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IFPRI Conference
Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security
Addis Ababa, 15 - 17 May 2014
Petra Jacobi, GIZ
Georg Deichert, GIZ
Soil and water conservation through a climate-smart landscape approach -
Experiences from the Sahel and East Africa
Page 2Landscape approach16/05/2014
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Territorial development
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Territory: as spatially cohesive area.
Boundaries can be defined in different ways.
National Policies
Climate change
Global economy
Natural Resources
Institutio-nal
Setting
Economicactivities Social
Setting
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Territorial development – Landscape approach
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Territorial approaches
Economicdelimitation
- Developmentcorridors
- Protecteddesignationof origin(champagne)
Administrative delimitation
Development of:- Villages- Municipalities- Provinces
Ethical/culturaldelimitation
- Indigenousterritories
- Tribalareas
Eco-geographicaldelimitation
- Watershed- Transfrontier conservationareas
- Eco-systembasedadaptation
- Landscapeapproaches
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Case Study 1: 20 years of watershed management in Niger
Landscape approach16/05/2014
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Case Study 1: Niger`s challenges for agricultural development
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Agriculture and pastoralism are key sectors in the rural economy, but
periodic droughts, increasing desertification and environmental
degradation are huge challenges
80% of the population live in rural areas, combined with high population
growth (more than 3.5%) pressure on natural resources, e.g. land, water
and vegetation is high
Only 15% of the land is arable, but 53% of the population are engaged in
crop production, mostly subsistence
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Case Study 1: 20 years of watershed management in Niger
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Several programmes funded by BMZ, implemented by GIZ / KfW / Government since early 1990ies till date.
Over 400,000 ha treated with Soil and Water Conservation at a rhythm of 20.000 ha/year.
More than 200 water-spreading weirs with > 10.000 ha with flood irrigation (last 13 years)
700 villages, around 0.5 million people reached
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Work approach Niger
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Programme support only after active request and approval.
Rolling approach to work with about 100 villages in parallel.
Population provides: free labour, local materials and maintenance.
Programme provides: training, basic tools and material, trucks and tractors.
Year 1: organizing population, training, pilot activities.
Years 2 to 5: Intensive implementation.
Years 5 and 6: Progressive shift of responsibilities to the communities. End of support autonomy.
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Techniques (Niger)
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Waterspreadingweirs
600–1,500 €/ha
Stonebunds Planting pits
30 – 45 €/ha40-90% contrib.
Trenches Dykes Stonebunds
Nardi trenches (Half-moons)
130 €/ha55 % contribution
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Nardi trenches
Water spreading weirs
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Niger: Impact so far
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Plateaus (Nardi-trenches): Yields of herbaceous biomass increases (from ~ 0 to 600/700 kg/ha*yr). Slow production of wood (generally around 1 stere/ha*yr). Improved biodiversity and protection of lower areas.
Fields (stone bunds): Increased / more stable yields (millet > x 2 or around 200 kg/ha*yr more). Straw increased by x 1.6 (520 kg/ha*yr more).
Valleys: Increase of millet yields x 2 and increase of production x 5.8 Strong increase in vegetable production, employment and income Heightening of groundwater levels
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Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Challenges for Agricultural Development
Landscape approach16/05/2014
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Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Challenges for Agricultural Development
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Agriculture and pastoralism are key sectors for economic growth and
long-term food security in Ethiopia
44 % share in GDP (Industry: 13.7%)
84.4 % share in total exports
85 % share in employement
High population growth rate (2.7%) resulting in high population pressure on natural resources, eg land, water and vegetation
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Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Challenges for Agricultural Development
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Loss of natural resources as result of deforestation and overgrazing
Expansion of cultivation into un-terraced steep slopes (>30%)
Soil loss due to rain and wind induced degradation
Reduction of soil fertility due to inadequate land management practices
Low agricultural productivity (50% of Kenia / Morocco)
Lowland: overgrazing of marginal areas
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Case Study 2: Ethiopia`s Responses to the Challenges
Landscape approach16/05/2014
AgriculturalGrowth (AGP)
Sustainable Land Management
(SLMP) Drought Resilience
Productivity SafetyNet (PSNP)The Ministry of Agriculture
addresses the challenges with
4 topical areas and these
programs have synergies and
complement each other.
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Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Three phases of the watershed approach
Identifying micro-watersheds, mobilizing and organizingcommunities and planning
Implementating soil and waterconservation measures
Implementating climatesmart income generatingactivities (IGA)
1
2
3
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Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Identifying micro-watersheds, mobilizing andorganizing communities and planning
Creating awareness for soil degradation in thecommunity and the local administration
Setting up local committees and user groups Preparing watershed management plans with strong
community participation Get approval and secure funding for plan
implementation
31 2
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Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Implementating soil andwater conservation measures
Watershed management starts from top ofwatershed
First priority: reduce energy of run-off water andincrease water infiltration into soil
Situation specific SWC measures (type of terraces, type of trenches, gully structures, etc.)
Combined Physical and bilogical SWC measures, e.g. forage planting on bunds
Combination of various SWC measures to improvewater retention, soil fertility and reducing soildegradation, stocking rate, deforestation
Utilization of water at foot hill / in valley
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Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Implementating climate smart incomegenerating activities (IGA)
• Identifying income generating and climate smart crop, livestock and forest production activities• Screening and rating of climate smartness with regard
to adaptation, mitigation and income generatingpotentials• Promotion of regular compost making, intercropping,
mulching, etc. • Integrate forage production with SWC measures• Improve post-harvest measures and fodder
conservation
31 2
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Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
Page 22Landscape approach16/05/2014
Case Study 2: The SLM Watershed Management Approach
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Case Study 2: SLMP impacts so far
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Around 180,000 ha of degraded land rehabilitated through SLM measures benefiting around 194,000 households in total.
Since 2008 the irrigated area increased to 1,800 ha and is utilized by small farmers for increasing productivity and income generation.
Planning and implementation capacities of governmental structures are improved. So far 678 watershed management plans were developed and implemented with active community participation.
Institutional capacities on commune level and self-responsibility of the communities are significantly improved. Around 60,000 farmers and producers, who are organized in 500 user groups manage watersheds with SLM measures.
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Landscape approaches and the right mix of interventions offer multiple benefits:
Conclusions
Landscape approach16/05/2014
powerful concept to improve food security and incomes;
positive environmental effects i.e. on biodiversity and water cycle;
Very suitable to mainstream CC adaptation and mitigation;
large scale impact potential;
also low-cost technologies are available
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Conclusions
Landscape approach16/05/2014
Landscape approaches
improve governance in rural areas by implying all stakeholders andintegrate know-how across sectors;
.mobilise and strengthen the local population;
But: sufficient time for implementation is required.
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►Please download a full copy of these documents from our web site:http://star-www.giz.de/starweb/giz/pub/servlet.starweb
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Thank you very much !