants

Permanent Acquired

• Language (Indo Aryan, Dravadian, Austric, Mode of Livelihood Extent of Incorporation Tibeto Burman) (Fisherman,Industrial worker into Hindu Soc

• Regional distribution(85% in middle India Hunters (Gujarat to Orrisa) Food gatherers - In Politics

(15% NE States – 11% NE States, 3% rest of India) Peasants - in public affairs

• Size – Biggest – Gonds, Santhals, Oraons, Minas Shifting Cultivators) - high status given to some

• Physical/racial- Negrito Aryan, Australoids. And low to others Mengloid Dravidian

Issues of Tribals- - Control over economic resources (Impact of Colonialism) - Ethnic cultural identity

- Restriction/opposition exercised by non Tribals (leading to tribal movements)

- Govt took away forests and mineralsConflict b/w tribal devpt and national devpt (dams, mines, factories)

Tribes as Pristine – original inhabitants unaffected/ uncontaminated by outside influence/civilization. Had originality of trade, culture, way of life and aristocracy. National Development versus Tribal Development – Issues of conflict between the two. Tribals and tribal life affected in the name of development. Issues leading to tribal movements – control of outsiders over important economic resources

- Issue of cultural identity Role of middle class in Tribal awakening - could identify the needs of all tribals Could solve issues of culture, identity and livelihood Demanded land and resources They are educated and employed in modern occupations New concept of ‘Tribalism’ – ‘Tribalism’ – to stress on tribal identity

- they began to define themselves as Tribals – different from the rest of the society.

CH 4- The Market as a Social Institution (sociological perspective on Markets and the economy)

Important Definitions Weekly markets (haat_ - among Gonds and Bastar Tribals)

- Market Economy Series of individual exchange which creates a functioning ordered system

- Invisible Hand Social purpose Economic Role Organization In pursuit of self interest - to meet kin, arrange (after colonialism) -Hierarchical of Society is looked marriages, gossip -Tribal areas opened -Inter group social after – overall Benefit- -social relations -Influence of traders relations more wealth and expressed in goods sold and money lenders -central zone –for high Better economy and the way transactions -Forest produce sold ranking Rajput jewellers are carried out. To outsiders and middle rank Hindu -social relations expressed -Tribals became laborers traders Hierarchy and social /miners -Tribals – outer circle Distance. –Economy linked to wider -social relations Markets. Things/Goods exchanged Manufactured (Jewellery, pots, knives)

Non local foods (salt and turmeric) Local goods( bamboo baskets/forest products/ tamarind oil seeds)

Caste Based Markets and Trading Networks in Pre Colonial and Colonial India Pre Colonial Social Organization Emergence of New markets

- Monetized economy - Vaisiyas – trading community (Effect of Colonialism on Indian

- Jajmani System - Other groups and Communities Markets) - Well organized Manufacturing (Parsis, Sindhis, Jains) -Indian economy linked to

world - Indigenous merchant groups - Nakarattars capitalist economy - Trading networks (of Tamil Nadu) -Source of raw material/ - Banking system agricultural and consumer

goods - Exchange and credit (by Hundi) caste, -New groups(Europeans)

entered Or ‘bill of exchange’ kinship and family Caste based in trade relations/ business Based organization social network -New opportunity to some

For trading activities communities to re-orient Themselve -Ex:Marwari community helped The British to expand commercially

CH – 5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion

Important Concepts

Social inequality Social Resources Social Stratification Patterns of Unequal access valued resources owned by A system by which categories To social resources are people like property, education of people in society are ranked Commonly called health, power, money etc in a hierarchy ‘social Inequality’ 3 Features -it is characteristic of society 3 Examples -it persists over generations -it is supported by patterns of Economic Cultural Social belief Beggary behavior against minority capital capital capital

violence against women material assets educational network, contacts, and income qualification and social institutions

status

Prejudice Social Exclusion

- Means pre-judgment Ways in which individuals may become cut - Based on hearsay off from full involvement in the wider - Resists change society. - Not based on evidence - It may be either positive or negative

Caste as a Discriminatory System Untouchability caste outside caste hierarchy

3 dimensions

-Legitimizes practices of exclusion exploitation discrimination Dalits humiliation -Social and economic status according ‘Downtrodden’- Oppressed to scriptures for each people ‘Dalit Panthies’ – Radical group (struggled for their rights and dignity)

OBC - not necessarily identified by caste -socially and educationally backward -service/ artisan castes (short of untounchability) -suffer from social disadvantage

Policies to address caste inequality Reservation Laws

Areas of Social Inequality

Caste Adivasi Struggles Women’s struggles

-Untouchability -Dalits -OBC Issues Examples of struggles Issues Middle class Reform -Resource extraction -statehood of Jharkand -sati, child marriage Movements by -Rights taken away and Chattisgarh -hindu caste widows -Raja Ram Mohan (use of forests and livelihood) -Tribals of Kalingar of -girl education Roy -mineral resources and power Orrissa -M.G Ranade Generation from tribal areas -Jyotiba Phule -adivasis displaced -S.A Khan -land acquisition policy -Dayanand Saraswati -policy of economic liberalization -1931- National session of -meagre compensation the Indian National Cong (Pg108 – 4 fundamental Rights)

(Handicapped, crippled, blind, deaf)

Physically and mentally challenged and impaired

Differently Abled (disabled) socially handicapped (discriminated)

Disability features Physical Aspect Social Aspect -biological 1.not a perfect body 1. Cultural perception -all problems emerge from 2.abnormalty, defects and 2.result of past ‘karmas’ Impairment disorder 3.labels such as ‘bechara’ -Disabled person seen 4.relationship between disability As a victim and poverty -linked with a person’s self How government deals with it 5.Malnutrition, inadequate Perception 1.persons with disability (unequal immunization, accidents - -They are help seekers opportunity, protection of rights social causes of disability And full participation act of 1995) 6.Isolation and economic strain - 2. Rehabilitation of persons with disability society does not cater to (Central Government ministries and State their needs. Government and administration organizations Of disability people and NGO’s)

CH 6- The challenges of Cultural Diversity

What we Share

(people) (Government)

Diversity (differences) Community Identity Nation State -sense of belongingness Different social groups/ -ascriptive identity provided large scale community part of a communities by society larger nation many communities show language religion sect political desire for race/caste unity pol unity

Aspire to form State (Legitimate force in a particular territory)

People

Territory Qualities of a Modern State

Government

The challenges of cultural diversity

Problem of Communalism Regionalism Constitutional Protection Meaning- aggressive chauvinism Meaning – geographical concentration of (owns group as legitimate) language, culture, tribes ( identity markers) -defining power of state/ Feeling of ‘regional deprivation’ centre Religious identity -Lists of subjects Discrimination Neglect -State legislature Features Linguistic States –causes of division comprising of Rajya Sabha -about politics -1920- INC reconstituted -committees, commissions -political identity based on -Gandhi’s promise to decide centre/state Religion -attachment of people to one’s faith relations -condemn n attack other identities -vigorous movements -religion along countries -formation of SRC -large diverse groups become Results of division – strengthened Indian unity Homogenous -escaped from divisions Into nations Its forms in India

Tension Riots violence

Civil Society

Meaning Important Issues Relevance/Importance of Civil Soc Organization today -Individuals get together -tribal struggles -participation in various movements -Beyond family -violence against women -fight for diverse issues -No state, no market -rehabilitation of displaced -helps keep a watch on the State (by dam construction) -forces state to obey laws -Fishermen’s struggles -active role in Media -Campaign against slum dwellers -campaign for ‘Right to Information’ -rehabilitation of hawkers and and new laws Pavement dwellers

Minority Group

Features Need Protection Distribution of religious Minority Constitutional Protection -small groups Because of demographic -disadvantaged form dominance of the ‘Collectivity’ majority Muslims -138 million- 13.4% Article -group solidarity (J&K Bengal, UP, Kerala, Andhra, Karnataka) 29 and 30 -feeling of togetherness Christians- 24 million- 2.8% (north east- /belongingness Nagaland, Meghalaya, Goa, Kerala) -feeling of intra group Sikhs-19 million (mainly Loyalty and interests Punjab) Buddhists- 8 million-0.8%(Sikkim Arunachal,Maharashtra) Jains- 4 million (0.4 million) (Maharashtra, Rajasthan,Gujarat) Other religions- under 7 million-0.7%

CH- STRUCTURAL CHANGE

COLONIALISM led to INDUSTRIALIZATION INDEPENDENT INDIA Main features/characteristics

Capitalism( economic aspect) Features Effects -land ownership -machine technology -Deindustrialization -swadeshi -cash crops, forest acts -people work in offices/ -new social groups -poverty was preventable -Life of Pastoralists affected factories -new colonial cities -heavy machine industries Cheap labor -urbanization -effect on tea -build dams and power -new job opportunities plantation workers stations Social aspect -English educated middle class. Intermediates Political aspect Concept of Nation State URBANIZATION

Meaning-Development of towns/cities Territory Government Migration from villages to urban areas- 3 types of urban Leave family behind. Sovereignty Impact Villages near industrial towns uprooted

Cultural aspect Growth of metropolitan cities leading to -Influence of English education on Way of life and culture of the Indians absorption of certain villages -migration of rural population to urban Led to change in work life.

CHAPTER 2- CULTURAL CHANGE

Endogenous (Internal) Cultural Change Exogenous (External)

By 2 ways Modes of communication printing, press, telegrams Reform Movements -19th century quick movement of ideas Social Reformers Forms of organization – Brahmo Samaj 2 nature of Ideas Liberalism Freedom

-Value of education/ Women education -contribution of Phule -19th cent – period of questioning, reinterpretation, intellectual And social growth

Themes of Movement – caste centred, gendered movement, Oppression, polygamy, purdah syst Sanskritization (before Colonialism) -low caste tribe takes over the rituals, beliefs, ideology -upward mobility Of high ‘twice born’ caste -positional change -Identity to be chosen and achieved -occurs within caste hierarchy -tribe claims to be caste -Acculturation – one caste under the influence of another -Vertical mobility of groups – positional change not permanent

Change.

Westernization Modernizaton Secularization -changes in the Indian society -path of development of western -process of the decline of the And culture as a result of over Europe or North American society influence of religion 150 years of British rule. Followed by other societies -secularization of castes (technology, institutions, ideology -universal committments And values) -utility, calculations 3 Types -scientific outlook -associations by choice Sub cultural art and literature -experience and gratitude are General spread of western culture new attitudes -identity is chosen and achieved -influence on Indian art, literature -work is separated from family, -themes of artists – combination of western residence and community and indigenous traditions Requirements for Modernization -affected modern, legal and administrative -increased level of education System – army, police, new courts. –mass media

-transport/communication network

-democratic/political system

-urban/mobile population -nuclear family

-division of labor

Chapter 3 – The story of Indian Democracy

Features

1. Representative government Karachi Resolution Constitution provides -gives the vision of democracy Social Justice by: Election of representatives -expresses the constitution -laws and courts Panchayat -Defined ‘Swaraj’ -social movements Municipal Corporation -amendments At State assemblies -fundamental Rights Parliament Outcome of Constitutional - channelizes power

2. Participatory Democracy Assembly Debates Constitution in everyday life And decentralized governance -provides useful employment

3. Participation of Groups/community -removes hunger, provides justice -useful employment (Decentralization) -constitution to provide machinery/ -Government removes

4. Sources of Value of Indian Democracy opportunity to elected government hunger/provides social -protection of tribals justice Western Ancient -panchayat – unit of self government -minimum standard of living Liberal ideas of Epics, folktales -promotion of cottage industries -protects backward sections Democracy of society (French revolution) -women empowerment/ Participation Gives basic Rights -rural health facilities

Panchayati Raj

Powers and Responsibilities Features Income Types -plans schemes for economic -structure like pyramid 1)Taxes – on professionals, -Nyaya Development -Basic-Gram Sabha(General Body) animals, vehicles. Panchayats -schemes for social justice elects local government and 2)Grants from Govt, -Van -collects taxed, duties includes weaker sections Zila Parishad Panchayats -distributes Government in decision making. Responsibilities to local -3 tier system -village Authorities -block State Changes -development activities -district -reservation of seats for SC/ST, women. Rural Urban -Constituted District Planning 1.reservation 1.Nagar panchayats Committee to develop plans policy for districts. 2.participation of 2.Municipal councils women 3. empowerment of 3.Municipal Weaker sections Corporations 4.socio-economic devpt

Ch 4 – Change and Development in Rural Society

Green Revolution Globalization and Liberalization in Rural Society

Definition Advantages Features Governmental programmes -increased agricultural production -new competition from global mkt Of agricultural modernization -India became self sufficient in i.e imported fruits, import of wheat (new needs and methods of food grain production -Contract farming Cultivation) Disadvantages contract with Single crop policy Multinationals -Multinational sellers of costlier Benefitted Agricultural inputs – seeds, fertilizers Large farmers ‘Mono crop’ policy

Advantageous for surplus Inter caste violence Results Producers -dependence of farmers on expensive Poor fertilizers, pesticides Condition of -farmers under debt Rural workers -ecological crisis Process of differentiation -Distress Suicides – ‘Agrarian Distress Created inequality displaced service caused by’ in society caste groups Changed pattern of landholding decline in state support Changed cropping pattern (Only cash crops) Liberalization policy Heavy dependence On agricultural inputs Land Reforms in India

Pre Independence Post Independence -Zamindari - abolition of Zamindari System -Ryotwari - tenancy abolition Regulation Act -Mahalwari - Land Ceiling Act (State takes possession of surplus land and distributes To landless families) -Types of ‘land settlements’ of Colonial -Land taken away period ‘Benami’ Transfer – landlord kept the land secretly in the name of their relatives.

Impact on Social relations

Created

Footloose Labour OR Circulation of Labour

1. Men migrate, 1. Traditional bonds of ‘patronage’ ended Women main cultivators 2. Seasonal demands for agricultural labor increased

2. ‘Feminisation’ of agricultural 3. Seasonal migration started from less productive Labor force regions.

3. Insecurity of women 4. ‘Multiple occupations’ followed by many. 4. Women excluded from

Basic rights Land ownership

CHAPTER 5 – CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Industrialization

General features Industrialization in India -Division of Labour -majority in primary and secondary - Repetitive/ exhaustive jobs sector( 77%) (Causing alienation) -less salary employed (14%) -equality (overlooks caste -over 90% work in unorganized sector Differences) Social Results -economic inequality and -few experienced in large, Unequal growing income urban firms -Positive and supported by -few have secure jobs Modernization -few are members of unions -Employment

Majority in Service more salary Sector employee Working population in India Salary employed In Unorganized sector (tertiary sector – 14%) Primary (over 90%) And Secondary (77%)

Features

Economic Social -economic inequality – vast -Repetitive exhaustive jobs Difference between rich and Economic (alienation) Poor Changes -basic equality (no caste barriers) -insecure jobs -Few unions -division of labour -few experienced in Liberalization Disinvestment Large urban firms

Effects of Globalization on Industry (Policy)

Liberalization Disinvestment -investment by foreign companies Meaning – Privatization of Public sector or -investment in public sector Government jobs -telecom Results -no need for licenses -loss of jobs -easy availability of foreign products -contracting (outsourcing) -Indian companies brought over by -Low wages Multinationals -poor working conditions No traders Effects on Service sector

1. Growing urban/middle class

2. Few have secure jobs

3. Small numbered are salaried

4. Land Acquisition/displacement of tribals

5. Unequal income

Impact of Industrialization on

Production Employment Working Conditions Strikes and Unions -Increasing working (finding jobs) -number of hours irregular (based on regionalism Hours -Advertisements in small units and casteism) -Machine production -self employed -no registers of workers -workers don’t go to (Repetitive, target (plumbers, electricians) -dangerous conditions work Oriented) -Contractors/jobbers (mining) -difficult to sustain -Assembly line- use -role of management -no compensation for (no work-no wages of conveyor belt and unions injuries no substitute) -less people employed -contract work -congested living for workers -lockout - management -outsourcing (in organized sector) -exploitation of women shuts gates of factories -De-skills workers -home based work as single migrants -not allowed -computers used -Manufacturing of -‘Taylorism’ of ‘bidis’, carpets -done by women/children Strike -Agents provide raw Material To show dissatisfaction/ Demands Arrest frustration of workers towards -no allowances Dharnas by Management -no casual leave Morchas -poor compensation Starvation media coverage -dangerous conditions

Liberalization

Features Disinvestment policy Effect on employment Types of Work Pattern -home based -investment by foreign Meaning – privatization -advertisement production Companies of public sector or -contractor system -investment in Public Government jobs. -Management and Union ‘Taylorism’ Sector Effect on Service sector -Telecom industry -growing urban/middle class Unorganized sector -work broken -No need for licenses -few have secure jobs -family members are workers down -easy availability for -small numbered are salaried -contract basis -Target based Foreign products -unequal income -low daily wages -Assembly line -Indian companies -land acquisition (displacement -paid on piece/rate basis -contract basis Bought over by of tribals- new companies -long working hours -low daily wages Multinationals started in their areas) -sitting in one position -paid on piece/rate -ex-bidi workers -long working hours -sitting in one Position

Chapter 6- Globalization and Social Change

By traders colonialism

Interaction with the Outside World India’s Interaction capitalism

migration export/import foreign firms in History Technology Knowledge Culture People of goods India Globalization

Economic Dimension

Liberalization Transnational Companies Electronic Economy Weightless Economy Globalization Of Finance

-Economic reforms -TNC cos produce goods -shift funds -products based -integrated -removal of rules of services in many internationally on information financial mkts Indian Trade countries -done by foreign investors -computer based services -transactions -Integration of -operations across the -ex- buying of stocks software, media, internet very quick Global market globe -workforce involved in -electronically -Loans from IMF -for Global mkt and Global design, marketing etc -24 hours -Cut in State profit Ex: catering for conferences service Expenditure -ex- Coca Cola, weddings, professional events -involvement of Colgate Palmolive WTO

Impact of Globalization

Laboring population Employment Patterns Political Changes Impact on Culture

-collapse of Socialist -competition Glocalisation Fordism – mass prodn world and efficiency Of goods on ‘centralized’ Positive Negative -policies of free -improved quality mixing Locations -new career -employment gap enterprise -stronger of Global+ -limited labor opportunities in Asia -growth of International domestic local -Headqrt at fixed place -economic growth /regional mechanisms economy -Benefits of employment middle class but no employment for political -Increased culture of to few. Youth increase cooperation employment consumpt- -new courses- -large population (EU, SAARC) -quality of life ion Post Fordism computer, BPOs of ‘poor’ -rise of IGO -solution to -companies turned into -new attitudes International Govt unemployment Corporate Multinationals/ TNC Organizations Culture -social justice -production in INGO (International -cooperation and Various places ‘liberal’ Non Govt Org) solidarity -cheap labor (sales person, -internal -Laboring population restaurant partnerships (Insecure, temporary) workers) -profit for producer

Chapter-7 Mass Media communication

1. Mass media: organization which reaches out to thousands of people in different

parts of the country.eg. newspapers, t.v, radio.

2. Relation between mass media and society: gives information, provides

employment; spreads social messages (to youth, urban, rural, women)

(Meaning)

Mass Media – Reaches mass audience (very large number of people).

Forms of mass media – T.V, Newspaper, films, magazines, Radio,

advertisement, video games, CD’s.

Mass media during colonial period

Features

Opinions promoted Examples Nationalist Papers

Acts/Bills

1. Linked to institutional change

1. Spread Nationalism 1. Kesari(Marathi) 1. Censorship through Albert Bill 1883 Controlled Expression of ‘nationalist ideas’.

2. Comprised range of newspapers, mag, films, and videos.

2. Spread anti-colonial feelings.

2. Mathrubhumi (Malayalam)

3. Radio owned by state.

3. People felt connected & had ‘we’ feeling.

3. Amrita Bazaar Patrika (English)

4. Better circulation of information

Issues of Mass Media in Indep. India

Spread self-reliance& national dept.

Source of information

To fight social practices like untouchability, Child labor.

Formulate public opinion

Platform for expressing grievances (problems)

Media bridging gap B/w Rural and Urban: [through Globalization]

Brings urban lifestyles & consumption patterns to rural.

Creates new desires(lifestyle, attitudes)

Impact: Nonfarm rural occupations migrate to nearby urban areas to work, Increase in

literate people.

GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA

Print Media Television Radio 1. Growth of circulation at newspapers of Indian

language. 1991-state controlled Govt.

controlled (earlier)

2. Rise on literate people 1998-increased to 70 channels.

Variety of program. Ex: Sports, cultural

etc.

3. Caters to issues of small towns/villages. -Increased viewership. Privately owned FM was a boost to the radio industry

(now)

4. Advanced printing technology -increase in pullouts, supplements(magazine section)

-role of TNCs

Ex: star T.V, MTV, and Sony.

FM channels belong to private

media houses. EX: radio mirchi

belongs to Times of India Group.

5. Glossy magazines Foreign networks have introduced

regional language channels.

Radio- medium for inspiring youth – spreading social

messages. Ex: movies- rang de basanti, lage raho

munna bhai.

6. Reduc. Of prices of English, language newspapers. Run 24*7

7. Increased advertising & sponsorship. Reality shows, talk shows.

8. New market strategies-door-to-door surveys, research, consumer contact programme.

Foreign programme are imitated – big boss, Indian

idol.

Cartoon network has Hindi& other regional language dubbed program.

Growth of media during independent India (in

new free India)

radio t.v. Print media

For rural

development in

1959.

Later SITE

satellite

instructional T.V.

experiment

started.

T.V. stations at

Delhi, Mumbai,

Srinagar &

Amritsar (1975) .

Programmes

become more

commercialized.

Growth of

entertainment

programmes.

Colour

broadcasting in

1982s ‘Asian

Games in Delhi’.

Only 6 radio

stations in major

cities for urban

audience.

AIRs programmes

were of mainly

news, current

affairs,

development.

1960s- Transistor

revolution.

Vivid Bharati-

channel for

entertaining,.

In 2000- 110

million household

listen to radio in 24

lands & 1/3 were

‘rural’.

Helped in nation

building

Took

developmental

issues.

Expressed

opinions of the

sections of

people.

In 1975

emergency-

‘censorship of

media’ (restored

in 1977).

Chapter 8 – Social Movements

Features Theories Types (Aims) Ways of campaigns mobilization For movement 1. Sustained collective 1.Theory of Relative 1.Redemptive - 1. Charting action. Deprivation- they are Change in personal consciousness (goals) 2. Organization and worse than others and actions 2.Communicating Leadership 2.Olson’s Theory – aggregate 2. Reformist – Change existing with Government/ 3. Objective and of individual actors pursuing social and political system media Ideologies self interest- utility 3.Revolutionary- Transfer social 3.Different modes of 4. Aims to bring maximizing individuals. Relations by capturing Protest Change in social issues 3.Resource Mobilizing state power Theory- ability to mobilize Requirement for candle/silent hunger Collective action: processions strike -Identify themselves Resources Leadership As oppressed beings street plays satyagraha/ -Organization, leadership Communication ahimsa non- Clear ideology Organization cooperation

Environment Movements

‘Chipko Movement’

Economic Causes Political Economy of Subsistence Symbol of resentment of villagers against Of villagers against capitalist Government- indifferent and hostile Interests of Government to their interests.

Ecological 1. To protect oak, rhododendron

Forest 2. Forests gave fuel, wood 3. Protection of ecological environment

New and Old Social Movements

New Movements Old Social Movements Historical Context - -part of nationalist movement -to overthrow colonial powers -demands better living conditions/ Healthcare -establishes new states/ societies Within frame of -Not about change of power -Functions within INC Political Parties - About quality of life issues -Aims to change distribution of power -environment etc in society Role of Political -Institutions of States captured by -Role of Political parties was controlled. Parties elites -Representation of Political Parties not effective -Impact of civil society ---- (NGOs, women, environment Groups)

Role of Globalization -International in nature -areas of movement- hazards of Globalization ----- -issues related to Industry, agriculture Culture, media, role of world

Workers Movements

Causes of Protest Strikes Trade Union Acts 1.Expansion of 1.Bombay 1971-1930 1.1918-Madras by B.P Wadia 1.1922-4th factory’s Industries Industrial Strike 2.1918-Textile Lab Assocn(TLA) Act-working hours- 2.Food Shortage 2.Calcutta-Jute workers 3.1920-AITUC- All India Trade 10 hours 3.Increase in prices on strike Union Congress in Bombay- 2.1926-Indian Trade 3.Madras-Strike by Binny supported by Lala Lajpat Rai, Union Act-for 4. Ahmedabad-Textile workers Jawaharlal Nehru registration and For wages by 50% 4.1947- Indian National Trade regulation of T.U Union Congress 3.1947-Split of AITUC 4.1966-67 –curbing Of TUs

5.1974-Railway workers strike

Dalit Movement

1. Meaning – poor, oppressed, those broken down by those above them deliberately 2. Word ‘Dalit’ – used by followers of B.R Ambedkar 3. Dalit Movement for the purpose – recognition for fellow being

-self confidence -space for self determination -abolishing of stigmatization -common quest for equity, self dignity -eradication of Untouchability 4. Existence of Dalit Movements -‘Satami’ movement of ‘chamars’ in Chattisgarh -Adi-dharma movement in Punjab -Mahar movement in Maharashtra -Anti-brahmin movement in South India 5.Role of Dalit literature -opposed chaturvarna system/caste hierarchy -use own imageries /expressions -calls for social and cultural revolt

Backward Class/Caste Movements

Purpose Backward Classes As political entities Unit to form horizontal term used since 1872 Stretch (for political from Madras Presidency Mobilization) Mysore and Bombay United provinces Hindu backward Lost in ritual content Every Organization classes League All India Backward Classes Federation/League

Peasant Movements

Difference Between

Peasant movements of India

Peasant movt New Farmer’s Movt 1. 1856-62- Bengal Revolution 1. Began early 1. Began in 1970’s Deccan Riots-Bengal against (Before 1947) 2. Regionally organized Indigo Plantation 2. Spread widely 3. Non Party Movement -Bardoli Satyagraha- non tax 3. Political support 4.Involved only farmers campaign 4. Invoved peasants 5.Anti-State, anti-Urban -Champaran satyagraha- 5. Became Nationalist 6.Demand-Price and related issues against Indigo plantation 6. Demands- freedom 7.Novel method 2.1920-40 Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha From exploitation before 8.Agenda broadened (for freedom from economic -land reforms Independence (environment, women’s issues) exploitation) -Zamindari syst -All India Kisan Sabha Naxalite Movement –after Independence 3.1946-47 Tebhaga Movt- by share 7. Methods: Nonpayment of taxes croppers Telangana Movt – against the Feudal condition of princely States 4. After 1947- Naxalite struggle started Naxalbari as new farmers Movement

Tribal Movement

Meaning Features Areas (Tribal Belt) Movements Adivasis- 1. Culture 1. Central India (Hos, Oraons,Mundas) Pre-Independence 2. Language -1831-33 –Kol revolt 3. Social Structure 2. North-east India Bhunji revolt 4. Values (Chotanagpur,Jharkhand, Santhal -1855-56- Santhal 5. Territory parganas) Uprising 6. Authority -1874-1901- Birsa Munda movt Issues- ethnic ID -revenue policy

Post Independence

- Tribal policy movement Jharkhand Movement Aim –Separate state - Ethnic movement -literate ‘adivasis’ -common hatred of ‘dikus’( migrant Traders/moneylenders benefitted From exploitation of tribals) - Sub National Movement -unified ethnic consciousness -common experiences of - Solidarity Movement -middle class ‘adivasi ‘ exploitation Issues – for Jharkhand

Inequality, (economic issues)

Exploitation by non tribals

Minimum alienation (ecological issues)

Forced labour

Cultural issues of identity

Acquiring of land for irrigation projects and firing ranges

Camps closed down and important operations held up

Nationalization of forest produce.