Software System and Application Software

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Principles of Information Systems

Eighth Edition

Software:

Systems and Application

Software



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2

Principles and Learning Objectives

1. Identify and briefly describe the fnctions of the t!o basic "inds of

soft!are

2. Otline the role of the operating system and identify the featres

of several poplar operating systems

#. $iscss ho! application soft!are can spport personal,

!or"grop, and enterprise bsiness objectives

%. Identify three basic approaches to developing application

soft!are and discss the pros and cons of each

&. Otline the overall evoltion and importance of programming

langages and clearly differentiate among the generations of

programming langages'. Identify several "ey soft!are isses and trends that have an

impact on organi(ations and individals



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #

)hy Learn *bot Soft!are+

• Soft!are is indispensable for any compter system

• Systems soft!are needed for inpt, calclations,

and otpt

• *pplication soft!are aids in prodctivity• Personal tas"s sing soft!are

– Income ta preparation

– -eeping a bdget

– Internet research

– ames



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %

*n Overvie! of Soft!are

• Computer programs: se/ences of

instrctions for the compter

• Documentation: describes program fnctions

• Soft!are 0 system soft!are and applicationsoft!are



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &

Systems Soft!are

• Systems software: coordinates the activities and

fnctions of hard!are and programs

• Computer system platform: combination of a

hard!are configration and systems soft!are



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition '

*pplication Soft!are

• Application software: helps sers solve particlar

problems

• In most cases, application soft!are resides on the

compters hard dis"• *pplication soft!are can also be stored on $s,

$3$s, and flash or "eychain storage devices




Spporting Individal, rop, and

Organi(ational oals

• Organisation 0 people, !or"grop, enterprise 0

spported !ith soft!are and IS

• Organisation needs to classify the soft!are and IS

ses to increase prodctivity 0 need to identify thescope of problems and opportnities

• Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and

opportnities addressed by a particlar

organisation• 5or most companies, the spheres of inflence are

personal, !or"grop, and enterprise




Spporting Individal, rop, and

Organi(ational oals 7contined8

Table 4.1: Software Supporting Indiiduals! "or#groups! and $nterprises




Installing and :emoving Soft!are for

Ps

• ;efore yo can se soft!are, it mst be installed

on a compter

• Soft!are for personal compters typically comes

on $s or is do!nloaded from the )eb• <ost operating systems have an add=remove

program featre for removing soft!are

– $oes not !or" !ith all soft!are

– $oes not al!ays remove all elements of the soft!are



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 1>

Systems Soft!are

• Systems soft!are

– ontrols operations of compter hard!are

– Spports application programs problem?solving

capabilities• @ypes of systems soft!are

– Operating systems

– Atility programs

– <iddle!are




Operating Systems

• %perating system &%S': set of programs that

controls the compter hard!are and acts as an

interface !ith application programs

• (ernel: ties all components of the OS together and

reglates other programs




Operating Systems 7contined8

• 3arios combinations of OSs, compters, and

sers

– Single compter !ith a single ser

–Single compter !ith mltiple sers

– <ltiple compters

– Special?prpose compters



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 1#


• *ctivities performed by the operating system

– Perform common compter hard!are fnctions

– Provide a ser interface and inpt=otpt

management – Provide a degree of hard!are independence

– <anage system memory

– <anage processing tas"s

–Provide net!or"ing capability

– ontrol access to system resorces

– <anage files



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 1%


)igure 4.4: The *ole of Systems Software

@he role of Systems Soft!are 0interface bet!een sers,

application soft!are and hard!are



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 1&


• OS acts as an intermediary bet!een application

and hard!are

• OS converts basic re/est into a set of details

instrction that the hard!are re/ires• ommon hard!are fnctions 7e.g.8

– et inpt from "eyboard or some other inpt device

– :etrieve data from dis"s

– Store data on dis"s

– $isplay information on a monitor or printer



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 1'

Operating Systems 5nctions

1. Aser interface and inpt=otpt management

– +ser interface: allo!s individals to access and

command the compter system

–

Command,based user interface: re/ires that tetcommands be given to the compter to perform

basic activities

– -raphical user interface &-+I': ses icons and

mens displayed on screen to send commands tothe compter system





7contined8

2. Bard!are independence

– Application program interface &AI': allo!s

applications to ma"e se of the operating system

#. <emory management – ontrol ho! memory is accessed and maimi(e

available memory and storage





7contined8

)igure 4./: Application rogram Interface 0in#s Application Software to

the %perating System




%. Processing tas"s

– ultitas#ing: more than one program can rn at the

same time

–

Time,sharing: allo!s more than one person to sea compter system at the same time

– Scalability: ability of the compter to handle an

increasing nmber of concrrent sers smoothly

&. Cet!or"ing capability – 5eatres and capabilities of the OS that aid sers in

connecting to a compter net!or"







rrent Operating Systems

Table 4.2: opular %perating Systems Cross All Three Spheres of Influence





7contined8

• <icrosoft P operating systems

– P?$OS and <S?$OSD early, command?driven OSs

– )indo!s PD greatly improved stability and secrity

over previos versions of )indo!s – )indo!s P CD for Eropean mar"et

– )indo!s P Professional '%D for compters !ith

ne!er '%?bit capabilities

–)indo!s P <edia enter EditionD incorporatesadditional mltimedia featres

– 3istaD latest version of )indo!s



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2#


7contined8

• *pple operating systems

– Often provide ctting edge tools in graphics and

msic not available from <icrosoft

–

<ac OS • Fagar 7OS .28

• Panther 7OS .#8

• @iger 7OS .%8D spport for '%?bit compting,

$ashboard, Spotlight, etc.



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2%


7contined8

• Lin

– $eveloped by Lins @orvalds in 1991

– Open?sorce prodct

–Only the "ernel of an OS

– Several distribtions available !ith

capabilities=applications that form a complete OS

• EamplesD :ed Bat Lin, aldera OpenLin



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2&

)or"grop Operating Systems

• )indo!s Server

• ACI

• Cet)are

• :ed Bat Lin• <ac OS Server



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2'

Enterprise Operating Systems

• (=OS

• <PE=i

• BP?A

• Lin




Operating Systems for Small

ompters, Embedded ompters,

and Special?Prpose $evices• Palm OS

• )indo!s Embedded

• )indo!s <obile




Atility Programs

• Belp to perform maintenance or correct problems

!ith a compter sistem

• ommon types of tility programsD

–Bard!are tilities

– 3irs?detection and recovery tilities

– 5ile?compression tilities

– Spam and pop?p bloc"er tilities




Atility Programs 7contined8

• Cet!or" and Internet tilities

• Server and mainframe tilities

• Other tilities

– <anages and protects corporate docments – Belps people !ith visal disabilities se the Internet

– <onitors employees

– Searches for files and docments



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #>

<iddle!are

• iddleware: soft!are that allo!s different systems

to commnicate and echange data

• <iddle!are can also be sed as an interface

bet!een the Internet and older legacy systems• e.g. +



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #1

*pplication Soft!are

• Primary fnction is to apply the po!er of the

compter to give individals, !or"grops, and the

entire enterprise the ability to solve problems and

perform specific tas"s• *pplication programs interact !ith systems

soft!areG systems soft!are then directs compter

hard!are to perform the necessary tas"s




Overvie! of *pplication Soft!are

• roprietary software: one?of?a?"ind program for a

specific application, sally developed and o!ned

by a single company

•

%ff,the,shelf software: eisting soft!are programthat is prchased



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition ##


7contined8

)igure 4.13: Types of Application Software



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #%


7contined8

Table 4.4: A Comparison of roprietary and %ff,the,Shelf Software



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #&


7contined8

Table 4.4: A Comparison of roprietary and %ff,the,Shelf Software

&continued'



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition #'

Personal *pplication Soft!are

• Serves the needs of an individal ser

• Incldes personal prodctivity soft!are

– Enables sers to improve their personal

effectiveness





7contined8

Table 4.: $5amples of ersonal roductiity Software





7contined8

Table 4.: $5amples of ersonal roductiity Software &continued'





7contined8

• Software suite: collection of single application

programs pac"aged in a bndle

– <icrosoft OfficeD most poplar general?prpose

soft!are site – Other general?prpose soft!are sitesD orels

)ordPerfect Office, Lots SmartSite, Sn

<icrosystemss StarOffice

•

Integrated application pac#ages: offer a range ofcapabilities for less money than soft!are sites

– EampleD <icrosoft )or"s



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %>


7contined8

Table 4./: a6or Components of 0eading Software Suites



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %1

)or"grop *pplication Soft!are

• "or#group application software: spport

team!or", !hether people are in the same location

or dispersed arond the !orld

• -roupware: soft!are that helps grops of people

!or" together more efficiently and effectively




)or"grop *pplication Soft!are

7contined8

Table 4.7: $rnst 8 9oungs ;Three Cs< *ule for -roupware



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %#

Enterprise *pplication Soft!are

• Soft!are that benefits an entire organi(ation

• $nterprise resource planning &$*' software:

set of integrated programs that manage a

companys vital bsiness operations for an entiremltisite, global organi(ation



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %%

Enterprise *pplication Soft!are

7contined8

Table 4.=: $5amples of $nterprise Application Software

*pplication Soft!are for Information



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %&

*pplication Soft!are for Information,

$ecision Spport, and Speciali(ed

Prposes• Speciali(ed application soft!are for information,

decision spport, and other prposes is available in

every indstry

• Eamples

– enetic researchers se soft!are to visali(e and

analy(e the hman genome

–

<sic eectives se decision spport soft!are tohelp pic" the net hit

– $ecision spport soft!are is sed to increase the

cre rate for cancer



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition %'

Programming Langages

• Sets of "ey!ords, symbols, and a system of rles

for constrcting statements by !hich hmans can

commnicate instrctions to be eected by a

compter • $ifferent langages have different characteristics

• Synta5: a set of rles associated !ith a

programming langage




@he Evoltion of Programming

Langages

Table 4.>: The $olution of rogramming 0anguages





Langages 7contined8

• 3isal, object?oriented, and artificial intelligence

langages are easier for nonprogrammers to se

than older generation langages

•

3isal langages se a graphical or visal interfacefor program development

• Object?oriented programming langages are based

on objects

• Compiler: a special soft!are program thatconverts programmers sorce code into machine?

langage instrctions consisting of binary digits





Langages 7contined8

)igure 4.21: *eusable Code in %b6ect,%riented rogramming



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &>


Langages 7contined8

)igure 4.23: ?ow a Compiler "or#s



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &1

Soft!are Isses and @rends

• ;ecase soft!are is sch an important part of

todays compter systems, soft!are isses have

received increased attention

•

<ajor soft!are isses and trends discssed in thetet

– Soft!are bgs, copyright, soft!are licensing, open?

sorce soft!are, share!are and pblic domain

soft!are, mltiorgani(ational soft!are development,soft!are pgrades, and global soft!are spport




Soft!are ;gs

• Software bug: defect in a compter program that

"eeps it from performing as it is designed to

perform

•

@ips for redcing impact of soft!are bgs – :egister all soft!are so that yo can receive bg

alerts, fies, and patches

– hec" the manal or read?me files for !or"?aronds

–

*ccess spport area of the manfactrers )eb sitefor patches

– Install the latest soft!are pdates



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &#

opyrights and Licenses

• <ost soft!are prodcts are protected by la! sing

copyright or licensing provisions

– In some cases, yo are given nlimited se of

soft!are on one or t!o compters

– In other cases, yo pay for yor sageHif yo se

the soft!are more, yo pay more

• Some soft!are no! re/ires that yo register or

activate it before it can be flly sed



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &%

Open?Sorce Soft!are

• %pen,source software: soft!are freely available

to anyone in a form that can be easily modified

• Some !idely sed open?sorce soft!are

pac"agesD Lin OS, 5ree ;S$, *pache, Sendmail,Perl

• Open?sorce soft!are is often more reliable and

secre than commercial soft!are

•Open?sorce systems can contain hidden costs,particlarly for ser spport or solving problems

!ith the soft!are



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &&

Open?Sorce Soft!are 7contined8

Table 4.1@: $5amples of %pen,Source Software



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition &'

Share!are, 5ree!are, and Pblic

$omain Soft!are

• Shareware and freeware: soft!are that is very

inepensive or free, bt !hose sorce code cannot

be modified

•

ublic domain software: share!are and free!arethat is in the pblic domain




Soft!are Apgrades

• Soft!are companies revise their programs and sell

ne! versions periodically

• :evised soft!are may or may not offer any major

additional capabilities• :evised soft!are can contain bgs or errors

• Soft!are pgrades sally cost mch less than the

original prchase price




lobal Soft!are Spport

• 3endors face the challenge of providing ade/ate

spport for their soft!are cstomers in all locations

of the !orld

•

@rend of otsorcing global spport to one or morethird?party distribtors




Smmary

• ompter programsD se/ences of instrctions for

the compter

• Systems soft!areD coordinates the activities of

hard!are and programs• *pplications soft!areD helps sers solve particlar

problems

• Operating system 7OS8D set of compter programs

that controls the compter hard!are and acts as aninterface !ith application programs



Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition '>

Smmary 7contined8

• raphical ser interface 7AI8D ser interface that

ses icons and mens displayed on screen to send

commands to the compter system

•

@ime?sharingD allo!s more than one person to sea compter system at the same time

• Proprietary soft!areD one?of?a?"ind program for a

specific application, sally developed and o!ned

by a single company• Off?the?shelf soft!areD eisting soft!are program

that is prchased



Smmary 7contined8

• Enterprise resorce planning 7E:P8 soft!areD

manages a companys vital bsiness operations for

an entire mltisite, global organi(ation

•

Programming langagesD allo! hmans tocommnicate instrctions to be eected by a

compter

• <ost soft!are prodcts are protected by la! sing

copyright or licensing provisions• Open?sorce soft!are is freely available to anyone

in a form that can be easily modified

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