Soils of Haryana-364

8/9/2019 Soils of Haryana-364

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Soils of HaryanaBooklet No. 364

Soil Science SSS-10ContentPreface

I. Geographical SituationII. PhysiographyIII. ClimateIV. VegetationV. Soils

1. Reddish chestnut soils2. Typical arid bron soils!. "rid bron soils#. Siero$em soils%. &esert soils

VI. Problem SoilsVII. 'anagement of Problem Soils

VIII. Cropping Pattern and lrrigationI(. Soils and )ertili$er 'anagement(. Response of 'a*or Crops to )ertili$ers(I. +utrient Consumption Trend(II. )ertili$er Recommendations for Important Crops(III. Techni,ues for -fficient fertili$er se(IV. /ater Sources and /ater 0uality(V. Priorities for )uture

Preface

The State of aryana has larger areas of problem soil and ater sources compared to

other states. Still it is in the forefront in agricultural sector. In order to ensure optimumagricultural production it is essential to 3no the basic facts about the soil of a place and thenits management ith the use of fertili$er and other inputs to achie4e high producti4ity. Thepresent boo3let is a 4aluable record of scientific information on the 4arious soils and cropmanagement in aryana.

Dr. K. T. Chany! "#ric$lt$ral % &n'iron(ental &$cation

). *eo#ra+hical Sit$ation

The state of aryana lies beteen 256!78 9!:6 %%8 + latitude and 5#6258 9556!;8 -longitudes. Geologically the state has been di4ided into three $ones. The land use pattern in

aryana is gi4en in Table 1. It is to be noted that the total cropped area is more than the totalgeographical are shoing high cropping intensity.

Table 1< =and use pattern in aryana

Sl.+o =and use "rea>m.ha?

1 Total geographical area #.#22 Reporting area for land utili$ation statistics #.#:


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! )orest :.1!

# +ot a4ailable for culti4ation :.#2% @ther unculti4ated land eAcluding fallo land

>current?:.:;

; )allo land :.12

5 +et area son !.;;B "rea son more than once 2.15

Total cropped area %.B!

Geologically aryana is di4ided into three $ones hich are described as follos.

1. The Si,alik hillsThey are in the north and north9eastern parts of the state and ha4e been formed by the

sedimentary ri4er deposits.

. The )no-*an#etic all$'ial +lain /$arternary all$'i$(It lies beteen the Siali3 and "ra4alli $ones and co4ers a large part of the state. The maAimumthic3ness of allu4ium is about !::: metre. The sub9surface lithological section ha4e made itclear that the thic3ness increases toards the hill but it steadily decreases from north to southand also toards the estern boundary

3. The "ra'alli Delhi ,e#e +reca(rian rocksThe "ra4alli9&elhi systems hich are of the older geological formations consist of

slates ,uart$ites ,uart$itic sandstones limestones phyllites and micaschists.

)). Physio#ra+hy

@n the basis of 4isual interpretations of multispectrum and multitempora1landsatimagery nine ma*or physiographic $ones 4arying in relief 4egetation soil characteristics soilproblems and hence land use and management ha4e been identified. They areold and recent? Chautang flood plain Sahibi floodplain older allu4ial plain "eolian plain ith sand dunes Ghaggar flood plains and pedimentsith "ra4alli hills.

))). Cli(ate

Though aryana lies in the sub9tropical belt but in the state as a hole there are threetypes of climate< >i? "rid >ii? Semi9arid and >iii? Sub9humid.

The normal annual rainfall 4aries from !:: mm in the south9estern parts of Dhianiand Sirsa districts to about 1%;: mm in the north9eastern hilly tract of "mbala district. /ind4elocity is maAimum in 'ay and Eune >B911 3mFhr?. The mean daily pan e4aporation ranges

from 2.# mm in &ecember and Eanuary to 1!.# mm in 'ay and Eune.

The potential e4aporation is 2:: mm per annum. 'inimum temperature becomes closeto free$ing in &ecemberF Eanuary and the maAimum daily temperature is abo4e #:6C in'ayFEune. The mean annual temperature ranges from 2!6C to 2;6C.

)2. 2e#etation


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The 4ery early in4estigation in the nature of saline constituents in the allar alrati andbarisoils >local names? of the Pun*ab ere underta3en by =eather >1B75? in the districts of arnal )ero$pur 'u$affarnagar and the command areas of Chenab canals some of themforming part of /est Pun*ab >no in Pa3istan?. The salts ere made up of sodium carbonateand sulphate and to a lesser eAtent chlorides. The contents decreased ith depth. The ma*ority

of the soils eAamined had a layer of an3ar at some depth in the profile. @b4iously thein4estigations of =eather ere mostly confined to saline al3ali soils somehat similar to thosefound in ttar Pradesh.

Table 2< 'a*or soil problems in aryana

Sl.+o Problem -Atent

S,.3m percentage1 /ind erosion B2B% 1B.5

2 /ater erosion 1#!: !.2

! )lood deposits 1B;: #.2

# Salinity 155: #.:

% "l3alinity 27;: ;.%; /ater logging %%;5 12.;

In aryana Kthe saline effloresceneK and salt9encrusted . soils are called Lthur.8

The percentages of total soluble salts and calcium carbonates for to le4els of p for the same depths of thur soil is gi4en in table !.

Table !< Composition ofthur soils

Sl.+o &epth p Totalsolublesalt J

Calciumcarbonate

p Total solublesalt J

Calciumcarbonate

1 !: B.5 :.2B 2.1% 1:.% 2.11 B.22 ;: B.5 :.2: 1.%: 11.: :.17 B.B

! 7: B.5 :.22 1.%: 7.; :.1% 7.;# 12: B.5 :.25 1.2: 11.2 :.15 7.5

% 1%: 7.: :.2B :.!: 1#.# :.1! 7.5

; 21: 7.% :.2: :.B: 12.! :.22 7.7

2)). 9ana#e(ent of Prole( Soils

Crop production in aryana is affected ad4ersely due to number of soil constraints.

"mong these are air and ater erosion salinity and al3alinity aterlogging crusting eAcessi4epermeability calcariousness and poor soil structure.

1. :in erosionThe sand dunes could be stabili$ed by plantation of ind brea3s and grasses. The areas

ha4ing sandy sheet co4er are managed by proper le4elling bunding sprin3ler irrigationsoilmulching and application of organic manures.

. :ater erosion


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"dopting proper soil conser4ation measures can sol4e the problem. This includeplantation of trees and grasses to reduce surface runoff chec3dams gaily plugging and storageof eAcess runoff.

3. :ater lo##in#Pro4ision of ade,uate drainage system ill maintain the ater table belo the critical

limit Proper and lo fre,uency of irrigation ill protect the lands from high ater and secondarysalini$ation.

4. Salinity an alkalinitySurface and subsurface drainage leaching of eAcess salts from the root$one using good

,uality ater and groing of salt9tolerant crops are recommended. "pplication of recommendeddose of gypsum ie 1.5 tonnesFha for replacing one meF1::g of eAchangeable sodium ill beuseful in al3ali soils. Pyrites could also ser4e the same purpose. The eAcessi4e sodium isleached ith the irrigation ater and the physical property of the soil is impro4ed. Greenmanuring ith Sesbania aculeata has been found to be beneficial for reclaiming these soils.Culti4ation of salt tolerant crops li3e rice barley etc. and ade,uate drainage should also beadopted to loer don the ater table.

2))). Cro++in# Pattern an )rri#ation

@ut of total cropped area %.B mha is under irrigation. @ut of the total irrigated area 2.#million ha. is under food grains. Cotton pearl millet sugarcane rap seed and mustard are other crops gron in irrigated conditions. Status of crop ise irrigation is clear from table # gi4en here.

Table #< lnigated area under important crops >17B19B2?

Sl.+o Crops "rea >:::ha?

1 /heat 1#%2

2 Rice #B!

! Gram !!;# Cotton !2!% Sugarcane 1!:

; Pearl 'illet 11%

5 Rapseedsmustard

1::

B @thers %1;

Total !#%%

);. Soil an


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potassium in most parts of the state. The bloc3ise distribution of a4ailable + P and 3 hasbeen gi4en in the table %.

Table %< Dloc3 ise distribution of +P

Sl.+o +utrient +utrient indeA 4alue

N1.;5>lo?

1.;592.!!>medium?

O2.!! >high?

Percent of bloc3s in each category

1 "4ailable + 1:: 9 9

2 "4ailable P 1% ;5 1B

! "4ailable 9 1B B2

In a study of fertility status of aryana soils almost all the districts ere found to fallunder 8lo8 category. In respect of phosphorus eAcept to namely issar and uru3shetrabelonging to lo category all ere found to be in 8medium8 category.

In "mbala and Gurgaon potassium belonged to medium category and in remainingdistricts potassium as 8high8.

. Deficiency an to=icity of seconary an (icron$trientsSulphur deficiency has been reported in coarse teAtured soils. Pulses and oilseeds

gron on these soils respond to sulphur application.

The sur4ey of aryana indicates that about 5# J of the soils are deficient in $inc. "bout;: 71 %: %! B2 5# and ;; per cent soils of Rohta3 'ahendragarh arnal uru3shetraSonipat Sirsa and issar districts respecti4ely are deficient in $inc. "bout 7 % and 1 per centsoils are deficient in iron manganese and copper respecti4ely. Soils of aryana are high inboron and molybdenum due to high p. Some ground aters also contain toAic amounts of boron. The toAicity of selenium in Eind and arnal districts has been reported. "nimats may

suffer due to selinium toAicity. Some underground aters contained also high fluorine inSonepat district.

;. es+onse of 9a>or Cro+s to +? in

irrigated conditions. oe4er 1: 3g grainF3g of + is achie4ed in rainfed areas in the presence of #: 3g phosphorus >P2:%? per hectare. +ormally one 3g P2@% produces 591: 3g grains. Theresponse of potassium is generally lo i.e % 3g grainF3g 2@.

. iceIt has been obser4ed that one 3g of nitrogen produces 2:9 !% 3g paddy on farmers field

hoe4er response to per 3g of P2@% has normally been lo compared to nitrogen. Ricegenerally does not respond to application of 2@. @nly in Radaur bloc3 of uru3shetra one 3gof 2@ produce 2;.% 3g paddy in the presence of B: 3g +and ;: 3g P2:%Fha.

3. Pearl (illet


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It is gron in semi9arid climate. @n an a4erage one 3g of + P2@% and 2@ produces Bto 1: % and ! 3g of pearl millets grain respecti4ely in irrigated conditions. oe4er response to+ in rainfed condition is about % 3g grain only. "pplication of 2% 3g $inc sulphate gi4es !:9!% 3ggrainF3g $inc >$n? in marginally deficient soils and more in highly deficient soils.

4. ?e#$(e

"pplication of nitrogen up to 1% 3g Fha produced significantly higher grain yield of gramthan control. Response to per 3g of P2@% up to 1:912 3g grain has been obser4ed.

8. @ilsees@ilseed crops are gron in dry land areas and one 3g of nitrogen normally produces %9

1: 3g seeds of rapseed and mustard. In some areas response of sulphur application has alsobeen obser4ed.

6. CottonCotton responds more to nitrogen than phosphorus. In Sirsa areas cotton also so

responds to potassium application.

A. S$#arcanePlanted crop of sugarcane responds to nitrogen and phosphorus both but ratoon

sugarcane largely responds to nitrogen anplication only.

;). N$trient Cons$(+tion Tren

Table ; gi4e the nutrient consumption trend. There is a steady increase in theconsumption of nitrogen and phosphorus. Dut in the case of potassium consumption the trend isdecreasing. The a4erage consumption of +P in aryana is much loer than de4elopedcountries li3e Eapan Germany etc.

Table ;< ear ise consumption of nutrients in aryana

Sl.+o ear ear nutrient consumption >::: tonns?+ P Total

1 17B:9B1 1B5.# !1.! 12.1 2!:.B2 17B19B2 2:B.5 !2.1 1:.B 2%1.;

! 17B29B! 21;.2 !5.! 7.5 2;!.2

# 17B!9B# 2%7.# %!.: 1!.5 !2;.1

% 17B#9B% 2B%.2 %;.2 5.5 !#7.1

&istrict ise consumption of +P >3gFha? of cropped area >17B19 B2? is gi4en iti Table5. amal and uru3shetra are the to districts using maAimum +P hile Dhiani and'ahendragarh are minimum users.

Table 5< &istrict ise consumption of +P and >3gFha?

Sl.+o Consumption 3gFha

+ P2@% 2@ Total1 Sirsa #:.1% 5.7: 2.5: %:.5%

2 Dhiani 2.7: :.%1 :.:1 !.#2

! Gurgaon 15.5! 2.17 :.!: 2:.22


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# Eind !1.%; !.2% :.B: !%.;1

% 'ahendragarh 1%.2: 1.B! :.2! 15.2;; "mbala %B.2# 7.B1 #.2: 52.2B

5 arnal 1:2.%: 17.:: ;.%: 12B.:%B uru3shetra B1.B: 7.2: !.## 7#.##

7 Rohta3 15.#! 1.B# :.%% 17.B21: Sonepat #:.1! ;.2% 2.17 #B.%;

11 )aridabad 2#.7: #.;: 1.%5 !1.:5

"4erage !B.%2 %.72 2.:: #%.%

;)). 3gFha?

+ P2@% 2@ HnS@#1 /heat Irrigateddarf

12: ;: ;: 2% >once in2 crops?

nirrigated darf

;: !: !: 9

Irrigatedlocal

9 9 9 9

=ocalunirrigated

!: 1% 1% 9

2 Rice &arf 12: ;: ;: 2% >once in2 crops?

=ocal tall ;: !: !: 9! Pearlmillet

Irrigated 12: ;: #: 9 >hen soiltests?

nirrigated

#: 2: 9 9

# Cotton "merican B:91:: !: !: 9 >coarseteAtured?

&esi %: !: !: 9

% Sugarcane Planted 1%: 9 9 2% >"s per soils test4alue?

Ratoon 22% 9 9 9do9

; Gram 1% #: 9 95 @il seed

cropsIrrigated ;: !: 9 9

nirrigated

#: 2: 9 9

;))). Techni$es for &fficient


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Soils of Haryana-364

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