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2nd week-Data Management

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“There are so many different types of 

information technologies. How can anyone

decide which type of I/T they shouldpurchase?” 

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All information technologies have the abilityto:

Capture data (input)

Process and/or convert data

Store data

Present dataand most also have the ability to communicate with

other I/T

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Functionality Ease of use

Compatibility Maintainability

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TECH TALKGordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel, predicted in

1965 that the density of transistor on a chip woulddouble approximately every 18 months. This prediction

has proven to be surprisingly accurate. For example, in

1961 a chip had 4transistors, and in 1971 it had 2,300.

In 1979 a chip had 30,000, by 1997 it had 7.5 million,and by 2000 it had 40 million. Since the price hadstayed essentially the same, this meant that the

computer power per dollar had doubled approximately

every 18 months.

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Performance Category Typical Issue Raised

1. Functionality• Capacity• Speed• Price performance• Reliability•

Operating condition

What types of processing is thetechnology supposed to perform, andwhat capabilities does it have?

2. Ease of use• Quality of user interface• Ease of becoming proficient• Portability

How easy is it to use this technology?

3. Compatibility• Conformance to standards• Interoperability

How easy is it to get this technology towork with complementarytechnologies?

4. Maintainability• Modularity• Scalability

• Flexibility

How easy is it to keep the technologyoperating over time?

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Software can essentially be viewed as beingthe instructions that tell the hardware what

to do. Systems software

Application software

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System software is a set of programs thatmanage the operation of the computer

hardware (input, output, secondary storagedevices). It communicates directly with thehardware and is required for the hardware tooperate.

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Operating systems Utility programs (to format disks, backup

files, recover data, compress data, protectfrom viruses)  Language translator (to translate

commands from programming languagesinto the machine language understood bycomputer hardware) 

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Application software is software used tocomplete specific tasks or to participate indifferent forms of entertainment.

Applications (payroll system, inventory controlsystem, computer games) Programming, markup, and scripting

languages (COBOL, PASCAL, C, VB, Java,HTML, etc.)

Application generators and productivity tools(spreadsheet software, presentation software,multimedia authoring tools)

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Application Software(Word processing, Spreadsheet, Email, Database Management,)

SystemSoftware

LanguageTranslator

UtilityPrograms

Voicerecognition,

natural languageinterpreters

Hardware(computer,

peripheral devices)

User

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Natural Languages•Ultimate in user friendliness•Machine efficiency is irrelevant

Query Languages•User friendly•Easy to understand•Inquiry-oriented•Less machine efficient

Fourth-Generation Languages•User friendly•Easy to understand•Application-oriented•Powerful instructions•Less machine efficient

Third-Generation Languages•Easy to understand•Application-oriented•Somewhat machine efficient

Assembler Language•

Machine efficient•Complex•Somewhat difficult for human tounderstand and apply

Machine Language•Machine efficient•Complex•

Difficult for human to understand andapply

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Input devices Processors and main memory Secondary storage devices Output devices

Information ProcessingActivity

Hardware component Examples

Accept data•

Input device Keyboard, mouse, bar-code scanner

Store data •Secondary storage•Main memory

Diskette, HD, CD-ROMRAM

Process data •Central processing unit Microprocessor

Present data•

Output device Printer, speaker, screen

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Keyboards Pointing devices

Voice input systems Touch-sensitive screens Handwriting recognition Bar-code scanners Image scanner Biometric systems

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Characteristics of Input Devices

Capacity and speed (how much, and how quickly, can the device accept data?)Reliability (and durability)Accuracy (error rate)Portability (can you take the input device with you to the aisles of a store?)Compatibility (with other devices)

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Processor: a device that performs datamanipulation functions; it can be considered

the brain of a computer. Memory: often called RAM (Random Access

Memory) is the short-term memory of acomputer

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Characteristics of CPU, RAM

Computing speed (clock speed measured in MHz or GHz)Processing speed (measured in MIPS and FLOPS)

Bus capacity (measured in width-number of bits-and speed in MHz)Storage capacity of RAM (measured in MB or GB)

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 TECH TALKA bit is a binary digit, namely a 0 or 1. A byte is

generally 8 bits, which give 256 (28)different possible

combinations allowing the representation of 256

different characters (26 uppercase letters, 10 digits,

etc.)

Kilobyte (KB) Approximately 103

(one thousand) bytesMegabyte (MB) Approximately 106 (one million) bytes

Gigabyte (GB) Approximately 109 (one billion) bytes

Terabyte (TB) Approximately 1012 (one trillion) bytes

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Has larger capacity, is less expensive, and isslower than primary memory.

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Characteristics of Secondary Storage

Capacity (measured in megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes)Speed of access (measured in milliseconds)Portability (internal or external, physical size, ease of connection)ReliabilityCompatibility (able to connect to multiple devices

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Characteristics of Output Devices

Speed (how quickly can the device output data)Compatibility (with other hardware components)ReliabilityQuality (clarity of sound, resolution of image)Portability (can you easily carry the output device with you?)