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www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium
Soil Microbiology!
Danny Coyne
24th November 2015
(R4D Week 2015)
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium
Soil Microbiology!
Lots and lots of people
IITA +
R4D Week, Ibadan, November, 2015
The Soil
“If we are to feed growing populations and cope with climate change, we need accurate
information on the state of Africa's soils”
Nteranya Sanginga
TSBF-CIAT
On the announcement of a $18 million project to map soils
AMF species biodiversity potential??
Total identified:
8 genera
59 species
Six new species described:
Racocetra beninensis n.sp.
Racocetra tropicana n.sp.
Acaulospora sieverdingii n.sp
Acaulospora minuta n.sp.
Acaulospora spinosissoma n.sp.
Acaulospora fossa n.sp.
Revision of the Glomeromycotes, with description of two
new families and eight new genera and organization of glomoid species
BOTANISCHES INSTITUT
DER UNIVERSITÄT BASEL (SCHWEIZ)
www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium
Our knowledge of BENEFICIAL soil biota
in
Africa??
Soil Biodiversity
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Production growth will need to come
from intensification
In Africa
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Maize-legume farming
systems
• 20% of the cultivated area
Maize-legume crisis
• Soil fertility • Pests and diseases • Low productivity
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Enhancing legume productivity
Major efforts through two projects
• Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers in Africa (N2Africa)
• Institutionalization of quality assurance and dissemination of high quality commercial products (COMPRO-II)
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• Prospecting for Rhizobia:
– What is there
• Selection for performance strains/species :
– best bets
• Local adaptation and suitability:
− From best bet to ‘best fits’
Rhizobiology
Progress in rhizobiology e.g. Kenya
Bio-prospecting
Preliminary screening
Greenhouse assessment
Competitive abilities
Field testing
208 isolates
186
100
24
16
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COMPRO
>100 products evaluated
~ 3000 trials in 2015
mainly bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides,
≥ 90% have been found sub-
standard or ineffective
Promotion of quality products through COMPRO and N2Africa
increase farmer confidence and adoption of biological products
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endophytes
Spore
suspension
drench
Biological enhancement of planting
material
A member of CGIAR consortium
endophytes
Delivery of microbial inoculants
with endophytes without endophytes
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Tropical root-knot nematodes
Targeting
Species delimitation is problematic because they are the result of hybridization!
new species? A C A A C C
new species? A C A A C C
new species? A C A A C C
sister species A C C T G G
sister species A C C T G G
sister species A C C T G G
other species1 A T C A G C
other species1 A T C A G C
other species1 A T C A G T
other species2 C T C A G C
other species2 C T C A G C
other species2 C T C A G C
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Molecular identification of root-knot nematodes in
Africa
Benin
Kenya
Nigeria
Tanzania
Uganda
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Molecular identification of root-knot nematodes in
Africa
Targeting
Pagan, C., Coyne, D., Carneiro, R., Kariuki, G., Luambana, N., Affokpon,
A., and Williamson, V. M. 2015. Mitochondrial haplotype-based
identification of ethanol-preserved root-knot nematodes from Africa.
Phytopathology 105:350-357
Janssen, Karssen, Verhaeven, Coyne and Bert. 2015. Mitochondrial coding
genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne)
supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent
reticulate evolution. Scientific Reports Nature
Effective partnerships
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AMF
A MICROBIAL REVOLUTION: improving mycorrhizal fungi to increase cassava productivity in Africa
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AMF
Selection of progeny from parents with genetic variability
AMF Inoculated
Selection of the locus (SSU rDNA)
will support a greater range of responses in cassava
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Novel Delivery - Protists
single-celled, e.g. ciliates, protozoans
ingest micro-particles or bacteria
move through unsaturated soils
can chemotact toward the root tips
Protists
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Particulates may include: - beneficial bacteria or - encapsulated chemicals or - encapsulated nutrients
Protists
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SO – can we exploit them for plant protection?
Viral nanoparticles serve as applications in medicine
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus-based plant viral nanoparticle (PVN) carrier
unconventional
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enhanced delivery of anthelminthic compounds at low rates using PVN carrier
Abamectin (Abm) is a strong biological
pesticide
BUT
poor mobility in the soil
PVN delivery
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Transgenic neuropeptide nematicides
Strongly protective against nematode infection
Neuropeptide genes coordinate crucial behaviors
unconventional
Productivity – yield gaps
Keating et al., 2010
Production growth will need to come
from intensification
In Africa
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Way forward
”……accurate information on the state of Africa's soils”
Biological control
Delivery - targeted
Quality control
Product development
at scale