Sociology Session 3-The Sociological Investigation-Aditya

8/4/2019 Sociology Session 3-The Sociological Investigation-Aditya

1/24

SESSION III

SOCIOLOGICALINVESTIGATION


2/24

What are we going to learnin this session?

Why do we need sociologicalinvestigation?

Sociological research terminology

The scientific logic (correlation andcausation)

Sociological framework An introduction to social research

methods


3/24

What is TRUTH?


4/24

Forms of Truth

Belief or faith

Expert testimony

Simple agreement Science

Logical system that bases knowledge on

direct systematic observation


5/24

Terminology (1)

ConceptsA mental construct thatrepresents some part of the world in asimplified form

VariablesConcepts whose valueschange from case to case

MeasurementA procedure fordetermining the value of a variable in aspecific case

Operationalizing a variableSpecifyingexactly what is to be measured beforeassigning a value to a variable


6/24

Terminology (2)

ReliabilityConsistency inmeasurement Does an instrument provide for a consistent

measure of the subject matter?

ValidityPrecision in measuringexactly what one intends to measure

Does an instrument actually measure what itsets out to measure?


7/24

Causation

Cause and effect A relationship in which change in one variable causes

change in another

Types of variables

Independent: The variable that causes the change Dependent: The variable that changes (its value

depends upon the independent variable)

Correlation

A relationship by which two or more variables change

together

Spurious correlation

An apparent, though false, relationship between two or

more variables caused by some other variable


8/24

CorrelationDoes Not Mean Causation

Conditions for cause and effect to beconsidered Existence of a correlation

The independent (causal) variableprecedes the dependent variable intime.

No evidence suggests that a thirdvariable is responsible for a spuriouscorrelation between the two originalvariables.


9/24


10/24


11/24

The Sociological Framework

Positivist sociology The study of society based on systematic

observation of social behavior

Empirical evidenceInformation we can verifywith our senses

Interpretive sociology The study of society that focuses on the

meanings people attach to their social world

Critical sociology The study of society that focuses on the need

for change


12/24

The Sociological Framework

Positivist neutral,objectivity.

InterpretiveWebersconcept ofverstehen,subjectivity.

Critical emancipatory,rejects objectivity.


13/24


14/24

EXERCISE

Sebuah tawuran terjadi antara warga kampungX dan kampung Y. Berdasarkan pengamatan,tawuran dipicu oleh hal sepele, yaitu senggolanmotor antar pemuda. Sebagian besar para

pelaku tawuran adalah para pemudapengangguran dan memiliki tingkat pendidikanrendah. Ketika diwawancarai, beberapadiantaranya menyatakan bahwa tawuran dipicukarena warga kampung Y yang menyenggolmotor warga kampung X menolak untukmeminta maaf. Selain itu, ada juga yang

berkomentar bahwa tawuran juga dipicu olehadanya perebutan lahan parkir dan pekerjaandi sebuah mall yang berdiri disekitar keduakampung.


15/24

Social Research Method

Ethical Guideline Must strive to be technically competent& fair-minded

Must disclose findings in full withoutomitting significant data & be willing to

share their data Must protect the safety, rights, and

privacy of subjects Must obtain informed consent; subjects

are aware of of risks andresponsibilities and agree Must disclose all sources of funding &

avoid conflicts of interest Must demonstrate cultural sensitivity


16/24

I. Experiment

ExperimentA research method forinvestigating cause and effect underhighly controlled conditions

HypothesisAn unverified statementof a relationship between variables(an educated guess)

Hawthorne effectA change in asubject's behavior caused by theawareness of being studied


17/24

The Importance of Control

To be certain that the change in thedependent variable was due to theexposure to the independent variable, the

researcher must keep constant otherfactors that might intrude.

One method is to break group intoexperimental and control groups.

Experimental group is exposed to independentvariable.

Control group is exposed to a placebo.


18/24

II. Survey Research

Definition: A research method in which subjectsrespond to a series of statements orquestions in a questionnaire or interview

Population The people who are the focus of the research

Sample The part of the population that represents the

whole

Random Sample Drawing a sample from a population so that every

element of the population has an equal chance ofbeing selected


19/24

Questionnaire

Definition: A series of written questionsthat a researcher presents to subjects

Closed-ended

A series of fixed responses; easy to analyzebut narrows range of responses

Open-ended Free response; broadens range of responses

but harder to analyze

Most surveys are self-administered;pre-testing can avoid costly problems


20/24

Other Social Research Methods

Interview

A series of questions that a researcheradministers in person

Participant observation

A research method in whichinvestigators systematically observe

people while joining in their routineactivities


21/24


22/24

10 Steps in Social Research

1. Select and define topic2. Review the literature3. Develop key questions to ask4. Assess requirements for study5. Consider ethical issues6. Select a research methodology7. Collect the data8. Interpret the findings9. State conclusions10.Publish the findings


23/24

Lying with Statistics

Data selection

Data might not be the whole truth.

Data interpretation

As if numbers can only mean one thing

Use of graphs to spin the truth

Manipulating timeframes on graphs

Using scale to inflate or deflate a trend


24/24

Thank You!

Any questions?

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	novi-h-satya
View:	234 times
Download:	1 times

Sociology Session 3-The Sociological Investigation-Aditya

Documents